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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Population Growth Model'

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Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Håkansson, Nina. "Population growth : analysis of an age structure population model." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Mathematics, 2005. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-4392.

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This report presents an analysis of a partial differential equation, resulting from population model with age structure. The existence and uniqueness of a solution to the equation are proved. We look at stability of the solution. The asymptotic behaviour of the solution is treated. The report also contains a section about the connection between the solution to the age structure population model and a simple model without age structure.

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2

Tavos, Farid. "How elderly population effects economic growth." Thesis, Mälardalens högskola, Akademin för ekonomi, samhälle och teknik, 2018. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mdh:diva-40834.

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3

Le, Roux Johan. "Industrial robot population density and the neoclassical growth model." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/59851.

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Neoclassical economic growth model theory identifies technology as a key promotor of productivity and long-run economic growth. Theory and literature on the subject has grown significantly since Robert Solow's seminal work in 1956. Notwithstanding the substantial literature, gaps remain in several aspects, including the establishment of suitable metrics that can be applied to assess the impact and influence of certain technologies, and in particular industrial robots, on the modern economy. Given these gaps in knowledge, the aim of this study was to support exploratory research that has found industrial robot density, as a proxy for technology and automation, to be a relevant metric that correlates with productivity and economic growth. Decision and policy makers aiming to improve manufacturing productivity and economic development should find this metric and the associated analysis beneficial in achieving a better understanding of forces that influence economic performance. This research was quantitative by design, and used inferential analysis of data from diverse countries. The suitability of industrial robot density as an econometric measure was tested with statistical methods. Strong statistical correlations were found between industrial robot density, productivity and economic growth in the manufacturing sector. These findings supported existing growth theory quantitatively, while addressing limitations in previous research by using a larger sample that included developing countries for the first time.
Mini Dissertation (MBA)--University of Pretoria, 2017.
pa2017
Gordon Institute of Business Science (GIBS)
MBA
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4

Pignotti, Elettra <1958&gt. "Parameter estimation in a growth model for a biological population." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5169/2/Pignotti_Elettra_tesi.pdf.

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The motivating problem concerns the estimation of the growth curve of solitary corals that follow the nonlinear Von Bertalanffy Growth Function (VBGF). The most common parameterization of the VBGF for corals is based on two parameters: the ultimate length L∞ and the growth rate k. One aim was to find a more reliable method for estimating these parameters, which can capture the influence of environmental covariates. The main issue with current methods is that they force the linearization of VBGF and neglect intra-individual variability. The idea was to use the hierarchical nonlinear model which has the appealing features of taking into account the influence of collection sites, possible intra-site measurement correlation and variance heterogeneity, and that can handle the influence of environmental factors and all the reliable information that might influence coral growth. This method was used on two databases of different solitary corals i.e. Balanophyllia europaea and Leptopsammia pruvoti, collected in six different sites in different environmental conditions, which introduced a decisive improvement in the results. Nevertheless, the theory of the energy balance in growth ascertains the linear correlation of the two parameters and the independence of the ultimate length L∞ from the influence of environmental covariates, so a further aim of the thesis was to propose a new parameterization based on the ultimate length and parameter c which explicitly describes the part of growth ascribable to site-specific conditions such as environmental factors. We explored the possibility of estimating these parameters characterizing the VBGF new parameterization via the nonlinear hierarchical model. Again there was a general improvement with respect to traditional methods. The results of the two parameterizations were similar, although a very slight improvement was observed in the new one. This is, nevertheless, more suitable from a theoretical point of view when considering environmental covariates.
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5

Pignotti, Elettra <1958&gt. "Parameter estimation in a growth model for a biological population." Doctoral thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2013. http://amsdottorato.unibo.it/5169/.

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The motivating problem concerns the estimation of the growth curve of solitary corals that follow the nonlinear Von Bertalanffy Growth Function (VBGF). The most common parameterization of the VBGF for corals is based on two parameters: the ultimate length L∞ and the growth rate k. One aim was to find a more reliable method for estimating these parameters, which can capture the influence of environmental covariates. The main issue with current methods is that they force the linearization of VBGF and neglect intra-individual variability. The idea was to use the hierarchical nonlinear model which has the appealing features of taking into account the influence of collection sites, possible intra-site measurement correlation and variance heterogeneity, and that can handle the influence of environmental factors and all the reliable information that might influence coral growth. This method was used on two databases of different solitary corals i.e. Balanophyllia europaea and Leptopsammia pruvoti, collected in six different sites in different environmental conditions, which introduced a decisive improvement in the results. Nevertheless, the theory of the energy balance in growth ascertains the linear correlation of the two parameters and the independence of the ultimate length L∞ from the influence of environmental covariates, so a further aim of the thesis was to propose a new parameterization based on the ultimate length and parameter c which explicitly describes the part of growth ascribable to site-specific conditions such as environmental factors. We explored the possibility of estimating these parameters characterizing the VBGF new parameterization via the nonlinear hierarchical model. Again there was a general improvement with respect to traditional methods. The results of the two parameterizations were similar, although a very slight improvement was observed in the new one. This is, nevertheless, more suitable from a theoretical point of view when considering environmental covariates.
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6

Smith, Garrett Paul. "Immunocontraceptive vaccines against brucellosis and population growth in feral swine." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/77987.

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Feral swine are a nuisance species across the United States that costs around $1.5 billion each year in agricultural, environmental, and personal property damages. In the last ten years the population of feral swine is estimated to have quadrupled and novel population control methods are needed. Furthermore, feral swine are known carriers of zoonotic diseases such as brucellosis, which threatens both livestock biosecurity and public health. Recombinant multimeric gonadotropin-releasing hormone (mGnRH) has been previously used as a subunit vaccine to induce immunocontraception in feral pigs. However, potent adjuvants and large amounts of purified antigen are needed to elicit a robust anti-GnRH immune response and current delivery methods are limited. Brucella suis strain VTRS2 can be used as a novel platform to deliver mGnRH without the use of antibiotic resistant markers. Strain VTRS2 was created by deletion of the LPS biosynthesis gene wboA as well as the leuB gene required for leucine biosynthesis inside the nutrient-depleted intracellular environment occupied by Brucella. Mutations in wboA are known to attenuate Brucella strains such as the vaccine strain B. abortus RB51, however strain RB51 is rifampin resistant and has poor efficacy in swine. Strain VTRS2 confers significant protection against B. suis challenge in mice and additionally shows evidence of protection in feral swine. Furthermore, the mGnRH antigen can be delivered using the pNS4 plasmid (which expresses leuB under its native promoter) thus maintaining the plasmid in strain VTRS2 under leucine-deficient conditions while expressing recombinant antigen in the host. The murine model was used to determine the clearance kinetics of strain VTRS2-mGnRH and to measure vaccine efficacy against challenge by virulent B. suis 1330. Subsequently the effects of the VTRS2-mGnRH vaccine on fertility were assessed in breeding trials in mice. Strains VTRS2 and VTRS2-mGnRH were found to be protective against virulent Brucella suis challenge. Strain VTRS2-mGnRH elicited an anti-mGnRH antibody response in vaccinated mice, though an effect on fertility was not observed. An improved vaccine against brucellosis in swine, which also confers immunocontraception without the introduction of antibiotic resistance, could become an important tool in the management of this nuisance invasive species.
Ph. D.
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7

Kuhle, Wolfgang. "The optimum growth rate for population in the neoclassical overlapping generations model." Frankfurt, M. Berlin Bern Bruxelles New York, NY Oxford Wien Lang, 2006. http://d-nb.info/985753951/04.

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8

Grafeneder-Weissteiner, Theresa, and Klaus Prettner. "Agglomeration and population aging in a two region model of exogenous growth." Inst. für Volkswirtschaftstheorie und -politik, WU Vienna University of Economics and Business, 2009. http://epub.wu.ac.at/1670/1/document.pdf.

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This article investigates the effects of introducing demography into the New Economic Geography. We generalize the constructed capital approach, which relies on infinite individual planning horizons, by introducing mortality. The resulting overlapping generation framework with heterogeneous individuals allows us to study the effects of aging on agglomeration processes by analytically identifying the level of trade costs that triggers catastrophic agglomeration. Interestingly, this threshold value is rather sensitive to changes in mortality. In particular, the introduction of a positive mortality rate makes the symmetric equilibrium more stable and therefore counteracts agglomeration tendencies. In sharp contrast to other New Economic Geography approaches, this implies that deeper integration is not necessarily associated with higher interregional inequality.
Series: Department of Economics Working Paper Series
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9

Urbanová, Kateřina. "Simulační model populačního vývoje." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-12083.

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In this thesis, called a simulation model of population growth, there was created the simulation model of a population growth in the Czech Republic to the year 2052. First there was constructed the projection through the component method used in demography. Deterministic values obtained by this method are then used in the simulation analysis. In the simulation analysis there was conducted an experiment with three variables which influence the population growth (the fertility, life expectancy/the coefficient of the decline of the probability of the death/ and the migration balance). With the support of the Crystal Ball, supporting program for Excel, which provides the possibility of the simulations, there was determined the stochastic character of the three variables. There are created the low, medium and high variant of the projections, as well as three other possible variants of population growth that might occur. These variations are called economic crisis, friendly migration policy and restrictive migration policy.
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10

O'Neill, Deborah M. "Estimating Black Bear Population Size, Growth Rate, and Minimum Viable Population Using Bait Station Surveys and Mark-Recapture Methods." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/34140.

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We initiated bait station surveys for black bears in southwestern Virginia in 1999. Bait station surveys are intended to be used as an index to follow bear population trend over time. We compared the bait station visitation (black bear visitation) to black bear harvest and mast surveys 1999 = 2002. The mean bait station visitation rate during 1999 - 2002 was 15.3% (SE = 2.89, n = 4). The number of bears harvested in the 3 counties that also had bait station surveys was 48 (31 males, 17 females), 59 (44 males, 15 females), 45 (32 males, 13 females), and 43 (26 males, 17 females) in 1999, 2000, 2001, and 2002, respectively. Harvest of males and females differed (n = 2, F = 19.44, df = 1, P = 0.0045). Bait station visitation and female harvest had a strong functional relationship with a negative slope (n = 4, r = -0.78, P = 0.22). The strongest relationship was between male harvest and total harvest (n = 4, r = 0.97, P = 0.03). Mean index to mast production for 1999 - 2002 was 2.3 (range 1.5 - 3.1), 2.7 (range 1.8 - 3.4), 2.3 (range 1.6 - 3.6), and 1.6 (range 1.2 - 2.4), respectively. The overall summary for mast production for the same years was described as fair, good, fair, and poor to fair. Mast production was significantly different between years (n = 4, F = 3.44, df = 3, P = 0.0326), and soft and hard mast production appeared to be above average in 2000. This corresponded with the lowest visitation (10.2%) of the 4 years. There was no correlation between bait station visitation and mast production (n = 4, r = 0.11, P = 0.87). Since 1998, the annual bear harvest in Virginia has exceeded 900 individuals (with the exception of 824 in 2001), and peaked in 2000 when 1,000 bears were harvested. Though harvest rates were high, a reliable population estimate did not exist for black bears in Virginia. We estimated population size, growth rate, and minimum viable population size using data collected between 1995-2000. We used Jolly-Seber, direct recovery, and minimum population size methods to estimate population size. The Jolly-Seber method estimate of adult female density was 0.23-0.64 bears/km2, and 0.01 bears/km2 for adult males. We estimated a density of 0.09-0.23 bears/km2 for all sex and age classes using direct recovery data. Using minimum population size, we found adult female density was higher than any other sex or age class (n = 6, t = 2.02, df = 40, P < 0.0001) with an average density of 0.055 adult females/km2. We used mark-recapture data collected from 148 individual bears (96 males:52 females) captured 270 times in program MARK to estimate survival using recapture, dead recovery, and Burnham's combined models. Adult females had the highest survival rate of 0.84-0.86, while yearling males had the lowest with 0.35. Using direct recovery data, adult females again had the highest survival rate with 0.93 (0.83-1.0) and 3-year old males had the lowest with 0.59 (0.35-0.83). We estimated growth rate using population estimates from Jolly-Seber, direct recoveries, and minimum population size methods. The lowest growth rate estimated was for all females (ages lumped) using minimum population size data (λ=0.82). Direct recovery data for all bears (sex and age lumped) during 1995 - 2000 showed the highest positive annual growth rate (λ = 1.24). We developed a population model using Mathcad 8 Professional to determine population growth rate, MVP, and harvest effects for an exploited black bear population in southwestern Virginia. We used data collected during the CABS study (1995 - 2000) in the model including population estimates derived from direct recovery data, age and sex specific survival rates, and cub sex ratios. When we used actual population values in the model, the bear population in southwestern Virginia did not go extinct in 100 years (l = 1.03, r = 0.03). When we reduced adult female survival from 0.94 to 0.89, the probability of extinction in 100 years was 3.0% and l = 0.99 (r = -0.01; Table 3.2). When the survival was reduced by an additional 0.01 to 0.88, the probability of extinction increased to 13.0% (l = 0.99, r = -0.01). Growth rate and extinction probabilities were very sensitive to adult female survival rates. Two-year old and 3-year old females did not impact extinction probabilities and growth rates as much as adult females. Their survival could be decreased by 44.0%, and still be less than the 5.0% extinction probability.
Master of Science
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11

Gil, de Weir Karine. "Whooping crane (Grus americana) demography and environmental factors in a population growth simulation model." Texas A&M University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/3778.

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The Whooping Crane (Grus americana) is among North America’s most charismatic species. Between 1938 and 2004, the population that migrates between Aransas National Wildlife Refuge (ANWR) and Wood Buffalo National Park (WBNP), grew from 18 to 217 individuals. The recovery plan objective for this endangered species is to downlist the population in 2035, but this requires interpretive assessment of population responses to environmental factors over the long term. I analyzed 27 years of banding data, 37 years of nest monitoring data, and 20 years of winter reports to estimate age-specific mortality and fecundity rates. The resulting life table yielded an intrinsic rate of increase (r) of 0.14/y, a net reproductive rate (Ro) of 6.4/y, and a mean length of a generation (G) of 13y. Path analysis of environmental factors, demographic variables (natality and mortality), and the finite rate of population increase (lambda) showed that annual mortality, temperatures from the ANWR, WBNP and at a migration stop-over in Nebraska, and pond water depth were good predictors of lambda variability. However, other environmental factors were significantly correlated: at ANWR, October- March temperature (extreme minimum and maximum), December temperature (mean and extreme minimum), November-January precipitation, and September-March freshwater inflow; at WBNP, March-September precipitation, March-May temperature, and temperatures during the September - October fall migration. The Pacific Decadal Oscillation (PDO) affected lambda indirectly through environmental factors in Nebraska and ANWR. I graphically analyzed relevant data trends from 1967 to 2004 to identify the relation between phases of PDO and environmental and demographic variables. During PDO cold phases, a synchronization of “extreme” environmental values was observed from the different regions; during warm phases extreme environmental values were scattered. Most periods of Whooping Crane population decline happened during cold phases. I developed a compartment model to represent Whooping Crane population dynamics utilizing the new data on survivorship and fecundity from banded birds. The model was capable of simulating historical population trends with adjustments in brood success and egg mortality. The model will allow future studies to test population responses to various environmental scenarios at the WBNP, during fall and spring migrations, and at the ANWR.
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12

Gruescu, Sandra. "Population ageing and economic growth : education policy and family policy in a model of endogenous growth ; with 32 tables /." Heidelberg ; New York : Physica-Verl, 2007. http://deposit.d-nb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?id=2846158&prov=M&dok_var=1&dok_ext=htm.

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13

Gruescu, Sandra. "Population ageing and economic growth : education policy and family policy in a model of endogenous growth; with 32 tab. /." Heidelberg : Physica-Verl, 2007. http://swbplus.bsz-bw.de/bsz256686149cov.htm.

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14

Zhao, Suwen. "Simulating urban growth for Baltimore-Washington metropolitan area by coupling SLEUTH model and population projection." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/73649.

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This study used two modelling approaches to predict future urban landscape for the Baltimore-Washington metropolitan areas. In the first approach, we implemented traditional SLEUTH urban simulation model by using publicly available and locally-developed land cover and transportation data. Historical land cover data from 1996, 2001, 2006, and 2011 were used to calibrate SLEUTH model and predict urban growth from 2011 to 2070. SLEUTH model achieved 94.9% of overall accuracy for a validation year of 2014. For the second modelling approach, we predicted future county-level population (e.g., 2050) using historical population data and time-series forecasting. We then used future population projection of 2050, aided by strong population-imperviousness statistical relationship (R2, 0.78-0.86), to predict total impervious surface area for each county. These population-predicted total impervious surface areas were compared to SLEUTH model output, at the county-aggregated spatial scale. For most counties, SLEUTH generated substantially higher number of impervious pixels. An annual urban growth rate of 6.24% for SLEUTH model was much higher than the population-based approach (1.33%), suggesting a large discrepancy between these two modelling approaches. The SLEUTH simulation model, although achieved high accuracy for 2014 validation, may have over-predicted urban growth for our study area. For population-predicted impervious surface area, we further developed a lookup table approach to integrate SLEUTH out and generated spatially explicit urban map for 2050. This lookup table approach has high potential to integrate population-predicted and SLEUTH-predicted urban landscape, especially when future population can be predicted with reasonable accuracy.
Master of Science
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15

Wang, Yan. "Persistence and Extinction Dynamics in Reaction-Diffusion-Advection Stream Population Model with Allee Effect Growth." W&M ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.wm.edu/etd/1563899009.

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The question how aquatic populations persist in rivers when individuals are constantly lost due to downstream drift has been termed the ``drift paradox." Reaction-diffusion-advection models have been used to describe the spatial-temporal dynamics of stream population and they provide some qualitative explanations to the paradox. Here random undirected movement of individuals in the environment is described by passive diffusion, and an advective term is used to describe the directed movement in a river caused by the flow. In this work, the effect of spatially varying Allee effect growth rate on the dynamics of reaction-diffusion-advection models for the stream population is studied. In the first part, a reaction-diffusion-advection equation with strong Allee effect growth rate is proposed to model a single species stream population in a unidirectional flow. Under biologically reasonable boundary conditions, the existence of multiple positive steady states is shown when both the diffusion coefficient and the advection rate are small, which lead to different asymptotic behavior for different initial conditions. On the other hand, when the advection rate is large, the population becomes extinct regardless of initial condition under most boundary conditions. It is shown that the population persistence or extinction depends on Allee threshold, advection rate, diffusion coefficient and initial conditions, and there is also rich transient dynamical behavior before the eventual population persistence or extinction. The dynamical behavior of a reaction-diffusion-advection model of a stream population with weak Allee effect type growth is studied in the second part. Under the open environment, it is shown that the persistence or extinction of population depends on the diffusion coefficient, advection rate and type of boundary condition, and the existence of multiple positive steady states is proved for intermediate advection rate using bifurcation theory. On the other hand, for closed environment, the stream population always persists for all diffusion coefficients and advection rates. In the last part, the dynamics of a reaction-diffusion-advection benthic-drift population model that links changes in the flow regime and habitat availability with population dynamics is studied. In the model, the stream is divided into drift zone and benthic zone, and the population is divided into two interacting compartments, individuals residing in the benthic zone and individuals dispersing in the drift zone. The benthic population growth is assumed to be of strong Allee effect type. The influence of flow speed and individual transfer rates between zones on the population persistence and extinction is considered, and the criteria of population persistence or extinction are formulated and proved. All results are proved rigorously using the theory of partial differential equation, dynamical systems. Various mathematical tools such as bifurcation methods, variational methods, and monotone methods are applied to show the existence of multiple steady state solutions of models.
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Li, Chunmo. "The effects of local economic and environmental policies on county population and employment growth." The Ohio State University, 2006. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1135273183.

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17

McChesney, Ronald John. "A Three Scale Metropolitan Change Model." Columbus, Ohio : Ohio State University, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1209393707.

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18

Gruescu, Sandra [Verfasser]. "Population ageing and economic growth : education policy and family policy in a model of endogenous growth ; with 32 tables / Sandra Gruescu." Heidelberg : Physica-Verl, 2007. http://d-nb.info/98539871X/34.

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19

Jones, Darren Reed. "The Two Sides of Posttraumatic Growth: A Study of the Janus Face Model In a College Population." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2010. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1278526766.

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20

Kärrman, Victoria. "The effects of the Swedish moosemanagement." Thesis, Luleå tekniska universitet, Institutionen för ekonomi, teknik och samhälle, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:ltu:diva-77069.

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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects on the Swedish moose populationof a new moose management system introduced in 2012. To this end, the size of thepopulation had to be measured. The methodology used was an empirical version of theGordon–Schaefer bioeconomic model previously employed to estimate Sweden’s wildboar population. The Effort variable for the model was modified in that traffic accidentsrelative to traffic density served as a proxy for it. The study investigated years for whichdata was available, namely 2004–2017. Nineteen out of Sweden’s 21 Counties wereincluded in the study. The result produced extremely high population estimates,suggesting that the model could not be directly transferred from wild boar to moose.Nonetheless, although the study’s population estimates in absolute terms are unrealistic,their relative sizes indicate that moose populations were somewhat smaller in 2017 thanin 2012 – the latter year being when the new management system was introduced.However, the trend line shows that, over a longer period, the moose population hasincreased in Sweden, and 2017 may just be a temporary deviation from that trend. Itappears, therefore, that Sweden’s latest moose management system does not have thedesired effect on its moose population.
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21

Fazal, Fatema. "The urban development in Dubai : A descriptive analysis." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Economics, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-88550.

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The aim of this paper is to analyse the urban development in Dubai by means of the fourquadrant model, presented by DiPasquale and Wheaton, which represents the market for real estate use and assets. The focus is on factors such as economic growth, access to oil, population growth and the incentive of the government to promote developments in Dubai, to study how they affect the real estate market. It is observed how all these factors contribute to the expansion of the construction sector and thereby the stock of space. However, because Dubai's economy is independent of the oil sector, access to oil is solely assumed to contribute to a higher amount of disposable capital and therefore does not have any upward pressure on the rent and the price level as the remaining factors.

 

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22

Kielbassa, Janice. "Mathematical modelling of temperature effects on the life-history traits and the population dynamics of bullhead (Cottus gobio)." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LYO10181.

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La température de l'eau joue un rôle majeur dans le cycle de vie des poissons. Dans un contexte de changement climatique global, le réchauffement peut avoir un impact fort sur la croissance, la fécondité et la survie. L'enjeu de cette thèse est la modélisation mathématique de l'influence de la température sur les traits d'histoire de vie d'une population de chabot (Cottus gobio) afin de faire de la prédiction à la fois au niveau individuel et populationnel. Les données expérimentales qui permettront de calibrer les modèles sont issues du bassin de la Drôme (France) et plus particulièrement du sous-bassin du Bez. Dans une première étape, il s'agit de développer un modèle de rétrocalcul qui peut être utilisé pour calculer les longueurs individuelles des chabots aux âges précédents à partir des données mesurées à la capture. Il s'agit, dans un deuxième temps, de développer un modèle de croissance dépendant de la température de l'eau qui sert à prédire la longueur moyenne des chabots à un âge donné. Enfin, il s'agit de passer de l'échelle de l'individu à celle de la population en prenant en compte tous les traits d'histoire de vie et leurs dépendances vis-à-vis de la température. Plus précisément, un modèle matriciel de type Leslie, à la fois dépendant du temps et de la température, structuré en classe d'âges est développé et utilisé pour prédire la dynamique de population sous différents scénario du réchauffement climatique
Water temperature plays a key role in the life cycle of fish. Therefore, increasing temperatures due to the expected climate change may have a strong impact on growth, fecundity and survival. The goal of this thesis is to model the impact of temperature on the life-history traits of a bullhead population (Cottus gobio) in order to make predictions both at individual and at population level. The models developed here are calibrated on experimental field data from a population living in the Bez River network (Drôme, France). First, a new back-calculation model is derived that can be used to compute individual fish body lengths at earlier ages from capture data. Next, a growth model is proposed that incorporates the water temperature and can be used to predict the mean length at a given age and temperature. Finally, the population is modelled as a whole by linking all life-history traits to temperature. For this purpose, a spatialised time- and temperature-dependent Leslie matrix model structured in age classes was used to predict the population dynamics under different temperature scenarios
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23

Johansson, Rikard. "Model-Based Hypothesis Testing in Biomedicine : How Systems Biology Can Drive the Growth of Scientific Knowledge." Doctoral thesis, Linköpings universitet, Avdelningen för medicinsk teknik, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-141614.

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The utilization of mathematical tools within biology and medicine has traditionally been less widespread compared to other hard sciences, such as physics and chemistry. However, an increased need for tools such as data processing, bioinformatics, statistics, and mathematical modeling, have emerged due to advancements during the last decades. These advancements are partly due to the development of high-throughput experimental procedures and techniques, which produce ever increasing amounts of data. For all aspects of biology and medicine, these data reveal a high level of inter-connectivity between components, which operate on many levels of control, and with multiple feedbacks both between and within each level of control. However, the availability of these large-scale data is not synonymous to a detailed mechanistic understanding of the underlying system. Rather, a mechanistic understanding is gained first when we construct a hypothesis, and test its predictions experimentally. Identifying interesting predictions that are quantitative in nature, generally requires mathematical modeling. This, in turn, requires that the studied system can be formulated into a mathematical model, such as a series of ordinary differential equations, where different hypotheses can be expressed as precise mathematical expressions that influence the output of the model. Within specific sub-domains of biology, the utilization of mathematical models have had a long tradition, such as the modeling done on electrophysiology by Hodgkin and Huxley in the 1950s. However, it is only in recent years, with the arrival of the field known as systems biology that mathematical modeling has become more commonplace. The somewhat slow adaptation of mathematical modeling in biology is partly due to historical differences in training and terminology, as well as in a lack of awareness of showcases illustrating how modeling can make a difference, or even be required, for a correct analysis of the experimental data. In this work, I provide such showcases by demonstrating the universality and applicability of mathematical modeling and hypothesis testing in three disparate biological systems. In Paper II, we demonstrate how mathematical modeling is necessary for the correct interpretation and analysis of dominant negative inhibition data in insulin signaling in primary human adipocytes. In Paper III, we use modeling to determine transport rates across the nuclear membrane in yeast cells, and we show how this technique is superior to traditional curve-fitting methods. We also demonstrate the issue of population heterogeneity and the need to account for individual differences between cells and the population at large. In Paper IV, we use mathematical modeling to reject three hypotheses concerning the phenomenon of facilitation in pyramidal nerve cells in rats and mice. We also show how one surviving hypothesis can explain all data and adequately describe independent validation data. Finally, in Paper I, we develop a method for model selection and discrimination using parametric bootstrapping and the combination of several different empirical distributions of traditional statistical tests. We show how the empirical log-likelihood ratio test is the best combination of two tests and how this can be used, not only for model selection, but also for model discrimination. In conclusion, mathematical modeling is a valuable tool for analyzing data and testing biological hypotheses, regardless of the underlying biological system. Further development of modeling methods and applications are therefore important since these will in all likelihood play a crucial role in all future aspects of biology and medicine, especially in dealing with the burden of increasing amounts of data that is made available with new experimental techniques.
Användandet av matematiska verktyg har inom biologi och medicin traditionellt sett varit mindre utbredd jämfört med andra ämnen inom naturvetenskapen, såsom fysik och kemi. Ett ökat behov av verktyg som databehandling, bioinformatik, statistik och matematisk modellering har trätt fram tack vare framsteg under de senaste decennierna. Dessa framsteg är delvis ett resultat av utvecklingen av storskaliga datainsamlingstekniker. Inom alla områden av biologi och medicin så har dessa data avslöjat en hög nivå av interkonnektivitet mellan komponenter, verksamma på många kontrollnivåer och med flera återkopplingar både mellan och inom varje nivå av kontroll. Tillgång till storskaliga data är emellertid inte synonymt med en detaljerad mekanistisk förståelse för det underliggande systemet. Snarare uppnås en mekanisk förståelse först när vi bygger en hypotes vars prediktioner vi kan testa experimentellt. Att identifiera intressanta prediktioner som är av kvantitativ natur, kräver generellt sett matematisk modellering. Detta kräver i sin tur att det studerade systemet kan formuleras till en matematisk modell, såsom en serie ordinära differentialekvationer, där olika hypoteser kan uttryckas som precisa matematiska uttryck som påverkar modellens output. Inom vissa delområden av biologin har utnyttjandet av matematiska modeller haft en lång tradition, såsom den modellering gjord inom elektrofysiologi av Hodgkin och Huxley på 1950‑talet. Det är emellertid just på senare år, med ankomsten av fältet systembiologi, som matematisk modellering har blivit ett vanligt inslag. Den något långsamma adapteringen av matematisk modellering inom biologi är bl.a. grundad i historiska skillnader i träning och terminologi, samt brist på medvetenhet om exempel som illustrerar hur modellering kan göra skillnad och faktiskt ofta är ett krav för en korrekt analys av experimentella data. I detta arbete tillhandahåller jag sådana exempel och demonstrerar den matematiska modelleringens och hypotestestningens allmängiltighet och tillämpbarhet i tre olika biologiska system. I Arbete II visar vi hur matematisk modellering är nödvändig för en korrekt tolkning och analys av dominant-negativ-inhiberingsdata vid insulinsignalering i primära humana adipocyter. I Arbete III använder vi modellering för att bestämma transporthastigheter över cellkärnmembranet i jästceller, och vi visar hur denna teknik är överlägsen traditionella kurvpassningsmetoder. Vi demonstrerar också frågan om populationsheterogenitet och behovet av att ta hänsyn till individuella skillnader mellan celler och befolkningen som helhet. I Arbete IV använder vi matematisk modellering för att förkasta tre hypoteser om hur fenomenet facilitering uppstår i pyramidala nervceller hos råttor och möss. Vi visar också hur en överlevande hypotes kan beskriva all data, inklusive oberoende valideringsdata. Slutligen utvecklar vi i Arbete I en metod för modellselektion och modelldiskriminering med hjälp av parametrisk ”bootstrapping” samt kombinationen av olika empiriska fördelningar av traditionella statistiska tester. Vi visar hur det empiriska ”log-likelihood-ratio-testet” är den bästa kombinationen av två tester och hur testet är applicerbart, inte bara för modellselektion, utan också för modelldiskriminering. Sammanfattningsvis är matematisk modellering ett värdefullt verktyg för att analysera data och testa biologiska hypoteser, oavsett underliggande biologiskt system. Vidare utveckling av modelleringsmetoder och tillämpningar är därför viktigt eftersom dessa sannolikt kommer att spela en avgörande roll i framtiden för biologi och medicin, särskilt när det gäller att hantera belastningen från ökande datamängder som blir tillgänglig med nya experimentella tekniker.
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24

Stevenson, Christopher Eric, and Chris Stevenson@aihw gov au. "A microsimulation study of the benefits and costs of screening for colorectal cancer." The Australian National University. National Centre for Epidemiology and Population Health, 2001. http://thesis.anu.edu.au./public/adt-ANU20040611.162207.

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This thesis examines the benefits and costs of screening for colorectal cancer in the context of an organised population screening programme. It uses microsimulation modelling to derive an optimally cost-effective screening protocol for various combinations of the available screening tests. ¶ First a mathematical model for the natural history of colorectal cancer is derived, based on analyses of Australian population and hospital-based cancer registries combined with data from published studies. Then a model for population based screening is derived based mainly on data from published screening studies, including the four major published randomised controlled trials of faecal occult blood test (FOBT) screening. These two models are used to simulate the application of a screening programme to the Australian population. The simulations are applied to a period of 40 years following 1990 (the study’s base year), with both costs and benefits discounted back to the base year at an annual rate of 3%.¶ The models are applied to simulating a population screening programme based on FOBT with a colonoscopy follow up of positive tests. This simulation suggests that the optimal application of such a programme would be to offer annual screening to people aged 50 to 84 years. Such a programme would lead to a cumulative fall in years of life lost to colorectal cancer (YLL) of 28.5% at a cost per year of life saved (YLS) of $8,987. These costs and benefits are consistent with those arising from other currently funded health interventions. They are also consistent with the cost per YLS which Australian governments appear willing to pay for health interventions when justified on the basis of cost-effectiveness. The fall in colorectal cancer deaths from this screening programme should be first detectable by a national monitoring system after around three years of screening. However the full benefits from screening would not be realised before around 30 years of screening.¶ These simulations are based on the standard guaiac FOBT, but the results suggest that significant cost-effective gains could be made by using the newer immunochemical FOBT. Further cost-effect gains could be made by offering sigmoidoscopy every five years in addition to annual FOBT.¶ The models are then applied to simulating population screening programmes using colonoscopy and sigmoidoscopy as primary screening tools. Offering colonoscopy every ten years to all people aged from 45 to 85 leads to an overall fall in cumulative YLL of 37.6%, at a cost of $15,585 per YLS. Offering sigmoidoscopy every three years to all people aged 40 to 85 leads to an overall fall in cumulative YLL of 29.1%, at a cost of $4,862 per YLS. Both of these cost and benefit results are also consistent with the cost per YLS which Australian governments appear willing to pay. The fall in deaths with colonoscopy screening would also be detectable after three years of screening but the fall with sigmoidoscopy screening would not be detectable until after six years of screening. Sigmoidoscopy would need around 35 years of screening to reach its potential gains while colonoscopy screening would not reach its full potential during the 40 year screening period.¶ Finally the models are applied to targeting people at higher risk of cancer. The results show that offering colonoscopy every five years to people at higher risk because of a family history of colorectal cancer is a cost-effective addition to the annual FOBT screening programme.¶ An earlier version of chapter two of this thesis has been published as Stevenson CE 1995. Statistical models for cancer screening. Statistical Methods in Medical Research; 4: 19–23.¶ An expanded version of chapter two, along with parts of chapter one, has been published as Stevenson CE 1998. Models of screening. In: Encyclopedia of Biostatistics. Armitage P, Colton T, eds. John Wiley and Sons Ltd, pp 3999–4022.
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25

Li, Wenjuan. "Firms and people in place : driving forces for regional growth." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Department of Social and Economic Geography, Umeå University, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1360.

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26

Jönsson, Ingela, and Mattias Nilsson. "Klassiska populationsmodeller kontra stokastiska : En simuleringsstudie ur matematiskt och datalogiskt perspektiv." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Mathematics and Systems Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-2262.

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I detta tvärvetenskapliga arbete studeras från den matematiska sidan tre klassiska populationsmodeller: Malthus tillväxtmodell, Verhulsts logistiska modell och Lotka-Volterras jägarebytesmodell. De klassiska modellerna jämförs med stokastiska. De stokastiska modeller som studeras är födelsedödsprocesser och deras diffusionsapproximation. Jämförelse görs med medelvärdesbildade simuleringar.

Det krävs många simuleringar för att kunna genomföra jämförelserna. Dessa simuleringar måste utföras i datormiljö och det är här den datalogiska aspekten av arbetet kommer in. Modellerna och deras resultathantering har implementerats i både MatLab och i C, för att kunna möjliggöra en undersökning om skillnaderna i tidsåtgången mellan de båda språken, under genomförandet av ovan nämnda jämförelser. Försök till tidsoptimering utförs och även användarvänligheten under implementeringen av de matematiska problemen i de båda språken behandlas.

Följande matematiska slutsatser har dragits, att de medelvärdesbildade lösningarna inte alltid sammanfaller med de klassiska modellerna när de simuleras på stora tidsintervall. I den logistiska modellen samt i Lotka-Volterras modell dör förr eller senare de stokastiska simuleringarna ut när tiden går mot oändligheten, medan deras deterministiska representation lever vidare. I den exponentiella modellen sammanfaller medelvärdet av de stokastiska simuleringarna med den deterministiska lösningen, dock blir spridningen stor för de stokastiska simuleringarna när de utförs på stora tidsintervall.

Datalogiska slutsatser som har dragits är att när det kommer till att implementera få modeller, samt resultatbearbetning av dessa, som ska användas upprepade gånger, är C det bäst lämpade språket då det visat sig vara betydligt snabbare under exekvering än vad MatLab är. Dock måste hänsyn tas till alla de svårigheter som implementeringen i C drar med sig. Dessa svårigheter kan till stor del undvikas om implementeringen istället sker i MatLab, då det därmed finns tillgång till en uppsjö av väl lämpade funktioner och färdiga matematiska lösningar.


In this interdisciplinary study, three classic population models will be studied from a mathematical view: Malthus’ growth, Verhulst’s logistic model and Lotka-Volterra’s model for hunter and prey. The classic models are being compared to the stochastic ones. The stochastic models studied are the birthdeath processes and their diffusion approximation. Comparisons are made by averaging simulations.

It requires numerous simulations to carry out the comparisons. The simulations must be carried out on a computer and this is where the computer science emerges to the project. The models, along with the handling of the results, have been implemented in both Mat- Lab and in C in order to allow a comparison between the two languages whilst executing the above mentioned study. Attempts to time optimization and an evaluation concerning the user-friendliness regarding the implementation of mathematical problems will be performed.

Mathematic conclusions, which have been drawn, are that the averaging solutions do not always coincide with the traditional models when they are being simulated over large time. In the logistic model and in Lotka-Volterra’s model the stochastic simulations will sooner or later die when the time is moving towards infinity, whilst their deterministic representation keeps on living. In the exponential model, the mean values of the stochastic simulations and of the deterministic solution coincide. There is, however, a large spread for the stochastic simulations when they are carried out over a large time.

Computer scientific conclusions drawn from the study includes that when it comes to implementing a few models, along with the handling of the results, to be used repeatedly, C is the most appropriate language as it proved to be significantly faster during execution. However, all of the difficulties during the implementation of mathematical problems in C must be kept in mind. These difficulties can be avoided if the implementation instead takes place in MatLab, where a numerous of mathematical functions and solutions will be available.

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27

Nilsson, Mattias, and Ingela Jönsson. "Klassiska populationsmodeller kontra stokastiska : En simuleringsstudie ur matematiskt och datalogiskt perspektiv." Thesis, Växjö University, School of Mathematics and Systems Engineering, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:vxu:diva-2263.

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I detta tvärvetenskapliga arbete studeras från den matematiska sidan tre klassiska populationsmodeller: Malthus tillväxtmodell, Verhulsts logistiska modell och Lotka-Volterras jägarebytesmodell. De klassiska modellerna jämförs med stokastiska. De stokastiska modeller som studeras är födelsedödsprocesser och deras diffusionsapproximation. Jämförelse görs med medelvärdesbildade simuleringar.

Det krävs många simuleringar för att kunna genomföra jämförelserna. Dessa simuleringar måste utföras i datormiljö och det är här den datalogiska aspekten av arbetet kommer in. Modellerna och deras resultathantering har implementerats i både MatLab och i C, för att kunna möjliggöra en undersökning om skillnaderna i tidsåtgången mellan de båda språken, under genomförandet av ovan nämnda jämförelser. Försök till tidsoptimering utförs och även användarvänligheten under implementeringen av de matematiska problemen i de båda språken behandlas.

Följande matematiska slutsatser har dragits, att de medelvärdesbildade lösningarna inte alltid sammanfaller med de klassiska modellerna när de simuleras på stora tidsintervall. I den logistiska modellen samt i Lotka-Volterras modell dör förr eller senare de stokastiska simuleringarna ut när tiden går mot oändligheten, medan deras deterministiska representation lever vidare. I den exponentiella modellen sammanfaller medelvärdet av de stokastiska simuleringarna med den deterministiska lösningen, dock blir spridningen stor för de stokastiska simuleringarna när de utförs på stora tidsintervall.

Datalogiska slutsatser som har dragits är att när det kommer till att implementera få modeller, samt resultatbearbetning av dessa, som ska användas upprepade gånger, är C det bäst lämpade språket då det visat sig vara betydligt snabbare under exekvering än vad MatLab är. Dock måste hänsyn tas till alla de svårigheter som implementeringen i C drar med sig. Dessa svårigheter kan till stor del undvikas om implementeringen istället sker i MatLab, då det därmed finns tillgång till en uppsjö av väl lämpade funktioner och färdiga matematiska lösningar.


In this interdisciplinary study, three classic population models will be studied from a mathematical view: Malthus’ growth, Verhulst’s logistic model and Lotka-Volterra’s model for hunter and prey. The classic models are being compared to the stochastic ones. The stochastic models studied are the birthdeath processes and their diffusion approximation. Comparisons are made by averaging simulations.

It requires numerous simulations to carry out the comparisons. The simulations must be carried out on a computer and this is where the computer science emerges to the project. The models, along with the handling of the results, have been implemented in both MatLab and in C in order to allow a comparison between the two languages whilst executing the above mentioned study. Attempts to time optimization and an evaluation concerning the user-friendliness regarding the implementation of mathematical problems will be performed.

Mathematic conclusions, which have been drawn, are that the averaging solutions do not always coincide with the traditional models when they are being simulated over large time. In the logistic model and in Lotka-Volterra’s model the stochastic simulations will sooner or later die when the time is moving towards infinity, whilst their deterministic representation keeps on living. In the exponential model, the mean values of the stochastic simulations and of the deterministic solution coincide. There is, however, a large spread for the stochastic simulations when they are carried out over a large time.

Computer scientific conclusions drawn from the study includes that when it comes to implementing a few models, along with the handling of the results, to be used repeatedly, C is the most appropriate language as it proved to be significantly faster during execution. However, all of the difficulties during the implementation of mathematical problems in C must be kept in mind. These difficulties can be avoided if the implementation instead takes place in MatLab, where a numerous of mathematical functions and solutions will be available.

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28

Picart, Delphine. "Modélisation et estimation des paramètres liés au succès reproducteur d'un ravageur de la vigne (Lobesia botrana DEN. & SCHIFF.)." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00405686.

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L'objectif de ce travail de thèse est de développer un modèle mathématique pour l'étude et la compréhension de la dynamique des populations d'un insecte ravageur, l'Eudémis de la vigne, dans son écosystème. Le modèle proposé est un système d'équations aux dérivées partielles (EDP) de type hyperbolique qui décrit les variations numériques au cours du temps de la population en fonction des stades de développement, du sexe des individus et des conditions environnementales. La ressource alimentaire, la température, l'humidité et la prédation sont les principaux facteurs environnementaux du modèle expliquant les fluctuations du nombre d'individus au cours du temps. Les différences de développement qui existent dans une cohorte d'Eudémis sont aussi modélisées pour affiner les prédictions du modèle. A partir de données expérimentales obtenues par les entomologistes de l'INRA, les paramètres du modèle sont estimés. Ce modèle ainsi ajusté nous permet alors d'étudier quelques aspects biologiques et écologiques de l'insecte comme par exemple l'impact de scénarios climatiques sur le ponte des femelles ou sur la dynamique d'attaque de la vigne par les jeunes larves. Les analyses mathématique et numérique du modèle mathématique et des problèmes d'estimation des paramètres sont développes dans cette thèse.
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29

Tomášková, Markéta. "Přelidnění - globální demografický problém." Master's thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-205991.

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This diploma thesis is focused on overpopulation problem, which is a very debatable term in this time. The thesis analyzes recent development in fertility, mortality and migration in each continent with aim to evaluate threats of the overpopulation. Although this term is more like global problem, the thesis aims to specify and identify continents, which might be truly affected by overpopulation. Part of the diploma thesis is focused on calculation of possible future development of population size based on mathematical models which are birth - immigration - death process and logistic (Verhulst) growth. The projections are established on UN data and their horizon is period 2095 - 2100.
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30

Hounslow, Michael John. "A discretized population balance for simultaneous nucleation, growth and aggregation /." Title page, summary and table of contents only, 1990. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phh839.pdf.

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31

Henrique, de Santana Luís. "Growth models incorporating technology and a new population dynamics equation." Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, 2006. https://repositorio.ufpe.br/handle/123456789/5770.

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-12T17:41:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 arquivo7344_1.pdf: 869852 bytes, checksum: 2118d98125244ab0d4f8a6a11f480308 (MD5) license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006
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Henrique de Santana, Luís; Menezes Campello de Souza, Fernando. Growth models incorporating technology and a new population dynamics equation. 2006. Dissertação (Mestrado). Programa de Pós-Graduação em Engenharia de Produção, Universidade Federal de Pernambuco, Recife, 2006.
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32

Wasson, Samantha Rae. "Increasing Introductory Biology Students' Modeling Mastery Through Visualizing Population Growth Models." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2021. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/9181.

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In introductory biology, college students are taught to predict how populations will grow and change over time by using population growth models. These models are commonly represented as mathematical equations. However, students consistently struggle when math and biology concepts intersect in the classroom, and these struggles lead to suboptimal understanding of how mathematical population models are designed and used. Education literature suggests that students may struggle with population modeling because of math anxiety, the high cognitive load of the task, and the lack of scaffolding for abstract concepts. In our study, we sought to improve student mastery modeling exponential growth, logistic growth, and Lotka-Volterra predator-prey interactions through using pictorial diagrams in modeling pedagogy. We predicted that these diagrams would reduce the amount of triggered math anxiety, lower the cognitive load of the task through reducing element interactivity, and allow for a more scaffolding for abstract symbols through a pictorial representation bridge. To test the effectiveness of population diagrams, we created two versions of a population modeling lesson plan: one version taught using diagrams then equations, while the other taught using purely equations. We also designed practice and assessment questions that tested calculation and model-building ability. We assessed math anxiety, scientific reasoning ability, and math ability at the beginning of the semester and state anxiety, effort of tasks, and difficulty of tasks during each lesson. Over 200 students from a non-major biology course were randomly assigned to each group, and all were given a pre-assessment, four lessons, a practice test, and a unit test on population modeling. Our findings show that while the addition of pictorial models to the traditional pedagogy did not have a significant effect on exponential and logistic growth model mastery, students that were exposed to predator-prey diagrams were more able to create a new model for a three-level predator-prey interaction than students that were only given traditional pedagogy. In addition, students who were exposed to predator-prey interaction diagrams before they derived equations reported a lower cognitive load than students who were only exposed to equations. Although diagrams were not a more helpful calculation tool for students than traditional equations, using population diagrams before to equation derivation may help improve student mastery of growth model creation.
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33

Ramula, Satu. "Population viability analysis for plants : practical recommendations and applications." Doctoral thesis, Stockholm : Department of Botany, Stockholm University, 2006. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-845.

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34

Wiff, Rodrigo. "Predicting food consumption and production in fish populations : allometric scaling and size-structured models." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/935.

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Life-history traits in fish populations are highly correlated. A subset of these correlations are called allometric scaling, they refer to biological processes which can be described using body size as independent variable. Particularly, allometric scaling related with food consumption (Q) and biomass production (P) has gained the attention of ecologists for several decades. This thesis proposes a quantitative framework for food consumption, which allows both the identification of the mechanisms underlying the allometric scaling for Q and the development of a predictive model for consumption to biomass ratio (Q/B) in fish populations. This thesis is based on the fact that food consumption can be inferred from first principles underlying the von Bertalanffy growth model. In addition, it has been noticed in the literature that biomass production and food consumption show similar allometric scaling dependence, therefore, both can be derived from these first principles. Thus, a similar quantitative framework was used to produce models for P/B in fish populations. Once functional forms for production and food consumption were identified, a third model was developed for the ratio between production and consumption (P/Q). This ratio is usually named ecological efficiency because it determines how efficiently a population can transform ingested food into biomass. Several authors have noticed that P/Q remains invariant (independent of body size) across species. From a theoretical point of view, the results presented here allow the first quantitative explanation for the existence of the allometric scaling for Q/B and the invariance of P/Q across fish species. These results, together with the explanation for allometry in P/B reported in the literature, suggest that the regular across-species pattern for the trio {P/B,Q/B,P/Q} can be explained by basic principles that underpin life-history in fish populations. This quantitative framework for the trio {P/B,Q/B,P/Q} is based on an explicit dependence with body size, which simplifies the estimation of these quantities. Model complexity depends, in part, on which data are available. Models were applied to real data from commercially important species fished in Chile. Statistical properties of the new models were evaluated by an intensive resampling approach. The simplest possible model for the trio {P/B,Q/B,P/Q} rests on the assumption of a stable age distribution. These quantities have a key importance in ecosystem modelling because they determine population energetics in terms of food intake by predation and the transformation of this energy into population biomass of predators. Application of the new models produces results which were comparable to those given by standard methods. This thesis is a result of multidisciplinary research which attempts to make a contribution to the understanding of the mechanisms underlying the allometric scaling of food consumption and production in fish populations. It proposes models for the trio {P/B,Q/B,P/Q} and thus, has the potential to be widely applicable in fisheries science.
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35

Benedito, Antone dos Santos. "Multi-stage population models applied to insect dynamics." Botucatu, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/192335.

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Orientador: Cláudia Pio Ferreira
Abstract: This thesis presents two manuscripts previously sent to publication in scientific journals. In the first manuscript, a delay differential equation model is developed to study the dynamics of two Aedes aegypti mosquito populations: infected by the intracellular bacteria Wolbachia and non-infected (wild) individuals. All the steady states of the system are determined, namely extinction of both populations, extinction of the infected population and persistence of the non-infected one, and coexistence. Their local stability is analyzed, including Hopf bifurcation, which promotes periodic solutions around the nontrivial equilibrium points. Finally, one investigates the global asymptotic stability of the trivial solution. In the second manuscript, after rearing soybean looper Chrysodeixis includens in laboratory conditions, thermal requirements for this insect-pest are estimated, from linear and nonlinear regression models, as well as the intrinsic growth rate. This parameter depends on the life-history traits and can provide a measure of population viability of the species.
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36

Véron, Matthieu. "Variabilité de traits d'histoire de vie et implications pour la modélisation des dynamiques de population : application au stock de sardines du golfe de Gascogne Major changes in sardine growth and body condition in the Bay of Biscay between 2003 and 2016: Temporal trends and drivers, in Progress in Oceanography 182, March 2020." Thesis, Brest, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BRES0026.

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La compréhension des facteurs et des processus à l’origine des stratégies de vie des populations marines est un défi majeur en écologie halieutique, et un prérequis nécessaire pour la gestion et la conservation de ces ressources. Chez de nombreuses espèces exploitées, des modifications importantes de leurs traits d’histoire de vie ont été observées et apparaissent étroitement liées au changement global. Cependant, malgré l’importance de ces traits dans la régulation des dynamiques de ces populations, peu de modèles d’évaluation prennent en compte leur variabilité. Cette thèse propose d’identifier l’origine de certains changements de traits d’histoire de vie de la sardine (Sardina pilchardus) du golfe de Gascogne en vue de les intégrer au sein d’un modèle d’évaluation. Sur la base de données morphométriques et biologiques, nos résultats indiquent une diminution drastique de la condition corporelle des individus avec une phase critique entre 2007 et 2011. Les analyses montrent une réponse synchrone à l’échelle populationnelle, se traduisant par une diminution des taux de croissance, en réponse à la variabilité des conditions environnementales. Elles suggèrent en particulier de potentiels changements dans la saisonnalité de la production et/ou la qualité des ressources nutritives. Par ailleurs, nos résultats montrent également une forte dépendance des processus démographiques de cette population à la taille suggérant l’utilisation d’un modèle d’évaluation structuré en taille. Enfin, les développements en modélisation réalisés dans le cadre de cette thèse apportent de nouvelles perspectives pour améliorer l’évaluation de ce stock
Understanding factors and processes that determine life history strategies of marine populations is one of major challenge in fisheries ecology and a necessary prerequisite for effective conservation and management of such resources. In many marine exploited fishes, important changes in life history traits have been identified and appear tightly linked to global change. However, despite their importance in population dynamics, few stock assessment models account for their variability. This PhD thesis investigates the drivers of changes in life history traits of sardine (Sardina pilchardus) in the Bay of Biscay with the purpose of including them within the stock assessment model of this species. Based on both morphometric biological data, our results emphasized a strong decrease in sardine body condition with a critical period between 2007 and 2011. Analyses underlined a synchronous decline of growth rate at the population level which appeared strongly linked to environmental variability. In particular, they suggest a potential shift in the timing of the production and/or the quality of food. Furthermore, the strong dependence of sardine demographic processes upon body size evidenced in this study strongly supports the need for a size-based stock assessment model for this stock. Finally, the early developments of such a stock assessment model maid during this work bring new perspectives to improve sardine stock assessment
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Sevillano, Garcia Mayeya Lucero. "The Effects of Biological Control Agents on Population Growth and Spread of Melaleuca quinquenervia." Scholarly Repository, 2010. http://scholarlyrepository.miami.edu/oa_dissertations/406.

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The main goal of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of two biological control agents in reducing population growth and spread of the invasive tree Melaleuca quinquenervia, a subtropical tree native to Australia, and invasive in Florida, Puerto Rico, and the Bahamas. While in Florida two insects Oxyops vitiosa (weevil), and Boreioglycaspis melaleucae (psyllid) have been established as biocontrol agents, in Puerto Rico only psyllids are present, and in the Bahamas no biocontrol agents are present. This study combined demographic data, experiments and mathematical models to investigate the influence of the biocontrol agents on M. quinquenervia's spatial population dynamics. In the field, permanent plots were established and demographic data was collected in populations in the native and exotic ranges. Australian populations are comprised mostly of tall adult trees, while in the exotic ranges populations are comprised mostly of short trees (<1.3m in height), and small adult trees. In a shade-house, I performed an experiment to investigate the effects of insect type and density on survival and growth of M. quinquenervia seedlings. I found that high density of insects, independently or in combination, reduce seedling performance, thus having the potential to alter the seedling-short plant transition of the M. quinquenervia life cycle. Based on the demographic data, I developed integral projection models (IPMs) to determine population growth rates in each region. Populations in Australia and the Bahamas are increasing, while populations in Florida and Puerto Rico are decreasing. Population growth is most sensitive to the seedling-short plant transition in all regions, except Florida, where it is most sensitive to survival of tall plants. Simulations combining the results of the IMPs and experiment indicated the biocontrol damage results in reductions in population growth rate in Puerto Rico and the Bahamas. Seed dispersal and demographic data was combined to develop an integrodifference structured model of population spread. Simulations indicated that by reducing seedling performance, insects have the potential to reduce the rate of population spread. Overall this study shows that individual-level effects of biocontrol agents have translated into reductions in population growth rate and rate of spread of M. quinquenervia.
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Strandberg, Per Erik. "Mathematical models of bacteria population growth in bioreactors: formulation, phase space pictures, optimisation and control." Thesis, Linköping University, Department of Mathematics, 2004. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-2337.

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There are many types of bioreactors used for producing bacteria populations in commercial, medical and research applications.

This report presents a systematic discussion of some of the most important models corresponding to the well known reproduction kinetics such as the Michaelis-Menten kinetics, competitive substrate inhibition and competitive product inhibition. We propose a modification of a known model, analyze it in the same manner as known models and discuss the most popular types of bioreactors and ways of controlling them.

This work summarises much of the known results and may serve as an aid in attempts to design new models.

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Cohen, Margaret A. "Estimating the growth rate of harmful algal blooms using a model averaged method." View electronic thesis (PDF), 2009. http://dl.uncw.edu/etd/2009-1/rp/cohenm/margaretcohen.pdf.

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Kupka, Kasper. "Effects of population size, density and local environment on the population dynamics of the fragrant orchid (Gymnadenia conopsea)." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Institutionen för biologisk grundutbildning, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-447703.

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A wide majority of orchid populations are decreasing due to habitat fragmentation and to changes in land management. Population size, density and habitat quality are factors that are expected to be positively related to the viability and future growth of a population. We evaluated if population size, density and soil organic matter were good predictors of growth, survival, flowering, recruitment, and growth rate in 18 populations of the long-lived orchid Gymnadenia conopsea. We followed the populations for four years. Recruitment in 2020 increased with population size, and survival in 2018 was higher in denser populations. However, flowering probability and number of flowers both decreased with population size in 2018. Soil organic matter did not significantly influence any vital rate. In total, the studied population factors could explain very little of the variation in demography. The matrix modelling showed that 14 of the 18 populations had a positive stochastic growth rate, even with an increased probability of summer drought (scenario with 50% of the years equal to the dry summer of 2018). In the populations with negative growth rate, the probability of quasi-extinction in the next 50 years varied from 90 to 100%. Declining populations were characterized by low survival following the dry year. In sum, population size, density and soil organic matter did not convincingly explain variation in growth rate of G. conopsea, suggesting that other environmental factors are responsible of governing variation in vitals rates and population dynamics.
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41

Webber, D'Arcy Nathan. "Demography and Population Projections of the Invasive Tunicate Styela clava in southern New Zealand." Thesis, University of Canterbury. Biological Sciences, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/4950.

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This thesis is about the demography of the tunicate Styela clava, a species of some notoriety because of its invasiveness and impacts in many parts of the world. Species assemblages have continuously changed throughout evolutionary history, but the rate of today’s anthropogenically facilitated dispersal is unparalleled in history. Non-indigenous species (NIS) are now considered one of the most important risks to native biodiversity. NIS become invasive by becoming both widespread and locally dominant. This requires that a species becomes established, spreads locally, and increases in abundance. In the early stages of invasion, its demography and life history characteristics are of crucial importance. In New Zealand, Styela has established populations in several places, but none of these populations has yet reached the high densities found in other countries. In Lyttelton Port, where this study was located, Styela was first noticed in 2005. It therefore presented an ideal situation to study an invasive species in its early stages of establishment and provided a potentially good model for understanding how invasive species get local traction and spread from initial infestation points. Therefore, I set out to determine demographic features of Styela to understand the numbers game of population dynamics. This study used empirical data on growth rates, size-frequencies through time, and size and age to maturity to test several models, including von Bertalanffy, Logistic dose-response, Ricker and power models of individual growth. The most useful proved to be the von Bertalanffy model. Styela individuals shrink frequently, so average growth rates were often quite low, even though some individuals reached 160 mm or more in total length. Mortality was greatest in summer, presumably after reproduction, and lowest in winter. Fewer than 5% of individuals survived 12 months, and most or all of these died soon afterwards. Populations were, therefore, essentially annual. Recruitment was difficult to determine because of the cryptic nature of small juveniles. However, size-frequency, abundance and mortality data indicated that recruitment most likely occurred in early spring (late-October), and then again in late summer, with growth to maturity (at c. 50 mm total length) within < 5 months. Several manipulative experiments showed that Styela did not readily capitalise on provision of free space but the other non-native ascidian, Ciona intestinalis, rapidly recruited. Transplants of Styela were greatly affected by C. intestinalis, which overgrew them, similar to a localised replacement of Styela by Ciona seen overseas. Lefkovitch modelling was used to test whether Styela had an “Achilles heel” in its life history, whereby managed removal could impact future populations. This showed that under several scenarios intervention would most likely be ineffectual. Overall, this study showed that the original populations in Lyttelton Port are either static or in decline, somewhat contrary to original expectations. Nevertheless, it appears that these small populations may be acting as stepping stones for spread of this species outside of the port.
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Nothnagl, Margit. "Interaction between greenhouse grown chrysanthemum and Frankliniella occidentalis : a modelling approach /." Alnarp : Department of Crop Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/200697.pdf.

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43

Dentamaro, Alex Alves. "Estudo da evolução de modelos de crescimento populacional e métodos para obtenção de parâmetros /." Rio Claro, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/191288.

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Orientador: Jamil Viana Pereira
Resumo: Neste trabalho, será abordada a teoria matemática utilizada no estudo de quatro modelos clássicos de crescimento populacional: Malthus, Verhulst, Gompertz e Montroll. Serão apresentadas e/ou discutidas algumas de suas características, propriedades, diferenças e diferentes métodos para obtenção de seus parâmetros. Posteriormente, estes modelos e métodos serão aplicados a um conjunto de dados relativos ao crescimento populacional do Brasil. Também foi elaborada uma atividade para ser aplicada no Ensino Médio, na qual se explora, por tabelas e gráficos, a forma como os alunos observam certos fenômenos de crescimento, bem como, construtivamente e com auxílio de dados, a forma como ocorrem esses crescimentos de fato.
Abstract: In this work, the mathematical theory of four classic population growth models (Malthus, Verhulst, Gompertz and Montroll) will be addressed. Some of their characteristics, properties, differences and different methods for obtaining their parameters will be presented and/or discussed. Subsequently, these models and methods will be applied to a Brazilian population growth data set. An activity was also elaborated to be applied in high school. It explores, by tables and graphs, how students observe some growth phenomena, as well as, constructively and with the help of data, how these growths really occur.
Mestre
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Levy, Amanda. "Use of Simulation Analyses to Investigate Yellowfin Tuna (Thunnus albacares) Growth Models in the Atlantic Ocean Incorporating Gear Selectivity." NSUWorks, 2012. http://nsuworks.nova.edu/occ_stuetd/177.

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The growth rate of a fish is a fundamental function used in stock assessments to estimate the population size and the fishery pressure affecting the species. There has been recent debate within the stock assessment community regarding which type of growth model best represents the true growth rate of yellowfin tuna (Thunnus albacares), in the Atlantic Ocean; specifically, should assessments use a traditional von Bertalanffy growth curve or a so-called “two-stanza” growth curve, which combines one growth rate for smaller individual tuna and another for larger sizes. Using a simulated population created with the software R, both growth models were compared under different scenarios. The first part of this thesis examines the effect of different fisheries and their associated gear selectivity. Purse seine, baitboat and pelagic longline fisheries, which target yellowfin tuna in the Atlantic Ocean, were incorporated into the analysis. The second part looks at different sources of variability that occur either in nature (observation error) or in the process of analysis (process error). These include different growth variation, looking only at the fast growing young fish and using a set birth date versus a spawning period. These scenarios were used to determine if the sample, derived from a fishery-dependent sample, reflects the true population. Three populations of yellowfin tuna were created: an un-fished population, a fished population from stock assessment data, and a fished population from simulation software called ‘Population Simulator’. These populations were all analyzed for the different scenarios as well as the different fisheries. The final part of this thesis looks at three similar tuna species; skipjack (Katsuwonus pelamis), bigeye (Thunnus obesus ) and albacore (Thunnus alalunga). The same scenarios and gear selectivities were applied to these tuna species. The results of this study showed that the two-stanza growth curve was not a better fit for yellowfin tuna population in the Atlantic Ocean than the traditional von Bertalanffy growth curve. There were several scenarios that favored the two-stanza growth curve, but either it was a sample population not representative of the Atlantic Ocean population, or the two-stanza had no initial growth rate, making it the same as a traditional growth curve. Based on these results, it was evident that the traditional von Bertalanffy growth curve was the more accurate growth curve to use for yellowfin tuna in the Atlantic Ocean and it is recommended that this growth curve be used in the stock assessments going forward.
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45

Etienne, Freed. "Urban Growth and Segregation in the Roanoke, Virginia, Metropolis: The Effects of Low-Density Development on Low-Income Populations and Racial Minorities." VCU Scholars Compass, 2006. http://scholarscompass.vcu.edu/etd/1393.

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This dissertation examines urban growth patterns in the Roanoke, Virginia, metropolis. It draws on the literature of contemporary human ecology and social area analysis to examine the effects of low-density development on low-income populations and racial minorities. The continuous spread of residential development beyond the boundaries of the central city and older suburbs into more distant, once rural areas is segregating the metropolitan area by race and income. Since the prominence of the so-called "Chicago School" of urban sociology (1913-1940), contemporary urban sociologists have outlined theories and methods to examine how American urban areas have changed and why. This dissertation is not about urban problems and solutions. It is about familiarizing readers with the theories of human ecology and social area analysis and their utility for explaining contemporary urban spatial patterns. If we are to get better and more equitable metropolitan areas, we must find out what really creates our urban areas, physically, economically, and socially. We must reach a deeper understanding of the forces and processes that have shaped them. Finally, we must understand the social consequences to urban life, relative to concentration of poverty and racial minorities in central cities. Toward that end, this study uses the statistical techniques called Social Area Analysis and Factorial Ecology to examine and describe the social-spatial patterns of the Roanoke, Virginia, metropolis, focusing on poverty and race. Specifically, the study uses 1980, 1990 and 2000 census data and the U.S. Geologic Survey of Land Use Cover to compute the factor analysis, construct the Socio-Economic Status (SES) index, rank the metropolis' census tracts based on the SES factors and develop the ecological growth model for the Roanoke metropolis. The analyses of the SES areas reveal that the metropolis' growth model is a combination of Ernest Burgess' concentric zone theory and Harris and Ullman's multiple nuclei model. Ultimately, the significance of this study lies not in the creation of an alternative theory of urban spatial patterns, but as an opportunity to amend more traditional approaches of human ecology so as to include racial segregation and income polarization as influences on metropolitan spatial patterns, and to produce a more integrated and accurate theoretical framework. This dissertation is organized as follows: Chapter 1 provides a brief introduction to the study. In Chapter 2, relevant literature regarding urban spatial patterns and contemporary human ecology is reviewed. Chapter 3 provides a thorough explanation of the research methodology. In Chapter 4, the results of the social area analysis and factor analysis are presented. GIS maps are also used to show the SES areas or multiple spatial patterns in the metropolis, especially the areas of concentrated poverty and race. In Chapter 5, the evolution of the metropolis' growth pattern is reviewed, and a contemporary ecological growth model is developed for the Roanoke metropolis. This model is then compared against the traditional human ecology growth models, including concentric zone theory, sector model theory and multiple nuclei theory. Chapter 6 concludes with a brief discussion of the consequences of the metropolis' growth pattern and the utility of the human ecological perspective for explaining contemporary urban spatial patterns, and suggestions for further research.
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Heldt, Frank Stefan [Verfasser], Timo [Akademischer Betreuer] Frensing, and Udo [Akademischer Betreuer] Reichl. "Mathematical models of influenza A virus infection : from intracellular replication to virus growth in cell populations / Frank Stefan Heldt. Betreuer: Timo Frensing ; Udo Reichl." Magdeburg : Universitätsbibliothek, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1069159808/34.

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47

Corrêa, Christiane Erondina. "Ecologia de populações de Psychotria nuda (Rubiaceae) em Floresta Ombrófila Densa." [s.n.], 2011. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/315903.

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Orientador: Flavio Antonio Maës dos Santos
Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia
Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-17T22:02:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Correa_ChristianeErondina_D.pdf: 5936327 bytes, checksum: 06835275c2d435b9e58c2c5894d02a54 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011
Resumo: Os habitats variam entre si quanta às características abióticas como luminosidade e topografia. A variação altitudinal pode conter essas diferenças e influenciar variações em escala individual e populacional das espécies. 0 objetivo geral desse trabalho foi descrever as características da espécie em escala do indivíduo, o padrão espacial e a dinâmica populacional do arbusto Psychotria nuda (Rubiaceae). Adicionalmente, verifica se há variação dessas características populacionais entre altitudes e dentro de cada altitude, considerando variações da topografia e luminosidade. 0 estudo foi realizado em Floresta Ombrófila Densa, no Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar em diferentes altitudes (Floresta de Restinga, Terras Baixas, Sub-Montana e Montana). Foram identificadas duas formas de crescimento, ereta e prostrada. lndivíduos prostrados podem apresentar crescimento clonal, encontrado em mais de 70% dos casas. 0 comprimento, o diâmetro, a área de copa e o módulo de elasticidade dos indivíduos eretos foram maiores comparados aos prostrados. Mais de 80% dos indivíduos amostrados ocorreram nas parcelas Terras Baixas. 0 comprimento foi semelhante entre altitudes, mas o diâmetro e a área da copa foram maiores nos indivíduos da Sub-Montana. A variação dos indivíduos localizados na Sub-Montana foi menor comparado aos indivíduos nas Terras Baixas. 0 padrão espacial diferiu entre as altitudes. Na Sub-Montana e na Restinga a distribuição foi agregada à pequenas distâncias e na Terras Baixas foi aleatória. Para todas as altitudes não houve variação temporal do padrão espacial. Mesmo avaliando a distribuição dos indivíduos por tamanho ou forma de crescimento, as variações influenciadas pela altitude foram preponderantes. A distribuição da densidade dos indivíduos não esteve relacionada a variações da topografia e luminosidade. 0 crescimento individual variou pouco ao Iongo do tempo e entre altitudes. Não houve variação da taxa de crescimento decamétrico com as classes de diâmetro dos indivíduos. As taxas de crescimento decamétrico não estavam relacionadas as variáveis abióticas. A taxa de crescimento populacional foi positiva, próxima a 1, nas duas altitudes. As taxas de mortalidade e de recrutamento foram muito semelhantes entre altitudes e não variaram temporal ou espacialmente. Indivíduos menores são mais freqüentes nas populações estudadas e a probabilidade de reprodução esteve associada ao tamanho do indivíduo. A maior proporção indivíduos reprodutivos na população foi encontrada na Sub-Montana. A maioria dos indivíduos permaneceu na classe de diâmetro inicial. Houve casos de regressão em até duas classes de diâmetro que podem significar a diminuição de tamanho ou fragmentação de rametas. O ingresso por reprodução sexuada foi pequeno sendo a maior parte dos recrutas originados por propagação vegetativa (91,6%). As duas altitudes diferiram quanto as contribuições para as diferenças encontradas no ?a, indicando que diferentes transições são importantes em cada hábitat. Algumas características populacionais estudadas variaram mais fortemente com a altitude em comparação a outros. As diferenças destacam que as populações das duas altitudes mantiveram estabilidade, entretanto a partir de estratégias diferentes. Na altitude maior os indivíduos foram maiores e apenas indivíduos grandes foram reprodutivos. Na altitude menor os indivíduos iniciam a reprodução com tamanho menor e ocorre maior entrada de indivíduos por propagação vegetativa
Abstract: The habitats may differ among themselves by abiotic traits like light and slope. The altitudinal variation may include these differences and influence changes in species on both individual and populational scales. The goals of this work were to describe individual traits, spatial pattern and population dynamic of shrub Psychotria nuda. Besides verify if there were variations of these population traits between altitudes and in each altitude considering slope and canopy openness variations. We developed this work in Dense-Ombrophylous Forest of Serra do Mar State Park in distinct altitudes. Two growth forms were recognized, erect and prostrate. The prostrate growth form includes the plants derived from clonal growth which is present in more than 70% of recorded individuals. The length, diameter, crown area and elastic modulus of erect growth form were higher than the prostrate one. More than 80% of the individuals occurred in the Lowland Secondary-Dense-Ombrophylous Forest. The length was similar between altitudes, but the diameter and crown area were higher in SM. Plants variations were smaller in Submontane Secondary-Dense-Ombrophylous Forest plots than in Lowland Secondary-Dense-Ombrophylous Forest. In Submontane Secondary­ Dense-Ombrophylous Forest and Coastal Plain Forest the distribution were aggregate to small distances and in Lowland Secondary-Dense-Ombrophylous Forest was random. There was no variation for all altitudes over time. Even evaluated the individuals distribution by size or growth form, the variations was mainly influenced by altitude. Individuals' density distribution was not related with slope and canopy openness variations. The individual growth of Psychotria nuda varies little over time and between altitudes. The diameter growth rate did not vary with individual's diameter class and with abiotic traits. Growth rate was positive and equals to one in both altitudes. Mortality and recruitment were similar between altitudes and did not vary in time and space. The smaller diameter classes were the most frequent ones and the reproduction probability was related with plant size. The proportion of reproductive plants was higher in Submontane Secondary-Dense-Ombrophylous Forest. Most plants remained in the original diameter class. There were some cases with regression of up to two diameter classes that may mean size reduction or ramets fragmentation. There was a little input of recruits from sexual reproduction. Almost all recruits came from vegetative propagation (91,6%). The contributions to variability in ? were different between altitudes due to distinct important transitions in each altitude. Some population traits varied more strongly with altitude than others. The differences highlight that two altitudes populations maintained stability, but from different strategies. At higher altitude, plants were larger than those on lower altitude and just the bigger ones were reproductive. At lower altitude plants start reproduction earlier than in higher altitude and had more input of recruits from vegetative propagation.
Doutorado
Ecologia
Doutor em Ecologia
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48

Rézouki, Célia. "The influence of lifestyle on demographic responses to climate change : the Alpine marmot as a case study." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1161/document.

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Comprendre la réponse des populations aux variations environnementales est un défi central en écologie et est devenu un enjeu indéniable ces dernières années avec le changement climatique. Dans ce contexte, nous pouvons nous attendre à ce que certaines caractéristiques écologiques propres aux espèces, comme le mode de vie, qui ont évolué en réponse à des contraintes environnementales et qui influencent les traits d'histoire de vie des espèces, puissent façonner la démographie des populations en environnement variable. Pourtant, cette influence du mode de vie sur la réponse démographique des populations demeure encore mal comprise. J'ai essayé de combler cette lacune au cours de ma thèse, principalement par l'analyse d'un jeu de données exceptionnel obtenu grâce à un suivi à long terme d'une population de marmottes alpines (Marmota marmota) dans les Alpes Françaises. La marmotte alpine présente un mode de vie très particulier. Les individus vivent au sein de groupes familiaux de taille variable, généralement composés d'un couple de dominants reproducteurs, de subordonnés et de juvéniles. Ils hibernent durant la moitié de l'année, et pratiquent l'élevage coopératif ; les subordonnés mâles participent activement à la survie des jeunes durant l'hibernation, et sont alors appelés helpers. J'ai d'abord étudié comment le mode de vie de la marmotte (qui allie hibernation et socialité) a influencé les effets des fluctuations météorologiques sur les variations de survie de chaque classe d'âge. Les résultats ont alors révélé une forte diminution de la survie des juvéniles au fil des ans, et cela du fait d'effets interactifs entre facteurs environnementaux (i.e., hivers de plus en plus rudes) et sociaux (i.e., diminution de la présence des helpers). Dans un deuxième temps, j'ai étudié la valeur adaptative de l'élevage coopératif au sein de cette population de marmottes alpines et j'ai pu montrer que les effets bénéfiques de la présence des helpers sur la survie des juvéniles tendaient à disparaître du fait du changement climatique. En conséquence de cela, la population de marmottes alpines semble être actuellement en déclin. Cependant, l'impact du changement climatique semble avoir été en partie limité par une plus grande probabilité d'accéder à la dominance pour les subordonnés au cours des dernières années, ce qui démontre une influence complexe de la socialité sur la réponse de cette espèce. Enfin, j'ai comparé la démographie de la population de marmottes alpines avec celle d'une population de chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) soumise à des variations météorologiques similaires dans les Alpes. J'ai été en mesure de montrer que le mode de vie et la stratégie de reproduction de ces espèces ont façonné différemment leurs réponses démographiques aux variations environnementales, et ainsi au changement climatique
Understanding populations' response to environmental variation is a central issue of ecology, and has become a compelling goal in the last years due to climate change. In this broad context we could expect some species-specific ecological characteristics known to influence life history traits, such as lifestyle, to shape the demography of populations in variable environments as well as structure between-species differences in response to environmental change. Yet, the influence of species' lifestyle on population demographic responses to environmental variation is still poorly understood. During my PhD, I tried to fill this gap primarily through the analysis of an extensive data set of an Alpine marmot (Marmota marmota) population in the Alps. Alpine marmots present a particular lifestyle. 1ndividuals live in family groups of variable size, typically composed of one dominant breeding pair, of sexually mature and immature subordinates and of pups of the year. Half the year, they hibernate together in burrows and practise cooperative breeding with male subordinates acting as helpers for the pups, increasing their survival probability during hibernation. I first investigated how the marmot's lifestyle (hibernation and sociality) mediated the effects of weather fluctuations on age-specific survival variation. I found that juvenile survival strongly decreased over the years because of inter-related effects of harsher winter weather conditions and social factors (i.e., decrease in helpers' presence). In a second step, I studied the adaptive value of cooperative breeding in this Alpine marmot population, and showed that the positive influence of helpers' presence on juvenile survival was vanishing with climate change. The Alpine marmot population is currently decreasing accordingly. However, in parallel to the latter changes, I found a better access to dominance for subordinate individuals over the years, compensating in part this decrease, and highlighting a complex influence of sociality on marmot response to climate change. Finally, I compared the demography of the Alpine marmot population with that of an Alpine chamois (Rupicapra rupicapra) population, subjected to similar weather conditions in the Alps. I was able to show that the difference in lifestyle and reproductive tactic between these species shaped their demographic responses to environmental variation, providing them with differentresistance to current environmental change
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49

Kubík, Rudolf. "Lidský kapitál jako determinanta ekonomického růstu." Doctoral thesis, Vysoká škola ekonomická v Praze, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-114429.

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Research of the relationship between human capital and economic growth has been significantly developing since 1960s'. This thesis aims to contribute to the topic of human capital, map its importance in the theoretical and empirical economics and examine the influence on macroeconomic growth. In most of the countries human capital and education are budgeted mainly from the public resources thus is the human capital theory important for the public sector as well. First part of the thesis presents the main growth models and its evolution concerning also the human capital. In the second part there is a summary of the most important empirical literature. In the third part I present and comment the results of the empirical analyses. The benchmark data panel covers 92 countries within years 1960-2005. The method of analyses is panel data regression. The primary finding of the thesis is confirmation of the positive influence that human capital has on the economic growth. Third part also tests the most adequate proxy of the human capital. The quality of the human capital as well as the link between quantity and quality are also reflected in the regression analyses.
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XU, JIA-HUI, and 徐嘉惠. "The population growth process of brown planthopper:temperature dependent model." Thesis, 1986. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/81915506355626958737.

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