Academic literature on the topic 'Population research – Methodology'
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Journal articles on the topic "Population research – Methodology"
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McNicoll, Geoffrey, Donald J. Bogue, Eduardo E. Arriaga, and Douglas L. Anderton. "Readings in Population Research Methodology." Population and Development Review 20, no. 1 (March 1994): 228. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2137648.
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Williamson, Paul. "Readings in Population Research Methodology." Population Studies 49, no. 3 (November 1, 1995): 540–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000148846.
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钟, 乐. "Population Estimates Methodology Research in Rural Planning." Modern Anthropology 03, no. 03 (2015): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.12677/ma.2015.33007.
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Hershman, Dawn L., and Jason D. Wright. "Comparative Effectiveness Research in Oncology Methodology: Observational Data." Journal of Clinical Oncology 30, no. 34 (December 1, 2012): 4215–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2012.41.6701.
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The goal of comparative effectiveness research is to inform clinical decisions between alternate treatment strategies using data that reflect real patient populations and real-world clinical scenarios for the purpose of improving patient outcomes. Observational studies using population-based registry data are increasingly relied on to fill the information gaps created by lack of evidence from randomized controlled trials. Administrative data sets have many advantages, including large sample sizes, long-term follow-up, and inclusion of data on physician and systems characteristics as well as cost. In this review, we describe the characteristics of many of the commonly used population-based data sets and discuss the elements included within these data sets. An overview of common research themes that rely on population-based data and illustrative examples are presented. Finally, an overview of the analytic techniques commonly employed by health services researchers to limit the effects of selection bias and confounding is discussed. The analysis of well-designed studies of comparative effectiveness is complex. However, careful framing, appropriate study design, and application of sophisticated analytic techniques can improve the accuracy of nonrandomized studies. There are multiple areas where the unique characteristics of observational studies can inform medical decision making and health policy, and it is critical to appreciate the opportunities, strengths, and limitations of observational research.
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O'Connor, Autumn Sadie, and Vicki Hutton. "Improving entrepreneurial research methodology: When research design fails." Journal of Student Research 6, no. 2 (May 11, 2018): 61–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.47611/jsr.v6i2.409.
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The diverse endeavours undertaken by entrepreneurs have the potential to positively impact communities, and yet this population appears notoriously difficult to recruit for research. This paper reflects on declining research participation, particularly noted in top executives and the entrepreneurial community; and introduces a Master’s dissertation study which failed to recruit significant numbers of entrepreneurs for quantitative research purposes. While ‘failed’ research may lack allure, it does provide valuable learning insights for students undertaking new research projects. Quite apart from not repeating past mistakes, outlining research challenges may assist students to develop more creative and robust projects. As such, this paper highlights two significant points regarding barriers to recruiting amongst entrepreneurs. First, we present evidence that entrepreneurs are often over-worked and time poor, and this impacts on their research participation; secondly, we highlight how entrepreneurs respond differently to research activities, and hereby, we offer some recommendations for improved research design.
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Reddy, CD. "Teaching Research Methodology: Everything’s a Case." Electronic Journal of Business Research Methods 18, no. 2 (February 16, 2021): pp178–188. http://dx.doi.org/10.34190/jbrm.18.2.009.
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This paper contributes to the discourse about research methodology pedagogy towards the development of new scholarly researchers. Because students can better visualise causal effects within a single case, I propose that instructors, before moving onto to teach inferential statistics relying on impersonal numbers from many cases, use instead a case-oriented approach to emphasise the “case” as the basic pedagogic unit to scaffold the student’s learning of research methodology. A carefully chosen case can represent an instantiation of the same phenomenon that will eventually be used to demonstrate inferential statistics. After all, for causal effects to show up at the population level, they must be operating within particular cases. I refer to this as an N-case approach. This approach locates various combinations of quantitative and qualitative methods on a continuum from exploratory to confirmatory research. This continuum can also be framed as one moving from the particular to the general. The single case allows students to grasp ideas about causal processes in a more direct manner than a survey can. Instructors can then build on single case insights to grasp similar ideas at a population level. My motivation for this approach is to turn away from a pedagogy where research methodology teaching begins with ideas set in quantitative approaches to understand causal processes occurring at a particular case level. I also believe that current research teaching ought to turn away from encouraging students to apply a research design according to their favoured identity along a qualitative-quantitative divide. Instead, the research problem should determine the required research design.
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Cistobaev, A. I., and Z. A. Semenova. "Towards the methodology and methods of medico-geographic research." Glasnik Srpskog geografskog drustva 93, no. 3 (2013): 105–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsgd1303105c.
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In article possibility of application of a statistical method in research of a role of social making medical geography in formation of health of the population, public health services development is shown. The maintenance and ways of calculation of the indicators reflecting a condition of the individual, group and population health, activity of establishments of public health services at regional level is presented.
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Vebrianto, Rian, Musa Thahir, Zelly Putriani, Ira Mahartika, Aldeva Ilhami, and Diniya. "Mixed Methods Research: Trends and Issues in Research Methodology." Bedelau: Journal of Education and Learning 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2020): 63–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.55748/bjel.v1i2.35.
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Mixed methods research is currently developing and has become an interesting issue and trend in the field of education. This makes the writers want to provide a reference and technical guidance to increase students' knowledge in providing mixed methods research. This type of research is literature review research that discusses various interesting issues from journals and books related to this research theme. This article describes matters related to the definition, types and procedures of mixed methods, population and samples, instruments, data collection and data analysis techniques carried out by mixed methods. The results of this study provide clarity and important exposure to research methodologies for students who will carry out their research in the field of education that focuses on mixed methods research. Hence, the research method will provide advantages of both quantitative and qualitative approaches to unveil the research phenomena in depth. In addition, this research has also real implications for students and researchers in carrying out good and appropriate mixed methods research.
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Nazarova, I. B. "Monitoring of the population health and health risk factors (research methodology)." RUDN Journal of Sociology 22, no. 3 (September 29, 2022): 616–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.22363/2313-2272-2022-22-3-616-629.
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The article considers the dynamics of health indicators and health risk factors in Russia, including in comparison to the OECD countries. The study is based on the Russian statistical data, OECD data, and Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS-HSE). The key public health indicator - the life expectancy (years of life at birth) - shows the negative dynamics in 2020 (71.54), while some other health indicators, on the contrary, show the positive dynamics, such as the self-rated health (the share of population aged 15+ in poor health deceased). 10.8 % of Russian adults consider themselves to be in poor health, which is higher than in the OECD countries. The share of people who assess their health as good and very good has increased over the 25 years of the study: the share of women has doubled (17.5 % in 1994 and 35.1 % in 2020); the share of men has increased by 13.2 % (34.4 % and 47.6 %). The share of people who drink alcohol and of men who smoke has decreased. However, there are negative trends that accompany risk factors: early initiation of smoking (8.5 % started smoking at 13 years and earlier, the majority (78.3 %) started smoking at puberty - at 18 and earlier; half of smokers smoke more than 15 cigarettes a day). The majority (66 %) of the RLMS participants at least occasionally drink alcoholic beverages, including beer (69.6 % of men and 55.3 % of women); never drink alcohol 34 % (30.4 % and 44.7 %). Every tenth respondent (11.9 %) tried an alcohol for the first time at the age of 14 or earlier; 77.9 % - at 18 and earlier. Over 25 years, the share of people with normal weight has decreased: 57.3 % of men and 43.4 % of women in 1994; 43.8 % and 40.5 % - in 2020. The share of overweight people has increased from 40 % of men and 51.9 % of women in 1994 to 53.5 % and 55.7 % in 2020.
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Uher, Jana. "Comparative personality research: methodological approaches." European Journal of Personality 22, no. 5 (August 2008): 427–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/per.680.
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In the broadest sense, personality refers to stable inter‐individual variability in behavioural organisation within a particular population. Researching personality in human as well as nonhuman species provides unique possibilities for comparisons across species with different phylogenies, ecologies and social systems. It also allows insights into mechanisms and processes of the evolution of population differences within and between species. The enormous diversity across species entails particular challenges to methodology. This paper explores theoretical approaches and analytical methods of deriving dimensions of inter‐individual variability on different population levels from a personality trait perspective. The existing diversity suggests that some populations, especially some species, may exhibit different or even unique trait domains. Therefore, a methodology is needed that identifies ecologically valid and comprehensive representations of the personality variation within each population. I taxonomise and compare current approaches in their suitability for this task. I propose a new bottom–up approach—the behavioural repertoire approach—that is tailored to the specific methodological requirements of comparative personality research. Initial empirical results in nonhuman primates emphasise the viability of this approach and highlight interesting implications for human personality research. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Population research – Methodology"
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Stepanov, A. V. "An integrated methodology for optimal egress route assignment during population evacuation under an evolving emergency event." Amherst, Mass. : University of Massachusetts Amherst, 2009. http://scholarworks.umass.edu/dissertations/AAI3359911/.
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Erber, Astrid. "Methodology research in clinical studies for Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) of the skin : addressing design, conduct and relevance for context and target population." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2017. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:7ae76a74-9dae-4f1a-b739-ef34b5fb265f.
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Buruli Ulcer (BU) and Cutaneous Leishmaniasis (CL) are two Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs) of the skin. Both are 'diseases of poverty' and can cause long-term disabilities. This work comprises two research methodology studies, suggesting novel approaches to design and conduct of clinical studies in order to make research more relevant for their context, and for patients. The first is a study evaluating a diagnostic test for BU at a point-of-care (PoC) setting in rural Ghana, complemented by interviews and focus group discussions (FGDs) with relevant stakeholders. It reports results from the diagnostics trial and points out roles for a Bayesian statistical framework using existing data on the one hand, and qualitative research in diagnostics development on the other hand, addressing challenges such as those related to the context or small sample sizes. The second, qualitative, study sought to address methodological issues of clinical trials for CL interventions. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with 74 CL patients from seven endemic countries about their disease experiences, and analysed for their preferred outcomes. Patients reported a number of treatment outcomes as important; the majority had only been insufficiently or not included in trials so far. Recommendations made include consideration of a group of outcomes into future trials via suitable outcome measures, and suggest information and/or psychological support for patients to address their fears related to other, undesired ones. The thesis shows a role for qualitative research to enrich clinical studies for skin NTDs. It emphasizes the importance of consulting appropriate stakeholders via suitable methods in order to make trials more relevant and suitable for the context and the intended target population. It also identifies areas that could be addressed with targeted capacity development or further operational research, and seeks to facilitate the conduct of pragmatic trials in low-resource areas.
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Hall, Jonathan A. "Geographic Factors of Residential Burglaries - A Case Study in Nashville, Tennessee." TopSCHOLAR®, 2010. http://digitalcommons.wku.edu/theses/229.
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This study examines geographic patterns and geographic factors of residential burglary at the Nashville, TN area for a twenty year period at five year interval starting in 1988. The purpose of this study is to identify what geographic factors have impacted on residential burglary rates, and if there were changes in the geographic patterns of residential burglary over the study period. Several criminological theories guide this study, with the most prominent being Social Disorganization Theory and Routine Activities Theory. Both of these theories focus on the relationships of place and crime. A number of spatial analysis methods are hence adopted to analyze residential burglary rates at block group level for each of the study year. Spatial autocorrelation approaches, particularly Global and Local Moran's I statistics, are utilized to detect the hotspots of residential burglary. To understand the underlying geographic factors of residential burglary, both OLS and GWR regression analyses are conducted to examine the relationships between residential burglary rates and various geographic factors, such as Percentages of Minorities, Singles, Vacant Housing Units, Renter Occupied Housing Units, and Persons below Poverty Line.
The findings indicate that residential burglaries exhibit clustered patterns by forming various hotspots around the study area, especially in the central city and over time these hotspots tended to move in a northeasterly direction during the study period of 1988-2008. Overall, four of the five geographic factors under examination show positive correlations with the rate of residential burglary at block group level. Percentages of Vacant Housing Units and Persons below Poverty Line (both are indicators of neighbor economic well-being) are the strong indicators of crime, while Percentages of Minorities (ethnic heterogeneity indictor) and Renter Occupied Housing Units (residential turnover indictor) only show modest correlation in a less degree. Counter-intuitively, Percentage of Singles (another indicator of residential turnover) is in fact a deterrent of residential burglary; however, the reason for this deterrence is not entirely clear.
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Rummell, Christina M. "Testing an Empirical Model of Workplace Sexual Identity Management." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1384802585.
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HEERINK, Nico. "Population growth, income distribution and economic development : theory, methodology and empirical results." Doctoral thesis, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/1814/4948.
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De, Bruyn P. J. Nico. "Life history studies of the southern elephant seal population at Marion Island." Thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/28933.
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Holistic studies of mammalian life history factors and their consequences on population demography require an intensive, multifaceted field methodology and effort over long temporal scales. A 25-year longitudinal mark-recapture experiment on southern elephant seals, Mirounga leonina, at Subantarctic Marion Island provide such a foundation for demographic analyses and relevant methodology advancement. Two gaps in the methodology related to life history and population demographic research are, the absence of large samples of known mass individuals, and an inability to identify mother-pup relatedness. A novel three-dimensional photogrammetric technique is designed here that allows for mass estimation of large samples of southern elephant seals in the field. An effective temporary marking technique for unweaned pups is implemented that allows for identification of large samples of pups with known mothers prior to the maternal bond being severed at weaning. These known pups can then be marked with more robust tags and relatedness information is preserved long-term. Thus, mass estimates can now be applied as covariates in modelling analyses to address questions of, for example, maternal investment, kinship associated behaviour, and the consequences thereof on survival and reproductive parameters. The state change in the Marion Island southern elephant seal population from decrease to stabilisation/increase is shown to have resulted from improved survivorship in both juvenile and adult female age classes. Male seals of all ages did not indicate improved survivorship following the period of decline. The inflexion in survivorship is identified as 1994, whence improved survivorship of juvenile seals preceded that of young adult females. This inflexion in survivorship is postulated to have resulted in a population trend inflexion around 1998. Female southern elephant seals do not show evidence of actuarial senescence, but reproductive senescence is apparent after 12 years of age. A longterm reproductive cost (reduced breeding effort) is associated with early primiparity (age three) as compared with later primiparity (4- 5- or 6-year-old). The mean proportion of 3-year-old breeders has not increased after 1994 as has been hypothesized in previous studies. Contrary to previous assumptions, females do not as a rule breed every year. Annually interrupted breeding efforts are more common than consecutive breeding efforts. No difference in the proportions of interrupted versus uninterrupted breeding efforts was identified between periods of population decline and stabilisation/increase. Longevity as predicted by survival estimates exceeds the observed frequencies. This study provides unique longevity and fertility schedules for the species. The improved survivorship, reproductive senescence and breeding schedules of female southern elephant seals in this population provide groundwork for reevaluation of previous studies and their conclusions. The addition of relatedness and body condition information will allow for sophisticated multistate modelling of population demography in future studies. However, analytical procedures and techniques employed need to be meticulously designed and thoroughly thought through to avoid mis-interpretation of biological data. In addition to a multistate single species analytical approach, the importance of an ecosystem approach to species population demographic studies is highlighted through the augmenting of data on relevant potential drivers of population change, such as killer whales, Orcinus orca.Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2009.
Zoology and Entomology
unrestricted
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Schutte, Audra Faye. "Remediation Trends in an Undergraduate Anatomy Course and Assessment of an Anatomy Supplemental Study Skills Course." 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/3835.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Anatomy A215: Basic Human Anatomy (Anat A215) is an undergraduate human anatomy course at Indiana University Bloomington (IUB) that serves as a requirement for many degree programs at IUB. The difficulty of the course, coupled with pressure to achieve grades for admittance into specific programs, has resulted in high remediation rates. In an attempt to help students to improve their study habits and metacognitive skills Medical Sciences M100: Improving Learning Skills in Anatomy (MSCI M100) was developed. MSCI M100 is an undergraduate course at IUB which is taught concurrently with Anat A215, with the hopes of promoting academic success in Anat A215. This multifaceted study was designed to analyze the factors associated with students who remediate Anat A215, to predict at-risk students in future semesters, and assess the effectiveness of MSCI M100. The first facet involved analysis of Anat A215 students’ demographic information and class performance data from the spring semester of 2004 through the spring semester of 2010. Results of data analysis can be used by IUB instructors and academic advisors to identify students at risk for remediating, as well as provide other undergraduate anatomy instructors across the U.S. with potential risk factors associated with remediation. The second facet of this research involved analyzing MSCI M100 course assignments to determine if there are improvements in student study habits and metacognitive skills. This investigation involved quantitative analysis of study logs and a learning attitudes survey, as well as a thorough inductive analysis of students’ weekly journal entries. Lastly, Anat A215 exam scores and final course grades for students who completed MSCI M100 and students who did not complete MSCI M100 were compared. Results from these analyses show promising improvements in students’ metacognition and study habits, but further research will better demonstrate the efficacy of MSCI M100.
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Lovell, Saskie Joanne. "Evaluation of methods and approaches for surveying savanna invertebrates." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/5505.
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The savanna is an important biome, which is under threat from land transformation, and it is therefore a
focus for conservation planning. Yet, the invertebrate fauna of this biome is poorly documented and
hence there is a need to provide baseline data for this component of biodiversity. This project aimed to
provide relevant information that can be used by conservation planners and ecologists, by recommending
a sampling strategy for the collection of specific taxa for savanna invertebrate surveys.
The effectiveness and efficiency of a sampling strategy using passive and active sampling methods was
assessed to provide recommendations for a multi-taxa approach to sampling invertebrates in a savanna
ecosystem. In the collection of data, volunteers assisted and they were evaluated in comparison with
experienced researchers to assess the effectiveness, efficiency and benefits of using volunteers to carry
out multi-taxa invertebrate surveys. In addition, cross-taxon congruency and congruency across
taxonomic levels were assessed between nine invertebrate taxa, to select potential surrogates to reduce
biodiversity survey costs for conservation planning.
Fieldwork was carried out in the Mkhuze Game Reserve (27.67°S:32.27°E, 400km2
), Phinda Private
Game Reserve (27.78°S:32.35°E, 140km2
) and False Bay Park (27.94°S:32.38°E, 25km2
) in north-eastern
Kwazulu-Natal, South Africa. Forty-three different sites were sampled between November 2002 and
March 2005 (summer months). Twenty of these sites were re-sampled across years and in different
months during the summer season, giving 77 sampling events. Fifty-four volunteers recruited by the
Earthwatch Institute assisted in the collection of data.
Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera (Apoidea), Diptera (Asilidae, Bombyliidae), Neuroptera, Odonata, Hemiptera
(Cicadellidae), Coleoptera (Cetoniinae, Scarabaeinae), Orthoptera, Blattodea, Isoptera, Araneae
(Araneidae, Thomisidae, Oxyopidae), Scorpionida, Myriapoda (Diplopoda, Chilopoda), Mollusca and
Annelida were sampled using four active searching methods (transects, tree beating, leaf litter and sweep
sampling) and two passive methods (pan traps and baited traps).
In its entirety, this project sampled 50 558 individuals from 797 invertebrate species and an extensive
database consisting of 33 257 records now exists. A standardised sampling protocol is described for the
effective sampling of multiple invertebrate taxa in a savanna biome and recommendations are made for
improving the efficacy and completeness of invertebrate surveys based on the application of species
accumulation models. Restrictive active searching methods (quadrats) were found to be more effective for
sampling epigaeic invertebrates and should be used in conjunction with leaf litter samples. Flying and
plant-dwelling invertebrates should be sampled using a range of sampling methods which include baited,
malaise and pan traps, active searching along transects and vacuum sampling. I suggest over 75% of the
Lovel/, s.1. - MSc. Thesis i ii
total estimated fauna to be a satisfactory and realistic level of inventory completeness for making valid
comparisons between regions and across sites.
Volunteers sampled lower rates of species accumulation, species richness and unique species when using
timed, active search methods. Nevertheless, volunteers and researchers were shown to perform equally
well when using un-timed, active searching methods. Previous experience or knowledge of scientific
method was beneficial when researchers assessed the perceived usefulness of volunteers to researchers for
carrying out fieldwork. The project experience raised the volunteers' environmental awareness,
knowledge about biodiversity, invertebrates and conservation research, and enabled volunteers to
participate in or design locally relevant conservation based projects on their return home.
Cross-taxon congruencies were observed. However, relationships were weak and potential surrogates
could not be selected. The use of higher taxonomic levels to represent species shows good potential as a
surrogate but only in species-poor genera or families. The use of species density to determine congruency
and select surrogates is likely to produce different results to those produced by community similarity.
Furthermore, when selecting surrogates from congruency assessments an optimal p-value greater than
0.75 should be required. Below this value, the relationship is likely to be weak and if used as a surrogate
misinterpretation may occur.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.
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Muraveva, Anna. "Higher male mortality in Russia : a synthesis of the literature." Thesis, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1805/3785.
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Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI)Russian demographic statistics reflect the persistence of a dramatically wide gender gap in life expectancy and mortality over the last decades - about twice that found in the developed world. On average, men in Russia live 12 years less than Russian women, and 14.5 years less than men in Western Europe. This thesis provides an overview and synthesis of the most recently available literature that addresses the persistent gender gap in mortality and life expectancy in Russia. I reviewed the prevalent behavioral and social-structural drivers that explain the causes of higher male mortality in contemporary Russia. Especially, I looked at how the conceptualization of the male social role and related norms that shape masculine behavior contribute to high male mortality in Russia. The study reveals that men’s unhealthy, risky behavior and their higher vulnerability to stress are considered to be linked to their gendered social identity which is created and reproduced by the social-structural context of the Russia’s society.
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Uys, Charmaine Janet. "Invertebrate diversity in afrotemperate forests : spatial and seasonal changes and implications for conservation." Thesis, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/3165.
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Forests in the Drakensberg Mountains, although generally small and fragmented, represent a wealth of globally significant biodiversity. This is especially true of the invertebrate fauna, which includes a range of localized endemic species. Ground dwelling, flightless invertebrates living in forests show relative immobility and poor dispersal abilities compared to birds, butterflies and other animal taxa. The naturally fragmented state of Afrotemperate forests also geographically isolates these taxa. No quantified, systematic surveys of flightless invertebrates have been conducted in Afrotemperate forests in the Drakensberg Mountains. This means that, to date, invertebrates have not been considered in the management of these habitats. However, invertebrates are vitally important in ecosystem functioning and maintenance and must be included in management plans. This study quantified flightless invertebrate diversity in Afrotemperate forest patches in the Drakensberg by investigating spatial patterns and seasonal changes in invertebrate diversity. The broad objectives were to: 1) Determine the appropriate spatial scale at which conservation of flightless invertebrates should be implemented; 2) Determine which season, taxa and sampling methods are most suitable for biodiversity assessment and monitoring in Afrotemperate forest; and 3) Investigate methods of prioritizing Afrotemperate forests for conservation of flightless invertebrate diversity. Seventeen forest patches in six valleys in four Drakensberg reserves (Rugged Glen Nature Reserve, Royal Natal National Park, Cathedral Peak and Injisuthi) were sampled in the summer of 2004/2005. In addition, three forests at Injisuthi were sampled in March, June, September and December 2004 to enable seasonal comparisons. Sampling methods included soil samples, leaf litter samples, pitfall traps, active search quadrats and tree beats. The study focused on terrestrial molluscs (Class Gastropoda), earthworms (Class Annelida), onychophorans (Class Onychophora), centipedes (Class Chilopoda), millipedes (Class Diplopoda) and ants (Class Insecta). Target taxa were sorted to morphospecies and then identified to species by taxonomic experts. Seventy-two species and a total of 5261 individual specimens from the six target taxa were collected. Species composition of sites varied along the north-south gradient, and species turnover (beta diversity) was related to the distance between sites. Flightless invertebrate species richness and community structure fluctuated seasonally. Therefore, I recommend that sampling should take place during the wet season (summer months). Molluscs were the most suitable taxon among those surveyed to represent flightless invertebrate diversity and leaf litter samples and active search quadrats are the most suitable sampling methods for flightless invertebrates in forest. This study compared approaches to prioritizing Afrotemperate forests in terms of their invertebrate diversity using ranked species richness with complementarity indices of species presence/absence, taxonomic distinctness (orders, families and genera) and endemicity. There was no consistent spatial trend in the priority ranking of forests based on species richness. Complementarity based on species richness only required eight out of 17 forests to represent all 62 species. Although complementarity based on taxonomic distinctness and endemicity required fewer sites, not all species were represented. The minimum set of sites identified using complementarity based on species richness and augmented with information on taxa of conservation importance (local endemic and threatened species) was the most rigorous approach to prioritizing Afrotemperate forest patches in the Drakensberg for flightless invertebrate conservation. Urgent conservation interventions are required because invertebrates play a critical role in ecosystem functioning. As many forest patches and invertebrate populations as possible should be protected to conserve the full complement of invertebrate species of the region. Special management attention should be paid to the eight forests identified as priority sites in the complementarity analyses. Forest patches cannot survive in isolation, so it is important to manage the grassland, riverine vegetation, forest ecotone and forests holistically. Provisional targets were set for the conservation of flightless invertebrates, based on estimates of the requirements for persistence of invertebrates in Afrotemperate forest, made within the constraints of available information and expert opinion.Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2006.
Books on the topic "Population research – Methodology"
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1918-, Bogue Donald Joseph, Arriaga Eduardo E, Anderton Douglas L, Rumsey George W, United Nations Population Fund, and Social Development Center (Chicago, Ill.), eds. Readings in population research methodology. Chicago, Ill: Published for United Nations Population Fund by Social Development Center, 1993.
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1940-, Mahadevan K., and Krishnan P. 1936-, eds. Methodology for population studies and development. New Delhi: Sage Publications, 1993.
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1936-, Krishnan P., Tuan Chi-Hsien, Mahadevan K. 1940-, Hermalin Albert I, and Freedman Ronald 1917-, eds. Readings in population research: Policy, methodology, and perspectives. Delhi: B.R. Pub. Corp., 1992.
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K, Vaninadha Rao, ed. Advanced techniques of population analysis. New York: Plenum Press, 1992.
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Kathryn, Dean, ed. Population health research: Linking theory and methods. London: Sage Publications, 1993.
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Methods in comparative plant population ecology. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2002.
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Demographic methods and concepts. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003.
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Heerink, Nico. Population growth, income distribution, and economic development: Theory, methodology, and empirical results. Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1994.
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M, Rafiq, and University of Nairobi. Population Studies and Research Institute., eds. Training documents for the short course on research methodology as applied to population and development. Nairobi: Population Studies and Research Institute, University of Nairobi, 1994.
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Indigenous research methodologies. Thousand Oaks, Calif: SAGE Publications, 2012.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Population research – Methodology"
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Fokas, Nikos, Gábor Jelenfi, and Róbert Tardos. "Cognitive Maps, Cultural Distances and National Stereotypes in Times of Crises: Comparing Greece and Hungary." In IMISCOE Research Series, 113–35. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-11574-5_6.
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AbstractThis chapter centres on polarised rearrangements of the imageries of ‘Others’ both in the Greek and the Hungarian public, during a period witnessing the impacts of the global financial crisis and the so-called ‘refugee crisis.’ We examined varieties of imageries of ‘Others’ in crisis situations, based on an online survey that was conducted in parallel in Greece and Hungary. Concurrently, we analysed the auto-stereotypical features of Greeks and Hungarians, along with their hetero-stereotype characteristics concerning some key nationalities (Americans, Arabs, Germans and Russians) to capture emerging patterns of sympathies, perceived skills and cultural distances. We found a substantial core of positive expressive auto-stereotypes among the Greek population. Hungarian auto-stereotypes reflected somewhat more instrumental-oriented self-images. The cognitive maps outlined by the two-mode network methodology displayed groupings of nationalities with related stereotypical attributes, such as ‘Western,’ ‘Eastern’ or ‘Peripheral.’ We also examined the beliefs of certain segments of the overall population depending on their exposure to financial and refugee crises. Media analyses of various activity domains conducted correspondingly for the respective countries highlighted substantial shifts between pre- and post-crisis patterns regarding both these countries’ positions and their characteristic features, as portrayed in the Greek and the Hungarian public discourse.
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Carlà, Andrea. "Migration and (De)Securitisation Dynamics at the Local Level: Discourses and Practices in South Tyrol." In IMISCOE Research Series, 243–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-23996-0_14.
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AbstractIn the past decades, South Tyrol, an Italian autonomous province with a German- and Ladin-speaking population and a power-sharing system to protect their cultural features, has witnessed the arrival of many migrants from foreign countries. In addition, as result of the increase in the refugee flows in recent years, thousands of asylum-seekers have passed through and settled in the province. Situated within the ‘local turn’ in migration studies and in the interplay between the fields of migration and security studies, this chapter analyses processes of (de)securitisation vis-à-vis migration in South Tyrol. Adopting the Copenhagen School’s understanding of securitisation as a speech act in combination with a sociological variant that highlights the role of practices, the chapter reveals how, to what extent and in what terms (de)securitisation dynamics have unfolded in South Tyrol regarding the settlement of migrant communities and recent refugee flows. I use a qualitative methodology that looks at discourses and practices as they have emerged in party programmes, political speeches, policy and legal documents. In this way, the chapter will offer a genealogy of (de)securitising discourses and practices at the substate level, revealing the anxieties and problems of dealing with migration when the arrival of migrants meets the presence of old minorities.
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Ullán de la Rosa, Francisco Javier, and Hugo García Andreu. "Roma Population in the Spanish Education System: Identifying Explanatory Frameworks and Research Gaps." In Social and Economic Vulnerability of Roma People, 201–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52588-0_13.
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AbstractThis chapter makes a literature review based on the Grant and Booth qualitative systematic methodology of the studies about the educational situation of the Roma in Spain, with an wider, extended scope that allows to compare the findings with those conducted on other countries’ Roma populations. Studies on the Roma educational situation in Spain are hindered by the lack of official, periodical statistics, having to rely on sample-based surveys and ethnographic studies. In spite of the inaccuracy of the studies all of them show, as a general picture, a staggering educational gap between the Roma and the rest of society which is common to all Western countries. Most of the studies on Roma education have concentrated in this negative aspect. Numerous theoretical frameworks have been developed to explain this staggering education gap. All them acknowledge the phenomenon as a multidimensional one but for heuristic purposes they can be ordered along an endogenous/exogenous factors continuum depending on how much they stress the weight of factors stemming from characteristics of the Roma ethnic group itself or, on the contrary, of the majority non-Roma society. The literature review has also identified an emergent critical current that sees this studies focused on educational underachievement as a sharing a common essentialist bias that helps to reinforce the stigmatization of Roma and have turned to focus, instead, on the study of academic success among the Roma. Although this emerging field is very promising, our review has identify several significant research gaps in this regard: a lack of longitudinal studies, a lack of studies on the Roma upper and middle classes and a lack of studies on Roma students in post-compulsory education, particularly the university level. This article encourages researchers to fill this gaps with the conviction that the knowledge obtained can help combat the negative stereotypes and the self-fulfilling prophecy effect that approaches focused on Roma underachievement may have.
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Rocheva, Anna, Evgeni Varshaver, and Nataliya Ivanova. "Targeting on Social Networking Sites as Sampling Strategy for Online Migrant Surveys: The Challenge of Biases and Search for Possible Solutions." In IMISCOE Research Series, 35–57. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-01319-5_3.
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AbstractChoosing a methodology for migrant surveys usually is a complicated issue for a number of reasons, including the lack of information about sampling frames, and migrants’ status as a hard-to-reach population. The spread of social media usage among migrants has led researchers to look at the potential that Social Networking Sites (SNS) have for migration studies with respect to extracting and analyzing big data, conducting ethnography online, and reaching migrant respondents through SNS advertising. While the advantages of sampling migrants using SNS and surveying them online are clear, the drawbacks of this method—and, even more so, the potential solutions—constitute an almost unexplored field. In this chapter, we address one of the most significant challenges of using this strategy by exploring the biases it may present and the possible ways to resolve them. We use data from five SNS-based migrant surveys conducted during 2016–2018 with various groups of migrants and their adult children (second generation migrants) from Central Asian and Transcaucasian countries in Russia (with N varying from 302 to 12,524). After describing the procedure of surveying migrants with targeting on SNS, we outline the major biases, delineate possible solutions, and demonstrate how some of them—namely weighting based on dropout analysis and external validation—can work regarding the material from one of the surveys. We conclude that, at present, the range of biases remains more considerable than our opportunities to adjust for them, and so it may be time to concede this, and instead direct research efforts to exploring other approaches to data analysis and presentation that are more suitable for contexts of uncertainty—for example, fuzzy set theory and Bayesian statistics. This chapter contributes to the advancement of the emerging field of “tech-savvy” migration studies while signposting its bottlenecks and gains, as well as laying out directions for future research.
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Mieszkalski, Grace, and Benjamin Zyla. "Research Design and Methodology." In Engaging Displaced Populations in a Future Syrian Transitional Justice Process, 31–39. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-73970-6_2.
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Mardinawaty, Selva, Yeni Absah, and Isfenti Sadalia. "The Influence of Training Program and Work Environment on Employee Performance Through Work Satisfaction as a Mediating Variable." In Proceedings of the 19th International Symposium on Management (INSYMA 2022), 655–63. Dordrecht: Atlantis Press International BV, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/978-94-6463-008-4_82.
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AbstractThis study aims to investigate the effect of a training program and work environment on employee performance through work satisfaction. The research methodology used was descriptive quantitative with a path analysis approach to answer the research hypothesis. The research population was 78 employees of a company engaged in Information Technology in Medan, Indonesia. The study results show that training programs and work environments directly affect employee performance and job satisfaction can mediate the relationship between the training program and work environment on employee performance.
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Nicolau, Lurdes. "Roma at School: A Look at the Past and the Present. The Case of Portugal." In Social and Economic Vulnerability of Roma People, 153–63. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-52588-0_10.
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AbstractThe schooling process has become more widespread among the Portuguese Roma population since 1974, with the end of the Estado Novo dictatorship and the establishment of democracy. Nevertheless, the Roma nomadism or semi-nomadism, financial shortcomings and the absence of social/cultural/family stimuli are some of the reasons that explain their low school attendance rates. Only in the last decades has such attendance increased, as a result of the implementation of several public policies, particularly of the Social Integration Income. This social policy, implemented in 1996, introduced important changes in this population, especially in areas such as schooling, personal hygiene, housing, health, or sedentism.Recent research has shown an increase in the educational level of the Roma population, but school dropouts and failure remain high. This tendency was also studied in the northeast of Portugal, in a PhD thesis about the relationships between the Roma and school. In the present research work, a qualitative methodology was adopted, using direct and participant observation, as well as interviews to some Roma parents and non-Roma teachers. Both groups emphasize the main difficulties of Roma children at school.The conclusions show that several factors affect these students’ schooling nowadays, especially poor housing conditions, parents’ illiteracy or low schooling, lack of daily study monitoring at home, absence of models in their environment, non-attendance of pre-school, and discrimination against them.
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Lopes, D. F., J. L. Marques, and E. A. Castro. "A MCDA/GIS-Based Approach for Evaluating Accessibility to Health Facilities." In Computational Science and Its Applications – ICCSA 2021, 311–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-86973-1_22.
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AbstractAccess to health care services is a key concept in the formulation of health policies to improve the population’s health status and to mitigate inequities in health. Previous studies have significantly enhanced our understanding and knowledge of the role played by spatial distribution of health facilities in sustaining population health, with extensive research being devoted to the place-based accessibility theory, with special focus on the gravity-based methods. Although they represent a good starting point to analyse disparities across different regions, the results are not intelligible for policy-making purposes. Given the weaknesses of these methods and the multidimensional nature of the topic, this study intends to: (i) highlight the main measurements of access and their major challenges; and (ii) propose a framework based on multiple criteria decision analysis methods and GIS to appraise the population’s accessibility to health facilities. In particular, this framework is based on a new variant of the UTASTAR method, which requires decision makers and/or experts preference information, in the form of an ordinal ranking, similarly to the UTASTAR method, but to which cardinal information is also added. A numerical example is presented to illustrate the application of the proposed methodology.
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Junko, Yang, Chia-Hsiang Hsu, and Tsong-Zen Liu. "Video Games as a Media for Tourism Experience." In Information and Communication Technologies in Tourism 2022, 67–71. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94751-4_6.
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AbstractVirtual reality technology in recent year has been a hot topic in tourism and hospitality field, both for research and practical purposes. Virtual technology has some limitation, such as costs and time, which can be addressed by a different form of virtual technology, which is video games. The purpose of this study is to analyze the effects of mental imagery, sense of presence and addition of storytelling towards tourism experience by using video games as a medium. Previous studies have analyzed effects of mental imagery and presence towards the tourism experience, but there is lack of research in using storytelling or narratives to add to the tourism experience. Storytelling has been studied in marketing field, and has been found to be a great marketing tool, because people love to hear stories. Video games can be a better tool for delivering storytelling, while providing solid mental imagery and a sense of presence to the location. The methodology proposed for this study is a quantitative approach, using survey questionnaire as a tool. Two sampling method is proposed. The first is to use players of location-based games as the population, and randomly take the sample. The second method is to uses tourists or potential tourists of a destination, have the respondents try out the game, and answer the questionnaire. The proposed research could provide the importance of storytelling to be added for virtual reality and video games usage in tourism and hospitality field.
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Babariya, Naresh A., and Alka V. Gohel. "Research Methodology." In Scholarly Communication and the Publish or Perish Pressures of Academia, 45–73. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-1697-2.ch004.
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The most important of research methodology in research study it is necessary for a researcher to design a methodology for the problem chosen and systematically solves the problem. Formulation of the research problem is to decide on a broad subject area on which has thorough knowledge and second important responsibility in research is to compare findings, it is literature review plays an extremely important role. The literature review is part of the research process and makes a valuable contribution to almost every operational step. A good research design provides information concerning with the selection of the sample population treatments and controls to be imposed and research work cannot be undertaken without sampling. Collecting the data and create data structure as a organizing the data, analysing the data help of different statistical method, summarizing the analysis and using these results for making judgements, decisions and predictions.
Conference papers on the topic "Population research – Methodology"
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Kurnikova, M. "Digital Competences Of Rural Population: Theory, Estimation Methodology And Research Experience." In 18th International Scientific Conference “Problems of Enterprise Development: Theory and Practice”. European Publisher, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2020.04.70.
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Koroleva, E. N. "Population Assessment Of Health Care Quality: The Problems Of Research Methodology." In Global Challenges and Prospects of The Modern Economic Development. European Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.15405/epsbs.2021.04.02.181.
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Dyachkov, V. "MIGRATION OF RUSSIAN POPULATION FROM 1880s TO 1940s: CONDITIONS, METHODOLOGY AND TECHNIQUE OF INVESTIGATION." In Man and Nature: Priorities of Modern Research in the Area of Interaction of Nature and Society. LCC MAKS Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m2592.s-n_history_2021_44/106-114.
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The article states the methodological and research technique conditions for the historical disclosure of the socio-natural synergy of social history in the specific case of Russian population migrations in the more than eventful period from the reign of Alexander III to the Great Patriotic War and the first post-war years, inclusive. The requirements for a modern researcher of social processes on long continuous series of complex sociographic and demographic information are formulated. The public and author's mass sources are named, which are necessary for identifying and comparing the synergisms of migrations at five levels of populations of individual settlements, a subregion, a region, a macro-region and the country as a whole, and an algorithm for their processing is shown. Some of the most important results of the study of migration as a complex socio-natural mechanism of regulation and control of populations are presented in graphs, diagrams, histograms and maps.
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Semichevskaya, Natal'ya. "RESEARCH SYSTEM MODELING METHODOLOGY TO ADDRESS THE CHALLENGES OF EFFECTIVE POPULATION HEALTH MANAGEMENT." In XIV International Scientific Conference "System Analysis in Medicine". Far Eastern Scientific Center of Physiology and Pathology of Respiration, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/conferencearticle_5fe01d9ce21a77.46615363.
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The paper examines the systematization and development of simulation techniques used to address public health management, system analysis methodology and simulation of complex dynamic systems used in health management.
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Kirova, Milena, and Irina Petrova. "Methodology for empirical research on benchmarking aproach in Bulgarian firms." In 11th International Scientific Conference „Business and Management 2020“. VGTU Technika, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/bm.2020.495.
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The main purpose of this article is to demonstrate the methodology of empirical research to evaluate the degree of awareness and implementation of benchmarking by Bulgarian manufacturing companies. To achieve this goal, the authors have set the following tasks: First to identify the companies that fall into the target group. Second, to collect primary data through a survey of the management of the companies included in the target group. Third, to conduct a semi-structured interview with management team representatives in order to gather expert opinions. The method of partial statistical survey of a general population was used by studying a representative sample formed with the help of non-repetitive selection of units. The results of the survey will be the basis for a new approach in the development of company strategies based on benchmarking analysis.
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Krupochkin, E., D. Vorobiev, and S. Sukhanov. "Spatio-temporal aspects of the study of archaeological monuments of the Yustyt archaeological microdistrict: theory, methodology, results." In Historical research in the context of data science: Information resources, analytical methods and digital technologies. LLC MAKS Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29003/m1822.978-5-317-06529-4/285-291.
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The technology of geoinformational mapping and geoarchaeological analysis of archaeological monuments is proposed, which makes it possible to analyze the distribution of data on the settlement of the population of the archaeological microdistrict Yustyt. A new program for calculating spatial correlation has been developed and tested. Integral GIS models have been built that reflect the patterns of population settlement
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Abu-Dbaa, Reem, Haneen Othman, Menatallah Zewein, and Vijay Ganji. "Validation of FFQ against Food Records for Vitamin D in Qatar Population." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0206.
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Background: Measurement of Vitamin D nutritional status through dietary assessment is a cost effective method. The food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) is usually validated against food records (FR). There is no Vitamin D specific FFQ for Qatar population Objective: The objective of this study was to develop a Vitamin D centric FFQ and validate FFQ against 3-day FR for Qatar population. Methodology: A quantitative FFQ based on Vitamin D containing foods consumed in Qatar was developed. Vitamin D content of foods were gathered from food labels and food composition tables from the USDA. A Vitamin D content database was developed for this study purpose. Dietary intakes using FFQ and 3-day FR were collected from 62 participants. Vitamin D intakes from FFQ and 3-day FR were validated with quartile comparison and Bland-Altman (BA) tests. Results: BA plot showed an agreement between FFQ and 3-day FR Vitamin D intakes. BA index was 3.23%, which is <5%, a commonly used standard for validation. Quartile correlation showed ≈73% of the subjects were within 1 quartile difference. Conclusion: In conclusion, an agreement was found between Vitamin D intakes from FFQ and 3-day FR. This indicates that the FFQ can be used as a valid dietary method to assess Vitamin D status in Qatar’s population
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Eltai, Nahla O., Sara H. Al-Hadidi, Asmaa A. Al Than, Sanjay H. Doiphode, and Hadi M. Yassine. "Salmonellosis among Pediatric Population in Qatar: Prevalence, Antibiotic Resistance and Molecular Epidemiology." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0126.
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Objectives: This study aims to characterize at the molecular level the genes encoding resistance in Salmonella and explain the molecular mechanisms underlying resistance to ceftriaxone, cefepime, amoxicillin-clavulanate, tetracycline, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, chloramphenicol, colistin and azithromycin in Salmonella. It aims as well to characterize the 16S rRNA gene region by restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) to investigate if this region constitutes an appropriate ‘coincidental’ marker to distinguish important pathogenic Salmonella species. Finally, determine the lineages of Salmonella species and evolutionary relationships among bacteria classified within the same genus. Methodology: 246 Salmonella isolates were collected from children under 16 years old during Jan. 2018 - Dec 2019, presented with gastroenteritis at Hamad Medical Corporation. Isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility against nineteen relevant antibiotics using E-test. Isolates that harbor antibiotic resistance were confirmed using PCR specific primers for 38 genes. In addition, the variable region of class 1 and 2 integrons were identified by PCR among amoxicillin-clavulanate (AMC) resistant samples. RFLP targeting16S rRNAwas performed using seven restriction enzymes including AluI, Bgl I, Bgl II, EcoR I, SmaI, Hinf I & Hae III. Results: Resistance was detected against 15 antibiotics and (38.2%) of isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotic. Overall, high resistance was reported to tetracycline (23.9%), ampicillin (21.1%), AMC (18.7%) and sulfamethoxazoletrimethoprim (13%). Further, 22.4% of the isolates were multidrug-resistant (MDR), with 4.1% being ESBL producers. 90 % of ESBL producers had one of bla CTX-M-Group. Class (1) AMC resistant samples showed the highest resistance to different antibiotics. 16S rRNA-RFLP analysis divided Salmonella isolates into two main groups. Conclusion: Our results indicate a high antimicrobial resistance pattern of Salmonella, which necessities the development of regulatory programs to combats antimicrobial resistance. In particular, our results showed high resistance to Class (1) AMC cassette that involves the transmission and expression of the resistance. This might lead to a concern of increased multidrug resistance in the future. This study provides evidence guidance to activate and implement the pillars of an antimicrobial stewardship program in animal and human health to reduce MDR salmonellosis.
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Alkhalaqi, Aysha, Fatima Alnaimi, Rouda Qassmi, and Hiba Bawadi. "Predictive Power of Body Visceral Adiposity Index, Body Adiposity Index and Body Mass Index for Type 2 Diabetes in Qatari Population." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0208.
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Background: The prevalence of type 2 diabetes (T2D) has increased recently in Qatar. Body mass index (BMI) is a predictor of T2D in many populations. However, BMI is based on height and weight measurements and not on body adiposity. Therefore, the utility of BMI for predicting the risk of T2D has been questioned, and visceral adiposity (VAI) appears to be a better predictor of T2D. Objective: This study is aimed to assess the relative effectiveness of visceral adiposity index (VAI) and body adiposity index (BAI), in comparison with body mass index (BMI), for T2D among Qatari adults. Methodology: A random sample of 1103 adult Qatari nationals over 20 years old were included in this study; this data was obtained from the Qatar National Biobank. We performed a multivariate logistic regression to examine the association between VAI, BAI, BMI, and T2D, and computed zscores for VAI, BAI and BMI. Results: VAI z-scores showed the strongest association with the risk of T2D (OR, 1.44; 95% CI: 1.24–1.68) compared with the zscores for BAI (OR, 1.15; 95% CI: 0.93–1.43) and BMI (OR, 1.33; 95% CI: 1.11–1.59). Subgroup analyses indicated that the association was stronger between VAI and T2D in Qatari women than in men. Conclusion: VAI was a strong and independent predictor of T2D among the Qatari adult population. Therefore, VAI could be a useful tool for predicting the risk of T2D among Qatari adults.
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Khudadad, Hanan, and Lukman Thalib. "Antibiotics Prescription Patterns in Primary Health Care in Qatar – A Population based study from 2017 to 2018." In Qatar University Annual Research Forum & Exhibition. Qatar University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.29117/quarfe.2020.0169.
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Background: Antibiotics are antimicrobial drugs used in the treatment and prevention of bacterial infections. They played a pivotal role in achieving major advances in medicine and surgery (1). Yet, due to increased and inappropriate use of antibiotics, antibiotic resistance (AR) has become a growing public health problem. Information on antibiotic prescription patterns are vital in developing a constructive approach to deal with growing antibiotic resistance (2). The study aims to describe the population based antibiotic prescriptions among patients attending primary care centers in Qatar. Methodology: A population based observational study of all medications prescribed in the all Primary Health Care Centers during the period of 2017-2018 in Qatar. Records with all medication prescriptions were extracted and linked to medical diagnosis. Antibiotics prescriptions records were compared to non- antibiotics records using logistic regression model in identifying the potential predictors for antibiotic prescriptions. Results: A total of 11,069,439 medication prescriptions given over a period of two-years, we found about 12.1% (n= 726,667) antibiotics prescriptions were antibiotics, and 65% of antibiotics are prescribed and received by the patients at the first visits. Paracetamol (22.3%) was the first highest medication prescribed followed by antibiotics (12.1 %) and vitamin D2 (10.2 %). More than half of all antibiotics prescribed during the period of January 2017 to December 2018 were Penicillin (56.9%). We found that half of the antibiotics (49.3 %) have been prescribed for the respiratory system comparing to the other body system. We found that males were 29% more likely be given an antibiotic compared to females (OR=1.29, 95% CI= 1.24- 1.33). Implications: The study provides a baseline data to enable PHCC management to design effective intervention program to address the problem of antibiotics resistance. Furthermore, it will help the policymakers to comprehend the size of the issue and develop a system to manage the antibiotics therapy. Conclusion: Antibiotics was the second highest medication prescribed in the Primary Health Care Centers in Qatar after paracetamol and most of the patients received it at the first visit. Most of the prescriptions in Primary Health Care Centers in Qatar were for the respiratory system, and Penicillin was the highest class prescribed. Male visitors were prescribed antibiotics more than female visitors.
Reports on the topic "Population research – Methodology"
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Weller, Joel I., Ignacy Misztal, and Micha Ron. Optimization of methodology for genomic selection of moderate and large dairy cattle populations. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7594404.bard.
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The main objectives of this research was to detect the specific polymorphisms responsible for observed quantitative trait loci and develop optimal strategies for genomic evaluations and selection for moderate (Israel) and large (US) dairy cattle populations. A joint evaluation using all phenotypic, pedigree, and genomic data is the optimal strategy. The specific objectives were: 1) to apply strategies for determination of the causative polymorphisms based on the “a posteriori granddaughter design” (APGD), 2) to develop methods to derive unbiased estimates of gene effects derived from SNP chips analyses, 3) to derive optimal single-stage methods to estimate breeding values of animals based on marker, phenotypic and pedigree data, 4) to extend these methods to multi-trait genetic evaluations and 5) to evaluate the results of long-term genomic selection, as compared to traditional selection. Nearly all of these objectives were met. The major achievements were: The APGD and the modified granddaughter designs were applied to the US Holstein population, and regions harboring segregating quantitative trait loci (QTL) were identified for all economic traits of interest. The APGD was able to find segregating QTL for all the economic traits analyzed, and confidence intervals for QTL location ranged from ~5 to 35 million base pairs. Genomic estimated breeding values (GEBV) for milk production traits in the Israeli Holstein population were computed by the single-step method and compared to results for the two-step method. The single-step method was extended to derive GEBV for multi-parity evaluation. Long-term analysis of genomic selection demonstrated that inclusion of pedigree data from previous generations may result in less accurate GEBV. Major conclusions are: Predictions using single-step genomic best linear unbiased prediction (GBLUP) were the least biased, and that method appears to be the best tool for genomic evaluation of a small population, as it automatically accounts for parental index and allows for inclusion of female genomic information without additional steps. None of the methods applied to the Israeli Holstein population were able to derive GEBV for young bulls that were significantly better than parent averages. Thus we confirm previous studies that the main limiting factor for the accuracy of GEBV is the number of bulls with genotypes and progeny tests. Although 36 of the grandsires included in the APGD were genotyped for the BovineHDBeadChip, which includes 777,000 SNPs, we were not able to determine the causative polymorphism for any of the detected QTL. The number of valid unique markers on the BovineHDBeadChip is not sufficient for a reasonable probability to find the causative polymorphisms. Complete resequencing of the genome of approximately 50 bulls will be required, but this could not be accomplished within the framework of the current project due to funding constraints. Inclusion of pedigree data from older generations in the derivation of GEBV may result is less accurate evaluations.
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Kokurina, O., and A. Burov. Methodology of sociological research of characteristics and level of sociopolitical stability of student youth as a factor of sustainable development of Russian statehood in the context of modern global challenges. SIB-Expertise, December 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12731/er0622.06122022.
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Methodology defines and describes the hypothesis, methodological tools, goal, objectives, and the result of empirical research, which is carried out in the form of a sociological survey. The Methodology also defines the general population of respondents, their gender, age and level of education. The specified result of intellectual activity reflects in detail the program of empirical research and its structural stages. The Methodology includes a sample questionnaire of sociological research, information about the content and nature of the questions, and a description of its conceptual parts. The methodology provides for the preparation of an independent result of intellectual activity - a detailed Аnalytical report containing proposals aimed at improving the sociopolitical stability of students as a factor in strengthening the Russian statehood and the viability of the state.
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Buathong, Thananon, Anna Dimitrova, Paolo Miguel M. Vicerra, and Montakarn Chimmamee. Years of Good Life: An illustration of a new well-being indicator using data for Thailand. Verlag der Österreichischen Akademie der Wissenschaften, August 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1553/populationyearbook2021.dat.1.
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While Thailand has achieved high levels of economic growth in recent decades, poverty at the local level has been increasing. Indicators of human development at the national level often mask the differences in well-being across communities. When responding to the need for sustainable development research, the heterogeneity of a population should be emphasised to ensure that no one is left behind. The Years of Good Life (YoGL) is a well-being indicator that demonstrates the similarities and differences between subpopulations in a given sociocultural context over time. The data used in this analysis were collected from Chiang Rai and Kalasin, which are provinces located in regions of Thailand with high poverty rates. Our main results indicate that the remaining years of good life (free from physical and cognitive limitations, out of poverty and satisfied with life) at age 20 among the sample population were 26 years for women and 28 years for men. The results varied depending on the indicators applied in each dimension of YoGL. Our analysis of the YoGL constituents indicated that cognitive functioning was the dimension that decreased the years of good life the most in the main specification. This study demonstrates the applicability of the YoGL methodology in investigating the wellbeing of subpopulations.
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Collyer, Michael, and Laura Hammond. Migrants on the margins final report. Royal Geographical Society (with IBG), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.55203/jtld8758.
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Migrants on the margins was a five-year collaborative field research project that investigated the movement of migrants into and around four of the world’s most pressured cities: Colombo in Sri Lanka, Dhaka in Bangladesh, Harare in Zimbabwe and Hargeisa in Somaliland. Supported by the Society, the research team adopted a comparative approach to look at the opportunities available to migrants in order to better understand their experiences and vulnerabilities. Research in the four cities engaged with both newly arrived and well-established residents of 13 neighbourhoods, and involved focus groups, surveys, walk along interviews, oral histories, Q methodology, and GIS and participatory community mapping workshops. The key findings from the project have shed light on the incredible challenges of living in the neighbourhoods studied as well as the significant levels of population mobility, or churn, within these communities. The research also highlights the impact of clear gender differences in men’s and women’s roles in communities, as well as the effect of evictions and tenure security on residents, and how people can easily become ‘trapped’ within these neighbourhoods. Results from the research are continuing to influence policy within the four cities, and the research team have worked to support local policy makers and municipalities to improve the situations that migrants find themselves in.
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Chandra, Shailesh, Mehran Rahmani, Timothy Thai, Vivek Mishra, and Jacqueline Camacho. Evaluating Financing Mechanisms and Economic Benefits to Fund Grade Separation Projects. Mineta Transportation Institute, January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31979/mti.2020.1926.
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Investment in transportation infrastructure projects generates benefits, both direct and indirect. While emissions reductions, crash reductions, and travel time savings are prominent direct benefits, there are indirect benefits in the form of real estate enhancements that could pay off debt or loan incurred in the improvement of the infrastructure itself. Studies have shown that improvements associated with rail transportation (such as station upgrades) trigger an increase in the surrounding real estate values, increasing both the opportunity for monetary gains and, ultimately, property tax collections. There is plenty of available guidance that provides blueprints for benefits calculations for operational improvements in rail transportation. However, resources are quite limited in the analysis of benefits that accrue from the separation of railroad at-grade crossings. Understanding the impact of separation in a neighborhood with high employment or population could generate revenues through increased tax collections. In California, the research need is further amplified by a lack of guidance from the California Public Utilities Commission (CPUC) on at-grade crossing for separation based on revenue generated. There is a critical need to understand whether grade separation projects could impact neighboring real estate values that could potentially be used to fund such separations. With COVID-19, as current infrastructure spending in California is experiencing a reboot, an approach more oriented to benefits and costs for railroad at-grade separation should be explored. Thus, this research uses a robust benefits-to-cost analysis (BCA) to probe the economic impacts of railroad at-grade separation projects. The investigation is carried out across twelve railroad-highway at-grade crossings in California. These crossings are located at Francisquito Ave., Willowbrook/Rosa Parks Station, Sassafras St., Palm St., Civic Center Dr., L St., Spring St. (North), J St., E St., H St., Parkmoor West, and Nursery Ave. The authors found that a majority of the selected at-grade crossings analyzed accrue high benefits-to-cost (BC) ratios from travel time savings, safety improvements, emissions reductions, and potential revenue generated if property taxes are collected and used to fund such separation projects. The analysis shows that with the estimated BC ratios, the railroad crossing at Nursery Ave. in Fremont, Palm St. in San Diego, and H St. in Chula Vista could be ideal candidates for separation. The methodology presented in this research could serve as a handy reference for decision-makers selecting one or more at-grade crossings for the separation considering economic outputs and costs.
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Yunus, Raudah Mohd, Pauline Oosterhoff, Charity Jensen, Nicola Pocock, and Francis Somerwell. Modern Slavery Prevention and Responses in Myanmar: An Evidence Map. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2020.002.
Full textAbstract:
This Emerging Evidence Report describes the availability of evidence on modern slavery interventions in Myanmar presented in the programme's interactive Evidence Map. This report on Myanmar uses the same methodology and complements the evidence map on interventions to tackle trafficking, child and forced labour in South Asia for Nepal, India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The Evidence Map provides an outline of where evidence is concentrated and where it is missing by mapping out existing and ongoing impact evaluations and observational studies exploring different types of modern slavery interventions and outcomes for specific target populations (survivors, employers, landlords, service providers, criminal justice officials) and at different levels (individual, community, state). It also identifies key ‘gaps’ in evidence. Both the Evidence Map and this report foremost target the UK Foreign, Commonwealth & Development Office (FCDO) and its partners in the CLARISSA research programme to support evidence-informed policymaking on innovations to reduce the worst forms of child labour. We hope that it is also useful to academics and practitioners working to address modern slavery, or in the intervention areas and locations described.
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Lichter, Amnon, Gopi K. Podila, and Maria R. Davis. Identification of Genetic Determinants that Facilitate Development of B. cinerea at Low Temperature and its Postharvest Pathogenicity. United States Department of Agriculture, March 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2011.7592641.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Botrytis cinerea is the postharvest pathogen of many agricultural produce with table grapes, strawberries and tomatoes as major targets. The high efficiency with which B. cinerea causes disease on these produce during storage is attributed in part due to its exceptional ability to develop at very low temperature. Our major goal was to understand the genetic determinants which enable it to develop at low temperature. The specific research objectives were: 1. Identify expression pattern of genes in a coldenriched cDNA library. 2. Identify B. cinerea orthologs of cold-induced genes 3. Profile protein expression and secretion at low temperature on strawberry and grape supplemented media. 4. Test novel methods for the functional analysis of coldresponsive genes. Objective 1 was modified during the research because a microarray platform became available and it allowed us to probe the whole set of candidate genes according to the sequence of 2 strains of the fungus, BO5.10 and T4. The results of this experiment allowed us to validate some of our earlier observations which referred to genes which were the product of a SSH suppression-subtraction library. Before the microarray became available during 2008 we also analyzed the expression of 15 orthologs of cold-induced genes and some of these results were also validated by the microarray experiment. One of our goals was also to perform functional analysis of cold-induced genes. This goal was hampered for 3 years because current methodology for transformation with ‘protoplasts’ failed to deliver knockouts of bacteriordopsin-like (bR) gene which was our primary target for functional analysis. Consequently, we developed 2 alternative transformation platforms, one which involves an air-gun based technique and another which involves DNA injection into sclerotia. Both techniques show great promise and have been validated using different constructs. This contribution is likely to serve the scientific community in the near future. Using these technologies we generated gene knockout constructs of 2 genes and have tested there effect on survival of the fungus at low temperature. With reference to the bR genes our results show that it has a significant effect on mycelial growth of the B. cinerea and the mutants have retarded development at extreme conditions of ionic stress, osmotic stress and low temperature. Another gene of unknown function, HP1 is still under analysis. An ortholog of the yeast cold-induced gene, CCH1 which encodes a calcium tunnel and was shown to be cold-induced in B. cinerea was recently cloned and used to complement yeast mutants and rescue them from cold-sensitivity. One of the significant findings of the microarray study involves a T2 ribonuclease which was validated to be cold-induced by qPCR analysis. This and other genes will serve for future studies. In the frame of the study we also screened a population of 631 natural B. cinerea isolates for development at low temperature and have identified several strains with much higher and lower capacity to develop at low temperature. These strains are likely to be used in the future as candidates for further functional analysis. The major conclusions from the above research point to specific targets of cold-induced genes which are likely to play a role in cold tolerance. One of the most significant observations from the microarray study is that low temperature does not induce ‘general stress response in B. cinerea, which is in agreement to its exceptional capacity to develop at low temperature. Due to the tragic murder of the Co-PI Maria R. Davis and GopiPodila on Feb. 2010 it is impossible to deliver their contribution to the research. The information of the PI is that they failed to deliver objective 4 and none of the information which relates to objective 3 has been delivered to the PI before the murder or in a visit to U. Alabama during June, 2010. Therefore, this report is based solely on the IS data.
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Chalutz, Edo, Charles Wilson, Samir Droby, Victor Gaba, Clauzell Stevens, Robert Fluhr, and Y. Lu. Induction of Resistance to Postharvest Diseases and Extension of Shelf-Life of Fruits and Vegetables by Ultra-Violet Light. United States Department of Agriculture, February 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568093.bard.
Full textAbstract:
Following preliminary observations by one of the collaborating scientists on this project and the completion of a 1-year, BARD-supported feasibility study (IS-1908-90F), this 3-year BARD project has been executed. The main objectives of the research were to elucidate biochemical and pathological aspects of UV-induced resistance in fruits and vegetables, to characterize physical and biological variables of induced resistance and delay of ripening, and to explore the application of the treatment as a control practice of postharvest diseases and shelf-life extension of fruits and vegetables. Our findings, which are detailed in numerous joint publications, have shown that the effect of UV-C light on induction of resistance and delay of ripening is a general one and of wide oddurrence. Apart from surface sterilization of the commodity, the reduction of decay of different fungi has been associated with and induced resistance phenomenon which gradually builds up within 24 to 48 hours after the UV treatment and can be reversed by visible light. In citrus, induced resistance has been associated with increased activity of the enzymes phenylalanine ammonia-lyase and peroxidase, and with the levels of endglucanase and chitinase. In tomato, resistance was correlated with the production of high levels of tomatine. Our study of some molecular aspects of the induced resistance in grapefruit has revealed the induction of a cDNA which represents a gene encoding for an isoflavone reductase-like protein that, in legumes, has been associated with phytoalexin biosynthesis. This gene was cloned and sequenced. Delay of ripening was associated in tomato with inhibition of ethylene production, carotenoid synthesis, and chlorophyll degradation and with the presence of high levels of polyamines. In peach fruit epiphytic populations of a yeast increased following the UV treatment. Pilot-size treatment and packing lines were constructed in the US and Israel to test the application of the UV treatment on a semi-commercial scale. Although effective in reduction of decay and delay of ripening, a number of problems will have to be addressed before practical application of this methodology can be realized. The main issues are associated with the temporal and variable response to the treatment, and its relationship to the maturity and date of harvest of the commodity.
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Continuing the strengthening of situation analysis methodology: An Africa-focused approach. Population Council, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1998.1021.
Full textAbstract:
In 1995, the Population Council’s Africa OR/TA Project II proposed a three-year subproject to organize and strengthen the Situation Analysis methodology that had been developed by the first Africa OR/TA Project in 1989. This subproject proposed to concentrate on three areas of continuing importance in the African context: wider use of the established database to explore program issues in reproductive health (RH); synthesis of the knowledge that has been collected about African family planning (FP) programs into a monograph analyzing program issues, patterns of services, and their implications; and continued assistance in training and data processing on field studies. These goals were achieved with a high level of success. During the three years of the subproject, there was heavy demand for assistance with Situation Analysis studies from both program managers and USAID staff. Overall, Situation Analysis proved to be both a useful tool for program managers and a productive instrument for programmatic and methodological research. According to this report, during the subproject period, more than three dozen publications, study reports, methodological papers, programmatic reviews, and syntheses of findings were produced and disseminated.
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Proceedings of the operations research training workshop: Mainstreaming NFP in the public sector, August 15-18, 1996. Population Council, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.31899/rh1996.1019.
Full textAbstract:
This report summarizes the proceedings of the “Operations Research Training Workshop: Mainstreaming Natural Family Planning in the Public Sector,” held August 15-18, 1996, in Boracay, Aklan, Philippines. The workshop was sponsored by the Philippine Federation for Natural Family Planning (NFP), the Family Planning Service of the Department of Health, and the Family Planning Operations Research and Training (FPORT) Program of the Population Council, Manila. Program managers and health officials were trained in operations research (OR) to enhance their understanding and appreciation of OR and its role in integrating NFP technology in the public health sector. Results of several diagnostic and intervention studies were presented by resource persons from university-based research institutions and the Population Council. Participants also reviewed the fundamentals of research methodology. The NFP technology was presented by the PFNFP staff. A process for identifying a particular NFP service delivery model for integrating within the public health sector was facilitated by the staff of PFNFP. The workshop included a discussion on planning the dissemination strategy and utilization of OR study findings. The final activity was identifying issues that OR can address in mainstreaming NFP in the public health system.