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Ottoboni, Kellie N., and Jason V. Poulos. "Estimating population average treatment effects from experiments with noncompliance." Journal of Causal Inference 8, no. 1 (October 23, 2020): 108–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jci-2018-0035.
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AbstractRandomized control trials (RCTs) are the gold standard for estimating causal effects, but often use samples that are non-representative of the actual population of interest. We propose a reweighting method for estimating population average treatment effects in settings with noncompliance. Simulations show the proposed compliance-adjusted population estimator outperforms its unadjusted counterpart when compliance is relatively low and can be predicted by observed covariates. We apply the method to evaluate the effect of Medicaid coverage on health care use for a target population of adults who may benefit from expansions to the Medicaid program. We draw RCT data from the Oregon Health Insurance Experiment, where less than one-third of those randomly selected to receive Medicaid benefits actually enrolled.
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Li, Fan, Zizhong Tian, Jennifer Bobb, Georgia Papadogeorgou, and Fan Li. "Clarifying selection bias in cluster randomized trials." Clinical Trials 19, no. 1 (December 11, 2021): 33–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/17407745211056875.
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Background In cluster randomized trials, patients are typically recruited after clusters are randomized, and the recruiters and patients may not be blinded to the assignment. This often leads to differential recruitment and consequently systematic differences in baseline characteristics of the recruited patients between intervention and control arms, inducing post-randomization selection bias. We aim to rigorously define causal estimands in the presence of selection bias. We elucidate the conditions under which standard covariate adjustment methods can validly estimate these estimands. We further discuss the additional data and assumptions necessary for estimating causal effects when such conditions are not met. Methods Adopting the principal stratification framework in causal inference, we clarify there are two average treatment effect (ATE) estimands in cluster randomized trials: one for the overall population and one for the recruited population. We derive analytical formula of the two estimands in terms of principal-stratum-specific causal effects. Furthermore, using simulation studies, we assess the empirical performance of the multivariable regression adjustment method under different data generating processes leading to selection bias. Results When treatment effects are heterogeneous across principal strata, the average treatment effect on the overall population generally differs from the average treatment effect on the recruited population. A naïve intention-to-treat analysis of the recruited sample leads to biased estimates of both average treatment effects. In the presence of post-randomization selection and without additional data on the non-recruited subjects, the average treatment effect on the recruited population is estimable only when the treatment effects are homogeneous between principal strata, and the average treatment effect on the overall population is generally not estimable. The extent to which covariate adjustment can remove selection bias depends on the degree of effect heterogeneity across principal strata. Conclusion There is a need and opportunity to improve the analysis of cluster randomized trials that are subject to post-randomization selection bias. For studies prone to selection bias, it is important to explicitly specify the target population that the causal estimands are defined on and adopt design and estimation strategies accordingly. To draw valid inferences about treatment effects, investigators should (1) assess the possibility of heterogeneous treatment effects, and (2) consider collecting data on covariates that are predictive of the recruitment process, and on the non-recruited population from external sources such as electronic health records.
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Aronow, Peter M., and Allison Carnegie. "Beyond LATE: Estimation of the Average Treatment Effect with an Instrumental Variable." Political Analysis 21, no. 4 (2013): 492–506. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pan/mpt013.
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Political scientists frequently use instrumental variables (IV) estimation to estimate the causal effect of an endogenous treatment variable. However, when the treatment effect is heterogeneous, this estimation strategy only recovers the local average treatment effect (LATE). The LATE is an average treatment effect (ATE) for a subset of the population: units that receive treatment if and only if they are induced by an exogenous IV. However, researchers may instead be interested in the ATE for the entire population of interest. In this article, we develop a simple reweighting method for estimating the ATE, shedding light on the identification challenge posed in moving from the LATE to the ATE. We apply our method to two published experiments in political science in which we demonstrate that the LATE has the potential to substantively differ from the ATE.
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Hu, Liangyuan, Jiayi Ji, Hao Liu, and Ronald Ennis. "A Flexible Approach for Assessing Heterogeneity of Causal Treatment Effects on Patient Survival Using Large Datasets with Clustered Observations." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 12, 2022): 14903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214903.
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Personalized medicine requires an understanding of treatment effect heterogeneity. Evolving toward causal evidence for scenarios not studied in randomized trials necessitates a methodology using real-world evidence. Herein, we demonstrate a methodology that generates causal effects, assesses the heterogeneity of the effects and adjusts for the clustered nature of the data. This study uses a state-of-the-art machine learning survival model, riAFT-BART, to draw causal inferences about individual survival treatment effects, while accounting for the variability in institutional effects; further, it proposes a data-driven approach to agnostically (as opposed to a priori hypotheses) ascertain which subgroups exhibit an enhanced treatment effect from which intervention, relative to global evidence—average treatment effects measured at the population level. Comprehensive simulations show the advantages of the proposed method in terms of bias, efficiency and precision in estimating heterogeneous causal effects. The empirically validated method was then used to analyze the National Cancer Database.
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Schochet, Peter Z. "Estimating complier average causal effects for clustered RCTs when the treatment affects the service population." Journal of Causal Inference 10, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 300–334. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jci-2022-0033.
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Abstract Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) sometimes test interventions that aim to improve existing services targeted to a subset of individuals identified after randomization. Accordingly, the treatment could affect the composition of service recipients and the offered services. With such bias, intention-to-treat estimates using data on service recipients and nonrecipients may be difficult to interpret. This article develops causal estimands and inverse probability weighting (IPW) estimators for complier populations in these settings, using a generalized estimating equation approach that adjusts the standard errors for estimation error in the IPW weights. While our focus is on more general clustered RCTs, the methods also apply (reduce) to nonclustered RCTs. Simulations show that the estimators achieve nominal confidence interval coverage under the assumed identification conditions. An empirical application demonstrates the methods using data from a large-scale RCT testing the effects of early childhood services on children’s cognitive development scores. An R program for estimation is available for download.
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Bechtel, Michael M., and Kenneth F. Scheve. "Who Cooperates? Reciprocity and the Causal Effect of Expected Cooperation in Representative Samples." Journal of Experimental Political Science 4, no. 3 (2017): 206–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/xps.2017.16.
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AbstractWhen do societies succeed in providing public goods? Previous research suggests that public goods contributions correlate with expectations about cooperation by others among students and other demographic subgroups. However, we lack knowledge about whether the effect of expected cooperation is causal and a general feature of populations. We fielded representative surveys (N = 8,500) in France, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the United States that included a public goods game and a novel between-subjects experiment. The experiment varied expectations about cooperation by others. We find that higher expected cooperation by others causes a significant increase in individual contributions. When classifying contribution schedules, we find that almost 50% of the population employs a conditionally cooperative strategy. These individuals are on average richer, younger, and more educated. Our results help explain the varying success of societal groups in overcoming cooperation problems and assist policymakers in the design of institutions meant to solve social dilemmas.
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Nethery, Rachel C., Fabrizia Mealli, and Francesca Dominici. "Estimating population average causal effects in the presence of non-overlap: The effect of natural gas compressor station exposure on cancer mortality." Annals of Applied Statistics 13, no. 2 (June 2019): 1242–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1214/18-aoas1231.
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Choi, Byeong Yeob. "Instrumental variable estimation of truncated local average treatment effects." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 5, 2021): e0249642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0249642.
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Instrumental variable (IV) analysis is used to address unmeasured confounding when comparing two nonrandomized treatment groups. The local average treatment effect (LATE) is a causal estimand that can be identified by an IV. The LATE approach is appealing because its identification relies on weaker assumptions than those in other IV approaches requiring a homogeneous treatment effect assumption. If the instrument is confounded by some covariates, then one can use a weighting estimator, for which the outcome and treatment are weighted by instrumental propensity scores. The weighting estimator for the LATE has a large variance when the IV is weak and the target population, i.e., the compliers, is relatively small. We propose a truncated LATE that can be estimated more reliably than the regular LATE in the presence of a weak IV. In our approach, subjects who contribute substantially to the weak IV are identified by their probabilities of being compliers, and they are removed based on a pre-specified threshold. We discuss interpretation of the proposed estimand and related inference method. Simulation and real data experiments demonstrate that the proposed truncated LATE can be estimated more precisely than the standard LATE.
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Kennedy, Amber L., Beverley J. Vollenhoven, Richard J. Hiscock, Catharyn J. Stern, Susan P. Walker, Jeanie L. Y. Cheong, Jon L. Quach, et al. "School-age outcomes among IVF-conceived children: A population-wide cohort study." PLOS Medicine 20, no. 1 (January 24, 2023): e1004148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pmed.1004148.
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Background In vitro fertilisation (IVF) is a common mode of conception. Understanding the long-term implications for these children is important. The aim of this study was to determine the causal effect of IVF conception on primary school-age childhood developmental and educational outcomes, compared with outcomes following spontaneous conception. Methods and findings Causal inference methods were used to analyse observational data in a way that emulates a target randomised clinical trial. The study cohort comprised statewide linked maternal and childhood administrative data. Participants included singleton infants conceived spontaneously or via IVF, born in Victoria, Australia between 2005 and 2014 and who had school-age developmental and educational outcomes assessed. The exposure examined was conception via IVF, with spontaneous conception the control condition. Two outcome measures were assessed. The first, childhood developmental vulnerability at school entry (age 4 to 6), was assessed using the Australian Early Developmental Census (AEDC) (n = 173,200) and defined as scoring <10th percentile in ≥2/5 developmental domains (physical health and wellbeing, social competence, emotional maturity, language and cognitive skills, communication skills, and general knowledge). The second, educational outcome at age 7 to 9, was assessed using National Assessment Program–Literacy and Numeracy (NAPLAN) data (n = 342,311) and defined by overall z-score across 5 domains (grammar and punctuation, reading, writing, spelling, and numeracy). Inverse probability weighting with regression adjustment was used to estimate population average causal effects. The study included 412,713 children across the 2 outcome cohorts. Linked records were available for 4,697 IVF-conceived cases and 168,503 controls for AEDC, and 8,976 cases and 333,335 controls for NAPLAN. There was no causal effect of IVF-conception on the risk of developmental vulnerability at school-entry compared with spontaneously conceived children (AEDC metrics), with an adjusted risk difference of −0.3% (95% CI −3.7% to 3.1%) and an adjusted risk ratio of 0.97 (95% CI 0.77 to 1.25). At age 7 to 9 years, there was no causal effect of IVF-conception on the NAPLAN overall z-score, with an adjusted mean difference of 0.030 (95% CI −0.018 to 0.077) between IVF- and spontaneously conceived children. The models were adjusted for sex at birth, age at assessment, language background other than English, socioeconomic status, maternal age, parity, and education. Study limitations included the use of observational data, the potential for unmeasured confounding, the presence of missing data, and the necessary restriction of the cohort to children attending school. Conclusions In this analysis, under the given causal assumptions, the school-age developmental and educational outcomes for children conceived by IVF are equivalent to those of spontaneously conceived children. These findings provide important reassurance for current and prospective parents and for clinicians.
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Bann, David, Emla Fitzsimons, and William Johnson. "Determinants of the population health distribution: an illustration examining body mass index." International Journal of Epidemiology 49, no. 3 (January 13, 2020): 731–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/ije/dyz245.
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Abstract Most epidemiological studies examine how risk factors relate to average difference in outcomes (linear regression) or odds of a binary outcome (logistic regression); they do not explicitly examine whether risk factors are associated differentially across the distribution of the health outcome investigated. This paper documents a phenomenon found repeatedly in the minority of epidemiological studies which do this (via quantile regression): associations between a range of established risk factors and body mass index (BMI) are progressively stronger in the upper ends of the BMI distribution. In this paper, we document this finding and provide illustrative evidence of it in the 1958 British birth cohort study. Associations of low childhood socio-economic position, high maternal weight, low childhood general cognition and adult physical inactivity with higher BMI are larger at the upper end of the BMI distribution, on both absolute and relative scales. For example, effect estimates for socio-economic position and childhood cognition were around three times larger at the 90th compared with 10th quantile, while effect estimates for physical inactivity were increasingly larger from the 50th to 90th quantiles, yet null at lower quantiles. We provide potential explanations for these findings and discuss implications. Risk factors may have larger causal effects among those in worse health, and these effects may not be discovered when health is only examined in average terms. In such scenarios, population-based approaches to intervention may have larger benefits than anticipated when assuming equivalent benefit across the population. Further research is needed to understand why effect estimates differ across the BMI outcome distribution and to investigate whether differential effects exist for other physical and mental health outcomes.
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Dubey, Manoj Kumar, Avinash Mani, and Vineeta Ojha. "Causal Relationship of Transverse Left Ventricular Band and Bicuspid Aortic Valve." Sultan Qaboos University Medical Journal [SQUMJ] 21, no. 3 (August 29, 2021): 403–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.18295/squmj.4.2021.020.
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Objectives: Bicuspid aortic valve is the most common congenital lesion found in adults. It is can be seen in combination with a transverse left ventricular (LV) band. We aimed to find an essential relationship between the presence of transverse ventricular band and bicuspid aortic valve. Methods: 13 patients with transverse left ventricular band were investigated during a 6 month period from January 2019 to July 2019. LV band thickness and gradients at the site of the LV band were evaluated as part of its effect on LV hemodynamics. Morphology of aortic valve and LV outflow tract gradients were assessed. We aimed to establish the presence of robust LV band as a surrogate marker for bicuspid aortic valve and evaluate the effect of LV band on LV hemodynamics. Results: Mean age of study population was 41yrs. Majority had bicuspid aortic valve(n=11). Average thickness of transverse band was 6.2mm and average mean aortic gradient was4mmHg. Sequestration of blood was noted at the level of transverse band in all the patients with 2 separate jets at LVOT. Anterolateral jet was deflected from transverse band and showed higher velocity in comparison to the other jet, causing turbulence at the bicuspid aortic valve. No co-relation was found between the thickness of transverse band and aortic valve gradient. Conclusion: Presence of a robust transverse LV band can serve as a surrogate marker for bicuspid aortic valve.
Keywords: Bicuspid aortic valve ; aortic stenosis
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Chong Min, Na. "Looking Inside the Black Box: The Importance of Causal Mechanism and Treatment Effect Heterogeneity in Experimentally Evaluated Criminal Justice Interventions." Korean Journal of Policy Studies 31, no. 1 (April 30, 2016): 89–112. http://dx.doi.org/10.52372/kjps31104.
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This paper discusses limitations of the ???black-box??? experimental archetype by highlighting the narrowness of outcome-focused approaches. For a more complete understanding of the nuanced implications of policies and programs, this study calls for an investigation of causal mechanism and treatment effect heterogeneity in experimentally evaluated interventions. This study draws on two distinct but closely related empirical studies, one undertaken by Na and Paternoster (2012) and the other by Na, Loughran, and Paternoster (2015), that go beyond the estimation of a population average treatment effect by adopting more recent methodological advancements that are still underappreciated and underutilized in evaluation research.
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Rosewich, U. L., R. E. Pettway, B. A. McDonald, R. R. Duncan, and R. A. Frederiksen. "Genetic Structure and Temporal Dynamics of a Colletotrichum graminicola Population in a Sorghum Disease Nursery." Phytopathology® 88, no. 10 (October 1998): 1087–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1998.88.10.1087.
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Restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLPs) were used to study the population genetics of Colletotrichum graminicola (= C. sublineolum), the causal agent of sorghum anthracnose. Screening of 80 anonymous probes from a genomic library detected polymorphisms in 81% of 299 probe-enzyme combinations among nine international isolates. Seven single- or low-copy probes were used to study a collection of 411 isolates sampled during 1991 to 1993 from a sorghum disease nursery in Georgia. Nei's gene diversity was moderately high, with = 0.215 on average, while genotypic diversity was extremely low with an average genotypic diversity value of Ĝ = 1.513. Only nine multilocus haplotypes were identified, with one haplotype being present at a frequency of approximately 80% each year. Two other haplotypes were found at significant frequencies (4 to 10%). Allele and haplotype frequencies did not differ over the 3 years, indicating that this population was stable. Our findings suggest that genetic drift and gene flow were not major contributors to genetic structure, while asexual reproduction had a significant effect.
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Eka, Eka Madya, Yunyun Yudiana, and Komarudin. "Effect of reinceforcement on physical learning on motivation learning." Gladi : Jurnal Ilmu Keolahragaan 13, no. 1 (March 31, 2022): 41–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/gjik.131.04.
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In this study, the author aims to determine the effect of reinforcement on physical learning on student motivation at SMPN 5 Cirebon. The method used by this researcher is a causal comparative with an ex post facto design. The population in this study were all students of SMPN 5 Cirebon with a sampling technique, namely Cluster Random Sampling with a total sample of 64 people consisting of class VIII 1 students and class VIII 2 students. The instrument used to collect data was using a questionnaire. motivation to learn. The questionnaire was used to measure the effect of reinforcement on learning motivation. The results of the data description can be seen that the effect of reinforcement on student motivation in class VIII 1 has an average value of 68.22 with a standard deviation of 8.315, the lowest value is 56 and the highest value is 100. In class VIII 2 the effect of reinforcement on student learning motivation has an average The average is 68.59 with a standard deviation of 6.997, the lowest value is 52 and the highest value is 80. The results of data processing show the value of sig. greater than 0.05 or 0.506, it can be concluded that the use of reinforcement in physical education learning can increase students' learning motivation.
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Patten, Scott B., and Dara A. Charney. "Alcohol Consumption and Major Depression in the Canadian Population." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 43, no. 5 (June 1998): 502–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379804300509.
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Objective: Various clinical studies have documented associations between alcohol consumption and depressive disorders. In some circumstances, alcohol ingestion may cause or worsen depression, whereas in other circumstances the direction of causal effect may be reversed. The objective of this study was to evaluate associations between alcohol consumption and major depression in the Canadian population. Method: Data from the Canadian National Population Health Survey (NPHS) were analyzed. This survey, conducted by Statistics Canada in 1994, used a probability sample of 17 626 subjects. The NPHS included measures of alcohol ingestion and a diagnostic screen for major depression (Composite International Diagnostic Interview [CIDI] Short Form). Results: Subjects reporting any drinking in the year preceding the interview were more likely to have experienced an episode of major depression during that time than subjects reporting no drinking. Subjects reporting maximal ingestions of 5 or more drinks (and especially 10 or more drinks) on at least 1 occasion during the preceding year were also at greater risk of major depression than nondrinking subjects or subjects reporting smaller maximal ingestions. Neither the average amount consumed daily nor the frequency of drinking was associated with major depression. Conclusions: In the general population, there is no simple relationship between the quantity or frequency of alcohol consumption and the prevalence of major depression. Any drinking and maximal consumption on I occasion, however, are related to the prevalence of major depression. Further research is needed to delineate causal mechanisms so that clinical and public-health interventions can be formulated.
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Zoorob, Michael. "Does ‘right to work’ imperil the right to health? The effect of labour unions on workplace fatalities." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 75, no. 10 (June 13, 2018): 736–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2017-104747.
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ObjectiveEconomic policies can have unintended consequences on population health. In recent years, many states in the USA have passed ‘right to work’ (RTW) laws which weaken labour unions. The effect of these laws on occupational health remains unexplored. This study fills this gap by analysing the effect of RTW on occupational fatalities through its effect on unionisation.MethodsTwo-way fixed effects regression models are used to estimate the effect of unionisation on occupational mortality per 100 000 workers, controlling for state policy liberalism and workforce composition over the period 1992–2016. In the final specification, RTW laws are used as an instrument for unionisation to recover causal effects.ResultsThe Local Average Treatment Effect of a 1% decline in unionisation attributable to RTW is about a 5% increase in the rate of occupational fatalities. In total, RTW laws have led to a 14.2% increase in occupational mortality through decreased unionisation.ConclusionThese findings illustrate and quantify the protective effect of unions on workers’ safety. Policymakers should consider the potentially deleterious effects of anti-union legislation on occupational health.
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Russell, Simon J., Steven Hope, Helen Croker, Jessica Packer, and Russell M. Viner. "Is it possible to model the impact of calorie-reduction interventions on childhood obesity at a population level and across the range of deprivation: Evidence from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC)." PLOS ONE 17, no. 1 (January 31, 2022): e0263043. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0263043.
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Background Simulated interventions using observational data have the potential to inform policy and public health interventions where randomised controlled trials are not feasible. National childhood obesity policy is one such area. Overweight and obesity are primarily caused by energy-rich and low-nutrient diets that contribute to a positive net energy imbalance. Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children (ALSPAC), we investigated whether causal modelling techniques could be applied to simulate the potential impact of policy-relevant calorie-reduction interventions on population prevalence and inequalities in obesity in childhood. Methods Predicted probabilities of obesity at age 11 (UK90 cut offs) were estimated from logistic marginal structural models (MSM) accounting for observed calorie consumption at age 7 and confounding, overall and by maternal occupational social class. A series of population intervention scenarios were modelled to simulate daily calorie-reduction interventions that differed in effectiveness, targeting mechanism and programme uptake level. Results The estimated effect of maternal social class on obesity after accounting for confounding and observed calorie intake was provided by the controlled direct effect (CDE), in which, 18.3% of children were living with obesity at age 11 years,. A universal simulation to lower median intake to the estimated average requirement (EAR) (a 6.1% reduction in daily calories) with 75% uptake reduced overall obesity prevalence by 0.6%; there was little impact on inequalities. A targeted intervention to limit consumption to the EAR for children with above average intake reduced population obesity prevalence at 11 years by 1.5% but inequalities remained broadly unchanged. A targeted intervention for children of low-income families reduced prevalence by 0.7% and was found to slightly reduce inequalities. Conclusions MSMs allow estimation of effects of simulated calorie-reduction interventions on childhood obesity prevalence and inequalities, although estimates are limited by the accuracy of reported calorie intake. Further work is needed to understand causal pathways and opportunities for intervention. Nevertheless, simulated intervention techniques have promise for informing national policy where experimental data are not available.
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Brunner, Eric, Joshua M. Cowen, Katharine O. Strunk, and Steven Drake. "Teacher Labor Market Responses to Statewide Reform: Evidence From Michigan." Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis 41, no. 4 (August 6, 2019): 403–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.3102/0162373719858997.
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We examine the effect of Michigan’s 2011 reforms to teacher evaluation and tenure policies on teacher retention. Our data are drawn from administrative records containing the population of public school employees from 2005–2006 through 2014–2015. To identify the causal effects of these reforms on teacher attrition, we utilize a difference-in-differences (DD) strategy that compares the exit rates of teachers with the exit rates of other professional staff in the same school districts who were not affected by the policy changes. We find that, on average, Michigan’s teacher reforms had little impact on teacher attrition overall. However, further analyses provide strong evidence that early-career teachers assigned to hard-to-staff districts were more likely to exit post-reform.
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Sari, Yunita, Zulkarnain Lubis, and E. Harso Khardinata. "Analisis Ketersediaan Dan Kebutuhan Beras di Provinsi Sumatera Utara." AGRISAINS: Jurnal Ilmiah Magister Agribisnis 2, no. 1 (July 6, 2020): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.31289/agrisains.v2i1.256.
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This study aims to determine and analyze the availability and need of rice in North Sumatra Province and determine the factors that influence it. This type of research is a quantitative analysis using coherent secondary data from 2008-2017 in 33 districts / cities in North Sumatra Province. The data analysis technique used is Descriptive Analysis. To test the factors that influence the availability and need of rice in North Sumatra Province, multiple linear regression analysis is used and to determine the causal relationship between variables, we use Causal Relations Analysis. The results showed that rice production in North Sumatra Province was fluctuating in 2008-2017 and tended to increase by an average of 4.79 percent per year. The availability of this rice comes from local production and has met the needs of the community. This is indicated by the condition of the rice surplus in North Sumatra Province in 2017 which amounted to 1,065,886 tons. The availability of rice in North Sumatra Province on average has increased 5.27 percent per year. Based on the results of the study note that the rice production variable has a positive and significant effect on the availability of rice in North Sumatra Province, while other variables namely the rice harvest area variable and the need for rice consumption have no significant effect. GRDP income variable and rice availability variable significantly influence rice needs in North Sumatra Province, while the population number variable does not significantly influence rice demand.
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Egorova, Nataliya A., and N. V. Kanatnikova. "EFFECT OF IRON IN DRINKING WATER ON THE MORBIDITY RATE IN THE POPULATION OF THE CITY OF OREL." Hygiene and sanitation 96, no. 11 (March 27, 2019): 1049–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2017-96-11-1049-1053.
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The population of the city of Orеl consumes drinking underground water of Zadonsko-Optuhovsky and Voronezh-Livny aquifers with natural iron content, annual mean levels of which over the observation period from 2007 to 2015 exceeded the maximum allowable concentration (0.3 mg/l) by 1.03 to 1.43 times, with a maximum of 3.67 to 17.7 times. Although an elevated iron content in drinking water has been considered primarily in terms of organoleptic changes, several sanitary studies of recent years have revealed the prolonged use of water containing iron in concentrations, which exceed the maximum allowable ones, to scale up overall morbidity as well as the development of blood, skin and subcutaneous tissue diseases, musculoskeletal problems, digestive, urogenital system and allergic disorders. There are many reports concerning causes and the harm to human organism due to iron overload, and largely explanation of the possibility of developing the above types of pathology. The purpose of the study is to identify relationships between levels of total iron content in drinking water and the morbidity rate of the population of the city of Orel. Investigations were executed with the use a correlation analysis. For the period from 2007 to 2015, there were revealed direct correlation relationships between the annual average concentrations of iron in drinking water and the total morbidity rate of children and adults as well as 11 types of non-infectious pathologies, including diseases of the respiratory and urogenital system, atopic dermatitis, reactive arthropathies and eczema in children; diseases of blood and blood-forming organs, reactive arthropathies, gastritis and duodenitis in adolescents, stenocardia, cerebrovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, gastritis, duodenitis and liver diseases in adults. The correlation coefficients amounted to from 0.66 to 0.86, with an accuracy of 0.01-0.05. These relationships may be causal in nature, as it was proved by similar results obtained in the Tula region, Primorsky Krai, and Sverdlovsk region where the population uses ground water with a high iron content. Apparently, it should be more careful in the assessment of the elevated iron content in drinking water from a hygienic viewpoint and must focus, among other things, on its possible causal relations with the morbidity rates of the population, rather than scrutinizing primarily its impact on the organoleptic water properties.
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Gruber, Fred, Boris Hayete, Jonathan J. Keats, Kyle McBride, Runge Karl, Mary Derome, Sagar Lonial, Iya Khalil, and Daniel Auclair. "Investigation of Mechanisms of Response in Multiple Myeloma Via Bayesian Causal Inference: An Early Analysis of the Commpass Study Data." Blood 126, no. 23 (December 3, 2015): 1794. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v126.23.1794.1794.
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Abstract CoMMpass [NCT0145429], a study by the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation (MMRF), collects longitudinal data of newly diagnosed patients' responses to treatment in the context of their genetic and genomic profiles. The rapidly shifting treatment landscape highlights the importance of a deeper understanding of drug response pathways in order to enable better drug targeting and guide drug development. CoMMpass Interim Analysis 7 (IA7) dataset provides extensive genetic and genomic data on a population of almost 800 enrolled patients. Taking advantage of the rich dataset, we apply REFS™ state-of-the-art Bayesian causal inference engine to reverse-engineer the molecular pathways that most likely affect treatment outcomes in the CoMMpass population and to assess their significance in treatment response. The CoMMpass IA7 dataset, after reducing to patients with reasonably complete clinical and molecular data, comprises 452 patients. We aggregated genetic variables into gene region burden scores, drop mRNA and miRNA variables with excessive zero-inflation, and collate a final model data frame of 28200 variables by 452 patients. We then performed causal modeling constrained only by a minimal set of biological considerations but otherwise entirely de novo. The objective of the modeling is to explain the variability in the dataset and, in particular, in the outcomes, by a set of models that are all consistent with the observed disease biology. Such model ensemble captures uncertainty in inference and highlights similarities among the models, allowing us to distinguish confident predictions from incidental ones. For this study, we constructed an ensemble of 256 models (Figure 1). We investigated our model ensemble by the means of systematic perturbations to model variables, observing effects from such perturbations upon treatment outcomes, an approach that we have successfully applied elsewhere. Thus we are able to assess a prospective effect upon an outcome arising from an in vitro intervention, an adjuvant drug treatment, or an imposition of an enrollment criterion upon a clinical study. Assessing the effects of these in silico perturbations upon clinical outcomes, we conclude that key drivers of clinical outcomes, as defined by outcomes' sensitivity to perturbation, fall into broad categories of known response drivers, drivers in known pathways, and potential novel biology, or false positives. All three groups are broadly represented among top results (Table 1). The broad range of known disease modifiers, biomarkers, and drivers, such as stem cell transplant, Ig light chain, or RN7SK, identified as such by the REFS™ model de novo, leads us to have a higher confidence in the importance of the other predicted drivers of clinical outcomes, whether partially known (e.g., DNAH5, FAT1) or novel (e.g., mir3648-1, C19orf68). Furthermore, it will be possible to use future CoMMpass Interim Analyses to validate the significance of the predicted novel drivers and to help improve the quality of the causal model, promoting the discovery of further drivers of clinical outcomes. Figure 1. (a) A REFS model consists of an ensemble of causal networks (b) Consensus (average) causal network topology for the CoMMpass IA7 model, with key outcome variables highlighted Figure 1. (a) A REFS model consists of an ensemble of causal networks (b) Consensus (average) causal network topology for the CoMMpass IA7 model, with key outcome variables highlighted Figure 2. Predicted drivers of clinical outcomes Figure 2. Predicted drivers of clinical outcomes Disclosures Gruber: GNS Healthcare: Employment. Hayete:GNS Healthcare: Employment. Keats:Translational Genomic Research Institute: Employment. Karl:GNS Healthcare: Employment. Lonial:Millennium: Consultancy, Research Funding; Celgene: Consultancy, Research Funding; Onyx: Consultancy, Research Funding; Janssen: Consultancy, Research Funding; Novartis: Consultancy, Research Funding; Bristol-Myers Squibb: Consultancy, Research Funding. Khalil:GNS Healthcare: Employment.
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Baumeister, Sebastian E., André Karch, Martin Bahls, Alexander Teumer, Michael F. Leitzmann, and Hansjörg Baurecht. "Physical activity and risk of Alzheimer disease." Neurology 95, no. 13 (July 17, 2020): e1897-e1905. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000010013.
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ObjectiveEvidence from observational studies for the effect of physical activity on the risk of Alzheimer disease (AD) is inconclusive. We performed a 2-sample mendelian randomization analysis to examine whether physical activity is protective for AD.MethodsSummary data of genome-wide association studies on physical activity and AD were used. The primary study population included 21,982 patients with AD and 41,944 cognitively normal controls. Eight single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) known at p < 5 × 10−8 to be associated with average accelerations and 8 SNPs associated at p < 5 × 10−7 with vigorous physical activity (fraction of accelerations >425 milligravities) served as instrumental variables.ResultsThere was no association between genetically predicted average accelerations with the risk of AD (inverse variance weighted odds ratio [OR] per SD increment: 1.03, 95% confidence interval 0.97–1.10, p = 0.332). Genetic liability for fraction of accelerations >425 milligravities was unrelated to AD risk.ConclusionThe present study does not support a causal association between physical activity and risk of AD.
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Yu, Bing, Alexander H. Li, Ginger A. Metcalf, Donna M. Muzny, Alanna C. Morrison, Simon White, Thomas H. Mosley, Richard A. Gibbs, and Eric Boerwinkle. "Loss-of-function variants influence the human serum metabolome." Science Advances 2, no. 8 (August 2016): e1600800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600800.
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The metabolome is a collection of small molecules resulting from multiple cellular and biological processes that can act as biomarkers of disease, and African-Americans exhibit high levels of genetic diversity. Exome sequencing of a sample of deeply phenotyped African-Americans allowed us to analyze the effects of annotated loss-of-function (LoF) mutations on 308 serum metabolites measured by untargeted liquid and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. In an independent sample, we identified and replicated four genes harboring six LoF mutations that significantly affected five metabolites. These sites were related to a 19 to 45% difference in geometric mean metabolite levels, with an average effect size of 25%. We show that some of the affected metabolites are risk predictors or diagnostic biomarkers of disease and, using the principle of Mendelian randomization, are in the causal pathway of disease. For example, LoF mutations inSLCO1B1elevate the levels of hexadecanedioate, a fatty acid significantly associated with increased blood pressure levels and risk of incident heart failure in both African-Americans and an independent sample of European-Americans. We show thatSLCO1B1LoF mutations significantly increase the risk of incident heart failure, thus implicating the metabolite in the causal pathway of disease. These results reveal new avenues into gene function and the understanding of disease etiology by integrating -omic technologies into a deeply phenotyped population study.
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Khoo, Teck Kim, Santhi Swaroop Vege, Haitham S. Abu-Lebdeh, Euijung Ryu, Sarah Nadeem, and Robert A. Wermers. "Acute Pancreatitis in Primary Hyperparathyroidism: A Population-Based Study." Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism 94, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 2115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1210/jc.2008-1965.
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Abstract Context: The association between acute pancreatitis and primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) is controversial. Objective: The aim of the study was to address the incidence and disease characteristics of acute pancreatitis in PHPT from a large inception cohort of community residents. Design and Setting: Patients with acute pancreatitis were identified in an Olmsted County, Minnesota, cohort of PHPT subjects diagnosed from 1965–2001 and compared to matched control subjects. Main Outcome Measures: The estimated rate of developing acute pancreatitis was calculated by person-years method. Cox models assessed the effect of PHPT disease status on the development of acute pancreatitis. Results: Of 684 patients with PHPT, 10 patients (1.5%) developed acute pancreatitis, compared to 32 of 1364 control patients (2.3%). The estimated rate of development of acute pancreatitis in PHPT was 114 per 100,000 person-years, compared to 140 per 100,000 person-years in control subjects (P = 0.56). The estimated hazard ratio of acute pancreatitis for PHPT relative to the control subjects was 0.84 (P = 0.89). The majority of subjects with PHPT and acute pancreatitis were women (n = 7), and the mean age was 70.6 yr at the time of acute pancreatitis. PHPT was present an average of 137 months before the development of acute pancreatitis, and contributing causes for acute pancreatitis were in identified in four patients. Maximal serum calcium levels in PHPT were not significantly associated with the development of acute pancreatitis. Conclusions: Acute pancreatitis was not increased in community patients with PHPT, and therefore, there does not appear to be a causal relationship between PHPT and acute pancreatitis.
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Ssentongo, Paddy, Djibril Ba, Claudio Fronterre, Jessica Ericson, Alison Gernand, Ming Wang, Ping Du, Duanping Liao, Vernon Chinchilli, and Steven Schiff. "Micronutrient Supplementation During Pregnancy, Birth Weight and Neonatal Mortality in Uganda: A Causal Mediation Analysis." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_117.
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Abstract Objectives Low birth weight (LBW) is a significant risk factor for death in the first 30 days of life. Maternal iron-deficiency anemia during pregnancy increases the risk of LBW. We aimed to explore whether antenatal IFA supplementation reduces neonatal mortality in Uganda and to examine if the association of IFA supplementation with neonatal death is mediated through LBW. Methods We used a retrospective birth cohort from the 2016 population-based Uganda demographic and health survey. We examined information on neonatal survival, sociodemographic and intake of IFA supplementation of 9203 women and 17,202 live-born, term infants ≤ 5 y before the survey. Birth weight was categorized as very low (VLBW, defined as < 1500 g or very small baby as perceived by the mother), low (LBW, birth weight of < 2500 g or baby smaller than average as perceived by the mother), and normal (NBW, ≥ 2500 g or an average and larger baby as perceived by the mother). Causal mediation analysis (CMA) treating the birth weight as a mediator was conducted to measure the direct and indirect effects of IFA on neonatal mortality (death of a live-born infant during the first 30 d of life). Results IFA supplementation was reported in 89% of women. The prevalence of LBW and VLBW was 21% and 7% respectively. 474 (3%) babies died within the 30 d after birth, 320 (66%) died within the first 24 h and 469 (99%) died within the first week of life (early neonatal mortality). IFA supplementation during pregnancy was independently associated with a 56% reduction in neonatal mortality [(hazard ratio (HR): 0.44; 95% CI 0.31, 0.61); P < 0.0001] and 26% reduction in VLBW (Relative risk (RR): 0.74; 95% CI 0.60, 0.92, P = 0.007). There was a linear dose-response relationship between the category of birth weight and increased neonatal mortality (LBW versus NBW: RR: 1.39 95% CI: 1.05–1.81, P = 0.02, VLBW versus NBW: RR; 3.6: 95% CI: 2.83–4.53, P < 0.0001). CMA showed that 6% of the effect of IFA supplement on reducing neonatal mortality was meditated through reducing the risk of VLBW but not through LBW, and 94% of the causal effect was direct. Conclusions The use of antenatal iron/folic acid supplements during pregnancy is an important intervention to reduce neonatal mortality. These findings indicate that the association is weakly mediated through improved birth weight, and other mediators should be identified in future studies. Funding Sources NIH.
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Hajdu, Gábor, and Tamás Hajdu. "The long-term impact of restricted access to abortion on children’s socioeconomic outcomes." PLOS ONE 16, no. 3 (March 15, 2021): e0248638. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0248638.
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We examine the long-term consequences of restricted access to abortion following a change in the Hungarian abortion law in 1974. Due to a change that restricted access to legal abortions, the number of induced abortions decreased from 169,650 to 102,022 between 1973 and 1974, whereas the number of live births increased from 156,224 to 186,288. We analyze the effects on the adult outcomes of the affected cohort of newborns (educational attainment, labor market participation, teen fertility). We use matched large-scale, individual-level administrative datasets of the Hungarian Central Statistical Office (population census 2011; live birth register), and we estimate the effects by comparing children born within a short timespan around the time the law change came into effect. We apply a difference-in-differences approach, building on the special rules of the new law that, despite the severe restriction, still made abortion permissible for selected groups of women. We control for the compositional change in the population of parents, rule out the effect of (unobserved) time trends and other potential behavioral responses to the law change, and draw causal inferences. We find that restricted access to abortion had, on average, a negative impact on the socioeconomic outcomes of the affected cohort of children. Children born after the law change have had worse educational outcomes, a greater likelihood of being unemployed at age 37, and a higher probability of being a teen parent.
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Hansen, Martin Rune Hassan, Erik Jørs, Annelli Sandbæk, Daniel Sekabojja, John C. Ssempebwa, Ruth Mubeezi, Philipp Staudacher, et al. "Exposure to cholinesterase inhibiting insecticides and blood glucose level in a population of Ugandan smallholder farmers." Occupational and Environmental Medicine 77, no. 10 (July 6, 2020): 713–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2020-106439.
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ObjectivesThe risk of diabetes mellitus may be elevated among persons exposed to some pesticides, including cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides (organophosphates and carbamates). The objective of this study was to investigate how acetylcholinesterase activity was associated with mean blood glucose levels among smallholder farmers in Uganda.MethodsWe conducted a short-term follow-up study among 364 smallholder farmers in Uganda. Participants were examined three times from September 2018 to February 2019. At each visit, we measured glycosylated haemoglobin A (HbA1c) as a measure of long-term average blood glucose levels. Exposure to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides was quantified using erythrocyte acetylcholinesterase normalised by haemoglobin (AChE/Hb). For a subgroup of participants, fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was also available. We analysed HbA1c and FPG versus AChE/Hb in linear mixed and fixed effect models adjusting for age, sex, physical activity level, and consumption of fruits and vegetables, alcohol and tobacco.ResultsContrary to our hypothesis, our mixed effect models showed significant correlation between low AChE/Hb and low HbA1c. Adjusted mean HbA1c was 0.74 (95% CI 0.17 to 1.31) mmol/mol lower for subjects with AChE/Hb=24.3 U/g (35th percentile) compared with subjects with AChE/Hb=25.8 U/g (50th percentile). Similar results were demonstrated for FPG. Fixed effect models showed less clear correlations for between-phase changes in AChE/Hb and HbA1c.ConclusionsOur results do not clearly support a causal link between exposure to cholinesterase-inhibiting insecticides and elevated blood glucose levels (expressed as HbA1c and FPG), but results should be interpreted with caution due to the risk of reverse causality.
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Timmermans, Erik J., Laura A. Schaap, Florian Herbolsheimer, Elaine M. Dennison, Stefania Maggi, Nancy L. Pedersen, Maria Victoria Castell, et al. "The Influence of Weather Conditions on Joint Pain in Older People with Osteoarthritis: Results from the European Project on OSteoArthritis." Journal of Rheumatology 42, no. 10 (September 1, 2015): 1885–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.3899/jrheum.141594.
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Objective.This study examined whether daily weather conditions, 3-day average weather conditions, and changes in weather conditions influence joint pain in older people with osteoarthritis (OA) in 6 European countries.Methods.Data from the population-based European Project on OSteoArthritis were used. The American College of Rheumatology classification criteria were used to diagnose OA in older people (65–85 yrs). After the baseline interview, at 6 months, and after the 12–18 months followup interview, joint pain was assessed using 2-week pain calendars. Daily values for temperature, precipitation, atmospheric pressure, relative humidity, and wind speed were obtained from local weather stations. Multilevel regression modelling was used to examine the pain-weather associations, adjusted for several confounders.Results.The study included 810 participants with OA in the knee, hand, and/or hip. After adjustment, there were significant associations of joint pain with daily average humidity (B = 0.004, p < 0.01) and 3-day average humidity (B = 0.004, p = 0.01). A significant interaction effect was found between daily average humidity and temperature on joint pain. The effect of humidity on pain was stronger in relatively cold weather conditions. Changes in weather variables between 2 consecutive days were not significantly associated with reported joint pain.Conclusion.The associations between pain and daily average weather conditions suggest that a causal relationship exist between joint pain and weather variables, but the associations between day-to-day weather changes and pain do not confirm causation. Knowledge about the relationship between joint pain in OA and weather may help individuals with OA, physicians, and therapists to better understand and manage fluctuations in pain.
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Chalak, Karim. "INSTRUMENTAL VARIABLES METHODS WITH HETEROGENEITY AND MISMEASURED INSTRUMENTS." Econometric Theory 33, no. 1 (February 15, 2016): 69–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266466615000390.
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We study the consequences of substituting an error-laden proxy W for an instrument Z on the interpretation of Wald, local instrumental variable (LIV), and instrumental variable (IV) estimands in an ordered discrete choice structural system with heterogeneity. A proxy W need only satisfy an exclusion restriction and that the treatment and outcome are mean independent from W given Z. Unlike Z, W need not satisfy monotonicity and may, under particular specifications, fail exogeneity. For example, W could code Z with error, with missing observations, or coarsely. We show that Wald, LIV, and IV estimands using W identify weighted averages of local or marginal treatment effects (LATEs or MTEs). We study a necessary and sufficient condition for nonnegative weights. Further, we study a condition under which the Wald or LIV estimand using W identifies the same LATE or MTE that would have been recovered had Z been observed. For example, this holds for binary Z and therefore the Wald estimand using W identifies the same “average causal response,” or LATE for binary treatment, that would have been recovered using Z. Also, under this condition, LIV using W can be used to identify MTE and average treatment effects for e.g., the population, treated, and untreated.
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Wu, Xing, Wei Jiang, Christopher Fragoso, Jing Huang, Geyu Zhou, Hongyu Zhao, and Stephen Dellaporta. "Prioritized candidate causal haplotype blocks in plant genome-wide association studies." PLOS Genetics 18, no. 10 (October 17, 2022): e1010437. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1010437.
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Genome wide association studies (GWAS) can play an essential role in understanding genetic basis of complex traits in plants and animals. Conventional SNP-based linear mixed models (LMM) that marginally test single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have successfully identified many loci with major and minor effects in many GWAS. In plant, the relatively small population size in GWAS and the high genetic diversity found in many plant species can impede mapping efforts on complex traits. Here we present a novel haplotype-based trait fine-mapping framework, HapFM, to supplement current GWAS methods. HapFM uses genotype data to partition the genome into haplotype blocks, identifies haplotype clusters within each block, and then performs genome-wide haplotype fine-mapping to prioritize the candidate causal haplotype blocks of trait. We benchmarked HapFM, GEMMA, BSLMM, GMMAT, and BLINK in both simulated and real plant GWAS datasets. HapFM consistently resulted in higher mapping power than the other GWAS methods in high polygenicity simulation setting. Moreover, it resulted in smaller mapping intervals, especially in regions of high LD, achieved by prioritizing small candidate causal blocks in the larger haplotype blocks. In the Arabidopsis flowering time (FT10) datasets, HapFM identified four novel loci compared to GEMMA’s results, and the average mapping interval of HapFM was 9.6 times smaller than that of GEMMA. In conclusion, HapFM is tailored for plant GWAS to result in high mapping power on complex traits and improved on mapping resolution to facilitate crop improvement.
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Patras, Yuyun Elizabeth, Nur Baeti Sabti, Tustiyana Windiyani, and Rais Hidayat. "The Effect of Learning Discipline on Independence Student Learning." Pedagonal : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan 5, no. 2 (October 31, 2021): 70–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.33751/pedagonal.v5i2.3937.
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The Influence of Learning Discipline on Students Independent Learning. Primary School Teacher Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Pakuan University, Bogor 2020. This research is a quantitative study with a causal approach. This study aims to determine the effect of learning discipline on the learning independence of fifth grade students at Gunung Gede State Elementary School, North Bogor District, Bogor City. The population of this study was 117 students with a total sample of 54 students. This research was conducted in the even semester of the 2019/2020 school year. The results of the study show that the influence of learning discipline on student learning independence is shown by statistical analysis that shows produce a correlation coefficient (rxy) of 0.38. This shows that there is an influence between learning discipline on student learning independence, while the coefficient of determination (r2) of 0.14 or 14%. The remaining 86% is determined by another factor. The average student learning independence of 14% is determined by the discipline of learning through the regression equation = 54.93+(0.41X), meaning that each unit increase in the value of learning discipline will cause an increase in student learning independence by 0.41 units. Based on the results of this study, it can be concluded that there is a positive influence between learning discipline on student learning independence in fifth grade students of Gunung Gede State Elementary School, North Bogor District, Bogor City, Even Semester of the 2019/2020 Academic Year.
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Boutilier, Justin J., Erez Yoeli, Jon Rathauser, Philip Owiti, Ramnath Subbaraman, and Jónas Oddur Jónasson. "Can digital adherence technologies reduce inequity in tuberculosis treatment success? Evidence from a randomised controlled trial." BMJ Global Health 7, no. 12 (December 2022): e010512. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2022-010512.
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IntroductionTuberculosis (TB) is a global health emergency and low treatment adherence among patients is a major barrier to ending the TB epidemic. The WHO promotes digital adherence technologies (DATs) as facilitators for improving treatment adherence in resource-limited settings. However, limited research has investigated whether DATs improve outcomes for high-risk patients (ie, those with a high probability of an unsuccessful outcome), leading to concerns that DATs may cause intervention-generated inequality.MethodsWe conducted secondary analyses of data from a completed individual-level randomised controlled trial in Nairobi, Kenya during 2016–2017, which evaluated the average intervention effect of a novel DAT-based behavioural support programme. We trained a causal forest model to answer three research questions: (1) Was the effect of the intervention heterogeneous across individuals? (2) Was the intervention less effective for high-risk patients? nd (3) Can differentiated care improve programme effectiveness and equity in treatment outcomes?ResultsWe found that individual intervention effects—the percentage point reduction in the likelihood of an unsuccessful treatment outcome—ranged from 4.2 to 12.4, with an average of 8.2. The intervention was beneficial for 76% of patients, and most beneficial for high-risk patients. Differentiated enrolment policies, targeted at high-risk patients, have the potential to (1) increase the average intervention effect of DAT services by up to 28.5% and (2) decrease the population average and standard deviation (across patients) of the probability of an unsuccessful treatment outcome by up to 8.5% and 31.5%, respectively.ConclusionThis DAT-based intervention can improve outcomes among high-risk patients, reducing inequity in the likelihood of an unsuccessful treatment outcome. In resource-limited settings where universal provision of the intervention is infeasible, targeting high-risk patients for DAT enrolment is a worthwhile strategy for programmes that involve human support sponsors, enabling them to achieve the highest possible impact for high-risk patients at a substantially improved cost-effectiveness ratio.
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El Hussein, Siba, and Yumna Omarzai. "Histologic Findings and Cytological Alterations in Thyroid Nodules After Radioactive Iodine Treatment for Graves’ Disease: A Diagnostic Dilemma." International Journal of Surgical Pathology 25, no. 4 (February 15, 2017): 314–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1066896917693091.
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Unlike the well-documented relation between radiation to the neck and development of papillary thyroid carcinoma, a causal association between radioactive iodine treatment for Graves’ disease and development of thyroid malignancy is less defined. However, patients with a background of thyroid dysfunction presenting with clinically palpable thyroid nodules are followed more closely than the average population, and fine needle aspiration is recommended in such circumstances. Cytological examination of aspirates, and histologic examination of tissue provided from patients with a known history of Graves’ disease, managed by radioactive iodine therapy can create a diagnostic dilemma, as the distinction between radiation effect and a malignant primary thyroid neoplasm can be very challenging. Thus, pathologists should be aware of the existence of these changes in the setting of radiation therapy for Graves’ disease. Providing pathologists with appropriate clinical history of Graves’ disease treated with radioactive iodine is of paramount importance in order to prevent an overdiagnosis of malignancy.
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Dong, Yaru, Lingzhong Xu, Shoucai Wu, Wenzhe Qin, Fangfang Hu, Menghua Li, and Yanrui Xu. "The Mediating Effect of Perceived Social Support on Mental Health and Life Satisfaction among Residents: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of 8500 Subjects in Taian City, China." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19, no. 22 (November 10, 2022): 14756. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph192214756.
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Several studies have explored the relationship between mental health and life satisfaction. However, few studies have clarified the mechanisms underlying the relationship between mental health and life satisfaction among a large sample of the whole population. The aim of this study was to explore the mediating role of perceived social support between mental health and life satisfaction among the residents in Taian City, China. A total of 8500 residents were included in the analysis. A descriptive analysis was conducted to describe the sample characteristics. Pearson correlation was employed to explore the correlation between mental health and life satisfaction. The mediating role of perceived social support was analyzed using SPSS26.0. This study found that the residents’ average score of life satisfaction was 24.60 ± 4.12. Mental health was significantly correlated with perceived social support and life satisfaction. After adjusting for controlling variables, perceived social support played a partially mediating effect on mental health and life satisfaction, accounting for 21.04% of the total effect. However, data are cross-sectional, and causal conclusions cannot be drawn. Attention should be paid to the residents’ mental health and intervention should be considered for residents with mental disorders to improve the residents’ life satisfaction.
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Drago, Anthony, David C. Rheinheimer, and Thomas N. Detweiler. "Effects of Locus of Control, Academic Self-Efficacy, and Tutoring on Academic Performance." Journal of College Student Retention: Research, Theory & Practice 19, no. 4 (May 6, 2016): 433–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1521025116645602.
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This study investigated the connection between locus of control (LOC), academic self-efficacy (ASE), and academic performance, and whether these variables are affected by tutoring. Additional variables of interest, including gender, students’ Pell Grant status, ethnicity, and class size, were also considered for the research models. The population for this study consisted of students enrolled at a mid-sized public university in northeastern United States who were pre- and posttested as part of a causal-comparative, quasi-experimental research design. Results of this study showed that LOC, tutoring, gender, and an ASE measure identified as self-assurance had positive and significant effects on academic performance as measured by students’ total grade point averages. However, tutoring had no effect on LOC but had only a small moderating effect on one component of ASE. It was postulated that assessing incoming students on LOC and ASE measures could aid in identifying students with external LOC and low ASE for possible intervention.
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Junge, Florian, Wolfgang Konschake, Hermann Haase, Marcus Vollmer, and Michael Jünger. "Walking instead of standing." Vasa 51, no. 2 (March 2022): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1024/0301-1526/a000990.
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Summary: Background: Leg discomfort is common in the general population. Volume increase and discomfort in the lower legs especially occur in occupations with long standing or sitting periods and less movement. Are both related to each other? Patients and methods: A time-controlled standing period of 15 min was performed in this nonrandomized controlled study to investigate the change and temporal relationship of volume increase and the occurrence of lower leg discomfort. Sensations of discomfort and the urge to move were queried using a numerical rating scale from 0 to 10 (NRS). Correlation analysis was conducted between the lower leg volume and the data regarding the discomfort and urge to move in each subject. Further, linear mixed effect models were performed to detect a causal relationship between the lower leg volume and the sensations of discomfort/urge to move in the standing period. Results: Lower leg volume increased by an average of 63 ml (p<0.001) during the standing period. The sensations of discomfort increased by a mean of 3.46 points on the NRS (p<0.001) during orthostasis. Participants’ urge to move increased by 3.47 points on the NRS (p<0.001) during the standing period. A significant correlation was shown between the increase of lower leg volume and the occurrence of discomfort sensation in 9 out of 15 subjects (p<0.05) and between the increase of lower leg volume and the urge to move in 11 out of 15 subjects (p<0.05). Association was shown between volume increase and symptoms in linear mixed effects models. Conclusions: Prolonged standing with lack of movement leads to an increase in the lower leg volume and a sensation of discomfort in venous healthy subjects. Causal relationships are indicated between these variables by linear mixed effects models.
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Akko, Besse Tanri. "Pengaruh Pendidikan Agama Islam Terhadap Akhlak (Perilaku Jujur)." IQRO: Journal of Islamic Education 1, no. 1 (September 22, 2018): 55–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.24256/iqro.v1i1.313.
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This study aims to determine the effect of Islamic Education Against Morals (Honest Behavior) of Class X Students in SMA 3 Palopo. This study uses a causal ex-post facto research design with a population of 277 class X students with sampling using a probability sampling technique with a simple random sampling technique established by 73 students. Data collection techniques in this study used observation, documentation and questionnaire techniques. The results of data processing obtained an average score of Islamic education, which is 86.40 with a standard deviation of 7.684 from the ideal score of 100. Similarly, the average score of honest behavior is 88.77 with a standard deviation of 5.760 of the ideal score of 100. The results his research shows that Islamic religious education has a significant influence on the honest behavior of class X students in SMA 3 Palopo with a percentage of 17.2%, while the rest is influenced by other factors. The implication of this research is that if Islamic religious education is taught well it will have a big influence on the formation of the morality of students, the especially honest character which students will actualize in their daily lives both for themselves and for others.
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Purwanti, Dwi Surya, and Istiqomah Istiqomah. "Pengaruh Penggunaan Gadget Terhadap Perilaku Beragama Pada Siswa Sma Negeri X Pontianak." ANFUSINA: Journal of Psychology 4, no. 2 (October 20, 2021): 143–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.24042/ajp.v4i2.13343.
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This research is motivated by the phenomenon where all behaviors seen through gadgets would be likely imitated by children. The purpose of this study was to analyze: (1) the use of gadgets in students of SMA Negeri X Pontianak. (2) Religious behavior in SMA Negeri X Pontianak students. (3) The effect of using gadgets on religious behavior in SMA Negeri X Pontianak students. This study is a quantitative study with a student population of SMAN X Pontianak. The sampling technique used refers to the Slovin formula and a sample of 60 students is obtained. Data collection techniques using interviews, observation, documentation and questionnaires. While the data analysis techniques used are instrument analysis, descriptive analysis, and causal relationship analysis. The results of data analysis show that the use of gadgets by students of SMA Negeri X Pontianak is in the high category with an average score of 92.5. Moreover, it is known that the religious behavior of the students of SMA Negeri X Pontianak is in the low category with an average score of 45.32. Finally, it is known that the contribution of gadget use to religious behavior in SMA Negeri X Pontianak students is 12.8%, while the rest is influenced by other variables outside this study.Keywords: Use of gadgets, Religious Behavior
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Rahayu, Sri Puji, and Tatang Muhajang. "PENGARUH POLA ASUH ORANG TUA TERHADAP DISIPLIN BELAJAR SISWA SEKOLAH DASAR NEGERI SUKAHATI 01." Jurnal Pendidikan dan Pengajaran Guru Sekolah Dasar (JPPGuseda) 4, no. 2 (July 14, 2021): 174–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.55215/jppguseda.v4i2.3621.
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THE INFLUENCE OF PARENTING PATTERNS ON STUDENT LEARNING DISCIPLINEThe parent’s upbringing of the student discipline. Primary School Teacher Education Study Program. The Faculty of Teacher Training and Educational Sciences Pakuan University Bogor 2021. This research is a quantitative research with a causal approach. The study is aimed at recognizing the effect a parent’s upbringing has on the discipline of students of fourth grade students in SDN Sukahati 01 Citeurep District, Bogor Regency. The population of this study was 90 students with a total sample of 47 students. Studies indicate that the effect of a parent’s upbringing on a student’s learning discipline is indicated by a statistical analysis that results in coeffiencies in correlation (rxy) of 0,53. The indicates the effects of a parent’s upbringing on students learning discipline, while coefficiencies of determination(r2) of 0,28 or 28%. The reamaining 72% determined by other factors.The average the students learning discipline of students by 28% determined by a parent’s upbringing through regression equations Ŷ= 74,26 + 0,41X, thus means that each increase in the unit value of parenting will cause an increase in student learning discipline by 0,41 units. Based on the results of this study, there can be a positive influence between a parent’s upbringing and student discipline the fourth grade students in SDN Sukahati 01 Citeurep District, Bogor Regency, odd semester of the 2020/2021.
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Maines, Anastasia P., David G. Knochel, and Timothy R. Seastedt. "Factors Affecting Spotted Knapweed (Centaurea stoebe) Seedling Survival Rates." Invasive Plant Science and Management 6, no. 4 (December 2013): 568–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ipsm-d-13-00012.1.
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AbstractPredicting site vulnerability to nonnative plant establishment remains a difficult goal. Seedling survival is an important component of population dynamics and can affect the success of control strategies. Field manipulations allow potential causal mechanisms of site vulnerability to be evaluated under realistic environmental conditions. We conducted field studies to determine the effects of plant competition and differing precipitation regimes on spotted knapweed seedling survival. We also examined the effect of herbivory on rosette survival and growth. Seeds were sown into plots with vegetation intact or removed at three sites. Seeds were also sown into plots where plant competition and precipitation were manipulated in a factorial design at a single site. Field studies demonstrated that site accounted for much of the variation in emergence rate, while herbivory and plant competition affected seedling survival rates. We observed a wide range in emergence rates, with site averages ranging from 13.1 to 42.5%. Survival the following year ranged from 0.5 to 9.4% of sown seeds. Rosette survival was significantly higher when herbivores were excluded from plots. Below average precipitation reduced seedling survival; however, even with supplemental water, dry-down of exposed sites resulted in low seedling survival. Of the 8,000 seeds added to plots in one study, by autumn, only eight plants resulted, seven of which survived in watered plots with intact vegetation. Collectively, these results show that seedling survival is a critical phase in spotted knapweed population dynamics and can vary among habitats on the basis of plant competition and precipitation. Furthermore, herbivory affects all stages of the lifecycle from the seedling onward. The observed differences help explain the reported variability in seedling survival in the literature and inform efforts to control spotted knapweed using plant competition and biological controls.
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Sekine, Kazutaka, Rogie Royce Carandang, Ken Ing Cherng Ong, Anand Tamang, and Masamine Jimba. "Identifying the causal effect of child marriage on unmet needs for modern contraception and unintended pregnancy in Nepal: a cross-sectional study using propensity score matching." BMJ Open 11, no. 4 (April 2021): e043532. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2020-043532.
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ObjectivesThis study aimed to investigate whether child marriage had causal effects on unmet needs for modern contraception, and unintended pregnancy, by estimating the marginal (population-averaged) treatment effect of child marriage.DesignThis study used secondary data from the Nepal Demographic and Health Survey 2016. Applying one-to-one nearest-neighbour matching with replacement within a calliper range of ±0.01, 15–49 years old women married before the age of 18 were matched with similar women who were married at 18 or above to reduce selection bias.SettingNationally representative population survey data.ParticipantsThe sample consisted of 7833 women aged 15–49 years who were married for more than 5 years.Outcome measuresUnmet needs for modern contraception and unintended pregnancy.ResultsThe matching method achieved adequate overlap in the propensity score distributions and balance in measured covariates between treatment and control groups with the same propensity score. Propensity score matching analysis showed that the risk of unmet needs for modern contraception, and unintended pregnancy among women married as children were a 14.3 percentage point (95 % CI 10.3 to 18.2) and a 10.1 percentage point (95 % CI 3.7 to 16.4) higher, respectively, than among women married as adults. Sensitivity analysis indicated that the estimated effects were robust to unmeasured covariates.ConclusionsChild marriage appears to increase the risk of unmet needs for modern contraception and unintended pregnancy. These findings call for social development and public health programmes that promote delayed entry into marriage and childbearing to improve reproductive health and rights.
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Sinollah, Sinollah, and Masruroh Masruroh. "PENGUKURAN KUALITAS PELAYANAN (Servqual – Parasuraman) DALAM MEMBENTUK KEPUASAN PELANGGAN SEHINGGA TERCIPTA LOYALITAS PELANGGAN." DIALEKTIKA : Jurnal Ekonomi dan Ilmu Sosial 4, no. 1 (April 9, 2019): 45–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.36636/dialektika.v4i1.285.
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ABSTRACTThis study aims to analyze customer satisfaction at Mayang Collection, test and explain the effect of servqual dimension service quality (physical evidence, reliability, responsiveness, confidence, and empathy) on customer satisfaction at Mayang Collection, and test and explain the effect of customer satisfaction on customer loyalty on Mayang Collection.The population in this study were customers of the Mayang Collection Kepanjen store who had a member card and made a repeat purchase. Population research or population study so that the number of samples in this study is a number of population, amounting to 93 respondents. The method used in this research is explanatory survey method, which is a method used to explain causal relationships between variables through hypothesis testing (Nazir, 2005).Based on the results of the static test all the indicators in this study are valid, and the variables are reliable. The results of the servqual analysis show that the difference or gap between customer expectations and employee performance has a total average which is at the moderate classification level (Parasuraman table, 1990) or service quality in Mayang Collection stores is quite good. This means that customer satisfaction in terms of quality of service provided at Mayang Collection is quite good. The path analysis test results (path analysis) show that there is no significant influence between servqual dimension service quality (physical evidence, reliability, responsiveness, confidence, and empathy) to customer satisfaction. This proves that service quality has a long-lasting influence in shaping customer satisfaction. And customer satisfaction has a significant influence on customer loyalty. Mayang Collection stores are advised to pay more attention to and improve other factors besides service quality in increasing customer satisfaction, because with increasing customer satisfaction, customer loyalty will be formed easily.Keywords: tangible, reliability, responsiveness, assurance, empathy, customer satisfaction, and customer loyalty
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Johns, Robin, Zhao-Feng Chen, Lufei Young, Flordelis Delacruz, Nien-Tzu Chang, Chong Yu, and S. Shiao. "Meta-Analysis of NOS3 G894T Polymorphisms with Air Pollution on the Risk of Ischemic Heart Disease Worldwide." Toxics 6, no. 3 (August 1, 2018): 44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics6030044.
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The purpose of this updated meta-analysis was to investigate the effect of nitric oxide synthase-3 (NOS3) G894T polymorphisms, air pollution and their interaction on ischemic heart disease (IHD) risk across populations worldwide. Recursive partition trees, nonlinear association curve fit and geographic information system maps were incorporated to verify results of conventional pooled analyses for sources of heterogeneity. Results from 61 studies (16,219 cases, 12,222 controls) revealed a significant increased relative risk (RR) of IHD associated with NOS3 894 polymorphisms TT (RR = 1.44) and GT (RR = 1.37). Subgroup analysis revealed that the TT polymorphism genotype had significantly increased risk of IHD in Caucasian, East Asian, South Asian, and Middle Eastern populations (all p < 0.05). It is important to point out that many countries demonstrated an average risk of greater than two, which identifies the NOS3 894 TT polymorphism as a potential causal factor and biological marker of IHD, based on criteria for strong evidence used in international consensus panels. These 10 countries include Ukraine, the United Kingdom, Brazil, Chile, Japan, South Korea, India, Iran, Egypt and Morocco. For these countries with elevated risk (RR > 2) from the NOS3 894 TT polymorphism, meta-predictive analysis demonstrated an increasing trend in air pollution association with increased NOS3 894 polymorphisms. Further studies are needed to explore the complexity of the associations among NOS3 gene polymorphisms per population stratifications within countries, detailed air pollution data for added specificity for geographic location across time, and disease risk.
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Effendi, Effendi, and Nila Nuryana. "Hubungan Antara Kompetensi Profesional Guru dengan Hasil Belajar Peserta Didik Madrasah Aliyah Subulussalam 2 OKU Timur." JIPFRI (Jurnal Inovasi Pendidikan Fisika dan Riset Ilmiah) 4, no. 1 (July 29, 2020): 41–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.30599/jipfri.v4i1.543.
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This study aims to determine the relationship between teacher professional competence and students' learning outcomes of Madrasah Aliyah Subulussalam 2 East OKU. The research method used was quantitative causal correlations (cause and effect). The population of the study was all students of Madrasah Aliyah Subulussalam 2 East OKU. Sampling was done by using random method, with a total sample was 30 students. In this study there were two variables: variable (X) was the teacher's professional competence and variable (Y) was the students' learning outcomes. Variable X data was obtained by distributing questionnaires, while Y variable was obtained by multiple choice test questions. The questionnaire data obtained an average value was 87.8 from a maximum score was 101 while the average value of the test was 70.13 from a maximum value was 90. From the data, it was processed by using the Product Moment correlation formula. From the results of data processing, it was obtained that the rxy value was 0.79. While t table was 2.048 at N = 28 with a significant level of 5% and t-obtained was 6.82. This means that t-obtained > t table (6.82> 2,048) Ha is accepted while Ho was rejected. From these data it can be concluded that there is a significant relationship between teacher professional competence and students' learning outcomes of Madrasah Aliyah Subulussalam 2 East OKU.
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Hudoyo, Salsabila Aprilia, Erlyna Wida Riptanti, and Umi Barokah. "Pengaruh Bauran Pemasaran terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Produk Nichoa dengan Metode SEM-PLS di Jawa Tengah." Jurnal Ilmiah Membangun Desa dan Pertanian 7, no. 4 (August 5, 2022): 118. http://dx.doi.org/10.37149/jimdp.v7i4.25373.
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This research purports to assign the marketing mix's effect on price, promotion, product, and place on consumer decisions in purchasing Nichoa products in Central Java. This study is causal-comparative research. The study location was chosen by purposive method with the reasoning that the average expenditure per capita of the population of Central Java in the food and beverage category has increased during the last three years. The research was conducted from February to March 2022. The latent variables in this research are product, place, price, promotion, and purchasing decisions. The total sample is 120 respondents by purposive sampling technique. An analysis method used is SEM-Partial Least Square (PLS). The output represents a positive impact on purchasing decisions and a significant effect on the product, place, and price variables on consumer decisions in purchasing Nichola products. However, there is an insignificant impact on the promotion variable, but it has a positive value on consumer decisions in purchasing Nichoa products. This point that Nichoa must pay attention to the marketing mix carried out, in terms of product, price, promotion, and place aspects, to be able to answer consumer needs so that it can influence consumers to buy Nichoa products more than once.
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Amalia, Tika, and Lisnur Wachidah. "Fixed Effect Panel Spatial Durbin Error Model pada Indeks Pembangunan Manusia di Jawa Barat Tahun 2017-2020." Bandung Conference Series: Statistics 2, no. 2 (July 26, 2022): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.29313/bcss.v2i2.3050.
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Abstract. The statistical method used to determine the causal relationship of the independent variable to the dependent variable that has a dependency relationship between observations or regions is the spatial regression method. One approach in Spatial Regression Analysis is the Spatial Durbin Error Model (SDEM). Spatial Durbin Error Model (SDEM) is a regression model that has a spatial lag on the error variable (ɛ) and also on the independent variable (X). In addition, because the data used consists of cross-sectional units and time series, a panel data model is used with one approach, namely the fixed effect. In this study, the data used is the Human Development Index (HDI) data in West Java Province by Regency/City in 2017-2020. The variable used in this study is the Human Development Index (Y) as the dependent variable. Average Length of School (X1), Poor Population (X2), Life Expectancy (X3), Per capita Expenditure (X4), and Number of Health Facilities (X5) as independent variables. Based on the analysis, the Adjusted R-Square value is 99.99% and the five independent variables directly affect the Human Development Index, while the variables that have a spatial effect are Average Length of School, Number of Poor Population, and Number of Health Facilities.
Abstrak. Metode statistika yang digunakan untuk menentukan hubungan sebab-akibat dari peubah bebas terhadap peubah tak bebas yang memiliki hubungan ketergantungan antar pengamatan atau wilayah adalah metode regresi spasial. Salah satu pendekatan dalam Analisis Regresi Spasial yaitu Spatial Durbin Error Model (SDEM). Spatial Durbin Error Model (SDEM) merupakan model regresi yang memiliki spasial lag pada variabel error (ɛ) dan juga pada variabel bebas (X). Selain itu, karena data yang digunakan terdiri dari unit cross-section dan time-series maka digunakan model data panel dengan salah satu pendekatan yaitu fixed effect. Dalam penelitian ini, data yang digunakan adalah data Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (IPM) di Provinsi Jawa Barat menurut Kabupaten/Kota tahun 2017-2020. Variabel yang digunakan pada penelitian ini yaitu Indeks Pembangunan Manusia (Y) sebagai variabel tak bebas. Rata-rata Lama Sekolah (X1), Penduduk Miskin (X2), Angka Harapan Hidup (X3), Pengeluaran Perkapita (X4), dan Jumlah Fasilitas Kesehatan (X5) sebagai variabel bebas. Berdasarkan analisis diperoleh nilai Adjusted R-Square sebesar 99,99% dan kelima variabel bebas tersebut berpengaruh secara langsung terhadap Indeks Pembangunan Manusia, sedangkan variabel yang memiliki spatial effect yaitu Rata-rata Lama Sekolah, Jumlah Penduduk Miskin, dan Jumlah Fasilitas Kesehatan.
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Hainmueller, Jens, Dominik Hangartner, and Duncan Lawrence. "When lives are put on hold: Lengthy asylum processes decrease employment among refugees." Science Advances 2, no. 8 (August 2016): e1600432. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.1600432.
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European governments are struggling with the biggest refugee crisis since World War II, but there exists little evidence regarding how the management of the asylum process affects the subsequent integration of refugees in the host country. We provide new causal evidence about how one central policy parameter, the length of time that refugees wait in limbo for a decision on their asylum claim, affects their subsequent economic integration. Exploiting exogenous variation in wait times and registry panel data covering refugees who applied in Switzerland between 1994 and 2004, we find that one additional year of waiting reduces the subsequent employment rate by 4 to 5 percentage points, a 16 to 23% drop compared to the average rate. This deleterious effect is remarkably stable across different subgroups of refugees stratified by gender, origin, age at arrival, and assigned language region, a pattern consistent with the idea that waiting in limbo dampens refugee employment through psychological discouragement, rather than a skill atrophy mechanism. Overall, our results suggest that marginally reducing the asylum waiting period can help reduce public expenditures and unlock the economic potential of refugees by increasing employment among this vulnerable population.
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Anggraini, Lisfi Dita. "Pengaruh Likuiditas dan Leverage terhadap Kebijakan Dividen dengan Firm Size sebagai Variabel Mediasi pada Perusahaan Sektor Infrastructure, Utilities and Transportation di Bei Periode 2014-2018." Jurnal Ilmu Manajemen 10, no. 1 (February 1, 2022): 68–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jim.v10n1.p68-81.
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The movement of the average value of the dividend policy from 2014 to 2018 experienced fluctuating in its growth. Infrastructure, utilities and transportation sectors experienced a significant increase each year compared to the others. Based on bps data, Gross Domestic Product (GDP) fluctuated. This study aims to determine the effect of liquidity and leverage on dividend policy with firm size as a mediating variable in the infrastructure, utilities and transportation sectors listed on the IDX in 2014-2018. This study uses causal research with a quantitative approach. The population of this study consisted of 74 companies with a sample of 10 companies using the purposive sampling technique. The data analysis method used in this study uses path analysis with SmartPLS 3.0 software. This study revealed that liquidity has a positive effect on dividends, which leads the company to have the ability to settle its short term with current assets, so that the cash position is stronger and the increasing the ability to pay a dividend. Liquidity has a negative effect on size because the company cannot always meet its short-term obligations in carrying out its activities properly to earn profits and can increase the company's assets. Leverage and firm size do no effect dividend policy. The leverage does not effect the firm size. It means, that firm size cannot be mediated by the relationship between liquidity and leverage on dividend policy. The firm can use the results of this study to determine the amount of dividend policy distributed to shareholders.
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Rujibhong, Siriwan, and Prapatpong Upala. "A Causal Analysis of the Sense of Community for High-rise Residents in Bangkok Metropolitan Area." Asian Social Science 13, no. 10 (September 27, 2017): 137. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v13n10p137.
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This multidisciplinary research focuses on investigating the environmental-psychological causality of the sense of community among high-rise housing's residents. The cross-sectional survey had been conducted in six different zones of Bangkok metropolitan area by employing the multi-stage sampling technique. Correspondingly, the 1,206 participants living in eighteen residential high-rises responded to the personal and environmental psychological (PEP) questionnaire, whereas, the physical conditions of the buildings were examined and evaluated by utilizing a non-participant observation along with the physical environmental (PE) assessment. The multiple linear regression analysis was a major approach applied for analyzing and endorsing the causal effects of the independent variables on the sense of community of the respondents, which was measured in a rating-scale type. The set of independent variables were classified into five categories, namely, (a) urban and community factors, (b) architectural factors, (c) personal attributes and dwelling behavioral factors, (d) personal psychological factors, and (e) environmental-psychological factors. The predictive model identified ten determinants that significantly dominated the variance of the sense of community at the 95% confidence interval (significance level of .05). Regarding the final regression equation, it revealed that the communal character of the building, social capital and participation, mental health condition, relationship with neighbors, and privacy satisfaction were the factors that enhanced the high-rise residents' sense of community. On the contrary, population density, the defensible character of the building, the privacy-supportive character of the building, introvert personality of the residents, and the average of safety concern were the factors that negatively influence their sense of community.
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Zaputra, Afri Yandi, and Yuliana Yuliana. "Pengaruh Bauran Promosi Terhadap Keputusan Pembelian Kamar Di Hotel Daima Padang." JURNAL PENDIDIKAN DAN KELUARGA 11, no. 02 (December 31, 2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.24036/jpk/vol11-iss02/617.
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Abstract
The purpose of research is to determine the effects of Promotion mix to Room Purchasing Decision in Hotel Daima Padang. This type of research is quantitative with associative causal methods. The population in this study is the guests who have stayed with the monthly average is 1.555 people. Sampling technique is non probability sampling, using purposive sampling method. Number of sample in this research amounted to 94 people. Data collection using a questionnaire based with Likert Scale that tasted for validity and reliability. The results showed that: (1) Promotion mix is in the good category with a parcentage of 57%, (2) Puchasing decisions are in the good category with a percentage of 71%, (3) The results of the study using the t test showed that the five indicators of the promotion mix (Advertising, Personal selling, Sales promotion, Public relation and Direct marketing) room purchasing dicisions as the dependent variable significantly with the value of R square of 0,239.
Keywords: promotion mix, puchasing decision