Relevant bibliographies by topics / Population size

Academic literature on the topic 'Population size'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 14 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Population size"

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Park, Leeyoung. "Effective Population Size of Korean Populations." Genomics & Informatics 12, no. 4 (2014): 208. http://dx.doi.org/10.5808/gi.2014.12.4.208.

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Toksanbaeva, Mairash. "Minimum size of wage and its differentiation." Population 23, no. 4 (December 19, 2020): 40–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.4.4.

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Raising minimum wage can lead to such a contraction in its differentiation that weakens the stimulating function. The article raises the question of the influence on this function of the minimum wage growth to the level of the subsistence minimum of an able-bodied person. According to Rosstat information, the decrease in the differences in earnings of workers depending on their qualifications began in 2017 and continued in 2019. The R/P10% ratio also declined but was still too high. The study of the causes of this phenomenon is based on the hypothesis that, first of all, it is rooted in the earnings differentiation by type of economic activity (industry). For the analysis, industries were selected in which the key professional groups consist of the most qualified personnel, namely highly qualified specialists and skilled workers. Contraction of inter-qualification differentiation below the reasonable standards took place in industries with wages not higher than the average for all employees. This process began in 2017, when the minimum wage had not yet reached the subsistence level. In key occupational groups in some high-wage industries the differences under consideration reached excessively high values. And in industries with low wages, the differentiation by key groups slightly increased in comparison with 2017. This can be explained by weakening of labor incentives and an attempt to restore them after this weakening. This confirms that ensuring of the reproductive function of payment for labor should be consistent with the effectiveness of the stimulating function. However, without reducing the differences in earnings by industry, achieving such consistency is not possible.
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Laporte, Valérie, and Brian Charlesworth. "Effective Population Size and Population Subdivision in Demographically Structured Populations." Genetics 162, no. 1 (September 1, 2002): 501–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/genetics/162.1.501.

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AbstractA fast-timescale approximation is applied to the coalescent process in a single population, which is demographically structured by sex and/or age. This provides a general expression for the probability that a pair of alleles sampled from the population coalesce in the previous time interval. The effective population size is defined as the reciprocal of twice the product of generation time and the coalescence probability. Biologically explicit formulas for effective population size with discrete generations and separate sexes are derived for a variety of different modes of inheritance. The method is also applied to a nuclear gene in a population of partially self-fertilizing hermaphrodites. The effects of population subdivision on a demographically structured population are analyzed, using a matrix of net rates of movement of genes between different local populations. This involves weighting the migration probabilities of individuals of a given age/sex class by the contribution of this class to the leading left eigenvector of the matrix describing the movements of genes between age/sex classes. The effects of sex-specific migration and nonrandom distributions of offspring number on levels of genetic variability and among-population differentiation are described for different modes of inheritance in an island model. Data on DNA sequence variability in human and plant populations are discussed in the light of the results.
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Cohen, Felipe P. A., Bruno F. Takano, Roberto M. Shimizu, and Sergio L. S. Bueno. "Population size of Aegla paulensis (Decapoda: Anomura: Aeglidae)." Latin American Journal of Aquatic Research 41, no. 4 (September 10, 2013): 746–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3856/vol41-issue4-fulltext-11.

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Hunt, W. Grainger, and Peter R. Law. "SITE-DEPENDENT REGULATION OF POPULATION SIZE: COMMENT." Ecology 81, no. 4 (April 2000): 1162–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1162:sdrops]2.0.co;2.

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Hawkins, Bradford A., and Alan A. Berryman. "SITE-DEPENDENT REGULATION OF POPULATION SIZE: COMMENT." Ecology 81, no. 4 (April 2000): 1166–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1166:sdrops]2.0.co;2.

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Rodenhouse, Nicholas L., Thomas W. Sherry, and Richard T. Holmes. "SITE-DEPENDENT REGULATION OF POPULATION SIZE: REPLY." Ecology 81, no. 4 (April 2000): 1168–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081[1168:sdrops]2.0.co;2.

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Raymond, H. Fisher, Erin C. Wilson, and Willi McFarland. "Transwoman Population Size." American Journal of Public Health 107, no. 9 (September 2017): e12-e12. http://dx.doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2017.303964.

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WILLS, CHRISTOPHER. "Population size bottleneck." Nature 348, no. 6300 (November 1990): 398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/348398a0.

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Charlesworth, Brian. "Effective population size." Current Biology 12, no. 21 (October 2002): R716—R717. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0960-9822(02)01244-7.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Population size"

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Inprasit, Utith 1956. "Equilibria in Size-Structured Population Models." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/565549.

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Blayneh, Kbenesh W. "A hierarchical size-structured population model." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/187505.

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A model is considered for the dynamics of a size-structured population in which the birth, death and growth rates of an individual of size s are functions of the total population biomass of all individuals of size larger or smaller than s. The dynamics of the size distribution is governed by the McKendrick equations. An existence/uniqueness theorem for this equation is proved using an equivalent pair of partial and ordinary differential equations. The asymptotic dynamics of the density function is studied and some applications of the model to intraspecific predation and certain types of intraspecific competitions are given.
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James, Jennifer E. "Investigating the effective population size of animals." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2018. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/75023/.

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In this thesis I have investigated variation in the effective population size (Ne) between species, and the impact that this population genetics parameter has on molecular evolution. In Chapter 1 I review literature in order to outline our present understanding of variation in Ne, both between species and within a genome. In Chapter 2 I determine whether island species have lower effective population sizes than their mainland counterparts. I found that island species did not differ substantially from mainland species in terms of molecular evolution, despite their considerably smaller ranges. Chapter 3 examines the role of life history and demographic traits in shaping molecular evolution in mammals. Using mitochondrial DNA, I found significant correlations with species range for both genetic diversity (pS) and the efficiency of selection (pN/pS). Both latitude and body mass are also predictive of pS. However, these relationships are surprisingly weak. Additionally, no trait was predictive of nuclear molecular evolution. In Chapter 4 I determine whether there is adaptive evolution in animal mitochondrial DNA using McDonald-Kreitman style tests. While mitochondrial evolution is dominated by deleterious mutations, mitochondria also experience adaptive evolution, such that 26% of all nonsynonymous mutations are fixed by adaptive evolution. I also found evidence to suggest that the rate of adaptive evolution is correlated to Ne. In Chapter 5 I explore the relationship between pN/pS and pS, two variables that are expected to depend on Ne. I quantified the relationship between pS and pN/pS, after controlling for the statistical nonindependence between the two, to show that as πS doubles, πN/πS is reduced by 34%. I also investigated whether the slope of the regression between these variables is predicted by the shape parameter of the distribution of fitness effects. In Chapter 6 I give a general overview of my research, and bring together the key findings of this thesis.
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Crotti, Pablo. "Phenotypic variability, cell size and population fitness." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/43964.

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In all biological systems, phenotypes are quantitative measures of an organism's traits. To understand the relation between a genotype and phenotypes, the influence of genetic perturbations, such as gene deletions, on phenotypes is studied. Although it is common practice to look at the mean value of phenotypes to detect changes, it is less common to model such modifications by considering phenotypic variability. However, phenotypic variability could also contain important information about the phenotype-genotype map. Also, phenotypic variability is a determinant of an organism's robustness and fitness. This thesis is a collection of five studies devised to identify and analyse phenotypic variability in S. pombe, S. cerevisiae and E. coli. The first chapter determines the probabilistic nature of the dynamic transition from quiescence to proliferation in S. pombe. Based on the viability and the random nature of the quiescence of knockout genes, we demonstrate that two competing stochastic models explain the data equally well. The second and third chapters provide novel approaches to identifying mutant genes that increase/decrease phenotypic variability throughout the cell cycle of S. cerevisiae. Using machine learning algorithms, we observe that mutants divide in four categories acting positively and/or negatively on phenotypic variability. Additionally, we show that phenotypic robustness is inversely related to cell fitness. The fourth chapter builds morphological interaction networks in S. cerevisiae. By employing a Bayesian network framework, we show that cell size dictates nuclear size throughout most of the cell cycle. The fifth chapter investigates the growth rate of bacterial populations subject to fluctuations in the variance of their cell size distributions. By employing a population balance equation combined with an agent-based model, our results indicate that the cell size distribution affects the growth rate. Moreover, we show that cells possess a cell size regulator within their cycle.
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Chan, Kin-sun. "Statistical inference and designs for estimating population size /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20715468.

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Chan, Kin-sun, and 陳建新. "Statistical inference and designs for estimating population size." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 1998. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B3122040X.

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O'Donoghue, Paul. "Reproductive success and effective population size in ungulates." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.528893.

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Perry, R. J. O. "Shell size and population density in terrestrial molluscs." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.234753.

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Baalsrud, Helle Tessand. "Population characteristics and estimates of effective population size in a house sparrow metapopulation." Thesis, Norges teknisk-naturvitenskapelige universitet, Institutt for biologi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:no:ntnu:diva-15690.

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Effective population size (Ne) is a fundamental concept within biology and can be defined as the size of an ideal Wright-Fisher population in which the rate of genetic drift is the same as in the observed population. Natural populations are not ideal so that Ne is often < Nc. A low Ne can lead to inbreeding depression and less adaptability in a population, thus it is essential to know Ne for threatened populations. Ne can be estimated using genetic or demographic data. In this study four different genetic estimators (LDNE, ONeSAMP, MLNE and CoNe) and one demographic estimator were compared using data from a natural house sparrow metapopulation. How Ne related to Nc was also examined. All four genetic estimators seemed to be upwardly biased, however, LDNE often produced estimates in the expected range (Ne<N) and thus appeared to be less biased. To understand how characteristics of natural populations may affect the rate of genetic drift it is important to examine what influence the Ne/Nc-ratio. Thus, I investigated whether population characteristics such as population size, sex ratio, immigration rate, variance in population size and population growth rate explained the variation in the Ne/N ratio for the different genetic estimators. A general result was that the immigration rate had a positive effect on the Ne/Nc-ratio. The apparent upward bias of genetic Ne estimates and the positive effect of immigration rate on Ne/Nc-ratio suggest that gene flow between subpopulations within the study metapopulation was of significant importance for the rate of genetic drift. Genetic estimators of Ne seem like promising tools. However, if no knowledge of the ecology of the population in question exists, Ne should be interpreted cautiously. When assumptions underlying estimators are violated this can lead to erroneous conclusions about genetic processes in the population.&#8195;
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Meng, Vivian Yun. "Extensions to the multiplier method for inferring population size." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50295.

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Estimating population size is an important task for epidemiologists and ecologists alike, for purposes of resource planning and policy making. One method is the "multiplier method" which uses information about a binary trait to infer the size of a population. The first half of this thesis presents a likelihood-based estimator which generalizes the multiplier method to accommodate multiple traits as well as any number of categories (strata) in a trait. The asymptotic variance of this likelihood-based estimator is obtained through the Fisher Information and its behaviour with varying study designs is determined. The statistical advantage of using additional traits is most pronounced when the traits are uncorrelated and of low prevalence, and diminishes when the number of traits becomes large. The use of highly stratified traits however, does not appear to provide much advantage over using binary traits. Finally, a Bayesian implementation of this method is applied to both simulated data and real data pertaining to an injection-drug user population. The second half of this thesis is a first systematic approach to quantifying the uncertainty in marginal count data that is an essential component of the multiplier method. A migration model that captures the stochastic mechanism giving rise to uncertainty is proposed. The migration model is applied, in conjunction with the multi-trait multiplier method, to real-data from the British Columbia Centre for Disease Control.
Science, Faculty of
Statistics, Department of
Graduate
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Books on the topic "Population size"

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Gill, Kanwaljit Kaur. Population growth, family size, and economic development. New Delhi: Deep & Deep Publications, 1995.

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Groupe de démographie africaine (France), ed. Population size in African countries: An evaluation. Paris: Le Groupe, 1986.

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Onyebinama, U. A. U. Economic incentives and disincentives for the reduction of family size in Bauchi State of Nigeria. [Ibadan? Nigeria]: Population Research Fund Management Unit, NISER, 1997.

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1953-, Ebenman Bo, and Persson Lennart 1948-, eds. Size-structured populations: Ecology and evolution. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1988.

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Boĭko, Viktor Vasilʹevich. Rozhdaemostʹ: Sot͡s︡ialʹno-psikhologicheskie aspekty. Moskva: "Myslʹ", 1985.

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Rüthlein, Manfred Georg. Der Geburtenrückgang in der Bundesrepublik Deutschland zwischen 1969 und 1996 im Blickpunkt der Öffentlichkeit. Kiel: [s.n.], 2000.

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Shahidullah, Mohammed. Oklahoma's population: Growth, size, composition, and policy implications. Oklahoma City, Okla. (P.O. Box 26980, Oklahoma City 73126-0980): The Division, 1990.

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Statistics, Fiji Bureau of. Census 96 results: Population size, growth and structure. Suva: Fiji Islands Bureau of Statistics, 1998.

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Donaldson, Loraine. Fertility transition: The social dynamics of population change. Cambridge, Mass., USA: B. Blackwell, 1991.

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M'manga, W. R. Socio-economic and demographic determinants of family size in Malawi: A multivariate analysis. [Zomba, Malawi]: University of Malawi, Chancellor College, Demographic Unit, 1991.

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Book chapters on the topic "Population size"

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Keddy, Paul A. "Human Population Size." In Causal Factors for Wetland Management and Restoration: A Concise Guide, 145–48. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-21788-3_14.

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Falińska, Krystyna. "Recapitulation: Population Size and Population Changes." In Tasks for vegetation science, 149–53. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-3266-4_15.

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Iversen, Edwin S. "Population Size and Fluctuations." In Living Marine Resources, 127–45. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1211-6_7.

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Caswell, H. "Approaching Size and Age in Matrix Population Models." In Size-Structured Populations, 85–105. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74001-5_7.

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Metz, J. A. J., A. M. de Roos, and F. van den Bosch. "Population Models Incorporating Physiological Structure: A Quick Survey of the Basic Concepts and an Application to Size-Structured Population Dynamics in Waterfleas." In Size-Structured Populations, 106–26. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-74001-5_8.

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Ekman, Jan, and Anita Johansson-Allende. "Egg Size Investments of Tits; Does Number Conflict with Size?" In Population Biology of Passerine Birds, 247–55. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75110-3_21.

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Alić, Amina, Klemen Berkovič, Borko Bošković, and Janez Brest. "Population Size in Differential Evolution." In Communications in Computer and Information Science, 21–30. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-37838-7_3.

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Baker, Jack, David A. Swanson, Jeff Tayman, and Lucky M. Tedrow. "Forecasting Population Size and Composition." In Cohort Change Ratios and their Applications, 45–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53745-0_4.

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Baker, Jack, David A. Swanson, Jeff Tayman, and Lucky M. Tedrow. "Estimating Population Size and Composition." In Cohort Change Ratios and their Applications, 143–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53745-0_9.

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Pol, Louis G., and Richard K. Thomas. "Population Size, Distribution and Concentration." In The Demography of Health and Healthcare, 37–63. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-90-481-8903-8_3.

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Conference papers on the topic "Population size"

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Nguyen, Anh Quang, Andrew M. Sutton, and Frank Neumann. "Population size matters." In Proceeding of the fifteenth annual conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/2463372.2463564.

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Berenbrink, Petra, Dominik Kaaser, and Tomasz Radzik. "On Counting the Population Size." In PODC '19: ACM Symposium on Principles of Distributed Computing. New York, NY, USA: ACM, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3293611.3331631.

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Kulkarni, Dileep, Ranjan S, Vivek Chitodkar, Varada Gurjar, C. V. Ghaisas, and A. V. Mannikar. "SIZE INDIA- Anthropometric Size Measurement of Indian Driving Population." In SIAT 2011. 400 Commonwealth Drive, Warrendale, PA, United States: SAE International, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2011-26-0108.

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Li, Ming, Stella N. Batalama, and Dimitris A. Pados. "Population Size Identification for CDMA Eavesdropping." In MILCOM 2007 - IEEE Military Communications Conference. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2007.4454983.

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Shi, Edwin C., Frank H. F. Leung, and Bonnie N. F. Law. "Differential Evolution with adaptive population size." In 2014 International Conference on Digital Signal Processing (DSP). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icdsp.2014.6900794.

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Soudan, Bassel, and Mohamed Saad. "An Evolutionary Dynamic Population Size PSO Implementation." In Communication Technologies: from Theory to Applications (ICTTA). IEEE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ictta.2008.4530016.

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Yong, He. "Optimal Population Size for Partheno-genetic Algorithm." In 2007 Chinese Control Conference. IEEE, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/chicc.2006.4347117.

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Minetti, G. F., and H. A. Alfonso. "Variable size population in parallel evolutionary algorithms." In 5th International Conference on Intelligent Systems Design and Applications (ISDA'05). IEEE, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isda.2005.99.

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Escudero, Carlos, Javier Buceta, Francisco J. de la Rubia, and Katja Lindenberg. "Habitat size and extinction in population dynamics." In Second International Symposium on Fluctuations and Noise, edited by Derek Abbott, Sergey M. Bezrukov, Andras Der, and Angel Sanchez. SPIE, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.537570.

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Qazi, Farhan A. "Polyphase Code Sets with Large Population Size." In 2014 IEEE Military Communications Conference (MILCOM). IEEE, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/milcom.2014.134.

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Reports on the topic "Population size"

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Kekovole, John. Components of Kenya's future population growth and population policy implications. Population Council, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy1996.1006.

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The world’s population has grown rapidly from about 2.5 billion in 1950 to a current size of 5.8 billion. As noted in this report, most of the increase has been recorded in the developing countries of Africa, Asia, and Latin America due to continued high fertility in the face of reductions in levels of mortality. Kenya provides a unique opportunity to study the impact of various policy options on future population growth. The primary objective of this study is to measure the impact of different causes of continued population growth on Kenya’s future size and to formulate appropriate policy measures to minimize the adverse socioeconomic consequences of population growth. This study briefly reviews population policies pursued by the Kenyan government since the formulation of the first such policy in 1967. Projections made by the World Bank and the United Nations are summarized, and a new set of projections is presented to highlight the contributions of the different causes of future growth. The study concludes with policy implications emanating from this analysis.
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Razin, Assaf, Efraim Sadka, and Phillip Swagel. The Aging Population and the Size of the Welfare State. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, July 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w8405.

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Meyer, Bruce, Angela Wyse, and Kevin Corinth. The Size and Census Coverage of the U.S. Homeless Population. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w30163.

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David Donnelly, David Donnelly. Estimating the population size of Australian killer whales using Citizen Science. Experiment, July 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.18258/7461.

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Peters, Michael. Market Size and Spatial Growth - Evidence from Germany’s Post-War Population Expulsions. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w29329.

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Wright, T. Central limit theorem for variable size simple random sampling from a finite population. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), February 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/6138951.

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Ham, Andrés, Angela Guarin, and Juanita Ruiz. How Accurately are Household Surveys Measuring the Size and Inequalities for the LGBT Population in Bogota, Colombia? Evidence from a List Experiment. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0004721.

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This paper studies whether household surveys precisely identify the LGBT population and are suitable to measure labor market discrimination in Colombia. We first quantify the size of the LGBT population and estimate labor market inequalities from these data, highlighting potential pitfalls from using this approach. We then present findings from a list experiment in Bogotá, Colombia. Results show that household surveys underestimate the size of the LGBT population and may yield biased estimates of labor market inequalities. While survey estimates range between 1-4%, we find that LGBT people constitutes around 12-22% of the total population. We find heterogeneous reporting by sex, age groups, educational attainment, and marital status. Our findings suggest that while current measurement practices are a step forward for the LGBT populations statistical visibility, additional steps are required before household surveys may be used to consistently estimate discrimination and guide policy responses to protect this population.
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Levitt, Steven. The Effect of Prison Population Size on Crime Rates: Evidence From Prison Overcrowding Litigation. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, May 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w5119.

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Sherman, Amir, Rebecca Grumet, Ron Ophir, Nurit Katzir, and Yiqun Weng. Whole genome approach for genetic analysis in cucumber: Fruit size as a test case. United States Department of Agriculture, December 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2013.7594399.bard.

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The Cucurbitaceae family includes a broad array of economically and nutritionally important crop species that are consumed as vegetables, staple starches and desserts. Fruit of these species, and types within species, exhibit extensive diversity as evidenced by variation in size, shape, color, flavor, and others. Fruit size and shape are critical quality determinants that delineate uses and market classes and are key traits under selection in breeding programs. However, the underlying genetic bases for variation in fruit size remain to be determined. A few species the Cucurbitaceae family were sequenced during the time of this project (cucumber was already sequenced when the project started watermelon and melon sequence became available during the project) but functional genomic tools are still missing. This research program had three major goals: 1. Develop whole genome cucumber and melon SNP arrays. 2. Develop and characterize cucumber populations segregating for fruit size. 3. Combine genomic tools, segregating populations, and phenotypic characterization to identify loci associated with fruit size. As suggested by the reviewers the work concentrated mostly in cucumber and not both in cucumber and melon. In order to develop a SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) array for cucumber, available and newly generated sequence from two cucumber cultivars with extreme differences in shape and size, pickling GY14 and Chinese long 9930, were analyzed for variation (SNPs). A large set of high quality SNPs was discovered between the two parents of the RILs population (GY14 and 9930) and used to design a custom SNP array with 35000 SNPs using Agilent technology. The array was validated using 9930, Gy14 and F1 progeny of the two parents. Several mapping populations were developed for linkage mapping of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for fruit size These includes 145 F3 families and 150 recombinant inbred line (RILs F7 or F8 (Gy14 X 9930) and third population contained 450 F2 plants from a cross between Gy14 and a wild plant from India. The main population that was used in this study is the RILs population of Gy14 X 9930. Phenotypic and morphological analyses of 9930, Gy14, and their segregating F2 and RIL progeny indicated that several, likely independent, factors influence cucumber fruit size and shape, including factors that act both pre-anthesis and post-pollination. These include: amount, rate, duration, and plane of cell division pre- and post-anthesis and orientation of cell expansion. Analysis of F2 and RIL progeny indicated that factors influencing fruit length were largely determined pre-anthesis, while fruit diameter was more strongly influenced by environment and growth factors post-anthesis. These results suggest involvement of multiple genetically segregating factors expected to map independently onto the cucumber genome. Using the SNP array and the phenotypic data two major QTLs for fruit size of cucumber were mapped in very high accuracy (around 300 Kb) with large set of markers that should facilitate identification and cloning of major genes that contribute to fruit size in cucumber. In addition, a highly accurate haplotype map of all RILS was created to allow fine mapping of other traits segregating in this population. A detailed cucumber genetic map with 6000 markers was also established (currently the most detailed genetic map of cucumber). The integration of genetics physiology and genomic approaches in this project yielded new major infrastructure tools that can be used for understanding fruit size and many other traits of importance in cucumber. The SNP array and genetic population with an ultra-fine map can be used for future breeding efforts, high resolution mapping and cloning of traits of interest that segregate in this population. The genetic map that was developed can be used for other breeding efforts in other populations. The study of fruit development that was done during this project will be important in dissecting function of genes that that contribute to the fruit size QTLs. The SNP array can be used as tool for mapping different traits in cucumber. The development of the tools and knowledge will thus promote genetic improvement of cucumber and related cucurbits.
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10

Bongaarts, John. Population policy options in the developing world. Population Council, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/pgy1994.1008.

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The population of the developing world is expanding at the unprecedented rate of more than 800 million people per decade, and, despite anticipated reductions in growth during the next century, its size is expected to increase from 4.1 billion in 1990 to 10.2 billion in 2100. Past efforts to curb this growth have focused almost exclusively on the implementation of family planning programs to provide contraceptive information, services, and supplies. While these programs have been partially successful in reducing birth rates, further investments in them will have a limited additional impact on population growth. Other policy options, in particular measures to reduce high demand for births and to limit population momentum, are therefore needed. This working paper reviews past approaches to population policy and assesses alternative options available to governments of developing countries. These topics were discussed at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (the “Earth Summit”) in Rio de Janeiro in 1992 and will be a focus at the International Conference on Population and Development in 1994 in Cairo.
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