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1

Rastogi Pravin Kumar, Avantika. "Studying Different Aspects of Population Policy." International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) 12, no. 1 (January 5, 2023): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.21275/sr23110122229.

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2

Hussain, Sahba. "Population Policy." Social Scientist 13, no. 10/11 (October 1985): 20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3517217.

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3

Berikova, Marina, and Garold Latinov. "Modern gender policy in Russia and China." Population 24, no. 3 (September 24, 2021): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.3.12.

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The problems of building and realizing the self-identity of men and women through the practice of gender awareness education are relevant to all countries and cultures to varying degrees. The article attempts to conduct a comparative analysis of gender policy in Russia and China at the present stage in two aspects: education in the field of equality of rights and opportunities of men and women; correction of gender stereotypes and biases. The specificity of the approach to solving gender problems correlates with the national-cultural, political, religious, and ethical characteristics of the Russian and Chinese peoples. In Russia, as in China, the norms and principles of interaction between men and women, as well as the equality of their rights and opportunities in social life, are formally recognized by society and legalized, that contributes to spread of egalitarian views and attitudes. However, the declarative nature of this recognition often manifests itself in the lives of citizens of both States. Nevertheless, the traditional gender stereotypes are being overcome in Russian and Chinese society (in each in its own way), the authorities are trying to expand the legislative framework on gender equality of men and women, attract administrative resources to improve the level of gender culture of the population, as well as develop and implement programs designed for women. The strategic direction of gender policy and gender awareness education remains the development of a systematic approach to the presence of a gender component in the understanding of social processes, to the integration of the achievements of both sexes in the organization of society.
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4

Wang, Shaofu, Xianning Jia, and Svetlana Mishchuk. "Changes in China’s demographic policy in 2010–2021." Population 26, no. 3 (September 20, 2023): 66–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.3.6.

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The demographic situation in China at the end of the 20th — beginning of the 21st centuries was characterized by transformations concerning both the general dynamics of the population, and the changes in the age, gender, and educational structures. At the beginning of the 21st century, China’s demographic policy measures evolved significantly. The main objective of this study is to identify the priority directions of demographic policy including support for the birth rate at the present stage. The article presents results of the analysis of the main demographic indicators, proposes a typology of the factors of the current demographic situation including historical, ideological and material backgrounds. The second part of the artivle provides an analysis of the main measures aimed at supporting the birth rate at the country level as a whole, and in separate provinces. The analysis is based on the regulatory documents concerning the birth rate policy in China in the period from 2010 to 2021, as well as the data from the National Bureau of Statistics of China. It is shown that during the past decade in China the family planning and birth control have been replaced by an active policy of stimulating the birth rate. Financial instruments play an important role in shaping the main areas of birth support. In addition, much attention is paid by the state to the issue of expanding the childcare infrastructure, educational institutions, creating preferential conditions for women with children in the field of employment, etc.
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5

LEY, DAVID, and DANIEL HIEBERT. "Immigration policy as population policy." Canadian Geographer/Le Géographe canadien 45, no. 1 (March 2001): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1541-0064.2001.tb01175.x.

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6

Kalabikhina, Irina E. "Measuring by time: a new paradigm of socio-demographic policy." POPULATION 23, no. 2 (2020): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.2.4.

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The purpose of this article is to describe the idea of forming a new paradigm of socio-demographic policy based on the core «family-work balance». Today, it is no longer enough to talk about the family-work balance policy as an integral part of the State socio-demographic policy. A new social contract between the State and the population on the disposal of time as the main resource for each person is necessary. We need a new social contract on the time use by various social groups, primarily by employees with family responsibilities. Basing on statistical and GIS methods, the author used the data from Rosstat, Moscow Department of Labor and Social Protection, survey data. Changing the approaches to assessment of the social policy results is a prerequisite for its integrated formation and implementation. The article provides eight arguments for the timeliness of changing the paradigm of the socio-demographic policy in Russia. Four ways of socio-demographic policy measuring by time units are given: calculating the equivalent of cash payments and social support services by time units; assessment of walking or transport accessibility to social institutions and the workplace by time units; duration of service receipt; estimation of working hours of parents in the sphere of professional employment. This approach will open new opportunities for cooperation with the population in the issue of demographic development and labor market regulation; it will mitigate the challenges related to the population aging and expansion of the care economy, improve the quality of life of the entire population, including people with family responsibilities. It will stimulate formation of a social system comfortable for people with a high level of human capital, aimed at combining professional and family responsibilities. The author discusses the sources of information that can be used in the new methodology for measuring policy outcomes. The article provides examples of calculations in measuring socio-demographic policy by time.
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7

Blednova, Natalia. "Parental leave in the system of socio-economic processes: a theoretical review." Population 26, no. 1 (March 27, 2023): 70–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.1.6.

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Parental leave is one of the most important components in the structure of family policy in most developed countries. In foreign practice, three types of leaves are available: maternity leave, paternity leave and parental leave. The researchers note that development of the leave policy has a favorable economic, social and demographic effect. For this reason, the issue of leaves is becoming more and more popular every year and attracts attention of a wide range of scientists. Nevertheless, in the domestic scientific literature, the phenomenon of parental leave remains practically unexplored. This article is devoted to the study of the impact of parental leave on other socioeconomic processes — employment, gender equality and fertility — and related areas of government policy. Exploring this relationship, the author notes positive impact of paternity leave and paternity quotas on the distribution of responsibilities between men and women in the professional and family spheres of life. The positive economic effects from the use of parental leave as one of the tools to protect workers in the labor market are described. These effects consist mainly in increasing the employment rate of women and reducing the wage gap between men and women. In addition, the impact of parental leave on the birth rate is considered—on the one hand, the use of paternity leave stimulates parents for subsequent childbearing, on the other hand, opportunity costs increase, which negatively affect the reproductive attitudes of mothers. The author draws a conclusion about the relationship between parental leave policy and other areas of state policy — employment policy, gender equality policy and demographic policy. In the author's opinion, the discovered relationship indicates the importance of the issue of parental leave and the need to study it in Russia.
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8

Withers, Glenn. "Population Policy: Introduction." Australian Economic Review 33, no. 3 (September 2000): 256. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8462.00153.

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9

Treisman, M. "Population policy options." Science 264, no. 5160 (May 6, 1994): 760. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.8171327.

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10

Westoff, Charles F. "International population policy." Society 32, no. 4 (May 1995): 11–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02693318.

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11

Saitova, Daria. "Features of the institutional approach to analysis of the pronatalist policy." Population 25, no. 4 (December 21, 2022): 126–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2022.25.4.11.

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The paper considers the possibility of applying institutional approach to analysis of the pronatalist policy. The pronatalist policy creates space for institutions that should contribute to achievement of its goals, namely, raising the birth rate. However, the consistent application of the institutional approach has shown the absence of institutions with necessary for these goal parameters such as addressee, regulation, object, conditions and sanctions. Institutional impact should be focused on a target group of people and its characteristics. Depending on the groups' age, it should ensure a new parental status for young people aged 20 to 35 or birth of children in a certain order. Given this evidence for focusing on specific recipients and digitizing this process, an examination of their impact upon the effectiveness of pronatalist policy measures seems warranted. Considering the real, rather than conditional generation, we analyses the dynamics of the number of women and the age-specific fertility rates among women aged 20 to 34. It allows assessing the potential for growth in the birth rate in this real generation and predicting the required level of age-specific fertility rates in the next time period. The paper proposes a model for analysis of statistical data, which requires further verification on a larger array. The author also makes an attempt to model a new institution within the pronatalist policy — the institution of potential parents. As possible sanctions for violation of institutional norms by potential parents, it is proposed to use the mechanism of lost profits, that is, a reduction in additional payments and privileges from the state with an increase in the protogenetic interval.
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12

Parant, Alain. "Population and population policy: French model." Stanovnistvo 46, no. 1 (2008): 7–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv0801007p.

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Generations born today, or at least are trying to be, are scarcer than before all over the world. This decrease in the number of children is affecting modern societies in many spheres. If it was to be supported by efficient policies, it could be the source of a general improvement of life conditions. However, if this phenomenon continues or becomes drastic, it could ultimately lead to slower or faster demographic ageing, which could endanger many social heritages. Public intervention must, in that case, impinge much deeper, but without guarantees for a complete, if not permanent, success. The introductory part of the article is dedicated to the concept "demographic revolution" which was developed in 1934 by the French politician and demographer Adolphe Landry, in order to mark the development of a demographic regime which is characterized by a universally accepted practice of birth control, which represents a response for the essential concern for life standard improvement, not only for the parents but their children as well. But then, birth control is the primary cause of population ageing. The article further presents some of the most striking traits of the current French demographic situation, as its future development. France has a positive balance of population exchange with the remaining part of the world, as most of the Western European countries, but still the greatest part of its demographic increase is obtained from a larger number of births than deaths. Because of this, France is often seen as a real demographic paradise in Europe, whose population is decreasing and ageing. This image is certainly flattering, but it is becoming very contradictory after an analysis of long-term trends of fertility indicators and population ageing. The third part of the article, with the situation in France in focus, investigates the modalities and limitations of activities which a society, faced with demographic ageing and decreasing number of children, can apply: policies or simple "adjusting along the way" to demographic processes measures; policies and measures which are more intervening - even in the completely private sphere of birth-giving, and directed towards the limitation of some very unfavorable effects and not towards the change of strongly expressed tendencies of population ageing.
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13

Compton, Paul. "Population and Population Policy in Hungary." Population Studies 39, no. 3 (November 1, 1985): 513–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0032472031000141686.

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14

Pismennaya, Elena, Nikita Ryazantsev, and Natalia Molchanova. "Demographic shifts in Japan as a factor in the transformation of migration policy." Population 26, no. 1 (March 27, 2023): 97–109. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.1.8.

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The article is devoted to study of the demographic shifts in Japan in the context of their impact on the transformation of migration and foreign educational policy. Some of them were permanent, others arose periodically and were caused by rapid socio-demographic and economic shifts in the Japanese society. The article analyzes the development of the demographic crisis in Japan at the beginning of the 21st century. This period is characterized by ongoing depopulation of the Japanese population, its active aging and unfavorable changes in the labor market caused by the spread of IT technologies and robotization of production. The article analyzes the worsening unfavorable demographic trends, which resulted in a shortage of labor, a decrease in the economic potential of the country, and an increase in the demographic burden on the working population. There have been studied the impact on the demographic processes in Japan of the factor of educational immigration, which is considered as one of the most appropriate resources for compensating for possible demographic losses in the population in the future. Legislative innovations and legal support of external immigration, as well as their practical implementation, have been studied. The results of the activities of the higher school of Japan in teaching foreign citizens and smoothing out the negative dynamics of the demographic situation in the country are presented. Of interest for further research is an in-depth study of the causes and identification of the consequences of the demographic crisis, as well as a substantive analysis of the economic and social effectiveness of changes in Japan's migration policy.
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15

Raicevic, Bozidar, Brankica Gagic, and Danijel Pantic. "System and tax policy and population policy." Stanovnistvo 36, no. 1-2 (1998): 81–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv9802081r.

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System and tax policy may be used for numerous purposes. That is, especially, the case with contemporary tax systems which are, among other features, based at the synthetic (global) taxation of the economic capacity of the natural persons. Besides the basic, fiscal, many other goals, may be reached through the taxation, including those which fall in the scope of the population policy. In this paper, modern tendencies have been analysed in achieving the goals of the population policy, which provide solutions in respect of the following tax instruments: personal income tax, corporate income tax, property tax and turnover tax. It has been emphasized that relatively numerous and differentiated possibilities exist in respect of the annual personal income tax and far less, with the other forms of taxation.
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16

Babaev, Kirill. "Demographic situation in China and its potential influence on the Chinese economy." Population 26, no. 3 (September 20, 2023): 55–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.3.5.

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The article analyses the origins of the current demographic situation in China, its perception in Western scientific and expert circles, as well as the measures of today’s demographic policy of the PRC authorities and forecasts for further changes in the structure of the Chinese economy in the context of the “second demographic transition” taking place in the country. The main phases in the demographic policy of China since the creation of the PRC are briefly described: from the active encouragement of fertility in the 1950s and 1960s to the “one family — one child” policy of severe restrictions (1980–2015) and then return to the encouragement of fertility. It is shown that the current demographic policy of the Chinese authorities not only meets the economic needs but also has a social and ideological dimension, returning the country to traditional Confucian ideas of the role of population growth as a factor of the country’s power and prosperity. At the same time, the measures of the present Chinese authorities do not demonstrate a high level of efficiency and are unlikely to reverse the trend of the demographic transition. Still the paper concludes that the forecasts of some experts about the inevitable loss of growth momentum in the Chinese economy in the context of the natural population decline that began in 2022 cannot be considered fully realistic. China actually follows the global trend of transition to a “plateau” in population growth, as gradually becoming one of developed economies of the world. China’s future political and economic influence in the world will depend rather on the quality than on the size of its population and labor force.
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17

Sharpless, John, and Godfrey Roberts. "Population Policy: Contemporary Issues." Contemporary Sociology 20, no. 3 (May 1991): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2073714.

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18

Ouedraogo, Abdoulaye, Mehmet S. Tosun, and Jingjing Yang. "Fertility and population policy." Public Sector Economics 42, no. 1 (March 15, 2018): 21–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.3326/pse.42.1.2.

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19

C., J. C., and G. Roberts. "Population Policy. Contemporary Issues." Population (French Edition) 46, no. 5 (September 1991): 1294. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1533468.

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20

Aspalter, Christian. "Population policy in India." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 22, no. 11/12 (December 2002): 48–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/01443330210790193.

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21

Hudson, R. B. "Population and Policy Dynamics." Public Policy & Aging Report 9, no. 4 (February 1, 1999): 2–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ppar/9.4.2.

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22

McAULIFFE, PATRICIA. "Morality and Population Policy." Philosophical Books 23, no. 3 (February 12, 2009): 177–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0149.1982.tb00175.x.

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23

Kumar, Sanjay. "India's proposed population policy." Lancet 344, no. 8921 (August 1994): 533. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(94)91912-7.

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24

Potts, M. "The population policy pendulum." BMJ 319, no. 7215 (October 9, 1999): 933–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.319.7215.933.

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25

Driessen, Ben, and Anita Welle-Heethuis. "Population developments and policy." Netherlands Journal of Housing and Environmental Research 3, no. 2 (June 1988): 161–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02496436.

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26

Eberstadt, Nicholas. "What is population policy?" Society 32, no. 4 (May 1995): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02693320.

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27

McNicoll], [Geoffrey, and Godfrey Roberts. "Population Policy: Contemporary Issues." Population and Development Review 17, no. 2 (June 1991): 355. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1973746.

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28

Wang, Gabe T. "China's Population Control Policy." China Report 32, no. 2 (May 1996): 141–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/000944559603200204.

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29

Chaudhry, Mahinder D. "Population policy in India." Population and Environment 11, no. 2 (December 1989): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01255727.

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30

Lokosov, Vyacheslav, and Valentin Roik. "Life opportunities of people: conceptual approaches and measurement." Population 23, no. 4 (December 19, 2020): 19–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.4.2.

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The article is devoted to the issues of poverty, social inequality and life opportunities (chances) of individuals. Qualitative and quantitative methods of assessing life opportunities are used to analyze the effectiveness of social policy, allowing identification of the real opportunities to achieve certain levels of material well-being and quality of life for the most typical groups of the population in terms of income, education, duration of employment in professional groups. This provides a more accurate analysis of the opportunities to achieve a higher level of education, social status, access to quality medical care, reliable insurance institutions. Accessibility of knowledge, social services, employment, social networks to individuals, reflects not only their potential that can be realized in the future, but also describes the current situation: uneven distribution of resources generating poverty, social disunity. The article proposes to consider the triad of issues "poverty — social inequality — life opportunities" in a single context, which is a new methodological tool for development of social policy of the State. To eliminate the institutional gap in the social sphere in Russia, it is necessary to improve the quality of budget management, which is possible only with an integrated approach that allows the use of effective mechanisms, institutions and forms of interaction between the business community and the State. In this regard, it seems most appropriate to focus on the further development of such management mechanisms as results-based budgeting; program-targeted methods of implementing budget policy; public-private partnership in the field of financing social services to the population; actuarial methods in the pension and health insurance system.
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31

Mortikov, Vitalii. "About surplus of the buyer/seller in the labor market." Population 24, no. 2 (June 29, 2021): 109–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.2.10.

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The objective of the article — to analyze not only microeconomic, but macroeconomic aspects of surplus of the buyer/seller in the labor market, to research economic policy oriented on its redistribution. The concept of employer/employee surplus in the labor market is clarified. This surplus is a socio-economical phenomenon, some noneconomic factors must be taken into account in researching it. The influence of inflation, social and age characteristics, changes in the market positions of labor market subjects on their salary offers and surplus has been determined. It makes sense to differentiate between nominal and real surplus, fixed surplus and surplus that can be influenced. The article presents grouping of job advertisements based on salary formulation. Informational aspects of the identifying economic surplus are considered. The author proposes direct and indirect indicators to reveal the changes in economic surplus: wage proposals in the vacancy announcements, salary reviews, resume data, population polls, prices for services of individual entrepreneurs, dynamics of unemployment and shadow employment etc. Potential of the government policy on surplus redistribution and the regulation of employer/employee behavior is substantiated. Some instruments aimed at such redistribution through incomes of employers, employees are proposed: minimum wages regulations, changes in taxation (personal income taxation, wage taxes); indexation of personal incomes, subsidization of wages, antimonopoly and administrative regulation of prices. The government can also influence the behavior of surplus receivers through immigration policy. The influence of some instruments on surplus regulation is contradictory. Minimum wage regulations can increase and decrease the surplus at the same time.
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32

Filimonova, Irina, Anastasia Ivershin, Anna Komarova, and Olga Krivosheeva. "Factors affecting the decision about having a child and the number of children by women in Russia." Population 26, no. 1 (March 27, 2023): 55–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2023.26.1.5.

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Birth rate has a special place among the demographic factors determining the growth of population and the pace of the country's economic development. Solution to the problem of proper fertility in Russia is in building a powerful state demographic policy based on strengthening the key determinants of the reproductive process. The work is devoted to identifying the determinants of making a decision about the birth of a child in Russian families, understanding of which will allow substantiating the ways to improve the effectiveness of the demographic policy to stimulate the birth rate. To study fertility factors, two econometric models were built: a logistic regression for dependent variable of having a child during the year and an ordinal logistic regression for the number of children. The models took into account the problem of endogeneity — there was used instrumental variables method. The main data source was the RLMS HSE statistical database. The primary analysis of the data showed that in Russia the transition to European family type continues: there is an increase in the age at which women have children, and extramarital unions are spreading. As a result of the regression analysis, it was found out that the probability of having a child during the year is influenced primarily by personal and socio-economic factors, as well as working conditions. The number of children a woman has is affected by all types of factors, in particular— socio-economic factors and working conditions. Families that are not sure of their future financial stability, including their living conditions, are less likely to have a large number of children. The paper gives recommendations for assessing the effectiveness of the state demographic policy in Russia.
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33

Rudneva, Oxana, and Alexandr Sokolov. "Prerequisites for evolution of fertility and reproductive behavior: world and Russian experience." Population 23, no. 4 (December 19, 2020): 140–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2020.23.4.13.

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Depopulation of the population and decrease in fertility is an urgent problem of modern Russia and the world. However, birth rate is not the main factor determining decline in country's population. At present, fertility, as a biological factor, acquires a social content and is regulated by a set of social, religious and other norms. There is an active trend of reducing the number of children in families across the world. If in 1960 a woman had an average of 5 children during her life, by 2019 the figure was half as low—2.4. The main reasons are development of the scientific and social progress, changes in the economic system, decline in mortality (including infant), women's involvement in the economy along with the spread of education for women, increasing maternal age at first birth. The countries with increasing economic and social development have faced the threat of depopulation. In Russia, as in many economically developed countries, total fertility rate is lower than the level of natural reproduction of a generation. The number of such countries has grown from 13 in 1970 to 123 in 2018, with a total population of 3.97 billion people or 51.7% of humanity. Pronatalist measures are prevailing in the Russian demographic policy. The main demographic danger for Russia is not low birth rate, but high level of mortality (including from external causes), low life expectancy (especially for men), high level of morbidity (including "social" diseases) and others. Innovative technologic development is an important factor determining the State policy along with reduction in the birth rate. The economy will not need many workers. It is necessary to strengthen automation and robotization of production facilities. Thus, the priority of the future demographic policy should not be the number of people, but the quality of human capital.
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34

Klupt, M. "International Dimension of Population Policy." World Economy and International Relations, no. 8 (2015): 5–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.20542/0131-2227-2015-8-5-13.

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Change in political, cultural and financial dimensions of international population agenda over the last half century is considered. Cross-country comparisons reveal path dependence phenomenon. France, where “Malthusian spirit” was long castigated, contributed a lower share of its GDP to international family planning programs than did the US and UK, where Malthusianism always found political support. The controversies over the usage of Kemp–Kasten amendment influenced the structure of the US international population assistance rather than its total volume. Religious NGOs went on international population arena in the 2000s and polarized its non-governmental segment. These NGOs defend the traditional family and declare full respect for national religious and ethical values; their position has some coincidence points with Russia’s standpoint in the UN population debates. The reasons for increasing disagreements between Russia and the West over the key items of both international and Russian domestic population agenda are reviewed. At least 80 per cent of Russians, as the surveys show, believe that the government must strive for fertility growth. Russia’s state-run demographic policy, underlain by this vox populi and aimed at fertility increase, discords with the Western international agenda, which prioritizes the global governance, sexual rights and sexual education of youth. Despite the gloomy UN projection (the 2000 Revision) which predicted shrinking of Russia’s population size to 133.0 million in 2015, it achieved 146.3 Million (including 2.3 Million in Crimea). Nevertheless, most of Western experts argue that the “wrong” Russian demographic policy cannot give positive effect. Given this values’ divide, it would be reasonable to intensify coordination between Russia and other BRICS countries in international population debates and to move cooperation with the West to the issues which are not overloaded by the conflicts of values.
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35

Gurvich, E. T. "Pension Policy and Population Ageing." Journal of the New Economic Association 42, no. 2 (2019): 177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.31737/2221-2264-2019-42-2-10.

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36

Holsinger, Kent E. "Population Biology for Policy Makers." BioScience 45 (January 1995): S10—S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1312438.

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37

Rasevic, Mirjana. "Population policy: State and expectations." Stanovnistvo 47, no. 2 (2009): 53–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv0902053r.

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Population policy is a requirement and demand of the times we are living in. Serbia's response to the problems of demographic development is based on numerous adopted documents of strategic type regarding the policy towards population fertility, mortality and population ageing. Their adoption, however, represents only the first step. A good first step, it seems. All important resources of the population policy are recognized in the strategies. Numerous measures and activities have been stated, many worked out. A multi-sector approach has been accepted, defined and coordinated in their realization. However, the realization of expected results will greatly depend on the operationalization of proposed measures and activities and of course, their putting into effect. On the contrary, in the strategic document which the state adopted towards migrations, there has not even been an attempt to find solutions regarding a more complete political response towards internal and external migrations. What is the least necessary is carrying out measures and activities in order to mitigate problems which arise from a disturbed spatial population distribution and population drain. The time factor in population policy is especially important because, on the one hand, accomplishment of positive effects and mitigation of demographic disturbances requires time and, on the other hand, any delay of changes worsens the demographic basis and increases the strength of its inertness.
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38

Krótki, Karol J., Nathan Keyfitz, and Karol J. Krotki. "Population Change and Social Policy." Canadian Journal of Sociology / Cahiers canadiens de sociologie 12, no. 4 (1987): 411. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3340948.

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39

McNicoll, Geoffrey, and Doug Cocks. "People Policy: Australia's Population Choices." Population and Development Review 23, no. 4 (December 1997): 911. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2137398.

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40

Gulati, Sunita. "Population Policy and its Implementation." Indian Journal of Public Administration 38, no. 3 (July 1992): 502–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0019556119920330.

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41

Robison, Julie. "Population and Health Policy Considerations." Innovation in Aging 4, Supplement_1 (December 1, 2020): 855. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igaa057.3149.

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Abstract:
Abstract The risk of death, disease, disability, hospitalization, institutionalization and high health care costs varies among individuals with increasing heterogeneity associated with aging. Frailty, physical performance measures, self-reported measures and multimorbidity all represent measures that are useful in helping to better define such heterogeneity at the level of populations and to ultimately define such risk in individuals. These higher risk individuals account for a growing proportion of this nation’s health care costs, with continued increases over time that appear unsustainable in the long term. Therefore, efforts to better define the nature of such heterogeneity of risk and improved targeting, with the goals of improving outcomes and reducing costs, are essential. A closely related challenge is to effectively translate proven clinical and health system interventions from the world of research to that of health policy and real-world clinical practice via pragmatic trials.
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42

Annicchiarico, Barbara, and Alessandro Piergallini. "Population dynamics and monetary policy." Journal of Population Economics 19, no. 3 (November 19, 2005): 627–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00148-005-0035-x.

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43

Sen, Amartya. "Population policy: Authoritarianism versus cooperation." Journal of Population Economics 10, no. 1 (April 2, 1997): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s001480050029.

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44

Demeny, Paul. "Social Science and Population Policy." Population and Development Review 14, no. 3 (September 1988): 451. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1972198.

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45

Butz, William P., and Nathan Keyfitz. "Population Change and Social Policy." Journal of the American Statistical Association 80, no. 390 (June 1985): 484. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2287928.

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46

Choi Changyong. "Policy Governance on Aging Population." Korean Governance Review 25, no. 1 (April 2018): 95–122. http://dx.doi.org/10.17089/kgr.2018.25.1.004.

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47

Morton, Newton E. "Genetic aspects of population policy." Clinical Genetics 56, no. 2 (August 1999): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1034/j.1399-0004.1999.560201.x.

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48

Uhlenberg, Peter. "Population Aging and Social Policy." Annual Review of Sociology 18, no. 1 (August 1992): 449–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.so.18.080192.002313.

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49

Maro, Ichikaeli. "Improving Population Policy in Tanzania." Development 42, no. 1 (March 1999): 78–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/palgrave.development.1110019.

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50

Osuide, Simeon O. "The 1988 Nigerian population policy." Habitat International 12, no. 4 (January 1988): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-3975(88)90013-6.

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