Relevant bibliographies by topics / Population screening

Academic literature on the topic 'Population screening'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Population screening"

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Beutler, Ernest. "Hemochromatosis Population Screening." Genetic Testing 4, no. 2 (June 19, 2000): 95–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/10906570050114768.

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Zheng, Senshuang, Xiaorui Zhang, Marcel J. W. Greuter, Geertruida H. de Bock, and Wenli Lu. "Determinants of Population-Based Cancer Screening Performance at Primary Healthcare Institutions in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 3312. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph18063312.

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Background: For a decade, most population-based cancer screenings in China are performed by primary healthcare institutions. To assess the determinants of performance of primary healthcare institutions in population-based breast, cervical, and colorectal cancer screening in China. Methods: A total of 262 primary healthcare institutions in Tianjin participated in a survey on cancer screening. The survey consisted of questions on screening tests, the number of staff members and training, the introduction of the screening programs to residents, the invitation of residents, and the number of performed screenings per year. Logistic regression models were used to analyze the determinants of performance of an institution to fulfil the target number of screenings. Results: In 58% and 61% of the institutions between three and nine staff members were dedicated to breast and cervical cancer screening, respectively, whereas in 71% of the institutions ≥10 staff members were dedicated to colorectal cancer screening. On average 60% of institutions fulfilled the target number of breast and cervical cancer screenings, whereas 93% fulfilled the target number for colorectal cancer screening. The determinants of performance were rural districts for breast (OR = 5.16 (95%CI: 2.51–10.63)) and cervical (OR = 4.17 (95%CI: 2.14–8.11)) cancer screenings, and ≥3 staff members dedicated to cervical cancer screening (OR = 2.34 (95%CI: 1.09–5.01)). Conclusions: Primary healthcare institutions in China perform better in colorectal than in breast and cervical cancer screening, and institutions in rural districts perform better than institutions in urban districts. Increasing the number of staff members on breast and cervical cancer screening could improve the performance of population-based cancer screening.
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Gruwez, Henri, Tine Proesmans, Stijn Evens, Frederik H. Verbrugge, Sébastien Deferm, Jeroen Dauw, Rik Willems, Pieter Vandervoort, Peter Haemers, and Laurent Pison. "Atrial Fibrillation Population Screening." Cardiac Electrophysiology Clinics 13, no. 3 (September 2021): 531–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ccep.2021.04.009.

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Fordham, J. N., and R. Madhok. "Population screening for osteoporosis." Quality and Safety in Health Care 1, no. 2 (June 1, 1992): 140–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/qshc.1.2.140-a.

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Heck, Patrick R., and Michelle N. Meyer. "Population Whole Exome Screening." Medical Clinics of North America 103, no. 6 (November 2019): 1077–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mcna.2019.08.004.

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ADAMS, P. C. "Population screening for haemochromatosis." Gut 46, no. 3 (March 1, 2000): 301–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/gut.46.3.301.

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Benett, I. J. "Population Screening for Diabetes." Diabetic Medicine 11, no. 5 (June 1994): 517–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1464-5491.1994.tb00319.x.

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Price, J. L., and A. E. Kirkpatrick. "Population screening by mammography." Clinical Radiology 39, no. 4 (July 1988): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9260(88)80317-9.

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Tucker, A. K. "Population screening by mammography." Clinical Radiology 39, no. 4 (July 1988): 465. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9260(88)80318-0.

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Walker, W. J. "Population screening by mammography." Clinical Radiology 39, no. 1 (January 1988): 104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0009-9260(88)80366-0.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Population screening"

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Menon, Usha. "Ovarian cancer screening in the general population." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2007. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1444988/.

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Despite significant improvements in therapy, ovarian cancer continues to be a leading cause of death amongst women with gynaecological malignancies. Advanced stage at diagnosis is thought to be a major contributor to mortality. Hence, there is considerable interest in early detection through screening. In the 1990s, Professor Jacobs pioneered the development of a multimodal ovarian cancer screening (OCS) strategy using serum CA125 as the first line screen and pelvic ultrasound as the second line test. This thesis summarises the next steps in the journey with refining of the screening algorithm, feasibility testing in a pilot randomised control trial (RCT) and finally setting up and recruiting 200,000 women into the largest ever RCT . The risk of ovarian cancer in postmenopausal women with elevated CA125 levels was established through a detailed analysis of 1219 pelvic scans from 741 women with raised CA125 levels in the completed trial of 22,000 women. Based on this, the multimodal 'Risk of Ovarian Cancer' (ROC) algorithm was refined and morphology instead of volume was used to interpret the ovarian scans. The refined ROC algorithm was then prospectively evaluated in a pilot RCT of 13,582 postmenopausal women. The trial established that screening using the ROC algorithm was feasible and could achieve high specificity and positive predictive value. The improved performance characteristics of the screening strategy and the experience accumulated in running and organising the pilot trial led to the design and successful implementation of a RCT - the UK Collaborative Trial of Ovarian Cancer Screening (UKCTOCS) - to assess the impact of early detection on disease mortality. The trial commenced in 2001 with recruitment of 202,638 postmenopausal women by September 2005. The issues involved in setting up the trial, recruitment of 202,000 women and the baseline characteristics of this population are described.
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Lagerlund, Magdalena. "Factors affecting attendance at population-based mammography screening /." Stockholm, 2002. http://diss.kib.ki.se/2002/91-7349-061-x/.

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Palmer, Ann. "Population coverage in cervical cytology programmes." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/19212.

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Abu-Helalah, Munir. "The value of screening an adult population for hypothyroidism." Thesis, Queen Mary, University of London, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.511760.

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Jiao, Yang Peter, and 焦洋. "Clinical effectiveness of helicobacter pylori screening in Chinese population." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2011. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B46937857.

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Triola, Laura Walter. "Peripheral Arterial Disease Screening of an Underserved High Risk Population." UNF Digital Commons, 2006. http://digitalcommons.unf.edu/etd/333.

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Disparity in access to health care and preventive services places a heavier burden of morbidity on those with limited access and resources. Underserved populations with decreased access to appropriate health screening and therapeutic interventions often present with increased risks for peripheral arterial disease. Some patients with peripheral arterial disease are asymptomatic and may defer treatment while others present with occlusive disease requiring immediate therapy. Delaying diagnosis and treatment reduces quality of life and functional status. The prevalence of peripheral arterial disease has been extensively studied in the elderly population but the prevalence in the high-risk underserved population is unknown. The purpose of this study was to identify the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease in an underserved, high-risk, predominantly African American population and to determine if providers using an electronic blood pressure machine could accurately measure the ankle-brachial index. The sample population of forty adult residents at a homeless shelter in northeast Florida was screened for peripheral arterial disease. Inclusion criteria consisted of a diagnosis of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, diabetes or a history of smoking. The ankle-brachial index was assessed using the vascular Doppler method and an electronic blood pressure machine though the latter was found to be an insensitive screening tool. The ankle-brachial index, the San Diego Claudication Questionnaire and a physical assessment were used in this crosssectional study to determine the prevalence of peripheral arterial disease. An abnormal ankle-brachial index value (≤ 0.90), indicating a high suspicion of peripheral arterial disease, was assessed in 22.5% of the sample population, all of whom were found to have a history of smoking crack cocaine.
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Westrup, Therese Marie. "A Comparison of Two Kindergarten Screening Instruments in One Population." PDXScholar, 1992. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/4525.

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The purpose of this study was to compare thirty-two childrens' performances on the Daberon-2 Screening for School Readiness and the Early Screening Inventory , as well as determine whether there was a correlation between the tests. This study responded to the needs of the local Portland, Oregon area schools, some of which use these tests, to investigate the tests, and explore the possibility of using the shorter ESI over the longer Daberon. The reasoning behind the goal of the study was to determine that if the two tests showed a strong, positive correlation and identified the same children as needing further assessment, then perhaps the test which was shorter to administer could be used with confidence as a faster, but equally reliable 2 pre-kindergarten screening tool. In other words, if a child "passes" the Daberon, one could assume that the child would most likely "pass" the ESI as well. Based on the results of this study, one can make this assumption with a reasonable amount of confidence. The subjects in this study included 16 males and 16 females. All were preschool students, ranging in age from 4-6 to 5-6 with a mean age of 5-1 years. The subjects were given the two tests in a counterbalanced order, which also varied as to sex so that not all of one sex received one test first. The standard scores and whether or not each subject "passed" or "failed" each screen was determined. The correlation between the two tests was also determined. The Pearson product moment correlation coefficient was used to determine the degree of relatedness between the tests. A high positive correlation of .73 was found between the Daberon and the ESI, with a shared variance
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Le, Michael H. "Colorectal Cancer Screening for the Vietnamese American Population in Iowa." ScholarWorks, 2017. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/3701.

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Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a primary cause of cancer-related mortality in the United States. Asian Americans have the highest CRC mortality rates. CRC screening tests can reduce CRC incidence, yet Asian Americans, specifically the subgroup of Vietnamese Americans, underuse CRC screening. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to understand why Vietnamese Americans, ages 50 to 75, underuse CRC screening. The health belief model constructs of susceptibility, severity, benefits, barriers, and self-efficacy were the framework for understanding this population's health-related behaviors. Three research questions focused on how knowledge, language, and cultural beliefs and perceptions affect Vietnamese Americans' CRC screening decisions. Interviews were conducted with 11 participants, and transcribed interview responses were input into NVivo 11 software to maintain a reliable database and to identify emerging themes. Key study findings revealed knowledge and English language gaps as well as adverse cultural perceptions of fear and doubt that influenced CRC screening choices among these 11 Vietnamese Americans. Future researchers might focus on cultural-tailored strategies to minimize these barriers for Vietnamese Americans. An understanding of this study population's perspectives offers the promise of positive social change for health services and public health administrations to develop cultural-tailored interventions that promote healthy lifestyles, prevention, early CRC detection and, consequently, reduce mortality rates and associated health care costs.
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Aranguren, María. "Adaptation of the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) for Argentinean population." Pontificia Universidad Católica del Perú, 2012. http://repositorio.pucp.edu.pe/index/handle/123456789/101554.

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The aim of this study was to adapt the Kessler Psychological Distress Scale (K10) for Argentinean population. We conducted a linguistic adaptation of the instrument and an analysis of its psychometric properties. To assess the reliability of the scale, analysis of internal consis- tency was made through Cronbach’s alpha and temporal stability of the items was examined in two different subsamples. In addition, the scale’s validity was assessed, taking into account convergent validity, criterion validity by contrasting groups and factorial composition of the K10. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) analysis was carried out to assess sensitivity, specificity and the area under the curve (AUC). The results of the present study indicate that the K10 is an adequate instrument presenting strong psychometric properties for screeningpsychological distress in our environment.
El objetivo del presente trabajo fue realizar la adaptación argentina de la Escala de Malestar Psicológico de Kessler (Kessler Psychological Distress Scale-K10). Para esto, se llevó a cabo una adaptación lingüística del instrumento y un análisis de sus propiedades psicométricas. Para evaluar la confiabilidad de la escala, se efectuó un análisis de la consistencia interna y se examinó la estabilidad temporal de los ítems. La validez del instrumento fue evaluada teniendoen consideración diferentes indicadores de la misma. Se calcularon, a través de las curvas ROC, los niveles de sensibilidad, especificidad y el área bajo la curva (ABC) de la prueba. Los resultados indican que se puede contar con la K10 como un instrumento de despistaje de malestar psicológico que reúne los requisitos psicométricos necesarios para ser utilizado en población argentina.
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Adam, Sumaiya. "Comparing Screening Strategies for Gestational Diabetes in a South African Population." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/64092.

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Globally, there is an alarming increase in the incidence of Type II diabetes mellitus (T2DM). It is well recognized that women who develop gestational diabetes (GDM) in their pregnancies are at increased risk of T2DM in later life. In addition, poor glycaemic control in pregnancy impacts adversely on the neonatal outcome, as well as the long term disease risks of that child. The risk of these outcomes increases continuously as maternal fasting plasma glucose levels increases. Several adverse outcomes have been associated with DM during pregnancy. These include pre-eclampsia, polyhydramnios, fetal macrosomia, fetal hepatomegaly and cardiomegaly, birth trauma, operative delivery, perinatal mortality and neonatal respiratory problems and metabolic complications such as hypoglycaemia, hyperbilirubinaemia, hypocalcaemia and polycythaemia. Despite five decades of research there is little consensus regarding the optimal approach to screening for GDM. Recently most international organisations have recommended that all women should be screened for GDM. South Africa is a diverse multi-racial society with an increasing burden of non-communicable diseases. The health system is already overburdened, and the optimal approach to screening for GDM remains unclear. A prospective cohort observational study was conducted at the Eyethu Yarona clinic (Lion Park Clinic), in Johannesburg, South Africa (SA). One thousand (1000) consecutive non-diabetic women who were less than 26 weeks pregnant were recruited. At recruitment the women completed a demographic questionnaire, and had a random glucose and glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) drawn. A fasting blood glucose was assessed within 2 weeks, and a serum specimen was frozen at -40°C for further testing at a later stage. Patients had a 75 g 2-hour oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) and HbA1c between 24 – 28 weeks gestation. All glucose measurements were done at the laboratory using standardized tests (venous blood) and on a Roche Accuchek Active® glucometer (Roche Diagnostics, Mannheim, Germany) (capillary blood). GDM was diagnosed according to the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO) criteria, i.e. any one abnormal reading was diagnostic of GDM: 0-hour ≥5.1 mmol/l, 1-hour ≥10 mmol/l, or 2-hour ≥8.5 mmol/l. Thereafter a nested cohort study of HIV negative patients was conducted to investigate the association between the concentrations of biomarkers associated with glucose homeostasis and GDM in a South African population. C-reactive protein (CRP), adiponectin, and fasting insulin were measured on the stored serum samples. The Insulin Sensitivity Index (HOMA-IR = fasting insulin (microU/L) x fasting glucose (mmol/L) / 22.5), and Quantitative Insulin Sensitivity Check Index (QUICKI = 1 / [log (I0) + log (G0)]) were calculated for further evaluation of markers of insulin sensitivity. The significance of this research was to assess the burden of disease of GDM in a South African population. The different diagnostic criteria were also compared, as well as the universal versus the traditional risk-factor based screening approach to GDM. Screening methods were compared so as to propose a simple, effective, cost efficient screening and diagnostic tool that may be implemented at primary health care level, which will in turn identify those pregnant women who warrant referral to a high care obstetric unit, thus improving both maternal and neonatal outcomes in our population.
Thesis (PhD) - University of Pretoria, 2017.
SEMDSA
SASA
Roche
Obstetrics and Gynaecology
PhD
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Books on the topic "Population screening"

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Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom. Committee on Health Promotion. Population screening for pre-symptomatic disease. London: Faculty of Community Medicine of the Royal Colleges of Physicians of the United Kingdom, 1985.

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Kafwembe, Emmanual Musonda. Some microanalytical studies of vitamin A for use in population screening programmes. Salford: University of Salford, 1991.

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Michael, Paul Simon. PCR screening for human papillomavirus infections, and evaluation of the estimated infection prevalence for a population of females. Sudbury, Ont: Laurentian University, Department of Biology, 1999.

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Hauser, Lorenz. Microsatellite screening in Pacific halibut (Hippoglossus stenolepis) and a preliminary examination of population structure based on observed DNA variation. Seattle: International Pacific Halibut Commission, 2006.

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B, Hall D. M., Elliman D, and Joint Working Party on Child Health Surveillance., eds. Health for all children Party on Child Health Surveillance. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

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Moss, T. The role of genito urinary medicine cytology and colposcopy in cervical screening: Does the GU female population merita different cytology/colposcopy strategy? Oxford: NHSCervical Screening Programme, 1994.

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Joint Working Party on Child Health Surveillance (Great Britain). Health for all children. 4th ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.

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Joint Working Party on Child Health Surveillance (Great Britain). Health for all children: Report of the third Joint Working Party on Child Health Surveillance. 3rd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1996.

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B, Hall David M., ed. Health for all children: A programme for child health surveillance : the report of the Joint Working Party on Child Health Surveillance. 2nd ed. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1991.

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B, Hall David M., ed. Health for all children: A programme for child health surveillance : the report of the Joint Working Party on Child Health Surveillance. Oxford [England]: Oxford University Press, 1989.

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Book chapters on the topic "Population screening"

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Marcus, Pamela M. "Population Measures: Definitions." In Assessment of Cancer Screening, 39–50. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94577-0_4.

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AbstractPerformance measures describe the ability of a cancer screening test to lead to cancer detection in a set of screened individuals, but they do not describe characteristics of the detected cancers or experience after diagnosis. For that information, intermediate and definitive outcomes are used. Intermediate and definitive outcomes are called population measures because they incorporate the experience of all cancers, regardless of the method of detection, and include all individuals who are eligible to be screened. For detection of invasive cancers, intermediate outcomes are cancer incidence, stage distribution, and case survival, and definitive outcomes are cause-specific mortality and all-cause mortality. Intermediate outcomes can be measured earlier in time than definitive outcomes. Favorable intermediate outcomes are necessary but not sufficient for favorable definitive outcomes. However, intermediate outcomes that clearly are not favorable are sufficient evidence that cancer screening will not reduce cause-specific mortality. Chapter 4 presents methods for calculating intermediate and definitive outcomes. Examples and figures are provided to assist in comprehension.
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Verduzco-Aguirre, Haydeé Cristina, Ana Patricia Navarrete-Reyes, Yanin Chavarri-Guerra, and Enrique Soto-Perez-de-Celis. "Cancer Screening." In Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging, 1–8. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_759-1.

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Hamaker, M. E. "Frailty Screening." In Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging, 1–6. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-69892-2_764-1.

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Verduzco-Aguirre, Haydeé Cristina, Ana Patricia Navarrete-Reyes, Yanin Chavarri-Guerra, and Enrique Soto-Perez-de-Celis. "Cancer Screening." In Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging, 737–44. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22009-9_759.

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Hamaker, M. E. "Frailty Screening." In Encyclopedia of Gerontology and Population Aging, 1935–40. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-22009-9_764.

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Bryder, Linda. "Population-based Cervical Screening." In Women’s Bodies and Medical Science, 89–107. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-0-230-25110-6_6.

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Chala, Luciano Fernandes, Paula de Camargo Moraes, and Carlos Shimizu. "Mammographic Screening: General Population." In Breast Diseases, 73–81. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-13636-9_7.

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Marcus, Pamela M. "Population Measures: Cancer Screening’s Impact." In Assessment of Cancer Screening, 51–66. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94577-0_5.

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AbstractIf assessment of cancer screening involved nothing more than calculating the intermediate and definitive outcomes described in previous chapters, there would be little need for this primer. The challenging aspect is the interpretation of changes in outcomes that accompany cancer screening. The three screening phenomena, lead time, length-weighted sampling, and overdiagnosis, are responsible for much of that challenge. Chapter 5 presents how improvements in intermediate outcomes can occur even when cancer screening does not impact definitive outcomes, and examples and figures are presented to reinforce concepts. Assignment of cause of death is discussed in Chap. 5, and two phenomena that can affect the accuracy of cause of death, sticking diagnosis and slippery linkage, are presented.
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Peng, Szu-Min, and Sam Li-Sheng Chen. "Population-Based Organized Service Screening for Colorectal Cancer." In Colorectal Cancer Screening, 15–27. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-7482-5_2.

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Völzke, Henry. "MR Imaging in Population-Based Research." In Whole-body MRI Screening, 21–28. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-55201-4_2.

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Conference papers on the topic "Population screening"

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Preston, Karen L., Caroline Morris, Robert Morris, William Scott, Jo Cook-Buchenau, and Claibourne I. Dungy. "Polaroid Photoscreening for Amblyogenic Factors in a Normal Population." In Noninvasive Assessment of the Visual System. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/navs.1992.tud4.

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Amblyopia is a leading cause of vision loss.1,2 Since early identification and treatment of amblyopia may lead to more favorable acuity outcomes, considerable attention has been paid to the development of amblyopia screening techniques.3,4 The direct measurement of visual acuity in very young and preverbal children can be time consuming in the context of mass screenings5-8, expensive9, and may tend to underestimate the incidence and magnitude of amblyopia.6 Therefore, most screening methodologies are based on the identification of amblyogenic factors (i.e., strabismus, refractive errors and media opacities).
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Hasanova, Aytakin. "PREDICTIVE GENETIC SCREENING." In The First International Scientific-Practical Conference- “Modern Tendencies of Dialogue in Multidenominational Society: philosophical, religious, legal view”. IRETC MTÜ, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36962/mtdms202029.

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Human, as a species, is very variable, and his variability is at the basis of his social organization. This variability is maintained, in part, by the chance effects of gene assortment and the variation in these genes is the result of mutations in the past. If our remote ancestors had not mutated we would not he here; further, since no species is likely to he able to reduce its mutation rate substantially by the sort of selection to which it is exposed, we may regard mutations of recent origin as part of the price of having evolved. We are here: all of us have some imperfections we would wish not to have, and many of us are seriously incommoded by poor sight, hearing or thinking. Others among us suffer from some malformation due to faulty development. A few are formed lacking some essential substance necessary to metabolize a normal diet, to clot the blood, or to darken the back of the eye. We will all die and our deaths will normally be related to some variation in our immu-nological defences, in our ability to maintain our arteries free from occlusion, or in some other physiological aptitude. This massive variation, which is the consequence both of chance in the distribution of alleles and variety in the alleles themselves, imposes severe disabilities and handicaps on a substantial proportion of our population. The prospects of reducing this burden by artificial selection from counsel¬ling or selective feticide will be considered and some numerical estimates made of its efficiency and efficacy. Screening is a procedure by which populations are separated into groups, and is widely used for administrative and other purposes. At birth all babies are sexed and divided into two groups. Later the educable majority is selected from the ineducable minority; later still screening continues for both administrative and medical purposes. Any procedure by which populations are sifted into distinct groups is a form of screening, the word being derived from the coarse filter used to separate earth and stones. In medicine its essential features are that the population to be screen¬ed is not knowingly in need of medical attention and the action is taken on behalf of this population for its essential good. A simple example is provided by cervical smear examination, the necessary rationale for which must be the haimless and reliable detection of precancerous changes which can be prevented from becoming irreversible. Any rational decision on the development of such a service must be based on a balance of good and harm and any question of priorities in relation to other services must be based on costing. The balance of good and harm is a value judgement of some complexity. In the example of cervical smears anxiety and the consequences of the occasional removal of a healthy uterus must be weighed against the benefits of the complete removal of a cancerous one, and such matters cannot be costed in monetary terms. In fact, even such an apparently simple procedure as cervical screening is full of unknowns and many of these unknowns can only be resolved by extensive and properly designed studies. In genetic screening the matter is even more complicated, since the screening is often vicarious; that is, one person is screened in order to make a prediction on what may happen to someone else, usually their children, who may be un¬conceived or unborn. Further, the action of such screening may not be designed to ameliorate disease, but to eliminate a fetus which has a high chance of an affliction, or to prevent a marriage in which there is a mutual predisposition to producing abnormal children. These considerations impose very considerable dif¬ferences, since the relative values placed on marriage, on having children within marriage, and on inducing abortion, vary widely between individuals and between societies.
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Reed, Kate, Martino Pengo, and Joerg Steier. "Screening for sleep-disordered breathing in a bariatric population." In Annual Congress 2015. European Respiratory Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2015.pa2354.

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Roberti, Luca, Carmelo Causarano, Pierpaolo Prosperi, Trifone Mastrogiacomo, Federtrasporti Federtrasporti, and Giuseppe Insalaco. "Obstructive sleep apnoea screening in the truck driver population." In ERS International Congress 2019 abstracts. European Respiratory Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1183/13993003.congress-2019.pa2000.

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Piasentin, Umberto, and Claudio Sandi. "An integrated APL2 solution for population screening and control." In the international conference. New York, New York, USA: ACM Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/570475.570500.

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Sivaramakrishnan, R., Sameer Antani, Sema Candemir, Zhiyun Xue, George Thoma, Philip Alderson, Joseph Abuya, and Marc Kohli. "Comparing deep learning models for population screening using chest radiography." In Computer-Aided Diagnosis, edited by Kensaku Mori and Nicholas Petrick. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2293140.

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Tomic, Hanna, Akane Ohashi, Victor Dahlblom, Anna Bjerkén, Daniel Förnvik, Magnus Dustler, Sophia Zackrisson, Anders Tingberg, and Predrag Bakic. "Tumor growth rate estimations in a breast cancer screening population." In Sixteenth International Workshop on Breast Imaging, edited by Hilde Bosmans, Nicholas Marshall, and Chantal Van Ongeval. SPIE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2625730.

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Gheorge, Codrin, Verginica Schröder, Ramona Stoicescu, and Irina Dumitru. "THE DIFFERENT SCREENING METHODS FOR THE CERVICAL LESION DIAGNOSTIC AND THE ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL IMPLICATIONS OF SCREENING AMONG FEMALE POPULATION." In GEOLINKS Conference Proceedings. Saima Consult Ltd, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.32008/geolinks2021/b1/v3/27.

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"The study aims to compare different screening methods that are currently being used to confirm a cervical intraepithelial lesion (CIN) underlying the inherent advantages of the varied examination procedures. In this study we are looking at the quality contrast of the different paraclinical examinations relative to the cost, invasiveness and cultural acceptance of such procedures. Every year, more than 100,000 women in EU countries are diagnosed with cervix uteri cancers (CCU). This type of cancer can be prevented if precancerous cells are detected and treated. HPV is found in over 90% of cervix uteri cancers. In Europe, more than half of the countries have implemented screening programs for cervical cancer, and most European countries now have national HPV vaccination programs, however target populations vary depending on the epidemiological evidence and the budgetary level of each countries health system. In this study we evaluated and compared the current and modern techniques used for cervix cellular diagnostics. Also, this study helps improve the understanding on the economic and social implications of screening among female population and the impact it has on healthcare system relieving. Romania recorded an incidence of 22.6 cases of cervix uteri cancers / 100.000 women (age standardized rate), and a mortality of 9.6 / 100.000, ranking second highest in the EU zone."
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Molinari, Giuseppe, and Martina Molinari. "Cost analysis of electrocardiographic screening in a population of non-competitive athletes." In the 8th International Workshop on Innovative Simulation for Healthcare. CAL-TEK srl, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.46354/i3m.2019.iwish.006.

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"To quantify the costs for each situation at risk of sudden death identified by ECG screening using a Telecardiology system. ECGs received at the Telecardiology Center (Telemedico Srl, Genoa) for non-competitive sports, in the September-November 2018 period were analyzed. A total of 4360 non- competive athletes (2113 women, 48.5%) were evaluated between the ages of 3 and 40 years (mean ± SD: 17.3 ± 10.6). The average cost per ECG was € 9.2. An ECG pattern at risk of sudden death has been identified in 319 (7.3%) subjects, respectively 259 (5.9%) at low risk and 60 (1.4%) at medium-high risk. The cost of ECG screening to identify a risk situation was € 125.74 and rose to € 668.53 in the identification of a medium-high risk situation of sudden death. The low costs of the ECG performed by Telecardiology justifies its use in the screening of heart disease at risk of sudden death even in subjects practicing noncompetitive sports."
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Berrocal-Almanza, LC, AM OConnell, MC Muzyamba, A. Mirza, M. Lalor, A. Lalvani, and D. Zenner. "S30 Is the new national ltbi screening program reaching the target population? a population-based cohort study." In British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2017, QEII Centre Broad Sanctuary Westminster London SW1P 3EE, 6 to 8 December 2017, Programme and Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Thoracic Society, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thoraxjnl-2017-210983.36.

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Reports on the topic "Population screening"

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Westrup, Therese. A Comparison of Two Kindergarten Screening Instruments in One Population. Portland State University Library, January 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.15760/etd.6409.

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Miller, Sarah, Autumn Spight, Mahogany Freeman, and Sharon Little. Monitoring Adherence to HCV Screening Among the Baby Boomer Population. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, May 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2022.0040.

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Ford, Sean R., Gene A. Ichinose, Mike E. Pasyanos, and Andrea Chiang. Seismic Moment Tensor Screening on the Hypersphere: Application to an Earthquake Population. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1544475.

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Watson, A. P., N. B. Munro, F. R. Sidell, and S. S. Leffingwell. General guidelines for medically screening mixed population groups potentially exposed to nerve or vesicant agents. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5757904.

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Watson, A. P., N. B. Munro, F. R. Sidell, and S. S. Leffingwell. General guidelines for medically screening mixed population groups potentially exposed to nerve or vesicant agents. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10118904.

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Rosenstein, Barry S. Screening for ATM Mutations in African American Population to Identify a Predictor of Breast Cancer Susceptibility. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada428236.

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Rosenstein, Barry S. Screening for ATM Mutations in an African-American Population to Identify a Predictor of Breast Cancer Susceptibility. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada421128.

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Rosenstein, Barry S. Screening for ATM Mutations in an African-American Population to Identify a Predictor of Breast Cancer Susceptibility. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada458231.

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Purba, Abdul, Alfian Rosyid, Samsriyaningsih Handayani, Brian Rachman, Achmad Romdhoni, Makhyan Al Farabi, Joni Wahyuhadi, Rosita Prananingtias, Sabarinah Prasetyo, and Maarten Postma. Cost analysis of screening testing for Covid-19 surveillance: A systematic review. INPLASY - International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.37766/inplasy2022.12.0101.

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Review question / Objective: The study will review the cost of screening testing for Covid-19 surveillance, where the problem (P) is a targeted population with low or high Covid-19 incidence; intervention (I) is screening testing; comparison (C): any test; outcomes (O) are cost and effectiveness. Condition being studied: The targeted population with low or high Covid-19 prevalence with healthcare, payer, or society perspective from low- and middle- income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries. Information sources: We will search the published article using PubMed/MEDLINE and Embase databases from 2019 to 2022. We will identify the duplication after pooling the search.
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Rankin, Nicole, Deborah McGregor, Candice Donnelly, Bethany Van Dort, Richard De Abreu Lourenco, Anne Cust, and Emily Stone. Lung cancer screening using low-dose computed tomography for high risk populations: Investigating effectiveness and screening program implementation considerations: An Evidence Check rapid review brokered by the Sax Institute (www.saxinstitute.org.au) for the Cancer Institute NSW. The Sax Institute, October 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.57022/clzt5093.

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Background Lung cancer is the number one cause of cancer death worldwide.(1) It is the fifth most commonly diagnosed cancer in Australia (12,741 cases diagnosed in 2018) and the leading cause of cancer death.(2) The number of years of potential life lost to lung cancer in Australia is estimated to be 58,450, similar to that of colorectal and breast cancer combined.(3) While tobacco control strategies are most effective for disease prevention in the general population, early detection via low dose computed tomography (LDCT) screening in high-risk populations is a viable option for detecting asymptomatic disease in current (13%) and former (24%) Australian smokers.(4) The purpose of this Evidence Check review is to identify and analyse existing and emerging evidence for LDCT lung cancer screening in high-risk individuals to guide future program and policy planning. Evidence Check questions This review aimed to address the following questions: 1. What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 2. What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? 3. What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? 4. What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Summary of methods The authors searched the peer-reviewed literature across three databases (MEDLINE, PsycINFO and Embase) for existing systematic reviews and original studies published between 1 January 2009 and 8 August 2019. Fifteen systematic reviews (of which 8 were contemporary) and 64 original publications met the inclusion criteria set across the four questions. Key findings Question 1: What is the evidence for the effectiveness of lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? There is sufficient evidence from systematic reviews and meta-analyses of combined (pooled) data from screening trials (of high-risk individuals) to indicate that LDCT examination is clinically effective in reducing lung cancer mortality. In 2011, the landmark National Lung Cancer Screening Trial (NLST, a large-scale randomised controlled trial [RCT] conducted in the US) reported a 20% (95% CI 6.8% – 26.7%; P=0.004) relative reduction in mortality among long-term heavy smokers over three rounds of annual screening. High-risk eligibility criteria was defined as people aged 55–74 years with a smoking history of ≥30 pack-years (years in which a smoker has consumed 20-plus cigarettes each day) and, for former smokers, ≥30 pack-years and have quit within the past 15 years.(5) All-cause mortality was reduced by 6.7% (95% CI, 1.2% – 13.6%; P=0.02). Initial data from the second landmark RCT, the NEderlands-Leuvens Longkanker Screenings ONderzoek (known as the NELSON trial), have found an even greater reduction of 26% (95% CI, 9% – 41%) in lung cancer mortality, with full trial results yet to be published.(6, 7) Pooled analyses, including several smaller-scale European LDCT screening trials insufficiently powered in their own right, collectively demonstrate a statistically significant reduction in lung cancer mortality (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73–0.91).(8) Despite the reduction in all-cause mortality found in the NLST, pooled analyses of seven trials found no statistically significant difference in all-cause mortality (RR 0.95, 95% CI 0.90–1.00).(8) However, cancer-specific mortality is currently the most relevant outcome in cancer screening trials. These seven trials demonstrated a significantly greater proportion of early stage cancers in LDCT groups compared with controls (RR 2.08, 95% CI 1.43–3.03). Thus, when considering results across mortality outcomes and early stage cancers diagnosed, LDCT screening is considered to be clinically effective. Question 2: What is the evidence of potential harms from lung cancer screening for higher-risk individuals? The harms of LDCT lung cancer screening include false positive tests and the consequences of unnecessary invasive follow-up procedures for conditions that are eventually diagnosed as benign. While LDCT screening leads to an increased frequency of invasive procedures, it does not result in greater mortality soon after an invasive procedure (in trial settings when compared with the control arm).(8) Overdiagnosis, exposure to radiation, psychological distress and an impact on quality of life are other known harms. Systematic review evidence indicates the benefits of LDCT screening are likely to outweigh the harms. The potential harms are likely to be reduced as refinements are made to LDCT screening protocols through: i) the application of risk predication models (e.g. the PLCOm2012), which enable a more accurate selection of the high-risk population through the use of specific criteria (beyond age and smoking history); ii) the use of nodule management algorithms (e.g. Lung-RADS, PanCan), which assist in the diagnostic evaluation of screen-detected nodules and cancers (e.g. more precise volumetric assessment of nodules); and, iii) more judicious selection of patients for invasive procedures. Recent evidence suggests a positive LDCT result may transiently increase psychological distress but does not have long-term adverse effects on psychological distress or health-related quality of life (HRQoL). With regards to smoking cessation, there is no evidence to suggest screening participation invokes a false sense of assurance in smokers, nor a reduction in motivation to quit. The NELSON and Danish trials found no difference in smoking cessation rates between LDCT screening and control groups. Higher net cessation rates, compared with general population, suggest those who participate in screening trials may already be motivated to quit. Question 3: What are the main components of recent major lung cancer screening programs or trials? There are no systematic reviews that capture the main components of recent major lung cancer screening trials and programs. We extracted evidence from original studies and clinical guidance documents and organised this into key groups to form a concise set of components for potential implementation of a national lung cancer screening program in Australia: 1. Identifying the high-risk population: recruitment, eligibility, selection and referral 2. Educating the public, people at high risk and healthcare providers; this includes creating awareness of lung cancer, the benefits and harms of LDCT screening, and shared decision-making 3. Components necessary for health services to deliver a screening program: a. Planning phase: e.g. human resources to coordinate the program, electronic data systems that integrate medical records information and link to an established national registry b. Implementation phase: e.g. human and technological resources required to conduct LDCT examinations, interpretation of reports and communication of results to participants c. Monitoring and evaluation phase: e.g. monitoring outcomes across patients, radiological reporting, compliance with established standards and a quality assurance program 4. Data reporting and research, e.g. audit and feedback to multidisciplinary teams, reporting outcomes to enhance international research into LDCT screening 5. Incorporation of smoking cessation interventions, e.g. specific programs designed for LDCT screening or referral to existing community or hospital-based services that deliver cessation interventions. Most original studies are single-institution evaluations that contain descriptive data about the processes required to establish and implement a high-risk population-based screening program. Across all studies there is a consistent message as to the challenges and complexities of establishing LDCT screening programs to attract people at high risk who will receive the greatest benefits from participation. With regards to smoking cessation, evidence from one systematic review indicates the optimal strategy for incorporating smoking cessation interventions into a LDCT screening program is unclear. There is widespread agreement that LDCT screening attendance presents a ‘teachable moment’ for cessation advice, especially among those people who receive a positive scan result. Smoking cessation is an area of significant research investment; for instance, eight US-based clinical trials are now underway that aim to address how best to design and deliver cessation programs within large-scale LDCT screening programs.(9) Question 4: What is the cost-effectiveness of lung cancer screening programs (include studies of cost–utility)? Assessing the value or cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening involves a complex interplay of factors including data on effectiveness and costs, and institutional context. A key input is data about the effectiveness of potential and current screening programs with respect to case detection, and the likely outcomes of treating those cases sooner (in the presence of LDCT screening) as opposed to later (in the absence of LDCT screening). Evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening programs has been summarised in two systematic reviews. We identified a further 13 studies—five modelling studies, one discrete choice experiment and seven articles—that used a variety of methods to assess cost-effectiveness. Three modelling studies indicated LDCT screening was cost-effective in the settings of the US and Europe. Two studies—one from Australia and one from New Zealand—reported LDCT screening would not be cost-effective using NLST-like protocols. We anticipate that, following the full publication of the NELSON trial, cost-effectiveness studies will likely be updated with new data that reduce uncertainty about factors that influence modelling outcomes, including the findings of indeterminate nodules. Gaps in the evidence There is a large and accessible body of evidence as to the effectiveness (Q1) and harms (Q2) of LDCT screening for lung cancer. Nevertheless, there are significant gaps in the evidence about the program components that are required to implement an effective LDCT screening program (Q3). Questions about LDCT screening acceptability and feasibility were not explicitly included in the scope. However, as the evidence is based primarily on US programs and UK pilot studies, the relevance to the local setting requires careful consideration. The Queensland Lung Cancer Screening Study provides feasibility data about clinical aspects of LDCT screening but little about program design. The International Lung Screening Trial is still in the recruitment phase and findings are not yet available for inclusion in this Evidence Check. The Australian Population Based Screening Framework was developed to “inform decision-makers on the key issues to be considered when assessing potential screening programs in Australia”.(10) As the Framework is specific to population-based, rather than high-risk, screening programs, there is a lack of clarity about transferability of criteria. However, the Framework criteria do stipulate that a screening program must be acceptable to “important subgroups such as target participants who are from culturally and linguistically diverse backgrounds, Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander people, people from disadvantaged groups and people with a disability”.(10) An extensive search of the literature highlighted that there is very little information about the acceptability of LDCT screening to these population groups in Australia. Yet they are part of the high-risk population.(10) There are also considerable gaps in the evidence about the cost-effectiveness of LDCT screening in different settings, including Australia. The evidence base in this area is rapidly evolving and is likely to include new data from the NELSON trial and incorporate data about the costs of targeted- and immuno-therapies as these treatments become more widely available in Australia.
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