Journal articles: 'Population policy – China'

1

Berikova, Marina, and Garold Latinov. "Modern gender policy in Russia and China." Population 24, no. 3 (September 24, 2021): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.19181/population.2021.24.3.12.

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The problems of building and realizing the self-identity of men and women through the practice of gender awareness education are relevant to all countries and cultures to varying degrees. The article attempts to conduct a comparative analysis of gender policy in Russia and China at the present stage in two aspects: education in the field of equality of rights and opportunities of men and women; correction of gender stereotypes and biases. The specificity of the approach to solving gender problems correlates with the national-cultural, political, religious, and ethical characteristics of the Russian and Chinese peoples. In Russia, as in China, the norms and principles of interaction between men and women, as well as the equality of their rights and opportunities in social life, are formally recognized by society and legalized, that contributes to spread of egalitarian views and attitudes. However, the declarative nature of this recognition often manifests itself in the lives of citizens of both States. Nevertheless, the traditional gender stereotypes are being overcome in Russian and Chinese society (in each in its own way), the authorities are trying to expand the legislative framework on gender equality of men and women, attract administrative resources to improve the level of gender culture of the population, as well as develop and implement programs designed for women. The strategic direction of gender policy and gender awareness education remains the development of a systematic approach to the presence of a gender component in the understanding of social processes, to the integration of the achievements of both sexes in the organization of society.

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2

Pearson, Veronica. "Population Policy and Eugenics in China." British Journal of Psychiatry 167, no. 1 (July 1995): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.167.1.1.

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3

Visaria, Pravin. "Demographic Trends and Population Policy in China." Social Scientist 15, no. 11/12 (November 1987): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3520231.

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황판 and Jong-Ho Kim. "The Innovation of China Population Policy: Focused on Policy Stream Model." Journal of Social Science 40, no. 3 (December 2014): 169–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.15820/khjss.2014.40.3.008.

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Liu, Jun’e, Lei Chai, and Zina Xu. "Forecast of China Population under Different Fertility Policy." Open Journal of Social Sciences 04, no. 07 (2016): 213–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jss.2016.47031.

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THOMAS, NEIL, and NEIL PRICE. "The evolution of population policy in rural China." Health Policy and Planning 11, no. 1 (1996): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/11.1.21.

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7

Shalev, Carmel. "China to CEDAW: An Update on Population Policy." Human Rights Quarterly 23, no. 1 (2001): 119–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2001.0011.

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8

Song, Lan, and Mindai Wang. "Three-child policy for sustainable population in China." Sustainable Horizons 4 (October 2022): 100046. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.horiz.2022.100046.

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9

Goldstein, Alice, and Sidney Goldstein. "Migration in China: Methodological and Policy Challenges." Social Science History 11, no. 1 (1987): 85–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0145553200015704.

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Migration has long been recognized as an important mechanism for allowing populations to adjust to changing economic conditions (Goldstein and Goldstein, 1981; Findley, 1977, 1982). Massive population movements from rural to urban locations were an integral part of the European modernization process, as were movements to hitherto undeveloped frontier regions including ones overseas. Rapid urban growth, due in part to migration, has more recently characterized many of the developing nations of Asia, Africa, and Latin America.

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10

Wang, Mingshen, Zhao Yu, Zehua Duo, Chaoyi Liu, and Ren Qing-dao-er-ji Qing-dao-er-ji. "Research on fertility Policy under the background of three-child Policy." BCP Education & Psychology 6 (August 25, 2022): 20–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.54691/bcpep.v6i.1679.

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The number and structure of population are important factors affecting social and economic development. The implementation of the three-child policy is a family planning policy implemented by China to actively cope with the aging population. In this paper, by referring to the statistical yearbook and other relevant data and combining the current national conditions of China, the Leslie matrix population model and a variety of evaluation models and machine learning classification algorithm were established to complete the analysis and discussion of the influencing factors under the three-child policy, as well as the prediction of the future population situation and suggestions for the future related policies.

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Du, P. "CHALLENGES IN POPULATION AGING AND POLICY PRIORITIES IN CHINA." Innovation in Aging 1, suppl_1 (June 30, 2017): 295. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igx004.1097.

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12

Tan, Minghong, Xiubin Li, Changhe Lu, Wei Luo, Xiangbin Kong, and Suhua Ma. "Urban population densities and their policy implications in China." Habitat International 32, no. 4 (December 2008): 471–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.habitatint.2008.01.003.

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13

Cao, Qi, Leiyu Shi, Hufeng Wang, and Keyong Dong. "Report from China: Health Insurance in China—Evolution, Current Status, and Challenges." International Journal of Health Services 42, no. 2 (April 2012): 177–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2190/hs.42.2.b.

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The authors review the evolution of health insurance in China and analyze how it has been shaped to its current form by political and economic dynamics. They summarize the current status of health insurance in terms of population coverage, benefit design, scope of service, and its interaction with providers; address challenges regarding future health insurance reform; and propose policy recommendations. Although the recent health insurance reform has made major breakthroughs in population coverage, it is still too early to judge whether the political willingness to appease social unrest can be translated into concrete health care protections for the population.

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14

Aminata, Jaka, S. B. M. Nugroho, Hastarini Dwi Atmanti, Esther Sri Astuti Soeryaningrum Agustin, Agus Wibowo, and Ali Smida. "Economic Growth, Population, and Policy Strategies : Its Effects on CO2 Emissions." International Journal of Energy Economics and Policy 12, no. 4 (July 19, 2022): 67–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.32479/ijeep.13125.

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This research work has been focused on China and India. Both Countries has a big number in population in the world and the rate of economic growth has been increasing every year. However, this is still accompanied by air pollution (CO2 emissions). Therefore, this study aims to analyze the relationship of population and GDP to CO2 emissions in China and India in the 1984-2014 timeframe and provide policy recommendations related to the problem being analyzed. Estimates use VECM to analyze the data collected. The results of the study show that in China and India, GDP and population in the short and long term have a positive effect on CO2 emissions and provide policy recommendations on willingness to pay for industry and willingness to accept for the community. The Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis was not confirmed in the case of China and India.

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15

Babiarz, Kimberly Singer, Paul Ma, Shige Song, and Grant Miller. "Population sex imbalance in China before the One-Child Policy." Demographic Research 40 (February 21, 2019): 319–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4054/demres.2019.40.13.

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16

Hung, Jason. "Policy Development on Upskilling/Reskilling Older Population Care Staff in China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 15 (August 1, 2022): 9440. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19159440.

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Mainland China has been concerned about the national growth rate of older adults aged 60 or above. The rapid growth of the cohort of older adults will significantly burden the Chinese healthcare system as they are at higher risk of suffering from chronic illnesses and functional disabilities. In geriatrics, aged populations often endure a wide range of diseases, dysfunctions, and cognitive impairment, so the corresponding healthcare services needed for them are substantial. The rise in the older adults’ life expectancy has compounded the burden of the healthcare system in mainland China in the long term. In this narrative essay, it is important to discuss how the state should assume a higher share of relevant responsibilities, by assessing how Chinese policymaking has been transformed to better satisfy the older population’s care and healthcare needs in mainland China. It is also pivotal to focus on analysing relevant Chinese policy development within the most recent dozen years to address how China’s state and local governments have been progressing in promptly providing health and older population care services to older Chinese adults. Because of the supply shortage and low quality of older population caregivers and alternative professionals, it is necessary to discuss and highlight the need to reskill or upskill relevant caregivers. As the trend of rural-to-urban labour migration continues, working adults of rural origins increasingly cannot provide domestic older population care, and human investment in training caregivers is an urgent task of Chinese policymaking. Therefore, how Chinese policymaking encourages upskilling or reskilling relevant caregivers is examined in this narrative essay.

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17

Vaupel, James W., and Zeng Yi. "Population tradeoffs in China." Policy Sciences 24, no. 4 (November 1991): 389–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf00135883.

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Kurpaska, Maria. "The effects of language policy in China A." Język. Komunikacja. Informacja, no. 12 (March 28, 2019): 14–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.14746/jki.2017.12.1.

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The population of China consists of 56 officially recognised ethnic groups, which speak (depending on the criteria used) from 135 to nearly 300 languages. About 90% of the population declare themselves as belonging to the Han-Chinese nationality. The language spoken by this majority is by no means uniform, the varieties of Chinese are so diversified, that most of them are mutually unintelligible, and some linguists even call them separate languages. The remaining 10% speak languages that are classified into five language families. Is it possible to introduce one common language in a country with the largest population on Earth? China has been carrying out such a language policy since the 1950s. The goal is to spread the national standard – Mandarin, or Putonghua, all over the country, so that all inhabitants could communicate freely. This idealistic work is already very advanced and it has caused vast changes in the linguistic landscape of China. Not all the rights of minority languages declared in the constitution are respected. Also the non-Mandarin varieties of Chinese are subject to unification and noticeable changes are ongoing in the local tongues. This paper shows the various aspects of Chinese language policy, the positive and negative effects it has on the languages spoken in China.

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19

Xie, Naiming, Ruizhi Wang, and Nanlei Chen. "Measurement of shock effect following change of one-child policy based on grey forecasting approach." Kybernetes 47, no. 3 (March 5, 2018): 559–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/k-05-2017-0159.

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Purpose This paper aims to analyze general development trend of China’s population and to forecast China’s total population under the change of China’s family planning policy so as to measure shock disturbance effects on China’s population development. Design/methodology/approach China has been the most populous country for hundreds of years. And this state will be sustained in the forthcoming decade. Obviously, China is confronted with greater pressure on controlling total scale of population than any other country. Meanwhile, controlling population will be beneficial for not only China but also the whole world. This paper first analyzes general development trend of China’s population total amount, sex ratio and aging ratio. The mechanism for measurement of the impact effect of a policy shock disturbance is proposed. Linear regression model, exponential curve model and grey Verhulst model are adopted to test accuracy of simulation of China’s total population. Then considering the policy shock disturbance on population, discrete grey model, DGM (1, 1), and grey Verhulst model were adopted to measure how China’s one-child policy affected its total population between 1978 and 2015. And similarly, the grey Verhulst model and scenario analysis of economic developing level were further used to forecast the effect of adjustment from China’s one-child policy to two-child policy. Findings Results show that China has made an outstanding contribution toward controlling population; it was estimated that China prevented nearly 470 million births since the late 1970s to 2015. However, according to the forecast, with the adjustment of the one-child policy, the birth rate will be a little higher, China’s total population was estimated to reach 1,485.59 million in 2025. Although the scale of population will keep increasing, but it is tolerable for China and sex ratio and trend of aging will be relieved obviously. Practical implications The approach constructed in the paper can be used to measure the effect of population change under the policy shock disturbance. It can be used for other policy effect measurement problems under shock events’ disturbance. Originality/value The paper succeeded in studying the mechanism for the measurement of the post-impact effect of a policy and the effect of changes in China’s population following the revision of the one-child policy. The mechanism is useful for solving system forecasting problems and can contribute toward improving the grey decision-making models.

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20

Legge, Jerome S., and Zhirong Zhao. "Morality Policy and Unintended Consequences: China's “One-Child” Policy." Chinese Public Administration Review 2, no. 3-4 (September 2004): 30–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/cpar.v2i3.4.48.

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The ability of government to change human behavior by altering policy has severe limitations. Nowhere are these limitations more evident than in the area of fertility policy and sexual behavior. This paper considers the impacts of China's restrictive population policy with regard to two dependent variables. First, we attempt to explain the impact of the “one child” policy on population growth. Secondly, we examine the effect of the policy on an unintended consequence: the sex ratio, or the imbalance between males and women in Chinese society. We utilize a time series, cross-sectional (TSCS) research design for 31 Chinese provinces and municipalities for the years 1996–1999. We consider the Chinese experience within the theoretical framework of morality policy and argue that, while China has been remarkably successful in lowering the growth rate of its still escalating population, the policy has had the unanticipated and harmful effect of an increasingly unbalanced sex ratio. While many Chinese have become convinced of the advantages of smaller families, their preference for sons has created a gender imbalance in the marriage market which potentially may have severe consequences for the future of Chinese society. We discuss these implications and argue that given the strong Chinese preference for sons, especially in rural areas of China, the government is now facing a new challenge in its effort to achieve a gender-balanced society.

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21

Legge Jr., Jerome S., and Zhirong Zhao. "Morality Policy and Unintended Consequences: China's "One-Child" Policy." Chinese Public Administration Review 2, no. 3/4 (November 4, 2016): 30. http://dx.doi.org/10.22140/cpar.v2i3/4.48.

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The ability of government to change human behavior by altering policy has severe limitations. Nowhere are these limitations more evident than in the area of fertility policy and sexual behavior. This paper considers the impacts of China’s restrictive population policy with regard to two dependent variables. First, we attempt to explain the impact of the “one child” policy on population growth. Secondly, we examine the effect of the policy on an unintended consequence: the sex ratio, or the imbalance between males and women in Chinese society. We utilize a time series, cross-sectional (TSCS) research design for 31 Chinese provinces and municipalities for the years 1996-1999. We consider the Chinese experience within the theoretical framework of morality policy and argue that, while China has been remarkably successful in lowering the growth rate of its still escalating population, the policy has had the unanticipated and harmful effect of an increasingly unbalanced sex ratio. While many Chinese have become convinced of the advantages of smaller families, their preference for sons has created a gender imbalance in the marriage market which potentially may have severe consequences for the future of Chinese society. We discuss these implications and argue that given the strong Chinese preference for sons, especially in rural areas of China, the government is now facing a new challenge in its effort to achieve a gender-balanced society.

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22

Mu, Bohan. "Prediction of Population Structure in China based on Difference Equation Model." Highlights in Science, Engineering and Technology 24 (December 27, 2022): 49–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/hset.v24i.3884.

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Population is the core issue of the development of human society, and predicting the future population changes is an important basis for a country or region to formulate corresponding policies. The theoretical basis of the prediction of population development process is the population development equation, that is, the mathematical model of population development. Aiming at the problem of population structure in China, based on the collection, calculation, collation and analysis of relevant population data, this paper builds a prediction model of population structure in China based on the difference equation method, so as to predict the population of China, and compare it with the original population data to verify and improve the model. The results show that if the current family planning policy remains unchanged, the population structure of China will be aging seriously by 2050. If the two-child family planning policy is implemented, the aging trend of China's population structure will be obviously improved, and it will be an adult population structure after 2030. If the family planning program that is looser than the two-child policy is implemented, the population structure of China will change fundamentally, and the population structure will be in line with the characteristics of younger population structure. In order to provide some reference for the formulation of relevant policies.

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23

Wakabayashi, Keiko. "Population Policy, Family, and the Problem of the Aged in China." Kazoku syakaigaku kenkyu 1, no. 1 (1989): 67–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4234/jjoffamilysociology.1.67.

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THOMAS, NEIL H., and MU AIPING. "FERTILITY AND POPULATION POLICY IN TWO COUNTIES IN CHINA 1980–1991." Journal of Biosocial Science 32, no. 1 (January 2000): 125–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932000001255.

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A survey of women in two highly developed rural counties of China, Sichuan and Jiangsu Provinces, was carried out in late 1991, to gain information about demographic and economic change between 1980 and 1990. Three separate surveys were conducted: the first a questionnaire administered to married women aged 30–39, eliciting information about childbearing and contraception, as well as the social and economic background of the respondents; the second, focus group interviews emphasizing the motivation for childbearing. Official information about the selected villages, townships and counties was also collected.National level data in 1987 show that individual reproductive behaviour in China failed to conform to a universal, effectively implemented, population policy. They imply either a spatial range of policies, or great diversity in the demand for children, or perhaps a combination of both.Such diversity in reproductive behaviour is also found in the study area. The purpose of the analysis was to examine the diversity in reproductive behaviour and contraceptive practice, and to discover whether differentials are influenced by area, or else exist between individuals within areas. If the former, then the explanation may be found in differences in policy formulation and implementation between areas: and if the latter, to demand for children, or else differential application of policy restrictions.The main findings were that: (1) the explanation of the pattern of fertility and contraceptive use is to be found at the individual level (within locations) rather than in policy differences between administrative units; (2) the association between income and number of children is negative, as is that between income and the propensity for uniparous women to remain unsterilized. The theory that privilege may be exercised to gain concessions from birth planning cadres is therefore not supported; (3) ideal family size differentials are largely absent, showing that social (education) and economic (income, occupation) characteristics are not responsible for differences in reproductive motivations, and implying that the nature of the demand for children is very different from that in most rural areas of the Third World; (4) data on ideal family size by sex of the existing offspring indicate only a weak preference for sons.The low demand for children, and the weak son preference, may both be explained by the social acceptability of uxorilocal marriages, and of village endogamy, together with the prohibitive costs of children, and especially of sons. This partly results from the expense of education, but most mothers emphasize marriage costs.It is speculated that the circumstances responsible for the escalating costs of children in the two counties are likely to pertain in growing areas of the country, with the privatization of education and health services, the declining support of collective institutions, and the replacement of this function by kinship networks.These on-going changes imply that any policy of reproductive restriction for the purposes of population control is likely soon to meet with diminishing resistance; and it may later be rendered unnecessary in the eyes of government officials, as fulfilled reproductive intentions lead to a fertility level below replacement level.

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Xing, Yiqing, Clifford Tarimo, Weicun Ren, and Liang Zhang. "The Impact of Health Insurance Policy on the Fertility Intention of Rural Floating Population in China: Empirical Evidence from Cross-Sectional Data." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 1 (December 22, 2022): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20010175.

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Declining total fertility rates pose a severe challenge to the economy, society, culture, and politics of any region. Low fertility rates among China’s rural floating population with strong fertility are aggravating these challenges. Previous research has confirmed the relationships between health insurance and fertility intention. However, it is still unclear whether the existing association is favorable or not. Moreover, the majority of existing studies in China employ data from either urban or rural populations, whereas evidence from rural floating populations remains scarce. Based on the “China Migrants Dynamic Survey (CMDS)” in 2016, the current study used the logistic regression model to explore the impact of health insurance policy on the fertility intention of the rural floating population in China. Propensity Score Matching (PSM) was used to address potential selection bias. Three important findings were observed: Firstly, participating in the Basic Medical Insurance System (BMISUR) significantly improved rural floating populations’ fertility intentions in China. Secondly, the association between age and the fertility intention of the floating population was “inverted u-shaped” with the highest fertility intention among those aged 25 to 34. There was also a positive correlation between personal income and fertility intention, and it was found between local housing purchase, formal employment, the co-residents scale, and the fertility intention in the rural floating population in China. Interprovincial mobility was positively associated with the fertility intention among rural migrants. Thirdly, the impact of health insurance policies on the fertility intention of the rural migrant population varies by gender, age, and inflow areas. The aforementioned findings can guide the Chinese government in its efforts to improve the fertility intention of the rural floating population, reform the social security system with a focus on “targets”, and implement differentiated welfare policies aimed at promoting the equalization of basic public services, thereby contributing to China’s population structure and long-term development.

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Yifei, Ren. "Policy Against Poverty: The Uygur Case." Practicing Anthropology 13, no. 1 (January 1, 1991): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.17730/praa.13.1.e17843383528183v.

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According to the census of 1987, the population of the Uygur Nationality in China is 6,562,212. The Uygurs are the largest nationality in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, having 46.7 percent of the total population. A majority (58%) live in the south of Xinjiang, in Kashi Prefecture, Hetian Prefecture, and Kezilesu Kirgiz Autonomous Prefecture.

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Jia, Can, and Handong li. "THE INFLUENCE OF THE UNIVERSAL TWO-CHILD POLICY ON CHINA’S FUTURE AGING AND POPULATION." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.2596.

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Abstract China’s aging situation is becoming more and more prominent, and both the people and the government are facing unprecedented pressure of providing for the aged. For this reason, the Chinese government began implementing a new family planning policy for couples to have two children since 2016 (referred to as “universal two-child policy”). In order to explore the impact of the newly released policy, our research is based on the sixth census of China. And first, we use the cohort-component method and a Leslie matrix to construct the population prediction model. Considering some certain unique factors in China, such as the significant urban-rural dual structure and the household registration system and so on, we divide the total fertility rate into urban and rural areas which fully reflects the characteristics of China’s family planning policy. Then we predict and analyze the number and structure of China population between 2011 and 2050 based on the three scenarios of high, medium and low. And the results show that the Chinese population will present an inverted pyramid structure, and the population structure will continue to deteriorate. Besides, we adapt three indicators to analyze the aging trend in China, namely, the old-age coefficient, the population aging index, and the social dependency ratio. And the three indicators of China will continue to grow under the universal two-child policy with different changing rate, which means, the newly released policy will not change China’s aging population growth trend and the severity of China’s aging.

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Yan, Hao. "The Influence of the Two-child Policy on China’s Population Projection." International Journal of Statistics and Probability 7, no. 3 (April 17, 2018): 94. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijsp.v7n3p94.

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Since January 1,2016, China has implemented the Two-child policy. The Two-child policy is contrast to the One-child policy which has been implemented for nearly 30 years by Chinese government. Since this Two-child policy is a basic national policy of China, its purpose is to determine a reasonable rate of population development. Whether the two-child policy can really achieve the desired effect. This article will discuss statistical methods and social realities.Firstly, author uses the entropy weight with Analytic Hierarchy Process(AHP) method. Eighteen indicators affecting the population were set up to establish an initial evaluation matrix according to the actual situation and determine the accurate weight of each indicator.Secondly, the author makes predictions on China’s future population. In order to make sure the accuracy of the forecast, author makes second forecast of the modified value to reduce the noise caused by the entropy weight method. And the author discusses which method is suit for this question.Finally, author analyzes this situation.

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NIE, JING-BAO. "China’s One-Child Policy, a Policy without a Future." Cambridge Quarterly of Healthcare Ethics 23, no. 3 (May 27, 2014): 272–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0963180113000881.

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Abstract:The Chinese Communist Party government has been forcefully promoting itsjihua shengyu(planned fertility) program, known as the “one-child policy,” for more than three decades. A distinctive authoritarian model of population governance has been developed. A pertinent question to be asked is whether China’s one-child policy and the authoritarian model of population governance have a future. The answer must be no; they do not. Although there are many demographic, economic, and social rationales for terminating the one-child policy, the most fundamental reason for opposing its continuation is drawn from ethics. The key ethical rationale offered for the policy is that it promotes the common social good, not only for China and the Chinese people but for the whole human family. The major irony associated with this apparently convincing justification is that, although designed to improve living standards and help relieve poverty and underdevelopment, the one-child policy and the application of the authoritarian model have instead caused massive suffering to Chinese people, especially women, and made them victims of state violence. A lesson from China—one learned at the cost of individual and social suffering on an enormous scale—is that an essential prerequisite for the pursuit of the common good is the creation of adequate constraints on state power.

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Zhang, Li. "Farm Dependence and Population Change in China." Population Research and Policy Review 30, no. 5 (June 15, 2011): 751–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11113-011-9209-2.

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Pan, Yujie. "An Economic Analysis of The Three-child Policy." Frontiers in Business, Economics and Management 5, no. 2 (September 26, 2022): 175–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.54097/fbem.v5i2.1759.

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Population problem is an important strategic problem of China's economic and social development. It is necessary not only to pay attention to the laws of population quantity, quality, structure and regional distribution, so as to grasp the laws of population development and change comprehensively and objectively, but also to regulate population policies scientifically and reasonably, so as to promote the transformation of population structure and meet the needs of human social construction and development. The number of births in China has been shrinking in recent years due to the decrease in the number of births and the decrease in the birth desire of the age-appropriate population. According to the National Center for Population and Development Research under the National Health Commission of China, the country's population will enter negative growth after 2027. Under the long-term background of gradually tight labor supply and increasingly severe aging situation, it is imperative to open the three-child policy. By interpreting the “the-child policy”,this paper analyzes the reasons of the implementation of the this policy, the advantages and disadvantages, summarizes the impact of "three-child policy" on our economy in the long term and gives some countermeasures and suggestions.

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Chu, Yongqiang, and Huan Zhang. "Do Age-Friendly Community Policy Efforts Matter in China? An Analysis Based on Five-Year Developmental Plan for Population Aging." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 20 (October 19, 2022): 13551. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192013551.

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(1) Background: The study will examine whether local governments’ policy efforts on age-friendly communities (AFC) promote older adults’ social participation in China. The extensive scope of AFC makes measuring policy efforts very challenging. The study attempts to introduce the developmental planning and goal-setting theory in public policy literature to answer this question. (2) Methods: We look at the Eleventh Five-Year Developmental Plan for Population Aging in subnational governments and CHARLS (the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study) baseline dataset from 2011, with data on policy strength and social participation of older adults. By using multilevel linear models, we regress social participation at the individual level on the policy strength of age-friendly communities at the provincial level. (3) Results: The results show that policy strength on AFC does vary substantially among provinces within China. And the interaction between policy strength of physical environment of local governments and community infrastructures is positively associated with social participation of rural older adults in China. (4) Conclusions: We conclude that policy efforts of local governments on the physical environment of age-friendly communities have effectively promoted the social participation of rural older adults in China. Policy makers could integrate physical infrastructures into their rural revitalization strategy to improve the wellbeing of Chinese older adults.

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Pan, Chulin, Huayi Wang, Hongpeng Guo, and Hong Pan. "How Do the Population Structure Changes of China Affect Carbon Emissions? An Empirical Study Based on Ridge Regression Analysis." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 3319. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063319.

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This study focuses on the impact of population structure changes on carbon emissions in China from 1995 to 2018. This paper constructs the multiple regression model and uses the ridge regression to analyze the relationship between population structure changes and carbon emissions from four aspects: population size, population age structure, population consumption structure, and population employment structure. The results showed that these four variables all had a significant impact on carbon emissions in China. The ridge regression analysis confirmed that the population size, population age structure, and population employment structure promoted the increase in carbon emissions, and their contribution ratios were 3.316%, 2.468%, 1.280%, respectively. However, the influence of population consumption structure (−0.667%) on carbon emissions was negative. The results showed that the population size had the greatest impact on carbon emissions, which was the main driving factor of carbon emissions in China. Chinese population will bring huge pressure on the environment and resources in the future. Therefore, based on the comprehensive analysis, implementing the one-child policy will help slow down China’s population growth, control the number of populations, optimize the population structure, so as to reduce carbon emissions. In terms of employment structure and consumption structure, we should strengthen policy guidance and market incentives, raising people’s low-carbon awareness, optimizing energy-consumption structure, improving energy efficiency, so as to effectively control China’s carbon emissions.

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Liu, Yansui, Yuanzhi Guo, and Yang Zhou. "Poverty alleviation in rural China: policy changes, future challenges and policy implications." China Agricultural Economic Review 10, no. 2 (May 8, 2018): 241–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-10-2017-0192.

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Purpose Poverty alleviation is a global challenge. Human society has never ceased to fight against poverty. China was once the developing country with the largest rural poor population in the world. Remarkable achievements have been made in China’s antipoverty program over the past decades, shaping a unique poverty reduction strategy with Chinese characteristics. The purpose of this paper is to first review the history of China’s rural reform and antipoverty, and then analyze the related policy systems, mechanism innovations and future challenges in poverty alleviation and development. At last, some specific policy implications were provided. Design/methodology/approach Literature on China’s antipoverty history was reviewed and mechanism innovations on targeted poverty alleviation strategy were investigated. Findings Along with the deepening of the rural reform, the poverty alleviation and development in new China have undergone six stages, and experienced a transformation from relief-oriented to development-oriented poverty alleviation. The object of poverty alleviation has gradually targeted with a transformation from poor counties/areas to villages/households, and the effectiveness of poverty alleviation is also gradually improved. However, the increase in the difficulty of antipoverty, fragile ecological environment, rapid population aging and rural decline poses challenges to the construction of a well-off society in an all-round way in China. Specific antipoverty measures were put forward based on the investigation. Finally, the authors emphasize the importance of strengthening the study of poverty geography. Originality/value This study investigates the history of China’s antipoverty policy and analyzes the future challenges for implementing targeted poverty alleviation policy. These findings will lay a foundation for the formulation of China’s antipoverty policies after 2020, and provide experience for poverty alleviation in other developing countries around the world.

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Hermawan, Toto, Nuria Mahdra Fajarini, and Nurni Utami. "STATISTICAL REASONING TENTANG KEBIJAKAN SATU ANAK PER KELUARAG DI NEGERI TIRAI BAMBU ( CINA)." Intersections 4, no. 2 (August 1, 2019): 22–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.47200/intersections.v4i2.504.

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This study attempts to explain what distribution of opportunities is in accordance with population growth if a family must have sons and evaluate policies based on the data obtained. The distribution of opportunities according to population growth if a family must have sons is a geometric distribution. For n families, the binomial distribution is used to measure the success rate of the government. If the chances of having a baby boy are high, then the chances of the one-child policy will be successful. In addition, the one-child policy in China was a policy implemented during the Deng Xiaoping administration in 1979 until it was finally abolished at the end of 2015. The decision to abolish this policy is of course a very interesting matter because this policy has been implemented for more than three decades and has succeeded in driving economic growth and improving the standard of living of the Chinese people. After more than three decades of implementation, various social and economic impacts have been felt by China as a result of the one-child policy. The low fertility rate in China, the imbalance of the sex ratio, and the aging population are new problems facing China because of the implementation of this policy. Taking into account these effects, the Chinese government officially abolished the one-child policy and implemented a new policy that allows every couple in China to have two children

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Koch, Marco, Thomas Butt, Wudong Guo, Xue Li, Yirong Chen, Diana Tan, and Gordon G. Liu. "OP366 Characterizing The Population At Risk Of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease In China Using A Real-World Population Survey." International Journal of Technology Assessment in Health Care 36, S1 (December 2020): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s026646232000104x.

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IntroductionChronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in China. However, early identification of patients with COPD in the community is challenging. This study used a real-world survey of the Chinese urban adult population to estimate the prevalence of COPD diagnosis or COPD-risk, examine the health outcomes and healthcare resource use of these groups, and investigate the sociodemographic factors associated with these statuses.MethodsRespondents to the 2017 National Health and Wellness Survey in China (n = 19,994) were classified into: COPD (diagnosed), COPD-risk (undiagnosed), and control (undiagnosed, not at-risk) using their self-reported diagnosis and Lung Function Questionnaire (LFQ) score. These groups were compared by healthcare resource use and health outcomes (EuroQol [EQ-5D] and Work Productivity and Activity Impairment questionnaires). Factors associated with being in these groups were investigated using pairwise comparisons (t-tests and chi-square tests) and multivariable logistic regression.ResultsIn total, 3,320 respondents (16.6%) had a suspected risk of COPD but did not report receiving a diagnosis. This was projected to 105.3 million people (16.9% of urban adults). Relative to the controls, COPD-risk and COPD-diagnosed respondents had higher healthcare resource use, lower productivity, and lower health-related quality of life (HRQoL) (p < 0.05). Age, smoking, alcohol consumption, weight, exercise, comorbidities, gender, education, employment, and air pollution were associated with increased odds of COPD-risk relative to the controls (p < 0.05).ConclusionsA substantial group of individuals, undiagnosed, but with a risk of COPD, have impaired HRQoL, lower productivity, and elevated healthcare resource use. A range of sociodemographic factors are predictive of COPD risk, which may support targeted screening. Case-detection tools such as the LFQ may offer a convenient approach for identifying individuals for further definitive testing and appropriate treatment in China.

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Gao, Yannan, and San Sampattavanija. "China's Huai River Policy and South-North Distinctions in Population Migration." 14th GCBSS Proceeding 2022 14, no. 2 (December 28, 2022): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gcbssproceeding.2022.2(25).

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Central heating, also called district heating, is a heating system run by a central cogeneration plant through a system of insulated pipes stretching into heating users. The word "central" stands for "centralized" instead of "scattered" or "decentralized." Central heating in China is closely related to the nation's policy as a huge amount of energy exhaustion leads to high costs and air pollution. Therefore, the country has set its winter heating boundary since establishing the central heating systems in the 1950s. The boundary formed a fixed border to classify areas with heating systems and regions without them. The areas with cold winters could have state-planned central heating systems, while the areas with warmer winters did not have those systems. The boundary was set according to the winter temperature level and hasn't changed since the 1950s. The borderline coincides with two critical geographical locations in China: the Huai River and Qinling Mountains. The policy of classifying the heating and non-heating regions is called the Huai River policy. Keywords: Central Winter Heating, Heating Boundary, Population Migration, Huai River Policy

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Ma, Xinxin, and Jingwen Zhang. "Population Policy and its Influences on Female Labor Supply: Evidence from China." Asian Development Policy Review 7, no. 4 (2019): 261–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.107.2019.74.261.276.

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Liu, Zhen, Shenghe Liu, Haoran Jin, and Wei Qi. "Rural population change in China: Spatial differences, driving forces and policy implications." Journal of Rural Studies 51 (April 2017): 189–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jrurstud.2017.02.006.

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ZHANG, Min. "Birth Control to Birth Promotion? China’s Population Policy at a Crossroads." East Asian Policy 11, no. 04 (October 2019): 60–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793930519000370.

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China officially ended its one-child policy effective from 1 January 2016. Yet the effects of the relaxation of birth control policy have been limited thus far. Largely relying upon policy incentives, China’s policymakers also face pressure to take more direct measures to boost fertility rate. Whether the Chinese government is able to balance the needs of the nation and the citizens’ private rights remains a big question mark.

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Chen, Chen. "THE FORECASTING OF POPULATION SUPER-AGING AND POLICY SIMULATION OF LONG-TERM CARE IN CHINA (2019-2070)." Innovation in Aging 3, Supplement_1 (November 2019): S244. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/geroni/igz038.915.

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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to provide a policy simulation of Long-Term Care based on the aging population forecast for China, focusing on the super-aging and oldest-old segments of the population. As a developing country, it is a challenge for China to increase its wealth with the financial implications of an aging nation. The study identified two significant turning points for population development: 1) The multi-pilot program of long-term care policy reform must be executed between 2016 – 2020. This reform is time dependent because the multi-state longevity development period is from 2016 to 2030 and in the year 2030, the oldest-old population will be part of China’s society. 2) The year 2060 will be representative of a stable period in China, as the age of China’s population will no longer be accelerating.

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Chen, Haidan, Benny Chan, and Yann Joly. "Privacy and Biobanking in China: A Case of Policy in Transition." Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics 43, no. 4 (2015): 726–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jlme.12315.

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With a population of over 1.3 billion, China is the most populous country in the world. It is facing an acute aging population problem, with a projected 440 million residents over age 60 and 101 million over age 80 by 2050. Furthermore, rapid industrialization and urbanization in China have resulted in serious air pollution and associated public health problems, including an increase in respiratory diseases and cancers. These and other demographic trends have generated concerns about the cost of health care and its impact on population health. In recent years, the Chinese government has invested heavily in the fields of translational research and biobanking with the hope that research in both fields can yield effective solutions to improve the public’s health and quality of life. The establishment of national biobanks was identified as a major initiative needed for the biomedical industry in the 12th Five-Year National Development Plan of Strategic Emerging Industries promulgated by the State Council in 2012.

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Khusnutdinova, Elvina Albertovna, Dmitry Evgenyevich Martynov, and Yulia Aleksandrovna Martynova. "The Qing Policy of Self-Isolation in China." Journal of Politics and Law 12, no. 5 (August 31, 2019): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jpl.v12n5p11.

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This article discusses the difficult period of the XVII - XIX century in China's development. As a result of Manchu taking over China, the Qing empire was formed, and historiographers differ in evaluating the results of its rule. On the one hand, the Qing dynasty inherited the sinocentric view of the world from its predecessors - China was declared as the center of the universe, and all other states as sidelined vassals, who should not be subject to equal treatment. Manchu attempted to apply this doctrine in practice, which resulted in a significant expansion of the state, the annexation of Mongolia, Tibet and Xinjiang, and border wars with Russia, Vietnam and Burma. The self-isolation policy led to economic stagnation while the population was growing strongly. These problems could not have been resolved within the bounds of the traditional society.

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Hu, Jin, Peter Josef Stauvermann, and Juncheng Sun. "The Impact of the Two-Child Policy on the Pension Shortfall in China: A Case Study of Anhui Province." Sustainability 14, no. 13 (July 3, 2022): 8128. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14138128.

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The one-child policy was designed as a basic national policy in China and was written into the Constitution in 1982. The main content and purpose of the policy are to advocate late marriage, late childbearing and fewer births to control population growth in a planned way. Since the implementation of the basic national policy, its positive effect upon China’s economic development cannot be ignored, but after entering the 21st century, the problems related to population aging became obvious. Consequently, the basic pension system is confronted with great challenges. Under these circumstances, China initiated the two-child policy in 2016. This paper tries to forecast the change of pension shortfall after the implementation of the “two-child” policy in Anhui Province in China by establishing a pension revenue model, a pension expenditure model and a population prediction model. The prediction results reveal that the “two-child” policy helps to alleviate the pressure on the pension system, but the effect is limited and the “two-child” policy cannot change the trend of increasing pension shortfall in the long run. To reduce the burden on the pension system, the government can consider extending the pension contribution period and retirement age to make pension system sustainable.

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Filipovic, Sanja, and Jelena Ignjatovic. "The effects оf Chinese population policy оn the labour market." Stanovnistvo, no. 00 (2022): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv220609003f.

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Faced with high levels of poverty, China introduced its "one-child policy" in 1980 and began economic and systemic reforms that led to the country's strong economic development. Thanks to the improvement in the average standard of living, certain socioeconomic aspects related to women's employment, the pursuit of higher education, delays in childbirth, and the number of children have changed. These changes have not only reduced the number of children being born and led to population aging, but have also affected the labour market. The aim of this paper is to determine the effects of Chinese population policy on selected labour market indicators: labour force by age and sex in rural/urban areas, the labour force participation rate, and the unemployment rate. Research results from 2010 to 2020 show the growth of the labour force, while the unemployment rate has been growing since 2018. It is noticeable that the number of workers in the labour force is growing in cities, while it is declining in rural areas. On the other hand, the unemployment rate is lower in rural areas, while the growth of unemployment is evident in urban areas. The research shows that the long-term implementation of this population policy has resulted in a larger number of men, leading to greater participation of men in the labour force. Despite measures to improve the position of women at work, women's social security is still not guaranteed, and it is more difficult for women to decide to expand their families. As China has ambitious plans for economic development, defining adequate population and social policies is crucial for their implementation.

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Guo, Mengdi, Zheng Zhu, Tingyue Dong, Hong Mi, and Bei Wu. "Provincial and Age Disparity on Chronic Disease Education Among Migrants in China: The Migrants Population Dynamic Monitoring Survey." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 56 (January 2019): 004695801989589. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0046958019895897.

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Chronic diseases have become serious threats to public health in China; the risk is particularly high for internal migrants. Chronic disease education is a key to the prevention and control of chronic diseases for such population. The national population-based Migrants Population Dynamic Monitoring Survey (MPSMA) was used to examine the current status and delivery methods of chronic disease education among internal migrants, from both provincial level and individual’s level. The study population included 402 587 internal migrants. Multilevel logistic regression was used to investigate factors that were related to chronic diseases education. In total, only 33.9% of the participants received chronic disease education. In the final model, parameter estimates on key variables from both individual and provincial level were significant ( P < .001). Participants from provinces with higher level of health care resources and lower density of internal migrants were more likely to receive chronic disease education. The percentage and methods of receiving education varied across different age groups. This study suggests that future chronic disease education in China need to be more focused on areas with high density of internal migrants and younger internal migrants with low level of education and income. Attention should be paid to use tailored education methods to different populations.

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Johnson, Robert Keith. "Language Policy and Planning in Hong Kong." Annual Review of Applied Linguistics 14 (March 1994): 177–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0267190500002889.

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Hong Kong has a population of 5,902,100 people crowded into its land area of 1076 sq. kms. In broad terms, 98 percent of its population are Chinese.1 They speak Cantonese among themselves and English in dealing with expatriates. The expatriate community, once predominantly British, now reflects the full range of national and multinational commercial and banking interests, including those of the People's Republic of China (PRC) and Taiwan. Luke and Richards (1982) described Hong Kong as having diglossia without bilingualism.

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Chen, Shulin, Lisa L. Boyle, Yeates Conwell, Shuiyuan Xiao, and Helen Fung Kum Chiu. "The challenges of dementia care in rural China." International Psychogeriatrics 26, no. 7 (May 20, 2014): 1059–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1041610214000854.

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Many countries face policy challenges related to the well-being of their aging populations, and China, with the world's largest aging population, is no different. Over the past 40 years, China has experienced demographic transition toward an “aging society.” According to the National Bureau of Statistics in China (NBSC), the number of people aged 60 years and older in China has risen to 185 million, with rural areas aging more rapidly during China's demographic transition (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2013). In 1982, the proportion of population aged 60 years and older was 7.8% in rural China and 7.1% in urban China. However, by 2011 these proportions had risen to 12.6% and 15.4%, respectively, with a national average of 13.26% (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2013). Difference between rural and urban areas in the proportion of the population aged 65 years and older in China has shown a similar trend over time. Rapid economic reforms since the 1980s, associated with increased rural-to-urban migration, especially the outflow of rural young population, have resulted in a larger proportion of elderly adults in rural areas (Cai et al., 2012; National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2013). These same social forces have resulted in relatively fewer people available to take care of the growing population of older adults as well. The “elderly dependency ratio” (the ratio of older adults in China to those in the population of working age) has increased from 8.0% in 1982 to 12.7% in 2012 (National Bureau of Statistics of China, 2013). The economic and social impact on caregiving will be profound.

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PAN, QIUHUI, MENGPING LI, MINGFENG HE, and XIAOJIA MU. "THE EFFECT OF "CLOSED FISHING" IN CHINA." International Journal of Modern Physics C 18, no. 03 (March 2007): 391–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129183107010504.

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A fishing model is presented in this paper. A year is divided into four seasons on the basis of the Penna model. We define the rules of death, reproduction, fishing and so on for fish. And "closed fishing" in China is introduced in this model. Then we discuss the population size of fish and the fishing products in the case of "closed fishing" or not. At last the conclusion is obtained that the policy will be significant if fishing intensity is in a certain range. And reducing fishing intensity is essential policy, and "closed fishing" is just an accessorial policy.

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Qiu, Xiaoyu, Tao Zhao, Yingchao Kong, and Fang Chen. "Influence of population aging on balance of medical insurance funds in China." International Journal of Health Planning and Management 35, no. 1 (July 3, 2019): 152–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/hpm.2844.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Population policy – China'

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