Relevant bibliographies by topics / Poor rates

Academic literature on the topic 'Poor rates'

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Published: 26 July 2024
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Journal articles on the topic "Poor rates"

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Ash, Arlene. "Identifying Poor-Quality Hospitals with Mortality Rates." Medical Care 34, no. 8 (August 1996): 735. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00005650-199608000-00001.

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BERTMAN, JONATHAN, and NEIL SKOLNIK. "Poor Usability Keeps EHR Adoption Rates Low." Family Practice News 40, no. 8 (May 2010): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(10)70596-x.

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Holt, Lynda. "Fracture rates between poor and affluent children." Emergency Nurse 7, no. 10 (March 2000): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.7748/en.7.10.6.s5.

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Tan, Xiaoping, and Wanlong lin. "Can poor farmers afford higher micro-credit interest rates than the un-poor?" China Agricultural Economic Review 8, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 100–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/caer-07-2013-0095.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to test whether there is higher return rate of investment for poor farmers than for un-poor farmers and to discuss its implication for poverty reduction microcredit rate policy. Design/methodology/approach – By using the household-level data of six provinces of China, farmer household production function is used in this paper to estimate the investment return rate of farmer. Findings – The paper indicates that regardless which kind of grouping standard is adopted, the investment return rates of poor farmer households in general are far lower than the non-poor. In general, the richer a farmer household, the higher is the return rate of his household productive operations. Practical implications – The study of this paper reminds policy makers that poverty reduction microcredit rate should really take endurance capacity of poor farmers for credit rate into accounting because of the low return rate of their family investment. Exorbitant credit rate should be avoided to protect the credit right of poor farmers. Originality/value – There is seldom study on the comparison of return rates of family operation investment between poor and un-poor farmers; there is also unenough empirical study on the rationality of high interest rate on poor households from the return rate of investment point of view. The authors expect this paper will have some contribution on these two points.
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Arehart-Treichel, Joan. "Surprising Finding Characterizes Depression Rates in Poor Regions." Psychiatric News 46, no. 20 (October 21, 2011): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.46.20.psychnews_46_20_17_1.

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Cohn, A. "Readmission rates are a poor marker of quality." BMJ 348, jan29 1 (January 29, 2014): g1148. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.g1148.

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BRUNK, DOUG. "Influenza Vaccine Rates Poor Among High-Risk Adolescents." Internal Medicine News 41, no. 4 (February 2008): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1097-8690(08)70214-2.

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Dixon, Bruce K. "Poor Physician Communication Faulted for Colon Screening Rates." Family Practice News 36, no. 8 (April 2006): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0300-7073(06)73042-0.

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Nakamura, Yui. "Policies for increasing school completion rates for the poor." International Journal of Asian Social Science 13, no. 9 (September 1, 2023): 263–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5007.v13i9.4873.

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Human capital accumulated through education is a key factor in increasing individual income. Therefore, policies that aid in increasing school enrollment and completion rates among the poor are essential for poverty alleviation. Despite the fact that primary school enrollment rates in developing countries have increased, there remains a significant gap in school completion rates. This study focuses on the decisions individuals make regarding completing their education to obtain future job-related skills. We clarify factors that increase school enrollment and completion rates and indicate the effectiveness and priority of policies to increase the rates through a simple model. Our findings suggest that school policies have limited impact on increasing school enrollment and completion rates, particularly among the poor, who tend to have a high discount rate for the future and focus on the current situation. Therefore, policies that aim to reduce their discount rate should be prioritized. Moreover, we found that extending learning hours at school has a negative impact on the school completion rates of students from poor families. Therefore, policies aimed at improving individual learning environments are effective in increasing rates, especially for the poor. These findings have important implications for policymakers and education practitioners seeking to improve education outcomes and alleviate poverty, especially in developing countries.
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Colombo, Richard A., and Donald G. Morrison. "Blacklisting Social Science Departments with Poor Ph.D. Submission Rates." Management Science 34, no. 6 (June 1988): 696–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1287/mnsc.34.6.696.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Poor rates"

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Farmer, Caroline. "Understanding poor help-seeking rates for major depressive disorder." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/14620.

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The principal aim of this thesis was to further understanding of the factors influencing decisions to seek treatment for Major Depressive Disorder. A review of the literature (Chapter 2) revealed a number of factors associated with help-seeking for mental health disorders. However, there was no existing theoretical model of decisions to seek treatment for MDD, and there was limited understanding of the psychological and emotional processes involved in seeking treatment for depressive symptoms. In Study 1 (Chapter 3), a qualitative study explored participants’ accounts of seeking treatment for MDD, which resulted in the development of a theoretical model of help-seeking. This model highlighted the role of identity and goals in decisions to seek treatment for MDD. Subsequent studies in this thesis sought to test predictions made by this model. Study 2 (Chapter 4) explored the relationship between identity and goal conflict and depressed individuals’ acknowledgement of depressive symptoms and perceived need for treatment. Findings of this study suggested that greater identity conflict, but not goal, conflict was associated with reduced acknowledgement of depressive symptoms and less perceived need for treatment. Study 3 (Chapter 5) sought to replicate this relationship, and also tested the extent to which identity as a depressed person and socio-cognitive models of health behaviour could predict (i) intentions to seek treatment for depression and (ii) current treatment seeking. This study found that identity conflict was associated with reduced acknowledgement of depressive symptoms, but failed to replicate the relationship between identity conflict and perceived need for treatment for depression. However, greater identity as a depressed person was associated with both current treatment seeking and greater intentions to seek help. Analyses demonstrated that the Theory of Planned Behaviour and the Health Belief Model predicted current help-seeking and help-seeking intentions, but identity as a depressed person explained an additional significant proportion of the variance. A unified model, drawing on these two theories and incorporating identity was found to be the best fit in accounting for intentions to seek help for depression. The findings of Study 4 (Chapter 6) demonstrated that identity as a depressed person was also a significant predictor of prospective help-seeking behaviour for MDD. In this study, the majority of factors from the Theory of Planned Behaviour and Health Belief Model, extended to include identity, predicted help-seeking behaviour indirectly via intentions to seek help. However, intentions to seek help only predicted a small proportion of the variance in help-seeking behaviour, and the findings revealed that a subsample of factors, including identity, directly predicted help-seeking behaviour. The final study sought to use an online focus group to develop a measure of symptom avoidance in depressed individuals. This study faced methodological difficulties, and Chapter 7 reflects on the use of online focus groups to explore patient experiences of illness. The findings of this study highlighted participant experiences of using an online focus group method to discuss personal experiences of MDD, and this chapter provides specific guidance for other researchers planning to use this method in the context of health research. The implications of the findings of this thesis are discussed in Chapter 8, alongside recommendations for future help-seeking research.
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Presern, Carole Bridget. "Reproductive health care in poor urban areas of Nepal." Thesis, University of London, 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243545.

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Chow, Priscilla En-Yi Camp William E. "The effects of socioeconomic status on growth rates in academic achievement." [Denton, Tex.] : University of North Texas, 2007. http://digital.library.unt.edu/permalink/meta-dc-5193.

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Lansberry, Kasey. "Welfare Participation Rates Among the Eligible Poor: A County-Level Analysis of the North Carolina Work First Program." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1334854306.

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Chow, Priscilla En-Yi. "The Effects of Socioeconomic Status on Growth Rates in Academic Achievement." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2007. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc5193/.

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The purpose of the study was to examine the differences in academic growth rates as demonstrated on the TAKS test among students based on those who received free lunches, those who received reduced-price lunches, and those not economically disadvantaged. Texas Assessment of Knowledge and Skills (TAKS) for reading and mathematics scale scores were obtained from five Texas public school districts for students who were in 3rd grade in 2003, 4th grade in 2004, 5th grade in 2005, and 6th grade in 2006. The sample included almost 10,000 students. The data were analyzed using SPSS and HLM. SPSS was used to identify descriptive statistics. Due to the nested nature of the data, HLM was used to compare data on three levels- the test level, student level, and district level. Not economically disadvantaged students scored the highest on both TAKS reading and mathematics exams with a mean scale score of 2357 and 2316 respectively in 2003. Compared to the not economically disadvantaged students, students receiving reduce-priced lunches scored approximately 100 points lower, and lowest were the students receiving free lunches, scoring another 50 points below students receiving reduced-price lunches. The results revealed that while gaps in achievement exist between SES levels, little difference exists in the growth rates of the SES subgroups. The results of this study support the need for continued effort to decrease the gap between students who are not economically disadvantaged and those receiving free or reduced-price meals.
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Lundgren, Monia. "How Poor is The Poverty Line? : A matter of dietary norms and perceptions." Thesis, Södertörns högskola, Institutionen för livsvetenskaper, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:sh:diva-13955.

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Millennium Development Goal 1 (MDG 1) on halving extreme poverty is measured with the international poverty line. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the measurement of MDG 1 by reviewing the robustness of the international poverty line and some of its national sub-reports. There are at least two problems in assessing a reliable poverty line, namely what constitutes extreme poverty and what kind of life situation this refers to. Through a qualitative content analysis, the study shows that the selected national reports lack a reliable reference for human dietary energy requirements pivotal for estimating a fair threshold for food needs. In the case that a reliable source was used, the activity level was prone to a wide range of interpretations and lacked procedural consistency.  The FAO (2011) has presented minimum dietary energy requirements that are below the references used in the national reports, which could shift the poverty line. The study also shows that the concept of “extreme poverty” has been used inconsistently. MDG 1 identifies extreme poverty as the inability to meet basic food- and non-food needs. The international poverty line is based on a myriad of national poverty lines ranging from minimum- to generous needs, where extreme poverty is defined as people barely having enough for the food component alone. These two variables create obstacles in setting a reliable international poverty line. A small shift in the international poverty line changes the poverty rates substantially, making it difficult for poverty programs and MDG 1 in truly identifying the people in most need of help.
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Dutra, Paula Goes Pinheiro. "Efeito antiinflamatÃrio da atorvastatina na periodontite induzida por ligadura em ratos." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2009. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=2807.

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FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico
A periodontite à uma doenÃa caracterizada por infiltraÃÃo de leucÃcitos, perda de tecido conjuntivo e reabsorÃÃo Ãssea. Estatinas sÃo fÃrmacos amplamente usados para o tratamento da hiperlipidemia, com destaque à Atorvastatina (ATV), dada seus efeitos pleiotrÃpicos importantes, como atividade antiinflamatÃria e capacidade anabÃlica Ãssea, com potencial para modificaÃÃo do curso de doenÃas inflamatÃrias crÃnicas. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito antiinflamatÃrio da ATV, utilizando modelo de periodontite induzido por ligadura em ratos Wistar machos, distribuÃdos em grupos experimentais: controle (Salina a 0,9%), e 5 subgrupos (ATV 0,3; 1; 3; 9 ou 27 mg/kg), administrados por via oral, diariamente, 30 min antes da colocaÃÃo do fio de nÃilon 3.0 em torno dos segundos molares superiores esquerdos dos animais, durante 11 d, quando, entÃo, foram sacrificados, e os seguintes parÃmetros, analisados: 1) Perda Ãssea Alveolar (POA), avaliada atravÃs de estudos morfomÃtrico, histolÃgico e radiogrÃfico; 2) AvaliaÃÃo SistÃmica atravÃs de: a) Leucogramas realizados antes e apÃs a ligadura (6 h; 2, 7 e 11 d); b) VariaÃÃo de massa corpÃrea; c) AnÃlises hepÃticas e renais, por dosagens sÃricas bioquÃmicas e estudo histolÃgico; e d) AvaliaÃÃo sÃrica de Fosfatase Alcalina Ãssea (FAO). Os animais submetidos a 11 d de periodontite apresentaram intensa reabsorÃÃo Ãssea. Baixa dose de ATV (0,3 mg/kg) nÃo foi capaz de prevenir a POA (p>0,05), contudo, todas as demais (ATV 1, 3, 9 ou 27 mg/kg) foram, de forma significante, capazes de reduzir a POA em 35%, 39%, 53%, 56%, respectivamente. Tal inibiÃÃo foi corroborada pela anÃlise histopatolÃgica, onde se observou que a ATV (27 mg/kg) causou maior preservaÃÃo do tecido periodontal [Mediana: 1,5 (0-2)], quando comparada à Salina [Mediana: 3 (2-3)]. Adicionalmente, animais submetidos a 11 d de periodontite apresentaram reduÃÃo significante de densidade radiogrÃfica periodontal (58%). ATV (1, 3 ou 9 mg/kg) preservou tal densidade em 5%, 9% e 20%, respectivamente. O leucograma dos animais com periodontite apresentou pico de leucocitose na 6 h, mediado por neutrÃfilos, e nova leucocitose a partir do 7 d, à custa de mononucleares. ATV (27 mg/kg) foi capaz de reduzir a leucocitose, reduzindo o nÃmero de neutrÃfilos ou mononucleares, respectivamente (p<0,05), bem como foi capaz de reduzir a perda inicial de massa corpÃrea vista na periodontite. As anÃlises bioquÃmicas sÃricas e histolÃgicas de fÃgado e rins dos animais com 11 d de periodontite tratada (ATV 27 mg/kg) ou nÃo (Salina) nÃo apresentaram alteraÃÃes (p>0,05). Observou-se aumento nas variaÃÃes de dosagens sÃricas de FAO dos animais com 11 d de periodontite (Salina: 63,4Â10,8 U/l), enquanto que ATV (27 mg/kg) previniu tal aumento (13,6Â3,5 U/l) (p<0,05). Dessa forma, os resultados demonstram que o modelo de periodontite em ratos reproduziu os principais aspectos da doenÃa em humanos, e ATV reduziu a destruiÃÃo periodontal, sem causar alteraÃÃes significantes hepÃticas ou renais, alÃm de manter os nÃveis de FAO, o que sugere que a ATV pode ser uma abordagem farmacolÃgica importante como adjuvante à terapia periodontal a ser ensaiada clinicamente, devido a sua eficÃcia e seguranÃa.
Periodontitis is a disease characterized by leukocyte influx, loss of connective tissue and bone resorption. Statins are drugs widely used to hyperlidemia treatment, in which stand out Atorvastatin (ATV) due to its important pleiotropic effects, such as antiinflammatory activity and anabolic bone capacity, with great potential to modify chronic inflammatory disease course. In this way the aim of this work was to evaluate the aniinflammatory effect of ATV, through ligature-induced periodontitis model in rats. Wistar male, located in experimental groups: control (0.9% Saline), and 5 subgroups (ATV 0.3, 1, 3, 9 or 27 mg/kg), given orally daily, 30 min before nylon thread 3.0 aroud cervix of second left upper molars during 11 d, when then, rats were sacrified, and the following parameters were analyzed: 1) alveolar bone loss (ABL), evaluated through morphometric, histologic and radiographic studies; 2) Sistemic evaluation through a) leucograms performed before and after ligature (6h and 2, 7, and 11 d); b) corporal mass variation; c) of liver and kidney analysis, by serum biochemical dosage and histological study; and d) serum evaluation of Bone-Specific Alkaline Phosphatase (BALP). Animals submitted to 11 d periodontitis presented intense bone resoption. Low dose of ATV (0.3 mg/kg) was not able to prevent ABL (p>0.05), meanwhile the other dose ATV (1, 3, 9 or 27 mg/kg) were , in a significant way able to reduce ABL by 35%, 39%, 53%, 56%, respectively. Such inhibition was corroborated by histological analysis where was observed that ATV (27 mg/kg) caused greater periodontal tissue preservation [Mean 1.5 (0-2)], when compared to Saline [Mean 3 (2-3)] . In addition, animals submitted to periodontitis presented a significant reduction on periodontal radiographic density (58%). ATV (1, 3 ou 9 mg/kg) preserved such density in 5%, 9% e 20%, respectively. The leucogram of animals submitted to periodontitis presented leukocytosis peak on the 6th h mediated by neutrophils and new leukocytosis after 7th d due mononuclear cells. ATV (27 mg/kg) was able to reduce leukocytosis, decreasing neutrophils or mononuclear cells respectivelly (p<0.05), as well as, it was able to reduce initial corporal mass loss seen in periodontitis. Serum biochemical and histological analysis of liver and kidneys of animals with 11 d periodontitis treated with (ATV 27 mg/kg) or not (Saline), did not show alterations (p>0.05). It was observed a raise on serum BALP dosage variation of animals with 11 d periodontitis (Saline: 63.4Â10.8 U/l), while ATV (27 mg/kg) prevented that increase (13.6Â3.5 U/l) (p<0.05).In this way, the results demonstrated that this periodontitis model in rats reproduced the main aspects of periodontal disease in humans, and ATV reduced periodontal destruction, without cause significant alterations on liver and kidneys, besides of keeping BALP activitys, what suggests that ATV may be an important pharmacological approach as an adjuvant to periodontal therapy, to be evaluated clinically, due to its efficacy and safety.
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Gonçalves, Vinícius de Paiva. "Ação do curcumin sobre os períodos iniciais da carcinogênese bucal induzida por 4-NQO em modelo murino /." Araraquara, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/113929.

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Orientador: Luis Carlos Spolidorio
Banca: Helio Massaiochi Tanimoto
Banca: Rosemary Adriana Chierici Marcantonio
Resumo: O Curcumin apresenta potencial terapêutico no tratamento e prevenção de doenças crônicas, inclusive câncer. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o impacto do tratamento sistêmico do curcumin sobre os períodos iniciais da carcinogênese bucal induzida pelo 4-NQO em ratos. Quarenta ratos distribuídos em quatro grupos (n=10) foram tratados com solução de 50 ppm de 4-NQO dissolvido na água de beber ad libitum durante todo período experimental, que ocorreu em 8 e 12 semanas, sendo que dois desses grupos foram tratados com 30 ou 100 mg/kg de peso corporal de curcumin diariamente por gavagem oral, e um grupo tratado com veículo no volume correspondente à maior dose de curcumin. Os animais do grupo controle negativo (n=10) foram sacrificados no início do experimento. Os cortes histológicos, provenientes da língua dos animais, foram corados por H&E ou submetidos à reação de imunohistoquímica para detecção de PCNA, Bcl-2, SOCS1 e -3 , e STAT3. Parte das peças foi utilizada para a verificação da expressão de Vimentina, Cdh1, Cdh2 e TWIST1 por RT-qPCR. O tratamento com 100mg/kg de peso corporal de curcumin por 12 semanas, principalmente, diminuiu os valores do H-score de PCNA, Bcl-2, SOCS3, STAT3, enquanto aumentou SOCS1, além de reduzir as atipias celulares observadas na análise morfológica do epitélio lingual. A expressão dos genes avaliados por RT-qPCR também foi reduzida pelo tratamento com curcumin, independentemente da dose utilizada. Os resultados do presente estudo demonstram que o curcumin acaba por intervir e atenuar o desenvolvimento do processo carcinogênico.
Abstract: Curcumin has therapeutic potential in the treatment and prevention of chronic diseases , including cancer. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of systemic treatment of curcumin on the initial periods of oral carcinogenesis induced by 4 - NQO in rats. Forty rats were distributed into four groups (n = 10) and treated with 50 ppm of 4-NQO solution dissolved in the drinking water ad libitum throughout the experimental period, which occurred at 8 and 12 weeks , with two of these groups were treated with 30 or 100 mg / kg body weight daily by oral gavage curcumin, and a group treated with vehicle corresponding to larger dose of curcumin volume. The animals in the negative control group (n = 10 ) were sacrificed at the beginning of the experiment. Histological sections, from the language of animals, were stained with H&E or subjected to immunohistochemical analysis for detection of PCNA, Bcl-2, SOCS1 and -3, and STAT3. Part of the pieces was used to check the expression of vimentin, Cdh1, Cdh2 and TWIST by RT - qPCR . Treatment with 100mg/kg body weight of curcumin for 12 weeks, mainly, decreased the values of the H -score of PCNA, Bcl-2, SOCS3, STAT3 , while increased SOCS1 , and reduce cellular atypia observed in the morphological analysis of lingual epithelium. The gene expression assessed by RT- qPCR was also reduced by treatment with curcumin, regardless of the dose used. The results of this study demonstrate that curcumin eventually intervene and attenuate the development of the carcinogenic process.
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Gomes, Silvio Pires. "Aspectos morfoquantitativos da neuroplasticidade induzida por desnutrição no gânglio celíaco de ratos." Universidade de São Paulo, 2006. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/10/10132/tde-28022007-160540/.

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O gânglio celíaco pertence ao plexo celíaco que consiste numa rede de nervos e tecidos de suporte. Os gânglios celíacos, pares, são alongados e situam-se ao longo da face caudal da origem da artéria celíaca. No lado esquerdo o gânglio está ligado por um ramo interganglionar. Ele está intimamente em contato com a superfície da aorta. A inervação autônoma da maioria dos órgãos abdominais faz-se pelo plexo celíaco e estes incluem o pâncreas, fígado, rim, vesícula biliar, epíplon, mesentério, estômago, intestino delgado e porções ascendente e transversa do cólon. A desnutrição protéico-calórica é um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública no mundo, representando nas nações subdesenvolvidas cerca de 40% das causas dos pacientes hospitalizados. Desta forma o estudo da inervação extrínseca do trato gastrintestinal (representada pelo gânglio celíaco) de ratos, sob os aspectos estereológicos e morfométricos, durante estados de desnutrição protéica será fundamental para aferir objetivamente (e não empiricamente) os possíveis danos neuronais ocasionados pela mesma. Ainda, o conhecimento destas informações quantitativas pode ser útil no entendimento da patogênese da neuropatia autonômica hipoproteica e conseqüentemente no seu tratamento, melhorando a qualidade de vida de pacientes animais e humanos. No decorrer deste estudo foram utilizados seis gânglios celíacos esquerdos provenientes de ratos Albinus Wistar neonatos machos provenientes de acasalamento durante um período de sete a dez dias. Três dos ratos eram desnutridos e três clinicamente saudáveis (ausência clínica de neuropatias) que foram usados como controle. Para os animais foram oferecida água sem restrições e uma dieta protéica (20% de proteína-caseina) para as fêmeas que gerarem o grupo controle constituído por três animais que serão denominados nutridos (N) e uma dieta hipoproteica (5% de caseína) para as fêmeas que gerarem o grupo desnutrido também composto por de três animais (D). A amostragem foi realizada de modo uniforme, sistemático e aleatório, volume ganglionar ou volume do gânglio (vg), número total de neurônios (n), densidade neuronal (nv), volume neuronal (vn), densidade de volume neuronal (vv). Todos os parâmetros estereológicos apresentaram valores superiores (bastante significativos). Os resultados sugerem a existência de diferenças biológicas, ou seja, os animais desnutridos apresentavam neurônios maiores e em maior número, mas distribuídos e mais afastados uns dos outros, já os desnutridos possuíam neurônios menores, menos numerosos e distribuídos em um número menor no gânglio.
The celiac ganglion belongs to the celiac plexus which consists of a net of nerves and supportive tissues. The celiac ganglia, even, are alonged and locate along the caudal face of the origin of the celiac artery. On the left side the ganglion is linked by an interganglionar branch. It is intimately in contact with the surface of the aorta. The autonomous innervation of most of the abdominal organs is made by the celiac plexus and these include the pancreas, liver, kidney, gall bladder, epíplon, mesentery, stomach, small intestine and ascendant and transversal portions of the colon. The proteic-caloric undernourishment is one of the largest problems of public health in the world, representing about 40% of the hospitalized patients in underdeveloped nations. Thus, the study of the extrinsic innervation of the gastrointestinal treatment (represented by the celiac ganglion) of rat, under the stereological and morphometric aspects, during states of proteic denutrition will be fundamental to objectively precise (and not empirically) the possible neuronal damages caused by the undernourishment. Still, the knowledge of these quantitative information can be useful in the understanding of the pathogenesis of the autonomous hipoproteic neuropathy and consequently in its treatment, improving the quality of life of patients, animals and humans. During this study, six left celiac ganglions of newborn male rats Albinus Wistar coming from coupling during a period from seven to ten days were used. Three of the mice were undernourished and three clinically healthy (clinical absence of neuropathies) were used as control. For the animals it was offered water with no restrictions and a proteic diet (20% of protein-casein) for the females that generated the group of control constituted by three animals which will be denominated nurtured (N) and a hipoproteic diet (5% of casein) for the females that generate the undernourished group also composed of three animals (D). The sampling was accomplished uniformly, systematic and aleatory, ganglionar volume or volume of the ganglion (Vref), total number of neurons (N), neuronal density (NV), neuronal volume (Vn), density of neuronal volume (Vv). All stereological parameters presented superior values (quite significant). The results suggest the existence of biological differences, in other words, the undernourished animals presented larger neurons and in larger number, but distributed one far from the other, the undernourished ones presented smaller and less neurons, and distributed in a smaller number in the ganglion.
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Rizo, Roca David. "Efectos de la hipoxia hipobárica intermitente en la recuperación del daño muscular inducido por ejercicio excéntrico en ratas entrenadas." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/402828.

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En esta tesis se explora la posibilidad de aplicar la hipoxia hipobárica intermitente (HHI) como herramienta terapéutica no farmacológica para tratar el daño muscular que aparece como consecuencia del ejercicio excéntrico en individuos entrenados. Debido a la necesidad de realizar pruebas invasivas, se escogió un modelo animal. Se entrenaron ratas Sprague-Dawley en un tapete rodante y se sometieron posteriormente a un protocolo de daño muscular inducido por ejercicio excéntrico (EEIMD). Como grupo Control se sacrificó un subgrupo de ratas entrenadas antes del protocolo de EEIMD. El resto de animales fue aleatoriamente dividido en tres grupos en función del tratamiento que se les aplicó: 1) animales con recuperación pasiva (grupo PNR), 2) animales sometidos a una sesión diaria de 4 horas de hipoxia hipobárica a una presión barométrica equivalente a 4000 m de altitud (grupo PHR); y 3) animales sometidos a HHI que inmediatamente después realizaron una sesión de ejercicio aeróbico ligero (grupo AHR). Estos tres grupos comenzaron sus respectivas intervenciones el día siguiente al EEIMD, y fueron sacrificados 1, 3, 7 y 14 días después. El análisis de los biomarcadores plasmáticos creatina quinasa y mioglobina confirmó la presencia de daño muscular en los animales sometidos al protocolo de EEIMD. Además, se observaron infiltraciones por mononucleares, fibras anómalas y distensión del tejido conectivo en cortes histológicos del músculo de sóleo. También se observó, en este músculo, una disminución en la capilarización de las fibras, consecuencia de una disrupción parcial de la red capilar y del aumento del tamaño medio de las fibras. Estos eventos fueron acompañados por un declive de la red mitocondrial, como reflejó el análisis de diversas proteínas relacionadas con este orgánulo. El EEIMD indujo la disminución de diferentes marcadores de biogénesis mitocondrial (PGC-1a y Tfam) y aumentó el marcador de fisión Drp-1. En conjunto, estos resultados sugieren una disrupción de la red mitocondrial. De hecho, y en consonancia con esta hipótesis, la actividad de la enzima citrato sintasa (CS) se encontró significativamente reducida una y dos semanas después del protocolo de EEIMD. El análisis de las proteínas Bax y Bcl-2 indica un posible aumento de la señalización apoptótica, en tanto que la expresión de Sirtuina 3 disminuyó, sugiriendo un aumento del estrés oxidativo. En general, la HHI, especialmente en combinación con el ejercicio aeróbico ligero, atenuó o revertió la mayoría de estos efectos deletéreos, siendo especialmente destacable el aumento de la capilarización debido a un proceso de angiogénesis (en tanto se observó un aumento del recuento de capilares y de VEGF) y a la conservación del tamaño de las fibras. Además, en comparación con el grupo no tratado, los animales AHR mostraron niveles significativamente mayores de proteínas marcadoras de biogénesis y fusión mitocondrial, mayor actividad de la enzima CS y menos indicadores de estrés oxidativo. La adición de una sesión leve de ejercicio aeróbico resultó fundamental para la obtención de muchos de estos resultados, probablemente debido a que tuvo un efecto de refuerzo sobre el estímulo hipóxico, tal y como se deduce del aumento de la expresión de las proteínas VEGF y GLUT1 en el grupo AHR. En conclusión, estos resultados sugieren que la HHI, en la intensidad y duración adecuada y combinada con ejercicio aeróbico ligero, puede acelerar la recuperación de determinados parámetros afectados por el EEIMD.
This work explores the potential use of intermittent hypobaric hypoxia (IHH) as a non-pharmacological tool to treat muscle damage in trained subjects. Here we applied a recovery protocol consisting of 4 hour-daily sessions of hypobaric hypoxia (≈4000m), alone or immediately followed by light aerobic exercise. Because invasive analyses were needed, we opted for a rodent model. Sprague-Dawley rats were trained in a treadmill for a month and then were subjected to downhill running, a well-known method of eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage (EEIMD). After that, rats were divided in three groups: 1) passive normobaric recovery (PNR); 2) passive hypobaric recovery (PHR); and 3) active hypobaric recovery (AHR), rats that immediately after each daily session of hypobaric hypoxia performed light aerobic exercise. These groups were subdivided in four subgroups according to the following sampling days: 1, 3, 7 or 14 days after the EEIMD protocol. Additionally, a group of rats was euthanized before the EEIMD protocol (CTRL). Histopathological and histomorphometric analysis of transversal sections of soleus muscle were carried out. Additionally, the protein expression of mitochondrial biomarkers related to biogenesis, fusion and fission, apoptosis signaling, bioenergetics and oxidative stress was semiquantified. As expected, EEIMD induced a number of alterations at the histopathological level, such as mononuclear infiltrates, presence of abnormal fibers and connective tissue distension. Furthermore, a decrease in the muscle capillarization and an apparent hypertrophy were also reported. The biogenesis biomarker PGC-1α was found reduced 3 days after the EEIMD protocol, while Drp-1, a marker of mitochondrial fission, and the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio, a marker of apoptosis signaling, were increased. Maybe as a consequence, the citrate synthase activity decreased. Interestingly, HHI combined with light aerobic exercise attenuated or reversed most of these findings: after two weeks of recovery, AHR rats showed a fiber size and muscle capillarization similar to CTRL animals, as well as decreased percentage of abnormal fibers, higher levels of biomarkers related to mitochondrial biogenesis and fusion and reduced apoptosis signaling markers when compared to PNR and PHR groups.
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Books on the topic "Poor rates"

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A, Lampietti Julian, and World Bank, eds. Utility pricing and the poor: Lessons from Armenia. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2001.

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Narayana, D. Rural poverty, money-wage rates, and cereal prices in India. Trivandrum: Centre for Development Studies, 1991.

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Bureau, India Labour, ed. Wage rates in rural India, 2002-03. Shimla: Govt. of India, Ministry of Labour, Labour Bureau, 2004.

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Bureau, India Labour, ed. Wage rates in rural India, 2005-06. Shimla: Govt. of India, Ministry of Labour & Employment, Labour Bureau, 2007.

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Blank, Rebecca M. Why were poverty rates so high in the 1980s? Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1991.

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Parish, Ilchester. Churchwarden's accounts, 1798-1853, and poor rates, Ilchester, 1805-1852. St. Sampson, Guernsey: Toucan Press, 1988.

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Fletcher, June. House Poor. New York: HarperCollins, 2010.

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Anne, Case. Sex differences in obesity rates in poor countries: Evidence from South Africa. Cambridge, Mass: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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Anne, Case. Sex differences in obesity rates in poor countries: Evidence from south africa. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, 2007.

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Bank, World. Maintaining utility services for the poor: Policies and practices in Central and Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union. Washington, DC: World Bank, 2000.

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Book chapters on the topic "Poor rates"

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Harper, Malcolm. "1. Introduction - Profit for the Poor; Interest Rates." In Profit for the Poor, 1–17. Rugby, Warwickshire, United Kingdom: Practical Action Publishing, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.3362/9781780440910.001.

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Cousins, Mel. "Resistance to the Collection of Rates Under the Poor Law, 1842–44." In Taxation, Politics, and Protest in Ireland, 1662–2016, 173–98. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-04309-4_7.

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Sun, Zhichao, Ce Zhang, Yafei Wen, Miaomiao Fan, Kaiwei Liu, and Wenyu Li. "Performance Analysis of Fault Detection Rate in SRGM." In Proceeding of 2021 International Conference on Wireless Communications, Networking and Applications, 1059–66. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-2456-9_106.

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AbstractThe fault detection rate is one of the main parameters of the software reliability model. Different forms of fault detection rates have different functions. This paper focuses on the influence of fault detection rate on software reliability, proposes a single reliability model multi-failure data set multi-fault detection rate analysis plan, and analyses the impact of fault detection rate on SRGM. After experimental analysis, the performance of the software reliability model corresponding to the power function and the S-type fault detection rate is better, the performance of the software reliability model corresponding to the constant fault detection rate is acceptable, and the comprehensive performance of the software reliability model corresponding to the exponential fault detection rate is poor. The research in this paper has a certain guiding role in the selection of parameter models in software reliability modelling and the determination of the optimal release time.
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Gustafson, J. Perry, and Peter H. Raven. "World food supply: problems and prospects." In Mutation breeding, genetic diversity and crop adaptation to climate change, 3–9. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789249095.0001.

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Abstract The current world population of 7.6 billion is projected to reach 9.9 billion by 2050. The UN projects that agricultural output will need to increase by 70% simply to maintain current dietary standards, which does not include improving the diets of approximately 800 million malnourished people. Agricultural production increased at a rate insufficient to reach the goal set by the 2009 World Summit on Food Security to reduce by one half the number of malnourished people in the world by 2015. In spite of declining poverty rates, achieving this reduction in the number of malnourished people will be very difficult, as it is likely that the projected 2.3 billion additional people will be among the poorest of the poor. Food imports are expected to increase despite projected increased production, with many poor countries unable to afford those imports. Agriculture can improve sustainable world food production on the land currently under production and by doing so protect our fragile environment as much as possible.
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Mittal, Komal, A. Philo Magdalene, and Drishya Pathak. "Preventable Losses: Threatening Rise in Suicides During the Pandemic." In Global Perspectives of COVID-19 Pandemic on Health, Education, and Role of Media, 329–49. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-99-1106-6_16.

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AbstractFrom being a public health emergency to becoming one of the worst humanitarian crises of the twenty-first century, the COVID-19 pandemic has unraveled the very fabric of human lifestyles, with mental health at the core of its concerns. Now more than ever, suicide has become a serious public health problem worldwide. Studies published after the pandemic was declared in March 2020 estimate that suicide rates will rise globally as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic. The WHO estimates that for each adult suicide, more than 20 others attempt suicide and suicide risk is much higher in individuals who previously attempted suicide. Hence, suicide prevention in the times of the COVID-19 pandemic has become a global priority not only due to the increased rate of mortality, but also because of exacerbation of risk factors including economic instability, poor access to healthcare facilities, basic amenities, social disconnect, and many more. The aim of this chapter is to examine the relationship between the COVID-19 pandemic and the rise in suicide rates and mental health concerns. The authors undertake an analysis of existing systems and programs put in place by the government and civil society groups to critically examine suicide prevention strategies and approaches and comment on the way forward.
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"Dartmouth, St Petrox (Southtown), Poor Rates, 1604, 1609, 1611, 1613 & 1619; Hospital Rates, 1627 (2); Poor Rate, 1649; Poor Rate Account, 1649." In Devon Parish Taxpayers, 1500-1650: Volume Three, 167–92. Boydell and Brewer, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781800108318-023.

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"Colyton, Church Rates, 1579 & 1618; Poor Rate, 1639." In Devon Parish Taxpayers, 1500-1650: Volume Three, 67–72. Boydell and Brewer, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781800108318-012.

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Deaton, Angus S., and Olivier Dupriez. "PPP Exchange Rates for the Global Poor." In Measuring the Real Size of the World Economy, 553–87. The World Bank, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1596/9780821397282_ch21.

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"Churston Ferrers, Poor Rates, 1599, 1602 & 1607; Church Rates, 1612 & 1613; Poor Rates, 1629, 1633, 1639, 1645 & 1650." In Devon Parish Taxpayers, 1500-1650: Volume Three, 5–21. Boydell and Brewer, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781800108318-006.

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"APPENDIX B: LSP Review and Success Rates by Year, 1966-1974 Terms." In The Poor in Court, 166. Princeton University Press, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781400861460.166.

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Conference papers on the topic "Poor rates"

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Parrott, Thomas, Stephen Price, and Peter Keall. "Development rates in poor ground conditions." In First International Seminar on Safe and Rapid Development Mining. Australian Centre for Geomechanics, Perth, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.36487/acg_repo/902_20.

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Gates, JC, T. Brown, E. Heiden, D. Lodge, R. Simpson, A. Hicks, H. Rupani, and AJ Chauhan. "S35 Poor influenza vaccination rates in people with airways disease." In British Thoracic Society Winter Meeting 2019, QEII Centre, Broad Sanctuary, Westminster, London SW1P 3EE, 4 to 6 December 2019, Programme and Abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and British Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/thorax-2019-btsabstracts2019.41.

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Huanmei Qin. "The analysis on the Deposit poor Credit under the anticipation of the Central Bank raising the interest rates in China." In 2011 International Conference on System Science, Engineering Design and Manufacturing Informatization (ICSEM). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icssem.2011.6081254.

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Alemao, E., L. Burns, and Z. Guo. "AB0208 Hospitalization rates in patients with ra by poor prognostic factors: impact of abatacept and other disease-modifying antirheumatic therapies." In Annual European Congress of Rheumatology, 14–17 June, 2017. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd and European League Against Rheumatism, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-eular.1565.

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Peshwe, Krithika Umesh, and Muhammad Alvi. "Lack of Pre-treatment Thrombolysis and Low ASPECTS are Associated with Poor Rates of Recanalization After Mechanical Thrombectomy (P8-5.025)." In 2023 Annual Meeting Abstracts. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000204083.

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Flesch, Robert, Annika Kuhlmann, Johannes Brunnemann, and Eiden Jörg. "Understanding and Improving Model Performance at Small Mass Flow Rates in Fluid System Models." In 15th International Modelica Conference 2023, Aachen, October 9-11. Linköping University Electronic Press, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.3384/ecp204189.

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This paper provides a detailed analysis of the reasons behind the poor simulation performance observed when mass flow rates become very small, commonly referred to as zero mass flow issues. By using simple example models, we effectively demonstrate the underlying causes of these simulation performance issues. We highlight various contributing factors that play a significant role in exacerbating the problem. Furthermore, we propose and examine countermeasures to mitigate these challenges. These countermeasures include modifications to the model itself, utilization of available settings in simulation tools, and adjustments to the solver. By implementing and evaluating these countermeasures, we illustrate their impact on improving simulation performance in scenarios involving low mass flow rates.
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Leger, Alexandre, Samridhi Gambhir, Julien Légère, and Deny R. Hamel. "Photon Trapping for Increased Efficiency of Cascaded Downconversion." In CLEO: QELS_Fundamental Science. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/cleo_qels.2022.ff2j.4.

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Cascaded spontaneous parametric downconversion is used to produce entangled photon triplets, although poor efficiency limits rates. As a solution, we propose trapping photons in an active cavity, giving them many chances at downconversion.
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Spinhirne, James D. "New Generation Lidar Systems for Eye Safe Full Time Observations." In Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/orsa.1995.mc1.

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The traditional lidar over the last thirty years has typically been a big pulse low repetition rate system. Pulse energies are in the 0.1 to 1.0 J range and repetition rates from 0.1 to 10 Hz. While such systems have proven to be good research tools, they have a number of limitations that prevent them from moving beyond lidar research to operational, application oriented instruments. These problems include a lack of eye safety, very low efficiency, poor reliability, lack of ruggedness and high development and operating costs.
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Chen, Huang, Yuanchao Li, Subhra Shankha Koley, and Joseph Katz. "Effects of Axial Casing Grooves on the Structure of Turbulence in the Tip Region of an Axial Turbomachine Rotor." In ASME Turbo Expo 2020: Turbomachinery Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2020-15229.

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Abstract Challenges in predicting the turbulence in the tip region of turbomachines include anisotropy, inhomogeneity, and non-equilibrium conditions, resulting in poor correlations between the Reynold stresses and the corresponding mean strain rate components. The geometric complexity introduced by casing grooves exacerbates this problem. Taking advantage of a large database collected in the refractive index-matched liquid facility at JHU, this paper examines the evolution of turbulence in the tip region of an axial turbomachine with and without axial casing grooves, and for two flow rates. The semi-circular axial grooves are skewed by 45° in the positive circumferential direction, similar to that described in Müller et al. [1]. Comparison to results obtained for an untreated endwall includes differences in the distributions of turbulent kinetic energy (TKE), Reynolds stresses, anisotropy tensor, and dominant terms in the TKE production rate. The evolution of TKE at high flow rates for blade sections located downstream of the grooves is also investigated. Common features include: with or without casing grooves, the TKE is high near the tip leakage vortex (TLV) center, and in the shear layer connecting it to the blade suction side tip corner. The turbulence is highly anisotropic and inhomogeneous, with the anisotropy tensor demonstrating shifts from one dimensional (1D) to 2D and to 3D structures over small distances. Furthermore, the correlation between the mean strain rate and Reynolds stress tensor components is poor. With the grooves, the flow structure, hence the distribution of Reynolds stresses, becomes much more complex. Turbulence is also high in the corner vortex that develops at the entrance to the grooves and in the flow jetting out of the grooves into the passage. Consistent with trends of production rates of normal Reynolds stress components, the grooves increase the axial and reduce the radial velocity fluctuations compared to the untreated endwall. These findings introduce new insight that might assist the future development of Reynolds stress models suitable for tip flows.
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Covino, B. S., S. J. Bullard, S. D. Cramer, G. R. Holcomb, M. Ziomek-Moroz, D. A. Eden, and M. S. Cayard. "Electrochemical Corrosion Rate Probes for High-Temperature Energy Applications." In AM-EPRI 2004, edited by R. Viswanathan, D. Gandy, and K. Coleman. ASM International, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.am-epri-2004p0762.

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Abstract High-temperature corrosion occurs in different sections of energy production plants due to a number of factors: ash deposition, coal impurities, thermal gradients, and low NOx conditions, among others. High-temperature electrochemical corrosion rate (ECR) probes are rarely used at the present time, but if they were more fully understood, corrosion could become a process variable at the control of plant operators. Research is being conducted to understand the effects of probe composition, ash composition, environment chemistry, and measurement technique on the accuracy, response, and longevity of electrochemical corrosion rate probes. The primary goal is to understand when ECR probes accurately measure corrosion rates and when they are simply qualitative indicators of changes in the corrosion processes. Research to date has shown that ECR probe corrosion rates and corrosion rates from mass loss coupons agree within a factor of 2. This good agreement was found to depend on the composition of the sensors, with the best results coming from more highly alloyed materials such as 316L stainless steel and poorer results from carbon steel sensors. Factors being considered to help explain the good or poor agreement between mass loss and ECR probe corrosion rates are: values selected for the Stern-Geary constant, the effect of internal corrosion, and the presence of conductive corrosion scales and ash deposits.
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Reports on the topic "Poor rates"

1

Case, Anne, and Alicia Menendez. Sex Differences in Obesity Rates in Poor Countries: Evidence from South Africa. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, October 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.3386/w13541.

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Lustig, Nora. Crises and the Poor: Socially Responsible Macroeconomics. Inter-American Development Bank, February 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0008777.

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This paper presents evidence on the impact of economic crisis on poverty and inequality in Latin America. Crises not only result in higher poverty rates but also may cause irreversible damage to the human capital of the poor. In light of this evidence, the author concludes that crisis avoidance and a pro-poor response to crisis should be a major component of a poverty reduction strategy. As a result, the paper analyses the role of exchange rate policy, capital controls and countercyclical fiscal policy in generating or avoiding crisis. Responses to macroeconomic crisis are assessed by considering the effects of different policy combinations, the use of safety nets and the composition of fiscal adjustment to protect the income of the poor in the face of macroeconomic adjustment. The main lesson is that socially responsible macroeconomic policy can protect the poor during times of crisis and simultaneously contribute to lower chronic poverty.
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Ekka, Rashmi Kiran, Anita Campion, and Mark D. Wenner. Interest Rates and Implications for Microfinance in Latin America and the Caribbean. Inter-American Development Bank, March 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0012207.

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Microfinance institutions (MFIs) have been successful in providing credit to millions of low-income borrowers in groups previously excluded from formal financial services, but they often charge interest rates that many claim are excessive. We examine microfinance interest rates and their determinants in order to understand how these rates might be lowered. Using high-quality financial data from 29 institutions in seven countries over a period of four years, and drawing on information from field visits with clients, we explore patterns of cost and efficiency in MFIs. We find that improved operational efficiency comes with increased competition and institutional age, or learning by doing. Encouragingly, our regression analysis shows patterns of profit-making MFIs charging lower interest rates. We also find that interest rate caps reduce the outreach of these institutions to the poor, women, and rural clients.
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Bustelo, Monserrat, Verónica Frisancho, and Mariana Viollaz. Unequal Opportunities for Indigenous Peoples and African Descendants. Inter-American Development Bank, December 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0005340.

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The indigenous peoples and African descendants in Latin America and the Caribbean are far behind the rest of the population in terms of access to education, health services, and financial services, something that is reflected in poor labor outcomes and high poverty rates. Indigenous peoples and African descendants achieve lower levels of education in their lifetime. In recent decades, the region has narrowed the years-of-education gap between the indigenous peoples and the non-indigenous population, but the differences are still large. The gaps in access to health services are clear in the maternal and infant mortality rates, which are higher for the indigenous peoples compared to the non-indigenous population, as well as in the deteriorated health indicators for children under the age of five. The labor situation is no better, with the indigenous peoples holding jobs in low-skilled occupations to a larger extent than the non-indigenous population. The poverty rates are alarming. In total, 43% of the regions indigenous persons and 25% of the African descendants are poor, and with very few exceptions, the poverty rates among African descendants and indigenous peoples are more than twice the rate of the white population.
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Foster, James E., and Miguel Székely. Is Economic Growth Good for the Poor?: Tracking Low Incomes Using General Means. Inter-American Development Bank, June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.18235/0010794.

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In this paper we propose the use of an alternative methodology to track low incomes based on Atkinson's (1970) family of "equally distributed equivalent income" functions, which are called "general means" here. We provide a new characterization of general means that justifies their use in this context. Our method of evaluating the effects of growth on poor incomes is based on a comparison of growth rates for two standards of living: the ordinary mean and a bottom-sensitive general mean. The motivating question is: To what extent is growth in the ordinary mean accompanied by growth in the general mean? A key indicator in this approach is the growth elasticity of the general mean, or the percentage change in the general mean over the percentage change in the usual mean. Our empirical analysis estimates this growth elasticity for a data set containing 144 household surveys from 20 countries over the last quarter century. Among other results, we find that the growth elasticity of bottom sensitive general means is positive, but significantly smaller than one. This suggests that the incomes of the poor do not grow one-for-one with increases in average income.
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Roelen, Keetie, Md Shakil Ahmed, Kabita Chowdhury, Vidya Diwakar, Lopita Huq, Saklain Al Mamun, Aby Sayem Rabbi, et al. Social Protection Experiences of and Attitudes Towards New Urban Poor After Covid-19 in Bangladesh. Institute of Development Studies, February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/ids.2024.006.

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The Covid-19 pandemic led to a large increase in poverty in Bangladesh, especially in urban areas. Rising food prices and high inflation rates further compounded already high levels of socioeconomic uncertainty. Social protection is vital to help mitigate the effects of crisis and make households more resilient to uncertainty. This paper provides insights into urban residents’ experiences of poverty and the support they received since the Covid-19 pandemic, and derives implications for social protection programming in urban Bangladesh. Using secondary longitudinal data collected since the start of the pandemic with new quantitative surveys and qualitative data collected in Kallyanpur, Dhaka and Shantinagar, Chittagong in March 2023, the study points to high levels of precarity; poverty’s toll on mental health; widespread stigmatisation and discrimination of residents of low-income neighbourhoods, and inadequate social protection support. It argues for the need to expand social protection in urban areas; counter area-based discrimination; ensure dignified delivery of assistance, and provide an integrated policy response.
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Ellinger, Matt, Francois Ayello, and Guanlan Liu. PR-186-213600-R01 Generic External Corrosion Growth Rate Distributions for Buried Pipelines. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), March 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0000059.

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External corrosion growth rates in buried pipelines are influenced by a vast quantity of parameters, and the interaction of these parameters creates complexities that can be challenging to understand. As a result, external corrosion growth rates are difficult to estimate and measure. Further, the detailed actual conditions where external corrosion growth is occurring are often not known. When external corrosion growth rates cannot be calculated (i.e., using a corrosion growth rate model) or measured (i.e., ILI run-to-run comparisons), default corrosion growth rates are frequently utilized in making Integrity Management decisions. Often, these default, or assumed, corrosion growth rates are overly conservative. Using overly conservative external corrosion rates can result in a poor utilization of resources. However, there may be locations of isolated and accelerated corrosion growth in which the assumed rates are non-conservative. Non-conservative assumed external corrosion growth rates can result in lack of awareness of locations that may become critical prior to the next planned integrity assessment. Therefore, it is ideal to evaluate appropriate external corrosion growth rates along the length of a given pipeline. Applied external corrosion growth rates are utilized in making Integrity Management decisions on a pipeline, such as optimizing excavation programs and establishing integrity reassessment intervals, and therefore, it is important to utilize realistic rates that are accurate and not overly conservative. This report describes a methodology for establishing generic external corrosion growth rate distributions based on empirical ILI and corrosion modeling data. The report describes key parameters that affect, or can be utilized to establish, external corrosion growth rates. The identified key parameters include data that should be understood and/or readily available to pipeline operators. The authors of this report have created external corrosion growth rate distribution curves for each combination of the identified key parameters. The results of this project can be utilized by pipeline operators to establish data driven and justifiable external corrosion growth rates on pipelines in which rates are not able to be calculated from historical and/or ILI run-to-run comparisons.
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McClelland, Zackery, Haley Peterson, and Kyle Dunsford. Dynamic tensile behavior of laser-directed energy deposition and additive friction stir-deposited AerMet 100. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), February 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/48177.

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Quasi-static and high-rate tensile experiments were used to examine the strain rate sensitivity of laser-directed energy deposition (L-DED)- and additive friction stir deposition (AFSD)-formed AerMet 100 ultrahigh-strength steel-additive manufactured builds. Electron backscattered diffraction (EBSD) revealed similar as-deposited grain sizes between the two AM processes at approximately 24 μm and 17 μm for the L-DED and AFSD samples, respectively. The strain hardening rate, θ, revealed little change in the overall hardening observed in the L-DED and AFSD materials, with a consistent hardening in the quasi-static samples and three identifiable regions in that of the high-rate tested materials. The LDED deposited materials displayed average ultimate tensile strength values of 1835 and 2902 MPa for the 0.001 s−1 and 2500 s−1 strain rates, respectively and the AFSD deposited materials displayed ultimate tensile strength values of 1928 and 3080 MPa for the 0.001 s−1 and 2500 s−1 strain rates, respectively. Overall, the strength for both processes displayed a positive strain rate sensitivity, with increases in strength of ~1000 MPa for both processes. Fractography revealed significant solidification voids in the laser DED material and poor layer adhesion in the AFSD material.
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9

Bubenik and Nestleroth. L51619 Effects of Loading on the Growth Rates in Deep Stress-Corrosion Cracks. Chantilly, Virginia: Pipeline Research Council International, Inc. (PRCI), August 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.55274/r0010094.

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With the development of improved techniques for detection of stress corrosion cracks in existing pipelines, the pipeline industry is faced with the problem of estimating the growth rates of these cracks. Current efforts in model development are addressing the problem but, in order to verify these models, accurate average crack velocity data are needed (average crack velocity being defined as the average rate of crack growth with time, crack velocity is the instantaneous rate of crack tip dissolution.) Currently available data are limited and are based primarily on either slow-strain rate tests or tapered tensile tests. The loading conditions in the former are unrepresentative of actual operating conditions while the crack depths in the latter are much shallower than those observed in service. Some fracture mechanics data also are available for this system but the specimen and crack geometry used in these tests are not similar to the geometry of the field failures*. In addition, results of recent PRCI research suggest that the stress intensity parameter, K, which is used to relate different cracking geometries, is a poor crack driving force parameter for SCC in line pipe steels. The overall objective of this work is to obtain accurate average crack velocity data as a function of crack depth and loading conditions. The program is divided into two tasks: Task 1 - Effect of Crack Depth and Cyclic Loading Conditions on Crack Growth and Task 2 - Inhibition of Crack Growth.
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10

Brown, Yolanda, Twonia Goyer, and Maragaret Harvey. Heart Failure 30-Day Readmission Frequency, Rates, and HF Classification. University of Tennessee Health Science Center, December 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.21007/con.dnp.2020.0002.

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30 Day Hospital Readmission Rates, Frequencies, and Heart Failure Classification for Patients with Heart Failure Background Congestive heart failure (CHF) is the leading cause of mortality, morbidity, and disability worldwide among patients. Both the incidence and the prevalence of heart failure are age dependent and are relatively common in individuals 40 years of age and older. CHF is one of the leading causes of inpatient hospitalization readmission in the United States, with readmission rates remaining above the 20% goal within 30 days. The Center for Medicare and Medicaid Services imposes a 3% reimbursement penalty for excessive readmissions including those who are readmitted within 30 days from prior hospitalization for heart failure. Hospitals risk losing millions of dollars due to poor performance. A reduction in CHF readmission rates not only improves healthcare system expenditures, but also patients’ mortality, morbidity, and quality of life. Purpose The purpose of this DNP project is to determine the 30-day hospital readmission rates, frequencies, and heart failure classification for patients with heart failure. Specific aims include comparing computed annual re-admission rates with national average, determine the number of multiple 30-day re-admissions, provide descriptive data for demographic variables, and correlate age and heart failure classification with the number of multiple re-admissions. Methods A retrospective chart review was used to collect hospital admission and study data. The setting occurred in an urban hospital in Memphis, TN. The study was reviewed by the UTHSC Internal Review Board and deemed exempt. The electronic medical records were queried from July 1, 2019 through December 31, 2019 for heart failure ICD-10 codes beginning with the prefix 150 and a report was generated. Data was cleaned such that each patient admitted had only one heart failure ICD-10 code. The total number of heart failure admissions was computed and compared to national average. Using age ranges 40-80, the number of patients re-admitted withing 30 days was computed and descriptive and inferential statistics were computed using Microsoft Excel and R. Results A total of 3524 patients were admitted for heart failure within the six-month time frame. Of those, 297 were re-admitted within 30 days for heart failure exacerbation (8.39%). An annual estimate was computed (16.86%), well below the national average (21%). Of those re-admitted within 30 days, 50 were re-admitted on multiple occasions sequentially, ranging from 2-8 re-admissions. The median age was 60 and 60% male. Due to the skewed distribution (most re-admitted twice), nonparametric statistics were used for correlation. While graphic display of charts suggested a trend for most multiple re-admissions due to diastolic dysfunction and least number due to systolic heart failure, there was no statistically significant correlation between age and number or multiple re-admissions (Spearman rank, p = 0.6208) or number of multiple re-admissions and heart failure classification (Kruskal Wallis, p =0.2553).
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