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Journal articles on the topic 'Porcine circovirus'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Zemenu Adiss, Getnet. "Porcine Circovirus: Historical Outlooks and Non-Porcine Victims." Open Access Journal of Veterinary Science & Research 5, no. 1 (2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajvsr-16000191.

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Porcine circovirus is an important viral species in the genus circovirus. It causes an immerse economic losses in the piggery industry. According to the retrospective studies, PCV2 has circulated before its acclaimed detection from samples taken as of the first outbreak in Canada. A bit far on in time, it has been reported in Europe, United States and Asian countries. The disease is endemic in most pig producing countries. Since then phylogeny studies supported for the immergence of various new Porcine circoviruses variants and genotypes. In addition to its natural reservoirs (wild and feral pigs), it also inhibits calves, goats, canines and mice. Some insects like mosquitoes are also the potential carrier of PCV2 even let it for cross species transmission. Hence those proper prevention measures of the mechanical carrier vectors of the disease should be noted together with the need of efficient vaccine against the pathogenic porcine circoviruses types.

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2

Tarján, Zoltán, Judit Pénzes, Róza Tóth, and Mária Benkő. "First detection of circovirus-like sequences in amphibians and novel putative circoviruses in fishes." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 62, no. 1 (March 1, 2014): 134–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.2013.061.

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The negative samples of a collection, established originally for seeking new adeno- and herpesviruses in lower vertebrates, were screened for the pres-ence of circoviruses by a consensus nested PCR targeting the gene coding for the replication-associated protein. Six fish samples representing five species, namely asp (Aspius aspius), roach (Rutilus rutilus), common bream (Abramis brama), round goby (Neogobius melanostomus) and monkey goby (Neogobius fluviatilis), as well as three frog samples were found positive for circoviral DNA. Sequence analysis of the amplicons indicated the presence of three novel putative circo-like viruses and a circovirus in Hungarian fishes and one novel circovirus in a common toad (Bufo bufo), and another one in a dead and an alive specimen of green tree frog (Litoria caerulea), respectively. In phylogeny reconstruction, the putative bream circovirus clustered together with circoviruses discovered in other cyprinid fishes recently. Three other piscine circoviral sequences appeared closest to sequences derived from different environmental samples. Surprisingly, the nucleotide sequence derived from two fish samples (a bream and a monkey goby) proved to be from porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), almost identical to a sequence detected in Sweden previously. This is the first report on the detection of PCV2 in fish and circoviral DNA in amphibian hosts.

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3

Ellis, J. "Porcine Circovirus." Veterinary Pathology 51, no. 2 (February 25, 2014): 315–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985814521245.

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4

Gillespie, J., T. Opriessnig, X. J. Meng, K. Pelzer, and V. Buechner-Maxwell. "Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Porcine Circovirus-Associated Disease." Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine 23, no. 6 (November 2009): 1151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1939-1676.2009.0389.x.

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5

Segalés, Joaquim, Gordon M. Allan, and Mariano Domingo. "Porcine circovirus diseases." Animal Health Research Reviews 6, no. 2 (December 2005): 119–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/ahr2005106.

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AbstractPorcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is a member of the familyCircoviridae, a recently established virus family composed of small, non-enveloped viruses, with a circular, single-stranded DNA genome. PCV2, which is found all over the world in the domestic pig and probably the wild boar, has been recently associated with a number of disease syndromes, which have been collectively named porcine circovirus diseases (PCVD). Postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) and reproductive disorders are the most relevant ones. Among them, only PMWS is considered to have a severe impact on domestic swine production. PMWS mainly affects nursery and/or fattening pigs; wasting is considered the most representative clinical sign in this disease. Diagnosis of this disease is confirmed by histopathological examination of lymphoid tissues and detection of a moderate to high amount of PCV2 in damaged tissues. Since PMWS is considered a multifactorial disease in which other factors in addition to PCV2 are needed in most cases to trigger the clinical disease, effective control measures have focused on the understanding of the co-factors involved in individual farms and the control or elimination of these triggers. PDNS, an immuno-complex disease characterized by fibrino-necrotizing glomerulonephritis and systemic necrotizing vasculitis, has been linked to PCV2, but a definitive proof of this association is still lacking. PCV2-associated reproductive disease seems to occur very sporadically under field conditions, but it has been characterized by late-term abortions and stillbirths, extensive fibrosing and/or necrotizing myocarditis in fetuses and the presence of moderate to high amounts of PCV2 in these lesions. Taking into account that scientific information on PCV2 and its associated diseases has been markedly expanded in the last 8 years, the objective of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge of the most relevant aspects of PCV2 biology and PCVD.

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6

Zheng, LL, XH Jin, FS Wei, CQ Wang, HY Chen, YB Wang, and ZY Wei. "Simultaneous detection of porcine pseudorabies virus, porcine parvovirus and porcine circovirus type 2 by multiplex real-time PCR and amplicon melting curve analysis using SYBR Green I." Veterinární Medicína 63, No. 8 (August 20, 2018): 358–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3/2018-vetmed.

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Porcine parvovirus, porcine pseudorabies virus and porcine circovirus type 2 can cause reproductive failure in pigs, and swine are often simultaneously infected by combinations of the three viruses. We here report the development of a SYBR Green I-based multiplex real time PCR assay for simultaneous detection of porcine parvovirus, porcine pseudorabies virus and porcine circovirus type 2. Three pairs of specific primers were designed for the porcine parvovirus-VP2, porcine pseudorabies virus-gH and porcine circovirus type 2-ORF2 genes. Viral genomes were identified based on their distinctive melting temperatures in singleplex PCR reactions. The melting temperature was 74.5 °C for the 313 bp amplicon of porcine parvovirus-VP2 gene, 87.5 °C for the 355 bp amplicon of porcine pseudorabies virus-gH gene and 80.5 °C for the 171 bp amplicon of the porcine circovirus type 2-ORF2 gene, respectively. The detection limit of the method ranged from 0.01–0.03 TCID<sub>50</sub>/ml for the three viruses. In addition, porcine parvovirus, porcine pseudorabies virus and porcine circovirus type 2 viral loads were measured in 100 field samples, and the result showed that the concordance between real-time PCR and conventional PCR was 60.42%. The sensitivity and specificity of real-time PCR were 100% and 100%, while those of conventional PCR were 40.83% and 72.22%, respectively.

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7

Choi, Changsun, Chanhee Chae, and Edward G. Clark. "Porcine Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Korean Pig: Detection of Porcine Circovirus 2 Infection by Immunohistochemistry and Polymerase Chain Reaction." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 12, no. 2 (March 2000): 151–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870001200209.

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This report describes the first diagnosis of porcine circovirus (PCV) infection in weaned pigs with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in Korea by immunohistochemistry and polymerase chain reaction. The most unique lesions were multifocal granulomatous inflammation affecting lymph nodes, liver, and spleen, characterized by infiltrates of epithelioid macrophages and multinucleated giant cells. Circoviral antigen was detected in formalin-fixed sections and was usually present in large, round, dendritic cells in the white pulp of spleen and remnants of follicles in lymph nodes. Lymphoid follicles in the tonsils also contained PCV antigen. A 530–bp DNA fragment of circovirus was successfully amplified from all tested lymph nodes, liver, and spleen.

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8

Franzo, Giovanni, Albert Ruiz, Laura Grassi, Marina Sibila, Michele Drigo, and Joaquim Segalés. "Lack of Porcine circovirus 4 Genome Detection in Pig Samples from Italy and Spain." Pathogens 9, no. 6 (May 31, 2020): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens9060433.

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The genus Circovirus includes several species and mostly causes asymptomatic infections. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) and, with increasing evidence, Porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3), have been associated with different clinical conditions all over the world. In 2019, a new porcine circovirus (PCV-4) was identified from diseased animals in China. Because of the lessons learned from PCV-2 and PCV-3, it appears mandatory to investigate the actual distribution of this new virus and its potential association with clinical outcomes. To this purpose, an exploratory study to detect PCV-4 by molecular methods was performed in Italy and Spain by testing more than 300 samples of different types (serum and tissues), collected from both healthy and diseased pigs and wild boar as well. All samples, independently from the country, type, health status and host, tested PCV-4 negative. Therefore, no evidence of PCV-4 presence was found in Italy and Spain through this exploratory study. Considering the dense pig trade among European countries, its presence in the continent can similarly be considered unlikely. The reasons behind the restricted PCV-4 distribution compared to other porcine circoviruses will require further investigations. Careful surveillance might nevertheless be important since prompt recognition of PCV-4 would allow the implementation of effective countermeasures to prevent its spreading and potential economic losses.

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9

Crowther, R. A., J. A. Berriman, W. L. Curran, G. M. Allan, and D. Todd. "Comparison of the Structures of Three Circoviruses:Chicken Anemia Virus, PorcineCircovirus Type 2, and Beakand Feather DiseaseVirus." Journal of Virology 77, no. 24 (December 15, 2003): 13036–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.77.24.13036-13041.2003.

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ABSTRACT Circoviruses are small, nonenveloped icosahedral animal viruses characterized by circular single-stranded DNA genomes. Their genomes are the smallest possessed by animal viruses. Infections with circoviruses, which can lead to economically important diseases, frequently result in virus-induced damage to lymphoid tissue and immunosuppression. Within the family Circoviridae, different genera are distinguished by differences in genomic organization. Thus, Chicken anemia virus is in the genus Gyrovirus, while porcine circoviruses and Beak and feather disease virus belong to the genus Circovirus. Little is known about the structures of circoviruses. Accordingly, we investigated the structures of these three viruses with a view to determining whether they are related. Three-dimensional maps computed from electron micrographs showed that all three viruses have a T=1 organization with capsids formed from 60 subunits. Porcine circovirus type 2 and beak and feather disease virus show similar capsid structures with flat pentameric morphological units, whereas chicken anemia virus has stikingly different protruding pentagonal trumpet-shaped units. It thus appears that the structures of viruses in the same genus are related but that those of viruses in different genera are unrelated.

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10

Meehan, B. M., D. Todd, M. S. McNulty, and J. L. Creelan. "Sequence of porcine circovirus DNA: affinities with plant circoviruses." Journal of General Virology 78, no. 1 (January 1, 1997): 221–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-78-1-221.

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11

Biryuchenkova, M. V., A. M. Timina, and A. V. Shcherbakov. "DETECTION OF PORCINE CIRCOVIRUS TYPE 3 IN RUSSIAN PIG HOLDINGS." Veterinary Science Today, no. 3 (October 3, 2019): 29–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.29326/2304-196x-2019-3-30-29-33.

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Diseases associated with porcine circoviruses (mainly with porcine circovirus type 2) have various manifestations, are common in pigs in countries having well-developed pig industry and responsible for significant economic losses. Porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV-3) causing systemic inflammation of unknown etiology in animals was detected the USA in 2015. Later, data on PCV-3 detection in Asia, Europe and South America were published. Analysis of literature data on current epidemic situation on PCV-3 infection in foreign countries as well as the disease clinical manifestations and postmortem lesions are described. Results of molecular and genetic tests of biomaterials collected from pigs in 51 holdings located in 28 regions of the Russian Federation are presented. A total of 280 samples of biological materials of different types (organs, tissues, stillborn piglets) collected from domestic pigs with respiratory, reproductive and neurological disorders, dermatitis and from emaciated pigs were tested and PCV-3 genome was detected in 11 samples from 9 holdings located in 5 regions of the Russian Federation. Porcine circovirus type 3 was detected in lung, bronchial and mediastinal lymph node, spleen tissues from grower and fattening piglets, adult pigs and aborted fetuses. Samples that were positive for PCV-3 DNA when tested with molecular methods (PCR, real-time PCR) were tested for other pathogens. The following pathogens were also detected in 6 out of 11 samples (55%): Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyorhinis, Streptococcus suis, Haemophilus parasuis, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. Porcine circovirus type 2 was detected in one sample. Presented test results are indicative of probable combined etiology of respiratory and reproductive disorders in tested pigs that results in various clinical manifestations. Grower and fattening piglets were found to be the most susceptible to PCV-3-associated disease. Further studies are required for identification of actual PCV-3 pathogenicity and its prevalence in the territory of the Russian Federation.

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12

Dudar, L., V. Polischuk, L. Budzanivska, Gyula Balka, and Attila Csagola. "COMPLETE GENOME SEQUENCE OF PORCINE CIRCOVIRUS TYPE 2 UKRAINIAN ISOLATES." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Biology 72, no. 2 (2016): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/1728_2748.2016.72.5-8.

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Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is associated with distinct syndromes and diseases in swine, collectively known as porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVAD), which include postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS), PCV2-associated pneumonia as a part of the porcine respiratory disease complex (PRDC), PCV2-associated enteritis, PCV2-associated reproductive failure, and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) (1–3). PCV2-infection is widespread and essentially all pig herds are infected with PCV2. Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2), a member of the genus Circovirus in the family Circoviridae, is a very small single-stranded negative-sense DNA virus of approximately 1.7 kb (4). The genome of PCV2 encodes three major open reading frames (ORFs) encoding the replicase proteins (ORF1), the viral capsid protein (ORF2), and a protein with suggested apoptotic activity (ORF3) (5). Previous reports showed that there were five PCV2 genotypes, including PCV2a, PCV2b, PCV2c, PCV2d, and PCV2e (6– 9). Here, we report the complete genome sequence of Ukrainian PCV2 isolates from different regions of Ukraine.

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13

TAJIMA, Masanori. "Porcine Circovirus Infection in Pigs." Journal of the Japan Veterinary Medical Association 53, no. 2 (2000): 53–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.12935/jvma1951.53.53.

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14

Ellis, John, Maria Spinato, Choon Yong, Keith West, Francis McNeilly, Brian Meehan, Seamus Kennedy, Edward Clark, Steven Krakowka, and Gordon Allan. "Porcine Circovirus 2–Associated Disease in Eurasian Wild Boar." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 15, no. 4 (July 2003): 364–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870301500411.

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Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) was first identified in high-health herds of domestic swine and was associated with a debilitating disease called postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). Most subsequent studies have indicated that PCV2 infects only swine but there is little information on porcids other than improved breeds of domestic swine. Multisystemic disease was reported in a group of Eurasian wild boars raised under free-range conditions. Affected young pigs had pneumonia and enteritis and were cachectic. Porcine circovirus 2 was identified in affected tissue by immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization, and a PCV2-like virus was isolated from pooled organs. The open reading frame (ORF2) of the isolated PCV2 had a 98.7% homology with the ORF2 of a reference PCV2 isolate. These diagnostic data indicate that PCV2 can infect and cause disease in Sus scrofa subspecies other than domestic swine.

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15

Ouyang, Ting, Xinwei Zhang, Xiaohua Liu, and Linzhu Ren. "Co-Infection of Swine with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 and Other Swine Viruses." Viruses 11, no. 2 (February 21, 2019): 185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11020185.

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Porcine circovirus 2 (PCV2) is the etiological agent that causes porcine circovirus diseases and porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVD/PCVAD), which are present in every major swine-producing country in the world. PCV2 infections may downregulate the host immune system and enhance the infection and replication of other pathogens. However, the exact mechanisms of PCVD/PCVAD are currently unknown. To date, many studies have reported that several cofactors, such as other swine viruses or bacteria, vaccination failure, and stress or crowding, in combination with PCV2, lead to PCVD/PCVAD. Among these cofactors, co-infection of PCV2 with other viruses, such as porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, porcine parvovirus, swine influenza virus and classical swine fever virus have been widely studied for decades. In this review, we focus on the current state of knowledge regarding swine co-infection with different PCV2 genotypes or strains, as well as with PCV2 and other swine viruses.

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Ouyang, Ting, Guyu Niu, Yifang Zhang, Xiaohua Liu, Xinwei Zhang, Shiqi Zhang, Yulu Geng, Daxin Pang, Hongsheng Ouyang, and Linzhu Ren. "Porcine HMGCR Inhibits Porcine Circovirus Type 2 Infection by Directly Interacting with the Viral Proteins." Viruses 11, no. 6 (June 11, 2019): 544. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v11060544.

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Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is the etiological agent of porcine circovirus diseases and porcine circovirus-associated diseases (PCVDs/PCVADs). However, the pathogenesis of PCV2 is not fully understood. We previously found that 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase (HMGCR) is negatively associated with PCV2 infection in vitro and in vivo. HMGCR inhibits the early stages of PCV2 infection, while PCV2 infection induces the phosphorylation of HMGCR to inactivate the protein. In this study, we investigated the possibility that adenosine 5′-monophosphate (AMP)-activated protein kinase (AMPK), and protein phosphatase 2 (PP2A) participate in HMGCR-mediated inhibition of PCV2 infection and the interaction of porcine HMGCR with PCV2 proteins. The results showed that AMPK activity fluctuated in cells during the early stage of PCV2 infection, while PP2A had little effect on PCV2 infection and HMGCR activity. Furthermore, PCV2 infection may enhance or maintain the level of phosphorylated HMGCR by directly interacting with the protein in PK-15 cells. These findings may provide a better understanding of PCV2 pathogenesis, and HMGCR may be a novel PCV2 antiviral target.

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17

Grierson, Sylvia S., Dirk Werling, Cornelia Bidewell, and Susanna Williamson. "Characterisation of porcine circovirus type 2 in porcine circovirus disease cases in England and Wales." Veterinary Record 182, no. 1 (October 19, 2017): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.104450.

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Confirmed cases of porcine circovirus disease (PCVD) in Great Britain have shown a steady decline since the availability of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) vaccines. However, PCVD is still occasionally diagnosed. The authors carried out a genotyping study to characterise PCV2 associated with confirmed PCVD cases in England and Wales from 2011 to January 2016 (n=65). A partial fragment of PCV2 genome encompassing ORF2 was amplified and sequenced from 45 cases of PCVD. The majority of sequences were genotype PCV2b but four sequences were PCV2d. The significance of the emergence of PCV2d in England and elsewhere in the world is not yet known, although it does appear to represent an ongoing global genotype shift.

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18

Feng, Shanshan, Angelica Schreyer, and Reza Khayat. "Receptor Recognition by Porcine Circovirus 2." Microscopy and Microanalysis 22, S3 (July 2016): 1108–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927616006383.

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19

Cheung, Andrew K. "Porcine circovirus: Transcription and DNA replication." Virus Research 164, no. 1-2 (March 2012): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2011.10.012.

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20

Pereda, Ariel, Pablo Piñeyro, Ana Bratanich, María Alejandra Quiroga, Danilo Bucafusco, María Isabel Craig, Javier Cappuccio, et al. "Genetic Characterization of Porcine Circovirus Type 2 from Pigs with Porcine Circovirus Associated Diseases in Argentina." ISRN Veterinary Science 2011 (May 30, 2011): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2011/560905.

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Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV-2) has been associated with syndromes grouped by the term porcine circovirus associated diseases (PCVAD). The PCV-2 isolates have been grouped into two major groups or genotypes according to their nucleotide sequence of whole genomes and/or ORF-2: PCV-2b, which have, in turn, been subdivided into three clusters (1A–1C), and PCV-2a, which has been subdivided into five clusters (2A–2E). In the present study, we obtained 16 sequences of PCV-2 from different farms from 2003 to 2008, from animals with confirmatory diagnosis of PCVAD. Since results showed an identity of 99.8% among them, they were grouped within a common cluster 1A-B. This preliminary study suggests a stable circulation of PCV-2b among the Argentinean pig population.

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Hattermann, Kim, Claudia Roedner, Cornelia Schmitt, Tim Finsterbusch, Tobias Steinfeldt, and Annette Mankertz. "Infection studies on human cell lines with porcine circovirus type 1 and porcine circovirus type 2." Xenotransplantation 11, no. 3 (May 2004): 284–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1399-3089.2004.00134.x.

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22

HIRAI, Takuya, Tetsuo NUNOYA, Takeshi IHARA, Toshiki SAITOH, Kazumoto SHIBUYA, and Keigo NAKAMURA. "Infectivity of Porcine Circovirus 1 and Circovirus 2 in Primary Porcine Hepatocyte and Kidney Cell Cultures." Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 68, no. 2 (2006): 179–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1292/jvms.68.179.

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23

Timmusk, Sirje, Elodie Merlot, Tanja Lövgren, Lilian Järvekülg, Mikael Berg, and Caroline Fossum. "Regulator of G protein signalling 16 is a target for a porcine circovirus type 2 protein." Journal of General Virology 90, no. 10 (October 1, 2009): 2425–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/vir.0.008896-0.

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Interaction studies have suggested that the non-structural protein encoded by open reading frame 3 (ORF3) of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) binds specifically to a regulator of G protein signalling (RGS) related to human RGS16 (huRGS16). The full-length clone of RGS16 was generated from porcine cells and sequence analysis revealed a close relationship to huRGS16 and murine RGS16. In vitro pull-down experiments verified an interaction between porcine RGS16 (poRGS16) and ORF3 from PCV2. Using GST-linked ORF3 proteins from three different genogroups of PCV2 and from porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1) in the pull-down experiments indicated that there were differences in their ability to bind poRGS16. Quantitative RT-PCR demonstrated that the expression of poRGS16 mRNA could be induced by a number of cell activators including mitogens (LPS and PHA), interferon inducers (ODN 2216 and poly I : C) and the neurotransmitter norepinephrine. Immunofluorescence labelling confirmed the induced expression of poRGS16 at the protein level and suggested that the PCV2 ORF3 protein co-localized with poRGS16 in LPS-activated porcine PBMC. Furthermore, poRGS16 appeared to participate in the translocation of the ORF3 protein into the cell nucleus, suggesting that the observed interaction may play an important role in the infection biology of porcine circovirus.

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Wang, Shuai-Yong, Ying-Feng Sun, Qi Wang, Ling-Xue Yu, Shi-Qiang Zhu, Xiao-Min Liu, Yun Yao, et al. "An epidemiological investigation of porcine circovirus type 2 and porcine circovirus type 3 infections in Tianjin, North China." PeerJ 8 (August 31, 2020): e9735. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.9735.

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Novel porcine circovirus type 3 (PCV3), first identified in the United States, has been detected in many other countries. Porcine circovirus is associated with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome, reproductive failure, congenital tremors, and other clinical symptoms. In this study, we established a double polymerase chain reaction assay for detecting both porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) and PCV3. This is the first study to detect and characterize the PCV3 genome in the Tianjin region of North China. We collected a total of 169 tissue samples from seven farms between 2016 and 2018. The PCV3-positive rate of all tissue samples was 37.3% (63/169) and the rate of PCV2 and PCV3 coinfection was 14.8% (25/169). PCV2 and PCV3 coinfections with more serious clinical symptoms were found in only three farms. We sequenced three PCV3 strains selected from tissue samples that were positively identified. The complete genome sequences of the three strains shared 97.6–99.4% nucleotide identities with the PCV3 strains in GenBank. Our results showed the extent of PCV3’s spread in Tianjin, and the need to further study PCV3’s pathobiology, epidemiology, isolation, and coinfection.

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Dán, Á., T. Molnár, I. Biksi, R. Glávits, M. Shaheim, and B. Harrach. "Characterisation of Hungarian porcine circovirus 2 genomes associated with PMWS and PDNS cases." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 51, no. 4 (October 1, 2003): 551–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.51.2003.4.13.

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The authors report the data of the first survey on the incidence of postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS) and porcine dermatitis and nephropathy syndrome (PDNS) in Hungary. A PCR method specific for the detection of porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2) was developed, which proved to be suitable for diagnostic purposes. PCR screening of organ samples from pigs suspected to be affected with PMWS or PDNS revealed the presence of PCV-2 in 80% of the cases. Six PCV-2 genomes from Hungarian isolates were completely sequenced. Phylogenetic comparison with all the available PCV-2 sequences showed that porcine circoviruses circulating in Hungary are more variable than in several other European countries. Two Hungarian strains clustered together with the Spanish strains forming a distinct group; two others fell in a common group with the French, UK, and Dutch strains, whereas another two strains showed the closest relationship to two of the three known German PCV-2 sequences.

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Lukač, Bojan, Aleksandra Knežević, Nenad Milić, Dejan Krnjaić, Ljubiša Veljović, Vesna Milićević, Andrea Zorić, Spomenka Đurić, Maja Stanojević, and Jakov Nišavić. "Molecular Detection of PCV2 And PPV in Pigs in Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina." Acta Veterinaria 66, no. 1 (March 1, 2016): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/acve-2016-0004.

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Abstract The presence of porcine circovirus 2 and porcine parvovirus was examined in forty clinical samples of spleen, lymph nodes and lungs originating from non-vaccinated swine by polymerase chain reaction. All animals were reared in extensive livestock farming systems in different geographical districts of Republic of Srpska, Bosnia and Herzegovina. Porcine circovirus 2 DNA was detected in four lymph node and two spleen samples (15%), while porcine parvovirus DNA was identified in five lymph node samples (12.5%). The presence of both viruses was detected in three lymph node samples (7.5%). Partial nucleotide sequence of ORF1 gene of 2 porcine circovirus 2 and VP2 gene of 2 porcine parvovirus isolates was determined. The nucleotide sequences of two PCV2 isolates from RS-BIH included in phylogenetic typing are similar and cluster together with the strain Mantova isolated from domestic pigs in Italy, strains DE006-14 and DE222-13 isolated from pigs in Germany as well as with the strain Jvnan isolated from pigs in China. Also, analyzed PCV2 isolates were partially similar to the strain NIV-C SRB isolated from pigs in Serbia. The nucleotide sequences of two PPV isolates that were included in phylogenetic typing showed a high level of similarity with the strain Challenge isolated from pigs in UK, strain Kresse isolated from pigs in USA and strains 77 and LZ isolated from pigs in China.

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27

Hua, Tao, Xianwei Wang, Juan Bai, Lili Zhang, Jie Liu, and Ping Jiang. "Attenuation of porcine circovirus type-2b by replacement with the Rep gene of porcine circovirus type-1." Virus Research 173, no. 2 (May 2013): 270–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2013.02.007.

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Kim, J., H. K. Chung, and C. Chae. "Association of porcine circovirus 2 with porcine respiratory disease complex." Veterinary Journal 166, no. 3 (November 2003): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1090-0233(02)00257-5.

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McNeilly, F., G. M. Allan, J. C. Foster, B. M. Adair, and M. S. McNulty. "Effect of porcine circovirus infection on porcine alveolar macrophage function." Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 49, no. 4 (January 1996): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2427(95)05476-6.

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Järveots, T., D. Põdersoo, T. Saar, S. Boudinot, and R. Lindjärv. "Porcine Proliferative Enteropathy and Porcine Circovirus 2 Infection in Estonia." Journal of Comparative Pathology 146, no. 1 (January 2012): 75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcpa.2011.11.120.

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31

Konradt, Guilherme, Raquel A. S. Cruz, Daniele M. Bassuino, Matheus V. Bianchi, Caroline P. de Andrade, Fernando S. da Silva, David Driemeier, and Saulo P. Pavarini. "Granulomatous Necrotizing Myositis in Swine Affected by Porcine Circovirus Disease." Veterinary Pathology 55, no. 2 (October 19, 2017): 268–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985817736114.

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Porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) is associated with multiple clinical syndromes in pigs, known as porcine circovirus diseases. This work describes an outbreak of porcine circovirus diseases with severe lesions affecting the skeletal muscle. Ninety-two pigs had apathy, weight loss, and diarrhea over a clinical course of 7 to 10 days. Approximately 30 of the pigs had stiff gait, muscle weakness, hind limb paresis, and recumbency. Twelve of the 92 pigs were necropsied, and 4 had pale discoloration of skeletal muscles with microscopic lesions of granulomatous necrotizing myositis. Immunohistochemistry of skeletal muscle showed that PCV2 antigen was located primarily in the cytoplasm and nuclei of macrophages, lymphocytes, and multinucleated giant cells, with a lower amount in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells, necrotic fibers, and satellite cells. Affected muscle samples were polymerase chain reaction–positive for PCV2 and the amplicon exhibited 99% identity with sequences belonging to the PCV2b genotype. Locomotor clinical signs and granulomatous necrotizing myositis should be considered as another expression of PCV2 infection in pigs.

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Payne, Natalie, Simona Kraberger, Rafaela S. Fontenele, Kara Schmidlin, Melissa H. Bergeman, Ivonne Cassaigne, Melanie Culver, Arvind Varsani, and Koenraad Van Doorslaer. "Novel Circoviruses Detected in Feces of Sonoran Felids." Viruses 12, no. 9 (September 15, 2020): 1027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v12091027.

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Sonoran felids are threatened by drought and habitat fragmentation. Vector range expansion and anthropogenic factors such as habitat encroachment and climate change are altering viral evolutionary dynamics and exposure. However, little is known about the diversity of viruses present in these populations. Small felid populations with lower genetic diversity are likely to be most threatened with extinction by emerging diseases, as with other selective pressures, due to having less adaptive potential. We used a metagenomic approach to identify novel circoviruses, which may have a negative impact on the population viability, from confirmed bobcat (Lynx rufus) and puma (Puma concolor) scats collected in Sonora, Mexico. Given some circoviruses are known to cause disease in their hosts, such as porcine and avian circoviruses, we took a non-invasive approach using scat to identify circoviruses in free-roaming bobcats and puma. Three circovirus genomes were determined, and, based on the current species demarcation, they represent two novel species. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that one circovirus species is more closely related to rodent associated circoviruses and the other to bat associated circoviruses, sharing highest genome-wide pairwise identity of approximately 70% and 63%, respectively. At this time, it is unknown whether these scat-derived circoviruses infect felids, their prey, or another organism that might have had contact with the scat in the environment. Further studies should be conducted to elucidate the host of these viruses and assess health impacts in felids.

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Streltsova, Ya B. "THE MODERN EPIZOOTOLOGY FOR PORCINE CIRCOVIRUS DISEASE." Problems of Veterinary Sanitation, Hygiene and Ecology 1, no. 1 (2018): 129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.36871/vet.san.hyg.ecol.201801022.

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This article describes the historical-geographical and epizootological aspects of rising porcine circovirus infection, periods of study and spread of infection. The article contains the information about epizootic situation in the World and in Russian Federation. The methods of diagnosis, clinical and pathological manifestation are represented. In modern pig farming are important issues related to the comprehensive diagnosis of diseases of pigs, especially circovirus infection. The disease has various symptoms and mortality among piglets in the early period of rearing. Asymptomatic manifestation of the disease in the adult population deteriorating the epizootic situation not only within the herd, but also when moving the animals between different areas of the country. Discovered in 2015 PCV-3 is evidence of its evolutionary path of development that is particularly relevant for molecular biologic, immunological, epizootic and pathological and morphological studies.

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34

Walker, Ian W., Carrie A. Konoby, Victoria A. Jewhurst, Irene McNair, Francis McNeilly, Brian M. Meehan, Tiffany S. Cottrell, John A. Ellis, and Gordon M. Allan. "Development and Application of a Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay for the Detection of Serum Antibodies to Porcine Circovirus Type 2." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 12, no. 5 (September 2000): 400–405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870001200502.

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We report the development of a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (c-ELISA) for the detection of antibodies to porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), the agent associated with the recently described postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome in pigs. At present, no method has been published describing a c-ELISA for the detection of antibodies to PCV2, and currently employed tests are impractical for use in some laboratories. The assay described here uses a cell culture isolate of porcine circovirus type 2 as antigen and a PCV2-specific monoclonal antibody as the competing reagent. Evaluation of the ELISA was performed by comparison with results obtained using an indirect immunofluorescent test on 484 sera from pig herds in the United Kingdom, Canada, France, and the USA and serial bleeds from pigs experimentally infected with porcine circoviruses. The sensitivity and specificity of the ELISA were determined as 99.58% and 97.14%, respectively, at 2 standard deviations (SD) from the mean or 95.81% and 100% at 3 SD from the mean. Using this ELISA, a serologic survey of 461 sera collected from commercial pig herds in Northern Ireland between 1973 and 1999 was undertaken. Analysis of the results of this survey demonstrated that the number of ELISA-positive sera detected in an individual year during this period ranged from 55% to 100%. This c-ELISA has applications for large-scale rapid diagnosis of PCV2 infection in pig populations worldwide and for immunoscreening of sera from other species for antibodies to PCV2.

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35

Dudar, L., and V. Polischuk. "Histological aspects of circovirus-associated syndrome of pigs infected with circovirus type 2." Bulletin of Taras Shevchenko National University of Kyiv. Series: Problems of Physiological Functions Regulation 20, no. 1 (2016): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2616_6410.2016.20.77-79.

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Analysis of pathological changes in organs of pigs infected with porcine circovirus type 2 showed that most of the variances were observed in immune system's organs, namely the lymph nodes and spleen. Thus, in addition to specific clinical symptoms' criteria confirmation, the histological examination of microscopic lesions associated with PCV2 (depletion of lymphoid tissue and / or connective tissue replacement lymphocytes) is necessary for concluding the diagnosis of circovirus-associated syndrome.

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Zhu, Xuejiao, Libin Wen, Wei Wang, Qi Xiao, and Kongwang He. "Basigin-CyP elevated porcine circovirus type2 replication." Virus Research 289 (November 2020): 198152. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2020.198152.

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37

Darwich, Laila, and Enric Mateu. "Immunology of porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2)." Virus Research 164, no. 1-2 (March 2012): 61–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.virusres.2011.12.003.

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38

Ouyang, Ting, Guyu Niu, Xiaohua Liu, Xinwei Zhang, Ying Zhang, and Linzhu Ren. "Recent progress on porcine circovirus type 3." Infection, Genetics and Evolution 73 (September 2019): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.meegid.2019.05.009.

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39

White, Mark. "Disease Facts - Porcine Circovirus Associated Disease (PCAD)." Livestock 14, no. 7 (November 2009): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.2044-3870.2009.tb00254.x.

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40

Maes, Dominiek. "Subclinical porcine circovirus infection: What lies beneath." Veterinary Journal 194, no. 1 (October 2012): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tvjl.2012.06.029.

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41

Baekbo, P., C. S. Kristensen, and L. E. Larsen. "Porcine Circovirus Diseases: A review of PMWS." Transboundary and Emerging Diseases 59 (January 17, 2012): 60–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1865-1682.2011.01288.x.

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42

Ouyang, Ting, Xiao-hui Liu, Hong-sheng Ouyang, and Lin-zhu Ren. "Mouse models of porcine circovirus 2 infection." Animal Models and Experimental Medicine 1, no. 1 (March 2018): 23–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ame2.12009.

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43

Cheung, Andrew K. "Transcriptional Analysis of Porcine Circovirus Type 2." Virology 305, no. 1 (January 2003): 168–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/viro.2002.1733.

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44

Collins, P. J., John McKillen, and Gordon Allan. "Porcine circovirus type 3 in the UK." Veterinary Record 181, no. 22 (November 30, 2017): 599. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/vr.j5505.

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45

Taner ;OĞUZOĞLU, KARAOĞLU. "Porcine circovirus type 2 infection in Turkey." Ankara Üniversitesi Veteriner Fakültesi Dergisi 58, no. 2 (2011): 93–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1501/vetfak_0000002456.

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46

Cheung, A. K., and S. R. Bolin. "Kinetics of porcine circovirus type 2 replication." Archives of Virology 147, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 43–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s705-002-8302-4.

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47

Franzo, Giovanni, Matteo Legnardi, Cinzia Centelleghe, Claudia M. Tucciarone, Mattia Cecchinato, Martí Cortey, Joaquim Segalés, and Michele Drigo. "Development and validation of direct PCR and quantitative PCR assays for the rapid, sensitive, and economical detection of porcine circovirus 3." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 30, no. 4 (April 9, 2018): 538–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1040638718770495.

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Since the identification of species Porcine circovirus 2, the relevance of genus Circovirus has increased given its impact on the swine industry. A new species ( Porcine circovirus 3, PCV-3) has been detected in association with various clinical conditions. Consequently, there is an urgent need for reliable and widely accessible tests for both routine diagnostic and research purposes. We developed a direct PCR (requiring no DNA extraction) and a quantitative (q)PCR targeting the conserved rep gene to detect the PCV-3 genome. Test performance was assessed by testing 120 field samples within different matrices. Both methods were sensitive (detection of 10 viral genome/µL), specific, and repeatable. The substantially perfect agreement between the 2 assays strongly supports their high sensitivity and specificity. The low cost and short processing time of the direct PCR protocol, together with the reliable quantitative results provided by qPCR, support the establishment of common testing guidelines.

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48

Okuda, Y., M. Ono, S. Yazawa, and I. Shibata. "Experimental Reproduction of Postweaning Multisystemic Wasting Syndrome in Cesarean-Derived, Colostrum-Deprived Piglets Inoculated with Porcine Circovirus Type 2 (PCV2): Investigation of Quantitative PCV2 Distribution and Antibody Responses." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 15, no. 2 (March 2003): 107–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870301500204.

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Sixteen cesarean-derived, colostrum-deprived piglets were inoculated intranasally with porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2), originally isolated from a pig affected with postweaning multisystemic wasting syndrome (PMWS). At 1 day postinoculation (PI), 3 of the 5 piglets in the uninoculated control group were moved to the room of inoculated piglets for contact exposure. Porcine circovirus type 2 was detected by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) in swabs from inoculated piglets from 1 day PI and from contact piglets from 2 days after cohabitation. Porcine circovirus type 2 was also detected in all serum samples but not in control piglets 7 days PI. Until the end of study, PCV2 was detected in swabs and serum samples by PCR but not in the control piglets. One inoculated piglet died suddenly without clinical signs 19 days PI. Beginning at 14 days PI, 5 piglets, including 1 contact piglet, had clinical signs of depression, anorexia, and icterus, and 1 inoculated piglet died 21 days PI. Most of the piglets exhibiting the above clinical signs became moribund and were necropsied 21 and 28 days PI. In the piglets that showed clinical signs, gross lesions, including icterus of liver and hemorrhage in stomach, and typical histopathological lesions of PMWS, such as lymphoid depletion and basophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies in lymph nodes and other tissues, were observed. Porcine circovirus type 2 was detected by PCR in all tissue samples except in those of the control piglets. Porcine circovirus type 2 was recovered from several tissue samples of the piglets necropsied until 35 days PI. In particular, PCV2 was recovered in high titer from most of the tissue samples of the piglets exhibiting clinical signs. Serum antibody against PCV2 was mostly detected in inoculated piglets and in contact piglets 14 and 21 days PI by an indirect fluorescence antibody test but was not detected in the piglets exhibiting clinical signs until 28 days PI. These results indicate that PCV2 was able to induce clinical PMWS in the absence of other swine pathogens and that there were significant differences in both the quantitative PCV2 distribution in tissues and the antibody response between the piglets that were infected and developed PMWS and those that were infected but remained healthy.

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Beach, N. M., N. M. Juhan, L. Cordoba, and X. J. Meng. "Replacement of the Replication Factors of Porcine Circovirus (PCV) Type 2 with Those of PCV Type 1 Greatly Enhances Viral Replication InVitro." Journal of Virology 84, no. 17 (June 23, 2010): 8986–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.00522-10.

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ABSTRACT Porcine circovirus type 1 (PCV1), originally isolated as a contaminant of PK-15 cells, is nonpathogenic, whereas porcine circovirus type 2 (PCV2) causes an economically important disease in pigs. To determine the factors affecting virus replication, we constructed chimeric viruses by swapping open reading frame 1 (ORF1) (rep) or the origin of replication (Ori) between PCV1 and PCV2 and compared the replication efficiencies of the chimeric viruses in PK-15 cells. The results showed that the replication factors of PCV1 and PCV2 are fully exchangeable and, most importantly, that both the Ori and rep of PCV1 enhance the virus replication efficiencies of the chimeric viruses with the PCV2 backbone.

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Xia, Zhongwu, Xiaoping Yi, and Yingping Zhuang. "Stable over-expression of the human malate–aspartate NADH shuttle member Aralar I in PK15 cells improves energy metabolism and enhances proliferation of porcine circovirus-2." RSC Advances 6, no. 66 (2016): 61268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra06343h.

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