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Ng, Teng Fong, Michael F. Leahy, Bradley Augustson, Sally Burrow, Philip Vlaskovsky, Ben Carnley, and Matthew P. F. Wright. "Survival of Patients with Multiple Myeloma in Western Australia, a Large State of 2.5 Million Square Kilometers: A Population Based Study." Blood 132, Supplement 1 (November 29, 2018): 3552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2018-99-112148.
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Abstract Background There has been concern that patients with malignant disease from remote and regional country areas may have adverse outcomes compared with those from cities. Western Australia (WA) with an area of 2,526,786 square kilometers, is one third the size of Australia. It has a population of 2.6 million of which 92% live in the capital city Perth and the southwest corner. In WA, multiple myeloma is managed in tertiary public hospitals and private physician practice located in Perth. While oral based immunomodulators and alkylators are readily delivered in the regional areas, patients travel to Perth for parenteral chemotherapy and stem cell transplantation. The WA state government subsidizes transport and accommodation for patients from regional areas to travel to Perth for treatment and clinical review via the Patient Assisted Travel Scheme (PATS). Telehealth through video conferencing is also used for review of patients on oral-based anti-myeloma treatment or during surveillance periods to avoid expensive and time-consuming travel to Perth. The Royal Flying Doctor Service (RFDS), a non-profit medical organization, provides prompt transfer of unwell patients from regional and remote areas of WA to Perth. Pathology services in remote regions are provided by the publicly funded PathWest organization. Method We retrospectively reviewed the survival outcomes of patients with multiple myeloma in the WA public healthcare system. Patients diagnosed between 2008 to 2017 were included (n=569). Staging information was extracted from the laboratory information system and the cytogenetic database in PathWest. Patient demographics, complications requiring admission, mortality and follow-up data were extracted from the public hospital patient management systems. Patients were segregated into regional or metropolitan by their residential address postcodes. Patients diagnosed and/or followed-up in the private sector were excluded. Survival was analyzed by Kaplan-Meier curves, Log-rank test and Cox proportional hazards model. Result Median age at diagnosis was 67 years old (range 29 to 98), with 56% above 65 years. 56% were males, 44% were females. Overall median survival was 46 months (95%CI:41,52). 1-year, 3-years and 5-years survival rates were 80%, 56% and 30% respectively. 25% (n=143) of patients resided in regional areas. No statistically significant difference in overall survival time between patients from metropolitan and regional areas was identified (p=0.2): 47 months (95% CI:43,54) and 42 months (95% CI: 33,54) respectively. Subgroup analysis also did not find any significant difference in overall survival of each R-ISS staging between metropolitan and regional areas. Discussion This retrospective study provides real-life survival data of of an Australian-based population in a state with a large land mass and low population density outside the capital city. The overall survival of patients living in regional areas was not significantly different from those living in the capital city. This gives credence to the benefit of the WA government supported regional network of travel, accommodation and Telehealth conferencing overcoming the distance barrier in the provision of comprehensive medical care in the management of a hematological malignancy. Figure. Figure. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.
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Gales, NJ, AJ Cheal, GJ Pobar, and P. Williamson. "Breeding biology and movements of Australian sea-lions, Neophoca cinerea, off the west coasst of Western Australia." Wildlife Research 19, no. 4 (1992): 405. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9920405.
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The Australian sea-lion, Neophoca cinerea, has a 17-18-month breeding cycle on islands off the west coast of Western Australia. Buller, North Fisherman and Beagle Is are the main pupping sites, with several very small colonies (n> 3) at the Abrolhos Is. The 4-5-month pupping seasons are synchronised at North Fisherman and Beagle Is, but the sea-lions from Buller I. breed one month later and those from the Abrolhos Is two months earlier. Pup production and pup mortality were highly variable between seasons over which observations were recorded: 129 pups were born at the main breeding sites in early 1988, the mortality in the first five months was 7.1%, whereas 181 pups were born in late 1989 of which 24.3% died. Pups remain in the vicinity of their natal islands for the first 4-5 months of life before leaving, perhaps on foraging trips, with their mothers. Most return to their natal island, although others haulout on islands up to 27 km away. Some male N. cinerea congregate in bachelor colonies on islands adjacent to the Perth metropolitan region during the non-breeding season and migrate up to 280 km north each breeding season. The status of the isolated, west-coast N. cinerea population is unknown. The current high level of human pressure on sea-lion terrestrial habitats and their food resources indicate a need for further monitoring of this species.
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Jolliffe, Capri D., Robert D. McCauley, Alexander N. Gavrilov, K. Curt S. Jenner, Micheline-Nicole M. Jenner, and Alec J. Duncan. "Song variation of the South Eastern Indian Ocean pygmy blue whale population in the Perth Canyon, Western Australia." PLOS ONE 14, no. 1 (January 22, 2019): e0208619. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0208619.
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Nossent, J., M. Ognjenovic, W. Raymond, H. Keen, C. Inderjeeth, and D. Preen. "FRI0192 MORTALITY IN IGA VASCULITIS: A LONGITUDINAL POPULATION-BASED STUDY." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 679. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.1655.
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Background:There is sparse population-level data on outcome in patients with Immunoglobulin-A vasculitis (IgAV) and none from AustraliaObjectives:We compared long-term mortality for paediatric and adult IgAV patients with age- and gender-matched controls.Methods:Linked health data for pediatric (<20 years=473) and adult (20+ years, n=267) IgAV patients were obtained from state-wide hospital and deaths registries in Western Australia for the period 1980-2015. All-cause mortality rates (MR) (deaths/1000 person-years) were compared with controls using mortality rate ratios (MRR) and with the general population of Western Australia by standardised mortality rate ratios (SMRR) with Poisson derived 95% confidence intervals (CI). We used Kaplan-Meier survival estimates and multivariate Cox regression derived hazard ratios (HR) for time dependent analyses.Results:In pediatric patients (mean age 7.2 years, 60 % male) MRR was 1.27 (CI: 0.34-4.08, p=0.68) and SMRR was 2.31 (CI: 0.72-5.7, p=0.47) (Table 1) with a 20-year survival rate (>99%) similar to controls. Despite higher rates of renal failure (1.5% vs 0.2%, p=0.002) deaths in pediatric IgAV patients were mainly from unrelated causes. In adult IgAV patients (mean age 55.8 years, 48% males) MMR was 2.06 (CI 1.70-2.50, p<0.01) and SMRR 6.16 (3.04 -14.3, p<0.01) (Table) during a mean of 19.5 years follow-up with significantly reduced survival at five (72.7 vs. 89.7 %) and twenty years (45.2% vs. 65.6 %) (p<0.05). Renal disease (HR: 1.47, CI 1.04 - 2.06), the presence of any comorbidity (HR:1.30, CI 1.23 - 1.37) and male gender (HR:1.23; CI 1.04 - 1.47) were independent predictors of death. While cardiovascular events (34.2%) and malignancy (19.4%) were the most frequent causes of death, only death from infections (5.8 vs 1.8%, p=0.02) and renal disease (3.6 vs 1.8%, p=0.03) were more frequent in adult IgAV patients than controls.Mortality data for childhood and adult-onset IgAV patients and controls. Figures indicate mean (±SD), numbers (%) or rate/1000 patient months (95% CI)PediatricAdultIgAVControlsP valueIgAVControlsPMean follow-up (yrs)22.71 (±5.2)23.75 (±3.17)0.00111.9 (±9.04)15.94 (±8.30)0.001Non-survivors (%)<5 (0.8)9 (0.9)0.5137 (51.3)394 (33.4)<0.001Person-years1027529520317818815MR0.39 (0.1, 0.9)0.30 (0.1, 0.5)43.11 (36,1,50.9)20.94 (18.9, 23.1)MRR1.27 (0.34, 4.08)0.672.06 (1.70, 2.50)<0.001SMRR2.31 (0.71, 5.71)0.716.16 (3.04, 14.3)<0.001Conclusion:Compared to controls and general population, mortality risk was not increased in paediatric IgAV patients for at least 20 years following diagnosis despite a higher rate of end stage renal failure. However, in adult IgAV patients, all-cause mortality risk was six times higher than in the general population leading to significantly reduced five-year survival, especially for male patients with comorbidity including renal disease.Acknowledgments:The authors thank the Data Custodians of the Hospital Morbidity Data Collection (HMDC), Emergency Department Data Collection (EDDC), the Western Australian Cancer Registry (WACR), the State Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, the WA Electoral Commission, and the NCIS for use of the CODURF dataset, and the staff at Data Linkage Branch at the Western Australian Department of Health for their assistance in provision of data. This work was supported by an unrestricted grant from the Arthritis Foundation of Western Australia. Author WDR received a PhD Scholarship in Memory of John Donald Stewart from the Arthritis Foundation of Western Australia.Disclosure of Interests:Johannes (“Hans”) Nossent Speakers bureau: Janssen, Milica Ognjenovic: None declared, warren raymond: None declared, Helen Keen Speakers bureau: Pfizer Austrlaia, Abbvie Australia, Charles Inderjeeth Consultant of: Linear Research Perth, David Preen: None declared
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Taylor, W., W. Raymond, H. Keen, C. Inderjeeth, D. Preen, and J. “. Nossent. "AB1221 POPULATION WIDE STUDY OF MORTALITY IN ANCA-ASSOCIATED VASCULITIS IN WESTERN AUSTRALIA FROM 2000 TO 2014." Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 79, Suppl 1 (June 2020): 1901.3–1902. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2020-eular.4051.
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Background:Survival in ANCA-associated vasculitis (AAV) has improved substantially in the last fifty years, but Australian data and studies with a control population are scarce.Objectives:The aim of this study was to compare the all-cause mortality rate between patients with AAV and matched controls in Western Australia.Methods:A retrospective population-based cohort study conducted using the Western Australia Health Data Linkage System (WADLS) for patients with a diagnostic code for AAV (International Classification of Diseases (ICD)-10-AM M30.1, M31.3 and M31.7). We included 240 patients with AAV (mean age 57.37 ± 16.69, 48.8% males) who had a hospital admission or emergency department visit between 1 January 2000 and 31 December 2014 and 4406 controls matched for age and sex. Death details were obtained from the WA Death registry. Mortality rates per 1000 person-years (MR) for AAV patients and controls were compared by mortality rate ratios (MRRs) with 95% CI. Kaplan Meijer survival estimates were analyzed by log-rank test.Results:During a mean follow-up of 6.58 years (3.37, 11.25) 83 incident AAV patients (34.6%) died, giving a mortality rate of 48.13 per 1000 person-years (95% CI 38.33, 59.66). This was 82% higher overall than in controls (MRR 1.82, 95% CI 1.46, 2.26, P < 0.0001), while the MRR for males with AAV was 2.28 (95% CI 1.46, 2.26; P < 0.0001) and for females 1.43 (95% CI 1.01, 2.02; P = 0.0267). Survival estimates at one (90.5%) and five years (75%) were significantly lower in AAV patients than controls.Conclusion:Over the last fifteen years, the mortality risk for AAV patients remains significantly increased compared with matched controls and more so for male than female AAV patients. Together with the reduced one- and five-year survival rate, this indicates the need for further improvements in initial disease management in order to reduce the risk of death in AAV.TableMortality rates (MR) per 100 patient years and Mortality rate ratio (MRR) with 95% CI in patients with AAV and controlsAAVControlDeathsPersonyearsMR(95% CI)DeathsPersonyearsMR(95% CI)MRR(95% CI)All83172448.1(38.3, 59.6)12194606926.4(25.0, 27.9)1.82 (1.46, 2.26)Male4978962.1(45.9 82.0)6902529528.2(25.2, 29.3)2.28 (1.72, 3.02)Female3493536.3(25.1, 50.7)5292077325.4 (23.3, 27.7)1.43 (1.01, 2.02)Figure.Kaplan Meyer Survival curves for AAV patients and controlsAcknowledgments:The authors thank the Data Custodians of the Hospital Morbidity Data Collection (HMDC), Emergency Department Data Collection (EDDC), the State Registry of Births, Deaths and Marriages, the WA Electoral Commission, and the staff at Data Linkage Branch at the Western Australian Department of Health for their assistance in provision of data. This work was supported by an unrestricted grant from the Arthritis Foundation of Western Australia. Author WDR received a PhD Scholarship in Memory of John Donald Stewart from the Arthritis Foundation of Western AustraliaDisclosure of Interests:Wade Taylor: None declared, warren raymond: None declared, Helen Keen Speakers bureau: Pfizer Austrlaia, Abbvie Australia, Charles Inderjeeth Consultant of: Linear Research Perth, David Preen: None declared, Johannes (“Hans”) Nossent Speakers bureau: Janssen
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Clugston, Stephanie, Portia Smallbone, Duncan Purtill, Dustin Hall, Rebecca De Kraa, Matthew Wright, Michael F. Leahy, and M. Hasib Sidiqi. "Differences in Clinical Presentation and Outcomes between Metropolitan and Rural Myeloma Patients." Blood 136, Supplement 1 (November 5, 2020): 44–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood-2020-141784.
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Introduction: Australia's largest state, Western Australia (WA), comprises a land area of more than 2.5 million square kilometres, an area than larger than that of Texas and Alaska in the United States combined, with a population of more than 2.6 million. Whilst a large proportion of Western Australians live in the capital city Perth, approximately 20% are dispersed across the state in regional and remote areas. The diagnosis and treatment of myeloma require specialist Haematologist management and frequent follow-up. Access to Haematology specialist services and treatment in WA is centred in metropolitan Perth, with outreach services visiting regional and remote areas limited in location and frequency. Some patients are required to travel long distances or relocate to access treatment. The aim of our study was to assess difference in clinical presentation, treatment and outcomes of myeloma patients living in regional or remote Western Australia compared to metropolitan Perth. Methods: A retrospective chart review of new cases of symptomatic multiple myeloma diagnosed between January 2008 and December 2019 and referred to Royal Perth Hospital and Fiona Stanley Hospital, two tertiary metropolitan hospitals was conducted. Data was obtained regarding patient demographics, disease characteristics, treatment, response and survival outcomes, through review of patient paper and electronic medical records. Patients were grouped into those living inside or outside the Perth metropolitan area (metro or non-metro) according to area codes obtained from the WA government data suite. Results: Two hundred and seventy-five cases were identified, 218 (79%) metro and 57 (21%) non-metro. Baseline characteristics for the two groups are listed in Table 1. The median age at diagnosis was 68.4 years (range 30-91.5 years) and 47% were female, with no significant difference between the groups. There were a higher number of patients with lytic bone disease at diagnosis in the non-metro cohort (75.4% non-metro vs 60.2% metro, p=0.03) as well as a higher proportion of patients with international staging system (ISS) stage II or III disease (77.8% non-metro vs 55.8% metro, p=0.005). Sixty three percent of patients overall received first line bortezomib based therapy and 27% first line imid based therapy, with no significant difference by location. Overall 41% of patients underwent autologous stem cell transplantation, 70% of those ≤70 years of age, with no significant difference between the groups (33.3% non-metro vs 42.5% metro, p=0.21). The median overall survival (OS) was 47 months for the entire cohort. Survival was lower in the non-metro cohort, although this did not reach statistical significance (median OS 52 months for metro vs 40 months for non-metro, p=0.05) Figure 1. Progression free survival (PFS) was similar between the two groups (median PFS 23 months metro vs 12 months non-metro, p=0.12) Figure 2. Early mortality at 6 and 12 months was higher in the non-metro cohort (Six-month mortality was 21.1% non-metro vs 8.3% metro, p=0.01. Twelve-month mortality was 28.1% non-metro vs 13.4% metro, p=0.01) Figure 3. There was a trend in cause of early mortality due to infection being higher in the metro cohort, and cause of early mortality due to renal failure being higher in the non-metro cohort, Table 1. Conclusions: In our cohort, patients living in non-metropolitan locations were more likely to present with higher ISS stage and lytic lesions at diagnosis. Rates of early mortality were significantly higher in the non-metropolitan cohort. There was a trend towards shorter overall survival although this did not meet statistical significance. These differences may represent delays in clinical presentation and diagnostic workup and highlight the need for optimisation of follow up of patients in non-metropolitan areas particularly during the early time period post diagnosis. Periods of resource constraint and travel restrictions as is faced currently may accentuate these disparities. In addition, the nature of myeloma therapy is evolving with addition of treatments requiring expertise to deliver, such as monoclonal antibodies and chimeric antigen receptor T cells. As these therapies become commercial further studies are needed to assess adequacy of access for patients from non-metropolitan centres. Disclosures Leahy: Pfizer: Membership on an entity's Board of Directors or advisory committees. Sidiqi:Celgene: Honoraria, Other: Travel grant; Amgen: Honoraria; Janssen: Honoraria.
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Johnstone, R. E., T. Kirby, and K. Sarti. "The breeding biology of the Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii naso Gould in south-western Australia. II. Breeding behaviour and diet." Pacific Conservation Biology 19, no. 2 (2013): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc130143.
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Little is known of the breeding behaviour of the Forest Red-tailed Black Cockatoo Calyptorhynchus banksii naso (FRTBC), a large, iconic forest cockatoo, endemic to the south-west corner of Western Australia, currently listed as Vulnerable under the State Western Australian Wildlife Conservation Act and under the Commonwealth Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act. In this paper, we provide details of breeding behaviour of FRTBC based on observations throughout the year over 17 years, together with observations of diet and feeding behaviour over the same period. FRTBC are monogamous hollow-nesters. Breeding was recorded in all months, with peaks in autumn-winter (April– June) and spring (August–October), with few records in January and February. Breeding also varied between years, with little breeding in 1999, 2001 and 2008, but many observations in 2006 and 2009. Breeding occurred at times of fruiting of either of the principal feed trees, Jarrah Eucalyptus marginata or Marri Corymbia calophylla, so it does not depend solely on one or the other of these species. Courtship displays were noted at all times of the day, from before dawn at roost sites to dusk. In total, 205 breeding events were recorded, of which 69 (93%) of 72 nests had breeding confirmed on a second visit. Use of particular nest hollows varied considerably, with some used only once and some up to seven times. Only one egg is laid, which the female incubates for 29 to 31 days, before a nestling hatches weighing between 27 and 32 g. The female remains in the hollow during incubation and only leaves for a short period in the evening to be fed by the male, usually at dusk. The chicks are brooded for up to 10 days, after which the female leaves the nest between dawn and dusk. Pairs of birds appear to recognise each other by calls, not responding to calls by others in the area. Chicks only respond when the parent is heard. Chicks are fully feathered at 48 days. Fledgling success was estimated at 60%. Juveniles remain dependent on the adults 18 months to 2 years. Thirty-seven chicks were banded between 1997 and 2011. Juvenile-immature birds moved on average less than 3 km from their natal tree and older birds were observed moving up to 19 km. This suggests that FRTBC are generally sedentary. Immature birds took up to three times as long as their parents to open Jarrah or Marri nuts and eat the seeds. In recent years there has been an interesting change in foraging behaviour of birds in the northern Darling Range (adjacent to the Perth metropolitan area) with the FRTBC discovering and using a new food source, the introduced Cape Lilac Melia azedarach, and this species is of growing importance as food in the Perth region. In combination, the data on breeding biology and diet highlight the importance of identifying recruitment rates and food availability in managing populations of FRTBC.
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Khan, Azim, Hilary Laura Martin, Lisa Spalding, and Andrew D. Redfern. "A tailored predication model to improve outcomes and mortality in geriatric indigenous women with breast cancer of western Australia." Journal of Clinical Oncology 38, no. 15_suppl (May 20, 2020): e14000-e14000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1200/jco.2020.38.15_suppl.e14000.
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e14000 Background: Indigenous women with breast cancer (BrCa) have higher mortality than Non-Indigenous women. Remoteness, aggressive tumour biology, treatment acceptance and compliance are all contributory factors. A retrospective study of geriatric indigenous women (aged 55 years more) with BrCa has shown high co-morbidity and treatment-related toxicity scores translating to high mortality comparing to the non-indigenous geriatric population (aged 65 years or more). An algorithm allowing prediction of risk of morbidity and mortality to enable optimisation of care for this patient group, catering to needs, values, beliefs and resources of geriatric Indigenous patients is warranted. Methods: To create a predictive algorithm and model of care based on the demographics, social environment, biology, co-morbidity burden and predicted chemotherapy toxicity scores of Indigenous women with BrCa to then be applied to a validatory prospective study.A cohort of 132 indigenous geriatric patients was identified from the Western Australian Cancer Registry from 2001 to 2010 along with remoteness matched geriatric non-Indigenous women in a 1:1 ratio. Data was collated on cancer biology, chemotherapy toxicity, mortality, co-morbidity burden (by the Charlson Co-Morbidity Index -CCI) and predicted chemotherapy toxicity (by CARG toxicity score). An algorithm was created based on these factors to identify patients at greatest risk of morbidity and mortality. Results: Elements identified as predicting morbidity and mortality were; remoteness based on distance from Perth (scored 0-3), lymph node status (scored 0-1), social isolation (scored 0-1), the Carg score (scored 0-3), and the CCI (scored 0-4). The KR Geri-Indigenous Rx Model was created using these components and scored out of 12. Conclusions: The score has been used to create three risk categories, low (1-3) intermediate (4-8) and high risk (9-12). A model of care was designed with staged increases in service elements and intensity for increasing risk category. These include the addition of Indigenous health worker review initially in clinic as well as at home during chemotherapy, initial geriatric assessment and potential geriatrician review, optimization of co-morbidities and medications, consideration of dose adjustments, social worker visits to increase services, increased surveillance, with telehealth contact and GP update with treatment planning as well as on treatment completion. A prospective study based on this model is planned.
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Humphries, P. "Life history, food and habitat of southern pygmy perch, Nannoperca australis, in the Macquarie River, Tasmania." Marine and Freshwater Research 46, no. 8 (1995): 1159. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9951159.
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The reproductive biology, age, growth, food and habitat of Nannoperca australis are described from samples collected from fringing macrophyte beds of the Macquarie River, Tasmania. Comparisons are made with the same species at Narrandera in New South Wales and other nannopercids, mainly in south-western Australia. Nannoperca australis spawned at the end of its first year, predominantly between October and December, inclusive. The peak mean gonadosomatic index of males occurred in August at 8.0 and that of females two months later at 11.5. The largest oocytes, of running-ripe females collected in October and December, were 1.15 mm in diameter. Fecundities ranged from 78 for a 1-year-old 37-mm fish to 679 for a 2-year-old 63-mm fish. Spawning is presumed to occur in the macrophyte habitat, since adults did not emigrate from these areas at this time. Otoliths and length-frequency histograms indicated that populations were dominated by 0+ fish. Amphipods and ostracods predominated in the guts of N. australis and prey items were mostly either benthic invertebrates or plant epifauna. Plankton was consumed by small fish in greater quantities than by larger fish, whereas the opposite was true for benthic and epifaunal prey. Fish were virtually always associated with aquatic macrophytes and almost always with shallow, still water.
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Stevens, Catriona. "A spatial and organisational analysis of Asian panethnic association in Perth, Western Australia." International Journal of Sociology and Social Policy 38, no. 1/2 (March 12, 2018): 41–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijssp-01-2017-0002.
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Purpose“Asian” is an aggregating descriptive term commonly used in Australian media, politics and everyday speech to describe people of diverse backgrounds. The purpose of this paper is to question the extent to which “Asian” Australian residents living in Perth, Western Australia demonstrate spatial or organisational panethnic association.Design/methodology/approachThe paper analyses quantitative population data from the 2011 Census using GIS to visualise the spatial residential distribution of individuals born in Asian countries and individuals with Chinese ancestry within the Perth metropolitan area. The paper further uses qualitative data drawn from fieldwork conducted in Perth to consider evidence of organisational panethnic association.FindingsFor first generation migrants there is currently little spatial or organisation evidence of “Asian” panethnic association in Perth. Migrants from different ethno-national backgrounds exhibit very different residential patterns. Incipient ethnoburbs are developing that appear to be based on ethnicity rather than panethnicity. Migrant organisation in Perth is likewise arranged primarily on the basis of ethnicity although some panethnic work is observed.Research limitations/implicationsFindings indicate trends towards ethnic residential segregation. Further longitudinal research could expand upon these findings. Qualitative research could determine causes of segregation and implications of (pan)ethnic identities, and explore how individuals from Asian countries respond to the dominant linguistic aggregation of “Asians”.Originality/valueThis paper offers an original analysis of a common frame of reference that has received little critical attention in the Australian context. It applies the framework of Asian panethnicity developed in the USA and finds it wanting, highlighting an inconsistency between the racialised language used in Australia to describe migrants from Asia and the ways these migrants associate.
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Morgan, David L., Simon J. Hambleton, Howard S. Gill, and Stephen J. Beatty. "Distribution, biology and likely impacts of the introduced redfin perch (Perca fluviatilis) (Percidae) in Western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 53, no. 8 (2002): 1211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf02047.
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Within Western Australia, Perca fluviatilis is restricted to the south-western corner and is found in the Swan, Murray, Harvey, Collie, Capel, Carbunup, Margaret, Blackwood, Donnelly and Warren river systems. Age data suggest it was released into Big Brook Dam (Warren River) in 1992 or 1993, where it has since played a role in eliminating the native teleosts. Its success here is attributed to a young age at maturity, rapid growth (compared with populations elsewhere), predatory nature, large size (compared with native fish), broad environmental and habitat tolerances, and absence of predators. Gonadal development initiates in late summer, with peak spawning between August and September. Males and females attained maturity in their first and second years, respectively, which is earlier than reported for most Northern Hemisphere populations and can be attributed to their rapid growth here because of the warmer climate. At ages 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5, males, on average, attained 102, 159, 206, 246 and 280 mm total length (TL) and females had attained 104, 166, 228, 290 and 351 mm TL at the respective ages. Diets of fish 50–200 mm TL comprised mainly small aquatic invertebrates, whereas larger fish preyed almost exclusively on decapods, mainly marron (Cherax tenuimanus), and teleosts.
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GALLEGOS, Danielle, Pernilla ELLIES, and Janine WRIGHT. "Still there's no food! Food insecurity in a refugee population in Perth, Western Australia." Nutrition & Dietetics 65, no. 1 (March 2008): 78–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-0080.2007.00175.x.
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Korostil, Igor A., and David G. Regan. "Varicella-Zoster Virus in Perth, Western Australia: Seasonality and Reactivation." PLOS ONE 11, no. 3 (March 10, 2016): e0151319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0151319.
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Chubb, CF, and IC Potter. "Age, growth and condition of the Perth herring, Nematolosa vlaminghi (Munro) (Dorosomatinae), in the Swan Estuary, south-western Australia." Marine and Freshwater Research 37, no. 1 (1986): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/mf9860105.
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The size, age and condition of Perth herring, N. vlaminghi, in the Swan Estuary in south-western Australia, were investigated between February 1977 and January 1980 using samples collected by beach seine and gill net. An examination of scale annuli showed that the population consisted predominantly of age classes 0+ to 4 +. By the end of their first year of life, Perth herring had reached mean lengths of 105 mm (= 9.8 g) in 1977, 105 mm (= 10.0 g) in 1978, and 95 mm (= 7.9 g) in 1979. The von Bertalanffy growth equation was calculated to be Lt = 381{1 -exp[- O.17(t + 0.6S)]}. During winter, the growth rate declined markedly and the mean condition factor fell to its lowest level. Perth herring started to make a major contribution to the important commercial fishery for this species during their third year of life.
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Margawani, K. Rini, Ian D. Robertson, and David J. Hampson. "Isolation of the anaerobic intestinal spirochaete Brachyspira pilosicoli from long-term residents and Indonesian visitors to Perth, Western Australia." Journal of Medical Microbiology 58, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 248–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/jmm.0.004770-0.
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Brachyspira pilosicoli is an anaerobic spirochaete that colonizes the large intestine of humans and various species of animals and birds. The spirochaete is an important enteric pathogen of pigs and poultry, but its pathogenic potential in humans is less clear. In the current study, the occurrence of B. pilosicoli in faecal samples from 766 individuals in two different population groups in Perth, Western Australia, was investigated by selective anaerobic culture. Of 586 individuals who were long-term residents of Perth, including children, elderly patients in care and in hospital and individuals with gastrointestinal disease, only one was culture positive. This person had a history of diverticulitis. In comparison, faeces from 17 of 180 (9.4 %) Indonesians who were short- or medium-term visitors to Perth were positive for B. pilosicoli. The culture-positive individuals had been in the city for between 10 days and 4.5 years (median 5 months). Resampling of subsets of the Indonesians indicated that all negative people remained negative and that some positive individuals remained positive after 5 months. Two individuals had pairs of isolates recovered after 4 and 5 months that had the same PFGE types, whilst another individual had isolates with two different PFGE types that were identified 2 months apart. Individuals who were culture-positive were likely to have been either colonized in Indonesia before arriving in Perth or infected in Perth following contact with other culture-positive Indonesians with whom they socialized. Colonization with B. pilosicoli was not significantly associated with clinical signs at the time the individuals were tested, although faeces with wet-clay consistency were 1.5 times more likely (confidence interval 0.55–4.6) than normal faeces to contain B. pilosicoli.
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Lohr, Cheryl A., Tammy Esmaili, Harriet Mills, and Roberta Bencini. "Estimating the age structure of a population of brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) by comparing tooth wear and cementum lines." Australian Mammalogy 33, no. 1 (2011): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/am10054.
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We used cementum lines from a sample of possums to calibrate tooth wear patterns in free-ranging common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) to estimate of the age structure of a wild population of the species living at the Perth Zoo, Western Australia. We assessed patterns of tooth wear and incremental cementum lines in teeth extracted from 40 possums via necropsy. Rank regression for non-parametric data revealed a weak relationship between the number of cementum lines per tooth (y), which was assumed to correspond to the age of the possums (in years), and tooth wear (males: age = 0.51x + 3.4, r2 = 0.098, n = 27; females: age = 1.17x + 0.35, r2 = 0.345, n = 45). We used these relationships and the tooth wear pattern of 149 live possums caught at Perth Zoo to develop an estimate of the age structure of the population. Most (63.1%) possums were between 4 and 6 years of age. Very few young (1–2 years) or old (6–8 years) possums were caught at Perth Zoo. These results yielded an approximate age distribution for possums within Perth Zoo and should be used with caution because the relationship between the number of cementum lines and tooth wear was weak.
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Donaldson, R., H. Finn, and M. Calver. "Illegal feeding increases risk of boat-strike and entanglement in Bottlenose Dolphins in Perth, Western Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 16, no. 3 (2010): 157. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc100157.
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One reason for the legislative restrictions on feeding dolphins in many parts of the world is the putative increased risk of injury to dolphins conditioned to human interaction through food reinforcement. However, there are few empirical data to support this. Here, we present data for a population of Bottlenose Dolphins Tursiops sp. in Cockburn Sound, in the city of Perth, Western Australia, indicating higher incidence of boat strike injury and fishing line entanglement for dolphins conditioned to taking food from humans, compared to others in the population that were not conditioned. The data support prohibitions on feeding dolphins and rigorous enforcement of existing regulations.
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Scott, John K., and Kathryn L. Batchelor. "Management of Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata in Western Australia." Invasive Plant Science and Management 7, no. 1 (March 2014): 190–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-13-00052.1.
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AbstractOne of Australia's most serious weeds, Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. rotundata (bitou bush) was recently found for the first time in Western Australia as a well established population in Kwinana, a major port and industrial area south of Perth, the State's capital. This population is remote from other bitou bush infestations in Australia and had escaped detection despite extensive surveys in the same State for the other subspecies that is present in Australia, Chrysanthemoides monilifera subsp. monilifera (boneseed). The main reasons it went undetected are thought to be the tightly controlled access to this area because of mineral processing and port activities, the unusual invasion route via a heavy industrial area and the morphological similarity to a native species when it is not flowering. Two surveys defined the core population of 1038 plants that are spread along the coast over a 25-ha semi-circle with about a 500-m (1640 ft) diameter. Subsequent surveys of first a 500 m buffer zone and later a 1-km (0.621 mi) buffer found four additional plants, indicating that there is considerable potential for dispersal. We concluded that the survey has not delimited the distribution because of the potential and evidence for long distance dispersal. Cooperation by the various land managers has led to all plants being killed, as an initial step to management of this species. Other steps to be undertaken include an awareness campaign in the area that would need to be surveyed for delimitation of the spatial distribution and seed bank assessment to measure potential dispersal both in space and through time. It remains to be determined what is the best strategic response: eradication or containment.
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Deubert, Kathy. "Beyond the No. 1 Rabbit-proof Fence: benefits and problems of isolation in Western Australia." Art Libraries Journal 13, no. 4 (1988): 22–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0307472200005940.
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Western Australia has the dual problem of a very large land area and a small population with its capital city, Perth, one of the most geographically isolated cities in the world. The art community is active; art organisations, collectors and academic institutions are increasingly aware of their role in the promotion of the local heritage while realising the importance of trying to overcome cultural isolation.For librarians, isolation limits personal communication with eastern states colleagues, hinders access to larger interstate resources, and adversely affects the currency of their collections, but it also encourages a spirit of co-operation, communication and sharing of resources at the local level.
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Wells, Fred E., and John K. Keesing. "Population characteristics of the gastropod Cantharidus pulcherrimus on intertidal platforms in the Perth area of Western Australia." Journal of the Malacological Society of Australia 8, no. 1 (January 1987): 23–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00852988.1987.10673988.
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Rahman, Touhidur, and Sonya Broughton. "The Survival of Mediterranean Fruit Fly (Diptera: Tephritidae) Over Winter in Western Australia." Environmental Entomology 48, no. 4 (May 23, 2019): 977–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ee/nvz060.
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Abstract The Mediterranean fruit fly, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is one of the most economically important pest insects of fruit crops worldwide. Mediterranean fruit fly can cause up to 100% crop loss in susceptible fruit. In order to formulate best management practices, it is critical to understand how Mediterranean fruit fly overwinters in a given geographical location and bridge the gap between autumn and spring populations. In this study, we evaluated the overwintering potential of Mediterranean fruit fly immature and adult stages in two locations in Perth Hills, Western Australia. We also monitored wild adult Mediterranean fruit fly populations for 2 yr. Adults were present year-round with captures very low in winter to early spring relative to summer and autumn. Field experiments revealed that immature stages in apples (eggs/first instar) and soil (pupae) remained viable in winter, emerging as adults at the onset of warmer weather in spring. In field cages, adults survived 72–110 d, and female laid viable eggs when offered citrus fruit, though only 1–6% eggs survived to emerge as adults. Adults survived longer in field cages when offered live citrus branch. The findings suggest that all Mediterranean fruit fly life stages can survive through mild winter, and surviving adults, eggs in the fruit and/or pupae in the soil are the sources of new population that affect the deciduous fruit crops in Perth. We recommend that Mediterranean fruit fly monitoring is required year-round and control strategies be deployed in spring. Furthermore, we recommend removal of fallen fruit particularly apple and other winter fruit such as citrus.
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McDonald, K. S., P. S. Cocks, and M. A. Ewing. "Genetic variation in five populations of strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum cv. Palestine) in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 45, no. 11 (2005): 1445. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea04154.
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Genetic variation within and among populations of an outcrossing stoloniferous perennial legume, strawberry clover (Trifolium fragiferum L.), was studied using seed collected from 5 different locations in Western Australia. The sites ranged from Badgingarra to the north of the wheatbelt to Karridale in the southwest of the state. Seed was collected randomly at each site and was grown out at the University of Western Australia Field Station at Shenton Park, Perth. Thirteen morphological plant traits were measured and analysed. Results show that within-population variation was extremely high. In contrast, among-population variation was generally low with most characters showing only 8–15% of the total variation. Despite this, all but 1 of the measured plant traits differed among populations. Principal components analysis highlighted the large amount of variation within the populations with the first 3 principal components accounting for only 59% of the total variation. We suggest that the populations have begun to differentiate into ecotypes more suited to those habitats into which they have been sown but that within-population variation remains high due to the outcrossing nature of strawberry clover.
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Bennett, Sarita Jane. "Genetic variation between and within two populations of Trifolium glomeratum (cluster clover) in Western Australia." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 48, no. 7 (1997): 969. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/a96158.
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Genetic variation between and within populations of Trifolium glomeratum (cluster clover) was studied using seed collected from 2 sites in Western Australia: Mount Barker in the south and Kwelkan in the wheatbelt. Seed was collected at 64 subplots within each site and the material was grown at the University Field Station at Shenton Park, Perth. Seventeen morphological characters were scored and the results were analysed using analysis of variance, principal components analysis, and cluster analysis. Within-site variation was much greater than had previously been shown, and a considerable amount of between-site variation was present. It is suggested that within-site variation is due to a small amount of heterozygosity, as a result of limited outbreeding, being present in each population. The 2 populations are shown to be distinct from each other, with the population from Mount Barker containing more within-site variation. It is suggested that this is a result of climatic stress influencing and reducing the amount of variation being maintained in the Kwelkan population.
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Agusti, Susana, Lorena Vigoya, and Carlos Manuel Duarte. "Annual plankton community metabolism in estuarine and coastal waters in Perth (Western Australia)." PeerJ 6 (June 26, 2018): e5081. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.5081.
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The planktonic metabolic balance that is the balance between gross primary production (GPP) and community respiration (CR) was determined in Matilda Bay (estuarine) and Woodman Point (coastal) in Perth, Western Australia. The rates of net community production (NCP = GPP – CR) and the ratio between GPP and CR (P/R) were assessed to evaluate whether the metabolic balance in the two coastal locations tends to be net autotrophic (production exceeding community respiration) or net heterotrophic (respiration exceeding production). We also analyzed environmental variability by measuring temperature, salinity, and nutrients and chlorophyll a concentration. Samples were collected biweekly from March 2014 to March 2015. During the study period the metabolic rates were three times higher in Matilda Bay than in Woodman Point. The predominant metabolism was net autotrophic at both sites with P/R ratios >1 in the majority of the sampling dates. In Matilda Bay, the metabolic rates were negatively correlated with salinity denoting river dynamics influence, and positively with chlorophyll a. In Woodman Point only the GPP was positively correlated with chlorophyll a. The positive correlation between P/R ratio and GPP in Matilda Bay and the positive correlations between the metabolic rates and chlorophyll a suggest that factors controlling autotrophic processes are modulating the planktonic metabolic balance in the coastal marine ecosystem in Perth. Significant correlations were found between CR and GPP-standardized to chlorophyll a and water temperature. The net autotrophic metabolic balance indicates that in both ecosystems planktonic communities are acting as a sink of CO2 and as a source of organic matter and oxygen to the system and are able to export organic matter to other ecosystems.
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Arena, P. C., and R. D. Wooller. "The reproduction and diet of Egernia kingii (Reptilia : Scincidae) on Penguin Island, Western Australia." Australian Journal of Zoology 51, no. 5 (2003): 495. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/zo02040.
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A population of King's Skinks, Egernia kingii, a large (220 g) scincid lizard, on Penguin Island, near Perth, Western Australia, contained mainly adults. Males were sexually mature at a snout–vent length of 190 mm and females at 185 mm. The sexes were similar in most dimensions, but males had proportionately wider heads than females. Females ovulated in late November and gave birth in mid–late April, after a 20–22-week gestation. Most litters comprised 4–6 (range 2–8) young that averaged 7�g and had a snout–vent length of 60–80 mm. Growth to adult size appeared slow and juvenile mortality heavy, so that most adults are probably long-lived. King's skinks were active throughout the year and consumed mainly soft plant material from the range of plants available, supplemented by insects and seabird eggs.
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Dawes, W., R. Ali, S. Varma, I. Emelyanova, G. Hodgson, and D. McFarlane. "Modelling the effects of climate and land cover change on groundwater recharge in south-west Western Australia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 9, no. 5 (May 10, 2012): 6063–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hessd-9-6063-2012.
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Abstract. The groundwater resource contained within the sandy aquifers of the Swan Coastal Plain, south west Western Australia, provides approximately 60% of the drinking water for the metropolitan population of Perth. Rainfall decline over the past three decades coupled with increasing water demand from a growing population has resulted in falling dam storage and groundwater levels. Projected future changes in climate across south-west Western Australia consistently show a decline in annual rainfall of between 5 and 15%. There is expected to be a continuing reduction of diffuse recharge across the Swan Coastal Plain. This study aims to quantify the change in groundwater recharge in response to a range of future climate and land cover patterns across south-west Western Australia. Modelling the impact on the groundwater resource of potential climate change was achieved with a dynamically linked unsaturated/saturated groundwater model. A Vertical Flux Manager was used in the unsaturated zone to estimate groundwater recharge using a variety of simple and complex models based on land cover type (e.g. native trees, plantation, cropping, urban, wetland), soil type, and taking into account the groundwater depth. These recharge estimates were accumulated on a daily basis for both observed and projected climate scenarios and used in a MODFLOW simulation with monthly stress periods. In the area centred on the city of Perth, Western Australia, the patterns of recharge change and groundwater level change are not consistent spatially, or consistently downward. In the Dandaragan Plateau to the north-east of Perth there has been groundwater level rise since the 1970s associated with land clearing, and with rainfall projected to reduce the least in this area the groundwater levels are estimated to continue to rise. Along the coastal zone north of Perth there is an interaction between projected rainfall decline and legislated removal to pine forests. This results in areas of increasing recharge and rising water levels into the future despite a drying climate signal. To the south of Perth city there are large areas where groundwater levels are close to the land surface and not expected to change more than 1m upward or downward over the next two decades; it is beyond the accuracy of the model to conclude any definite trend. In the south western part of the study area, the patterns of groundwater recharge are dictated primarily by soil, geology and land cover. In the sandy Swan (northern boundary) and Scott Coastal Plains (southern boundary) there is little response to future climates, because groundwater levels are shallow and much rainfall is rejected recharge. The profile dries out more in summer but this allows more rainfall to infiltrate in winter. Until winter recharge is insufficient to refill the aquifers these areas will not experience significant falls in groundwater levels. On the Blackwood Plateau however, the combination of native vegetation and clayey surface soils that restrict possible infiltration and recharge mean the area is very sensitive to climate change. With low capacity for recharge and low storage in the aquifers, small reductions in recharge can lead to large reductions in groundwater levels. In the northern part of the study area both climate and land cover strongly influence recharge rates. Recharge under native vegetation is minimal and is relatively higher where grazing and pasture systems have been introduced after clearing of native vegetation. In some areas the low recharge values can be reduced to almost zero, even under dryland agriculture, if the future climate becomes very dry. In the Albany Area the groundwater resource is already over allocated, and the combination of existing permanent native vegetation with decreasing annual rainfall indicate reduced recharge. The area requires a reduction in groundwater abstraction to maintain the sustainability of the existing resource.
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Clarke, Catherine L., Lana M. Bell, Peter Gies, Stuart Henderson, Aris Siafarikas, and Shelley Gorman. "Season, Terrestrial Ultraviolet Radiation, and Markers of Glucose Metabolism in Children Living in Perth, Western Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 19 (October 3, 2019): 3734. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16193734.
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Seasonality in glucose metabolism has been observed in adult populations; however, little is known of the associations between season and glucose metabolism in children. In this study, we examined whether markers of glucose metabolism (fasting glucose, insulin and HbA1c) varied by season in a paediatric population (6–13 years of age) located in Perth (Western Australia, n = 262) with data categorised by weight. Linear regression was used to analyse the nature of the relationships between mean daily levels of terrestrial ultraviolet radiation (UVR) (prior to the day of the blood test) and measures of glucose metabolism. Fasting blood glucose was significantly lower in autumn compared to spring, for children in combined, normal and obese weight categories. Fasting insulin was significantly lower in autumn and summer compared to winter for individuals of normal weight. HbA1c was significantly higher in summer (compared with winter and spring) in overweight children, which was in the opposite direction to other published findings in adults. In children with obesity, a strong inverse relationship (r = −0.67, p = 0.002) was observed for fasting glucose, and daily terrestrial UVR levels measured in the previous 6 months. Increased safe sun exposure in winter therefore represents a plausible means of reducing fasting blood sugar in children with obesity. However, further studies, using larger paediatric cohorts are required to confirm these relationships.
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Dawes, W., R. Ali, S. Varma, I. Emelyanova, G. Hodgson, and D. McFarlane. "Modelling the effects of climate and land cover change on groundwater recharge in south-west Western Australia." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 16, no. 8 (August 14, 2012): 2709–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-16-2709-2012.
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Abstract. The groundwater resource contained within the sandy aquifers of the Swan Coastal Plain, south-west Western Australia, provides approximately 60 percent of the drinking water for the metropolitan population of Perth. Rainfall decline over the past three decades coupled with increasing water demand from a growing population has resulted in falling dam storage and groundwater levels. Projected future changes in climate across south-west Western Australia consistently show a decline in annual rainfall of between 5 and 15 percent. There is expected to be a reduction of diffuse recharge across the Swan Coastal Plain. This study aims to quantify the change in groundwater recharge in response to a range of future climate and land cover patterns across south-west Western Australia. Modelling the impact on the groundwater resource of potential climate change was achieved with a dynamically linked unsaturated/saturated groundwater model. A vertical flux manager was used in the unsaturated zone to estimate groundwater recharge using a variety of simple and complex models based on climate, land cover type (e.g. native trees, plantation, cropping, urban, wetland), soil type, and taking into account the groundwater depth. In the area centred on the city of Perth, Western Australia, the patterns of recharge change and groundwater level change are not consistent spatially, or consistently downward. In areas with land-use change, recharge rates have increased. Where rainfall has declined sufficiently, recharge rates are decreasing, and where compensating factors combine, there is little change to recharge. In the southwestern part of the study area, the patterns of groundwater recharge are dictated primarily by soil, geology and land cover. In the sand-dominated areas, there is little response to future climate change, because groundwater levels are shallow and much rainfall is rejected recharge. Where the combination of native vegetation and clayey surface soils restricts possible infiltration, recharge rates are very sensitive to reductions in rainfall. In the northern part of the study area, both climate and land cover strongly influence recharge rates. Recharge under native vegetation is minimal and is relatively higher where grazing and pasture systems have been introduced after clearing of native vegetation. In some areas, the recharge values can be reduced to almost zero, even under dryland agriculture, if the future climate becomes very dry.
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Mulcock, Jane, and Natalie Lloyd. "Human-Animal Studies in Australia: Current Directions." Society & Animals 15, no. 1 (2007): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853007x169306.
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AbstractIn 2004, Natalie Lloyd and Jane Mulcock initiated the Australian Animals & Society Study Group, a network of social science, humanities and arts scholars that quickly grew to include more than 100 participants. In July 2005, about 50 participants attended the group's 4-day inaugural conference at the University of Western Australia, Perth. Papers in this issue emerged from the conference. They exemplify the Australian academy's work in the fields of History, Population Health, Sociology, Geography, and English and address strong themes: human-equine relationships; management of native and introduced animals; and relationships with other domestic, nonhuman animals—from cats and dogs to cattle. Human-Animal Studies is an expanding field in Australia. However, many scholars, due to funding and teaching concerns, focus their primary research in different domains. All authors in this issue—excepting one—are new scholars in their respective fields. The papers represent the diversity and innovation of recent Australian research on human-animal interactions. The authors look at both past and present, then anticipate future challenges in building an effective network to expand this field of study in Australia.
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Jamrozik, K., R. J. Broadhurst, C. S. Anderson, and E. G. Stewart-Wynne. "The role of lifestyle factors in the etiology of stroke. A population-based case-control study in Perth, Western Australia." Stroke 25, no. 1 (January 1994): 51–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1161/01.str.25.1.51.
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Hobbs, Michael S., Matthew W. Knuiman, Tom Briffa, Hanh Ngo, and Konrad Jamrozik. "Plasma cholesterol levels continue to decline despite the rising prevalence of obesity: population trends in Perth, Western Australia, 1980–1999." European Journal of Cardiovascular Prevention & Rehabilitation 15, no. 3 (June 2008): 319–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/hjr.0b013e3282f3c76b.
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CORTI, BILLIE, COLIN W. BINNS, PETER A. HOWAT, DEBRA BLAZE-TEMPLE, and SING KAI LO. "Comparison of 7-day retrospective and prospective alcohol consumption diaries in a female population in Perth, Western Australia-methodological issues." Addiction 85, no. 3 (March 1990): 379–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.1990.tb00654.x.
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Fallone, Carlo A., Naoki Chiba, Alison Buchan, Bin Su, and Diane Taylor. "Two Decades ofHelicobacter pylori: A Review of the Fourth Western PacificHelicobacterCongress." Canadian Journal of Gastroenterology 16, no. 8 (2002): 559–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2002/481718.
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From March 3 to 6, 2002,Helicobacterenthusiasts gathered in Perth, Australia for the Fourth Western PacificHelicobacterCongress to celebrate the 20th anniversary of the modern discovery of this organism by Barry Marshall and Robin Warren. The meeting included state-of-the-art lectures highlighting the breakthroughs that have occurred since the discovery of this bacterium. As well, advances from the forefront of currentHelicobacter pyloriresearch were presented, particularly in the realm of genomics and molecular biology. A symposium about vaccines and trends for futureH pyloriresearch completed this congress. The purpose of the present review is to summarize the highlights from this conference, emphasizing new advances.
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Jones, A. P., K. Rueter, A. Siafarikas, E. M. Lim, S. L. Prescott, and D. J. Palmer. "25-hydroxyvitamin D status of pregnant women is associated with the use of antenatal vitamin supplements and ambient ultraviolet radiation." Journal of Developmental Origins of Health and Disease 7, no. 4 (April 21, 2016): 350–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s2040174416000143.
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Previous research suggests prevalent vitamin D deficiency in pregnant women residing in South Australia and the Eastern Seaboard, however recent data from Perth, Western Australia (WA) is lacking. This cross-sectional study ofn=209 pregnant women (36–40 weeks of gestation, 84% white Caucasian) reports on the vitamin D (25[OH]D) status of a contemporary population of pregnant women in Perth, WA, with a focus on the relative contributions of supplemental vitamin D and ambient ultraviolet (UV) radiation to 25(OH)D levels. Mean (SD) season-adjusted 25(OH)D levels were 77.7 (24.6) nmol/l. The prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (25[OH]D<50 nmol/l) was 13.9%. Ambient UV radiation levels in the 90 days preceding blood draw were significantly correlated with serum 25(OH)D levels (unstandardized coefficient 2.82; 95% CI 1.77, 3.86,P<0.001). Vitamin D supplementation expressed as dose per kg of body weight was also positively correlated with serum 25(OH)D levels (unstandardized coefficient 0.744; 95% CI 0.395, 1.092,P<0.001). In conclusion, this study finds that vitamin D deficiency in a predominantly white Caucasian cohort of pregnant women is less prevalent than has been reported in other studies, providing useful information relating to supplementation and screening in this, and similar, populations.
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Chapman, A. R., and E. L. Litton. "Primary Prevention in the Intensive Care Unit: A Prospective Single-Centre Study of the Risk Factors for Invasive Pneumococcal Disease." Anaesthesia and Intensive Care 45, no. 4 (July 2017): 448–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0310057x1704500406.
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Invasive pneumococcal disease is a significant health burden in Australia, with immunisation recommended for children and at-risk adults. Health benefits of immunisation are clear, but less effective when immunisation rates are low, as in Western Australia. We hypothesised that patients admitted unplanned to the intensive care unit (ICU) would have high eligibility for pneumococcal immunisation, but low rates of recorded vaccine administration. We performed a prospective observational study of 119 emergency admissions to Royal Perth ICU, a 20-bed mixed ICU at a tertiary teaching hospital in Western Australia. Each admission was screened for vaccine eligibility (age and risk factors as per Australian Technical Advisory Group of Immunisation guidelines), with patients’ health records examined and primary care providers contacted after ICU discharge. Risk factors for invasive pneumococcal disease were common, with 52% of the study population having one or more. Fifty-four of 119 admitted patients (45%) were assessed as eligible for immunisation after ICU discharge. ICU survivors represent a high-risk population for which intervention against modifiable targets, such as invasive pneumococcal disease, may reduce both their chronic health burden and future health expenditure. Future efforts should concentrate on assessing the feasibility of a screening program for modifiable factors in ICU survivors, and the logistics of delivering these interventions in a timely manner during their hospital stay.
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Smith, Kimberly D., Luke J. Pen, and Brenton Knott. "Genetic and morphological study of the Black-stripe minnow, Galaxiella nigrostriata (Salmoniformes: Galaxiidae), including a disjunct population near Perth, Western Australia." Records of the Western Australian Museum 21, no. 3 (2002): 285. http://dx.doi.org/10.18195/issn.0312-3162.21(3).2002.285-290.
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Patel, Dimpalben, Le Jian, Jianguo Xiao, Janis Jansz, Grace Yun, and Andrew Robertson. "Joint effect of heatwaves and air quality on emergency department attendances for vulnerable population in Perth, Western Australia, 2006 to 2015." Environmental Research 174 (July 2019): 80–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2019.04.013.
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Kirby, GC. "The Population Biology of a Smut Fungus, Ustilago spinificis Ludw. I. Geographic Distribution and Abundance." Australian Journal of Botany 36, no. 3 (1988): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt9880339.
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Ustilago spinificis, a floral smut of Spinifex hirsutus and S. sericeus, was collected across southern Australia from Yanchep, W.A. on the west coast to Seaspray, Vic, on the south-eastern coast and from the North Island of New Zealand. The host plants are most abundant on beaches with extensive sand dunes and the smut is common in regions where the host is abundant. The distribution limits for the smut are set by the replacement of S. hirsutus by a non-host, S. longifolius, north of Perth on the west coast; by the absence or rarity of host plants on rocky coastlines across the Great Australian Bight and in the SE. and SW. corners of Australia; and by the limited occurrence of host plants on the east coast of Australia. Spinifex inflorescences were sampled on 33 beaches and on the 29 beaches where smut was found the mean frequency of smutted inflorescences was 22%. These high infection rates represent a natural epidemic of a plant disease and data on other natural populations of smut fungi are presented to show that these results are not exceptional.
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Seivwright, Ami N., Zoe Callis, and Paul Flatau. "Food Insecurity and Socioeconomic Disadvantage in Australia." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 2 (January 15, 2020): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17020559.
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Research on food insecurity in Australia has typically relied on a single-item measure and finds that approximately 5% of the population experiences food insecurity. This research also finds that demographic characteristics such as household composition and marital status affect levels of food insecurity, independent of income level. The present study examines the prevalence and correlates of food insecurity in a cohort (n = 400) of people experiencing entrenched disadvantage in Perth, Western Australia. Using the US Department of Agriculture Household Food Security Survey Module, we find that food insecurity at the household, adult, and child level is at sharply elevated levels, with 82.8% of the sample reporting household food insecurity, 80.8% and 58.3% experiencing food insecurity among adults and children, respectively. Demographic characteristics do not significantly affect levels of food insecurity, and food insecurity is associated with negative physical and mental health outcomes. Food insecurity is positively correlated with access to food emergency relief services, indicating that these services are being used by those most in need, but do not address the root causes of food insecurity. Policy and practice should focus on increasing stable access to adequate quantities and quality of food and addressing the structural causes of food insecurity.
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Drummond, Peter D., Ayse Mizan, and Bernadette Wright. "HIV/AIDS knowledge and attitudes among West African immigrant women in Western Australia." Sexual Health 5, no. 3 (2008): 251. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sh07077.
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Background: Most women who live in sub-Saharan countries have heard of HIV/AIDS, but there is still widespread misunderstanding about how HIV is spread, the consequences of infection, and how to protect against infection. The aim of the present study was to investigate knowledge about HIV and attitudes towards condom use in West African refugees who had settled in Perth, Western Australia, within the past 5 years. Methods: Knowledge about transmission of HIV, myths about how HIV is spread, incorrect beliefs about protective factors, the effectiveness of condoms in protecting against sexually transmissible infections, and attitudes towards condom use were investigated by survey in 51 West African women, and in 100 Australian women for comparison. Where possible, each West African woman was matched for age and level of education with an Australian woman. Results: Knowledge of HIV was poorest in the least educated West African women, but many of the more highly educated women also had misconceptions about how HIV is spread, how to protect against HIV, and the effectiveness of condoms in protecting against HIV. Moreover, most West African women held negative attitudes towards condom use. Within the Australian sample, HIV knowledge was greatest in women with tertiary qualifications, and was greater in younger than older women; in addition, attitudes towards condom use differed across the age span. Conclusions: The findings in the present study suggest that educational programs that focus on knowledge about HIV should be tailored to meet the needs and cultural sensitivities of newly emerging immigrant communities, and should target particular demographic groups within the Australian population.
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Lillee, Alyssa, Aesen Thambiran, and Jonathan Laugharne. "Evaluating the mental health of recently arrived refugee adults in Western Australia." Journal of Public Mental Health 14, no. 2 (June 15, 2015): 56–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jpmh-05-2013-0033.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to measure the levels of psychological distress in adults entering Western Australia (WA) as refugees through the Australian Humanitarian Programme. To determine if the introduction of mental health screening instruments impacts on the level of referrals for further psychological/psychiatric assessment and treatment. Design/methodology/approach – Participants were 300 consecutive consenting refugee adults attending the Humanitarian Entrant Health Service in Perth, WA. This service is government funded for the general health screening of refugees. The Kessler-10 (K10) and the World Health Organisation’s post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) screener were the principal outcome measures used. Findings – Refugees had a high rate of current probable PTSD (17.2 per cent) as measured with the PTSD screener and mean K10 scores were significantly higher than general population norms. The K10 showed high accuracy for discriminating those with or without probable PTSD. Being married and having more children increased the risk of probable PTSD. In regard to region of origin, refugees from Western and Southern Asia had significantly higher scores on both screeners followed by those from Africa with those from South-Eastern Asia having the lowest scores. Referral rate for psychiatric/psychological treatment was 18 per cent compared to 4.2 per cent in the year prior to the study. Practical implications – This study demonstrates increased psychological distress including a high rate of probable PTSD in a recently arrived multi-ethnic refugee population and also demonstrates significant variations based on region of origin. In addition, it supports the feasibility of using brief screening instruments to improve identification and referral of refugees with significant psychological distress in the context of a comprehensive general medical review. Originality/value – This was an Australian study conducted in a non-psychiatric setting. The outcomes of this study pertain to refugee mental health assessed in a general health setting. The implications of the study findings are of far reaching relevance, inclusive of primary care doctors and general physicians as well as mental health clinicians. In particular the authors note that the findings of this study are to the authors’ knowledge unique in the refugee mental health literature as the participants are recently arrived refugees from diverse ethnic groups.
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K. Callan, Shae, and Jonathan D. Majer. "Impacts of an incursion of African Big-headed Ants, Pheidole megacephala (Fabricius), in urban bushland in Perth, Western Australia." Pacific Conservation Biology 15, no. 2 (2009): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc090102.
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An incursion of the African Big-headed Ant, Pheidole megacephala, has recently been recorded in bushland in Perth, Western Australia. This unexpected discovery prompted an investigation into the effects of the incursion on the native ant assemblages. Extensive pitfall trapping in invaded and non-invaded areas revealed that the incursion had a significant negative impact on ant species richness, diversity and evenness. Approximately 53% of native ant species present in non-invaded bushland were not sampled in areas occupied by P. megacephala, while the remaining species suffered considerable declines in frequency of occurrence. Many of these species perform important ecosystem functions, and their loss was thought to have had serious consequences on the ecosystem. Changes to the prevalence of the various ant Functional Groups indicated major disruptions to the composition of the assemblage as the abundance of P. megacephala increased. Ants that avoided direct competition with P. megacephala, by occupying temperature dependant temporal niches, were more persistent in its presence. Estimates of the ant biomass sampled indicated that the invasive population was larger than that of all other ant species combined by several orders of magnitude. A feeding trial revealed intensified exploitation of food resources in invaded areas, which could have flow-on effects on other invertebrates and plants. Changes to predation, decomposition, and soil amelioration regimes, as well as possible disruptions to ant-plant interactions and invertebrate symbioses resulting from the disappearance of native ant species, were thought to have further eroded the conservation values of the ecosystem.
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Lohr, Cheryl A., Harriet Mills, Helen Robertson, and Roberta Bencini. "Deslorelin implants control fertility in urban brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) without negatively influencing their body-condition index." Wildlife Research 36, no. 4 (2009): 324. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr08050.
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Wild brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) occur in large numbers in the grounds of Perth Zoo, Western Australia. These possums are a problem because they consume feed the zoo buys for its captive animals, damage seedlings and trees and many need to be treated for injuries sustained during fights with conspecifics. A contraceptive implant, which contains the gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist deslorelin, could be a potential method of managing this population. We tested the efficacy of the implant and its impact on the body-condition index of treated possums with Kaplan–Meier analysis and a mixed model with residual maximum likelihood. We implanted 60 female possums with deslorelin and monitored reproductive success of treated and untreated possums for the following 18 months. At the conclusion of the study, 80% of 20 treated females recaptured had shown no evidence of breeding activity, giving an average minimum duration of effective contraception of 381 days. The implant did not have a negative impact on the body-condition index of treated possums during the course of the study. Our results suggest that deslorelin implants could be an effective management tool for brushtail possums at Perth Zoo and in other urban environments.
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C. Calver, M. "Education Quality and Conservation Biology." Pacific Conservation Biology 6, no. 3 (2000): 181. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/pc000181.
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In a recent public address at Murdoch University in Perth, Western Australia, Professor Geoffrey Bolton argued that the quality of Australian university education was at risk because of an increased reliance on fee income from overseas students. He felt that faculties could be pressured to relax standards in order to maximize the pass rates of fee-paying students and thereby gain greater income for universities at the cost of cheapening the academic value of degrees. Of course, this argument was not meant to belittle the educational value of a diversity of cultural backgrounds within classes nor to imply any lack of application on the part of fee-paying students. Rather, it raised the very legitimate concern that the declining financial fortunes of Australian universities were encouraging many institutions to seek actively for fee-paying students and that growing reliance on fee income could compromise academic independence. Correspondents to the local newspaper echoed his concerns, which appear to be widespread in the university system.
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Simpson, Greg, and Jackie Parker. "Data for an Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) of a Public Green Infrastructure and Urban Nature Space in Perth, Western Australia." Data 3, no. 4 (December 17, 2018): 69. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/data3040069.
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This Data Descriptor shares the dataset generated by a visitor satisfaction survey of users of a mixed-use public green infrastructure (PGI) space in Perth, Western Australia, that incorporates remnant and reintroduced urban nature (UN). Conducted in the Austral summer of 2016–2017, the survey (n = 393) utilized the technique of Importance-Performance Analysis (IPA) to elucidate perceptions of PGI users regarding performance of the amenity and facilities at the study site. There is a growing body of research that reports the innate, inbuilt affinity of humans to natural systems and living things. As humankind has grown exponentially over the past 50 years, humanity, as a species, is living an increasingly urbanized lifestyle, resulting in spreading urban footprints and increased population densities that are causing humans to become increasingly disconnected from nature. These conflicting phenomena are driving research to understand the contribution that PGI and UN can make to enhancing the quality of life of urban residents. With diminishing opportunities to acquire or create new PGI spaces within ever-more-densely populated urban centers, understanding, efficiently managing, and continuously improving existing PGI spaces is crucial to access the benefits and services that PGI and UN provide. The IPA technique can provide the data necessary to inform an evidenced-based approach to managing and resourcing PGI and UN spaces.
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Kosky, Robert, Ian McAlpine, Sven Silburn, and John Richmond. "A Survey of Child Psychiatry Outpatients. 1. Clinical and Demographic Characteristics." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 19, no. 2 (June 1985): 158–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/00048678509161313.
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This paper describes clinical and demographic characteristics of 664 children who attended outpatient child psychiatry clinics in Perth, Western Australia, over a one-year period. All social classes were represented; parents were the most common source of referral and typically the child had been assessed or treated for emotional or behavioural problems by other agencies previously. Referrals from the juvenile justice system were uncommon. The accessibility of clinics to the child population was found to have a significant effect on the rate of referral. Only 10% of the sample received conduct disorder diagnoses, whereas 16.5% had mixed disorders of conduct and emotion, and 42% had emotional disorders. Environmental circumstances, particularly recent marital break-up, family discord and recent experience of loss, were contributing factors to the child's clinical presentation in a large proportion of cases.
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Reed, D. A., S. Toze, and B. Chang. "Spatial and temporal changes in sulphate-reducing groundwater bacterial community structure in response to Managed Aquifer Recharge." Water Science and Technology 57, no. 5 (April 1, 2008): 789–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2008.172.
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The population dynamics of bacterial able to be cultured under sulphate reducing condition was studied in conjunction with changes in aquifer geochemistry using multivariate statistics for two contrasting Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) techniques at two different geographical locations (Perth, Western Australia and Adelaide, South Australia). Principal component analysis (PCA) was used to investigate spatial and temporal changes in the overall chemical signature of the aquifers using an array of chemical analytes which demonstrated a migrating geochemical plume. Denaturing Gradient Gel Electrophoresis (DGGE) using DNA from sulphate-reducing bacteria cultures was used to detect spatial and temporal changes in population dynamics. Bacterial and geochemical evidence suggested that groundwater at greatest distance from the nutrient source was least affected by treated effluent recharge. The results suggested that bacterial populations that were able to be cultured in sulphate reducing media responded to the migrating chemical gradient and to the changes in aquifer geochemistry. Most noticeably, sulphate-reducing bacterial populations associated with the infiltration galleries were stable in community structure over time. Additionally, the biodiversity of these culturable bacteria was restored when aquifer geochemistry returned to ambient conditions during the recovery phase at the Adelaide Aquifer Storage and Recovery site.
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Kan, George W., Mark A. B. Thomas, and Christopher H. Heath. "A 12-Month Review of Peritoneal Dialysis-Related Peritonitis in Western Australia: Is Empiric Vancomycin Still Indicated for Some Patients?" Peritoneal Dialysis International: Journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis 23, no. 5 (September 2003): 465–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089686080302300511.
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Background The International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) guidelines recommend empiric therapy with cefazolin and ceftazidime for peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis. Empiric cefazolin therapy may have diminishing efficacy because of emerging methicillin resistance in gram-positive bacteria (GPB). Western Australia also has large numbers of Aboriginal and isolated regional patients, where giving these antimicrobials can be impractical. Objectives To evaluate, based on local antimicrobial resistance patterns, the feasibility of following ISPD guidelines in Western Australia and to identify any subgroups of PD peritonitis patients that may benefit from alternative empiric intraperitoneal antibiotics ( e.g., vancomycin). Study Design Retrospective study of all PD peritonitis episodes in Western Australia from 1 February 2000 to 31 January 2001. Setting Three adult tertiary referral university hospitals and their PD patients in metropolitan Perth and regional Western Australia. Patients All adults on PD in Western Australia. Main Outcome Measure Isolates and antibiograms were analyzed versus patient characteristics, including race and patient demographics. Results 293 patients (28% Aborigines, 32% regional patients) received PD. 145 episodes of PD peritonitis occurred during the study. The overall PD peritonitis rate was 1 episode/16 patient months, with Aborigines having 1 episode/10.5 patient months versus non-Aborigines having 1 episode/17 patient months p (< 0.001). 36% of isolates from PD peritonitis episodes were resistant to cefazolin or ceftazidime. 22% were methicillin-resistant GPB (MR-GPB) [18% coagulase-negative staphylococci (CoNS), 1.6% MR Staphylococcus aureus]; 2.5% were multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacteria (MDR-GNB); 5.7% were polymicrobial (MR-GPB and/or MDR-GNB); and 5.7% were fungal. 63% of CoNS were methicillin resistant. Non-Aboriginal patients yielded MR-GPB in 22% of isolates versus 23% in Aborigines ( p = 0.9). Six of seven cases of fungal peritonitis occurred inAboriginal patients ( p < 0.001). Conclusions In our study population the ISPD guidelines were appropriate for 64% of patients with PD peritonitis. We could not identify specific patient subgroups where empiric cefazolin use could be more effective. High proportions of MR-GPB PD peritonitis episodes, along with local factors, make empiric cefazolin unsuitable for many regional PD patients in Western Australia.
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Wooller, R. D., and S. J. Wooller. "Consistent Individuality in the Timing and Magnitude of Flowering by Adenanthos obovatus (Proteaceae)." Australian Journal of Botany 46, no. 6 (1998): 595. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/bt97050.
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The patterns of flowering of 58 individually marked Adenanthos obovatus Labill. plants were recorded from 1983 to 1990 near Perth, Western Australia. Individuals started to flower asynchronously but most then continued to flower until the end of the nine-month flowering season each year. Individuals were highly consistent between years both in the numbers of flowers they produced and in their onset and peak of flowering relative to other members of the population. This consistency was retained after rapid regeneration by 24 plants cut back to ground level during one summer. The number of flowers borne by an individual was not related to its above-ground biomass but to its duration of flowering, and plants bearing more flowers set more seed. These traits may be related to the pollination of this modally outcrossing species by a resident small nectarivorous bird.
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Nicholls, W., R. Jennings, Y. Yeung, M. Walters, and B. Hewitt. "Antenatal Ultrasound Detection of Cleft in Western Australia from 2003 to 2012: A Follow-Up Study." Cleft Palate-Craniofacial Journal 54, no. 3 (May 2017): 321–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1597/15-127.
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Aim To investigate trends in the rate of antenatal detection of cleft lip and palate (CLP) patients referred to the CLP Unit at Princess Margaret Hospital for Children in Perth, Western Australia during the period 2003-2012 and compare data with a previously published report covering the years 1996-2003. Methods This is a single-center, retrospective survey of antenatal transabdominal ultrasound screenings of mothers of infants born between July 1, 2003 and June 30, 2012 that were referred to the CLP Unit at Princess Margaret Hospital. Results Detection rates of oral clefts increased significantly when compared with outcomes reported in the same population between 1996 and 2003 ( P < .05). An overall detection rate of 71.7% (165/230) was achieved for clefts involving lip and palate. Detection of isolated cleft palate (1/99) and microform (0/8) remained elusive. Most detections (76.5%) were achieved at 15 to 20 weeks of gestational age, corresponding with routine anatomical screening. A further 16.8% were detected post-20 weeks of gestation. Scans were performed by specialist obstetricians, and sonography clinics reported a detection rate of 84.6% (55/65), whereas nonspecialist clinics reported a detection rate of only 67.1% (110/164). Conclusion The antenatal detection rates of oral clefts involving the lip have improved to the extent that the majority of mothers are now being referred to a cleft unit in Western Australia prior to the births of their children. As a result of this improvement, antenatal counseling is now a common facet of cleft management.