Journal articles on the topic 'Poor laws – wales'
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1
Jones, Peter. "The New Poor Laws in Scotland, England and Wales: Comparative Perspectives." Local Population Studies, no. 99 (December 31, 2017): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35488/lps99.2017.31.
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This article focuses on a seemingly obvious but largely overlooked question in the historiography of British welfare: what are the merits of, and the obstacles to, a serious comparative study of the poor laws in the constituent countries of mainland Britain? It first considers the wider context for such a question in relation to European welfare history, then discusses the broad historiographical trends for each country in relation to two key areas of the welfare debate: how far the intentions of the central Poor Law authorities were reflected in local practice, and the ability of paupers themselves to shape or influence their own experience of relief at the local level. It makes some key observations about the ways in which 'national narratives' of welfare have developed for Scotland, England and Wales in the past, and how these have shaped our view of the relationship between them, and finally suggests avenues for future research.
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STEWART, JOHN, and STEVE KING. "Death in Llantrisant: Henry Williams and the New Poor Law in Wales." Rural History 15, no. 1 (March 17, 2004): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793303001092.
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This article first examines the recent historiography of the Poor Law, notes the dearth of historical writing on this topic with respect to Wales and then uses an incident which took place in the rural Welsh town of Llantrisant in the early 1840s which clearly exemplifies both particularly Welsh characteristics and those of the medical services of the New Poor Law. It is contended that further study of the welfare regime in nineteenth-century Wales is important for both Welsh history and for the broader historical understanding of the Poor Laws in rural areas.
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Harris, Bernard. "Parsimony and Pauperism: Poor Relief in England, Scotland and Wales in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries." Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 39, no. 1 (May 2019): 40–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2019.0260.
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As the Royal Commission on the Poor Laws noted in 1909, the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 and the Poor Law (Scotland) Act of 1845 sprang from rather different motives. Whereas the first Act aimed to restrict the provision of poor relief, the second was designed to enhance it. However, despite these aims, it is generally accepted that Scotland's Poor Law continued to relieve a smaller proportion of its population and to spend less money on them. This paper revisits the evidence on which these claims are based. Although the gap between the two Poor Laws was less than previously supposed, it was nevertheless substantial. The paper also explores the links between the size of Scottish parishes and welfare spending, and demonstrates that the main reasons for the persistence of the spending gap were related to different levels of investment in poorhouses and workhouses, and support for the elderly.
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WINTER, ANNE. "Caught between Law and Practice: Migrants and Settlement Legislation in the Southern Low Countries in a Comparative Perspective, c. 1700–1900." Rural History 19, no. 2 (October 2008): 137–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679330800246x.
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AbstractHistoriographical debates on the causes and implications of early modern and early industrial settlement legislation, which determined the locality where one could apply for poor relief, have so far focused mainly on England and Wales. These regions are deemed exceptional for the national character and universality of their Poor Laws (1601), associated Act of Settlement (1662) and later amendments. However, if the focus is shifted from the national legislative framework to actual practice, several continental regions had relief and settlement arrangements that bore many resemblances to those in England and Wales. This article draws on existing literature and archival research to explore the evolution of settlement law and practice in the Southern Netherlands, i.e. present-day Belgium, from the seventeenth to the late nineteenth centuries, and compares its main features with the situation in England and Wales. This comparative exercise brings to the fore a number of striking resemblances and remarkable differences, which question the precise nature of the British exception. While further research is needed to gauge fully the causes and consequences of the observed similarities and differences, this article aims to demonstrate how a comparative approach towards issues of settlement and relief not only elucidates our understanding of the particularities and generalities of the English/Welsh case, but also widens our insight into the social, economic, and cultural implications of settlement arrangements in general.
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Chasovskih, Grigoriy. "Kinship and Social Strata of Medieval Wales in the Historians’ Writings of the 19th – 21th Centuries." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 3 (55) (January 26, 2022): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2021-55-3-195-212.
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The article is devoted to the historians’ views in the 19th – 21th centuries on medieval Welsh society. The main emphasis is on kinship, social strata and agricultural relations. At the beginning of the period under consideration, the society of medieval Wales was presented as a set of cattle-breeding agnatic clans that had been reorganized every time the older generation had changed. It was believed that society
had consisted of the free and foreigners, that had been outside of the clan structure. Subsequently, the significance of dependent social strata was proved and several ways of social evolution were proposed. Towards the end of the study period, the society seemed less schematic and mechanistic. The historians proved that tribal structures had presented fairly amorphous formations. The emergence of land-poor free Welshmen was considered to be the result of political stabilization of the 12th
century and the subsequent fragmentation of land shares. The boundaries between social strata were perceived less rigidly: impoverished free people could become dependent. However, the dichotomy between free and non-free people ceased to be
dominant, the decisive role in the society passed to the dichotomy between nobility and simple men. Historians stopped trying to identify universal historical laws moving to more accurate and nuanced conceptions.
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Westwood, Barbara, and Geoff Westwood. "Aboriginal cultural awareness training: policy v. accountability - failure in reality." Australian Health Review 34, no. 4 (2010): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah09546.
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Despite 42 years progress since the 1967 referendum enabling laws to be made covering Aboriginal Australians their poor health status remains and is extensively documented. This paper presents results of a study into Cultural Awareness Training (CAT) in New South Wales and specifically South West Sydney Area Health Service (SWSAHS) with the aim of improving long-term health gains. The evidence demonstrates poor definition and coordination of CAT with a lack of clear policy direction and accountability for improving cultural awareness at government level. In SWSAHS staff attendance at training is poor and training is fragmented across the Area. The paper proposes actions to improve Aboriginal cultural awareness for health professionals including incorporating Aboriginal CAT into broader based Cross Cultural Training (CCT). What is known about the topic? Cross-cultural education programs for both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal health industry staff are poorly coordinated, delivered and evaluated. There is recognition that improvements in this area could bring real enhancements in service delivery and health outcomes. What does this paper add? The deficiencies in Aboriginal CAT programs in general are explored and specifically identified in one large NSW health area with a major urban Aboriginal population. This paper reviews CAT themes in the literature and evaluates the effectiveness of known programs. What are the implications for practitioners? The authors list a series of recommendations that have the potential to improve awareness of Aboriginal cultural issues to provide a basis for development of effective and comprehensive CAT programs to bring real improvements in service delivery.
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Henry, Nancy. "GEORGE ELIOT AND THE COLONIES." Victorian Literature and Culture 29, no. 2 (September 2001): 413–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150301002091.
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Women are occasionally governors of prisons for women, overseers of the poor, and parish clerks. A woman may be ranger of a park; a woman can take part in the government of a great empire by buying East India Stock.— Barbara Bodichon, A Brief Summary in Plain Language, of the Most Important Laws Concerning Women (1854)ON OCTOBER 5, 1860, GEORGE HENRY LEWES VISITED a solicitor in London to consult about investments. He wrote in his journal: “[The Solicitor] took me to a stockbroker, who undertook to purchase 95 shares in the Great Indian Peninsular Railway for Polly. For £1825 she gets £1900 worth of stock guaranteed 5%” (qtd. in Ashton, Lewes 210). Thus Marian Evans, called Polly by her close friends, known in society as Mrs. Lewes and to her reading public as George Eliot, became a shareholder in British India. Whether or not Eliot thought of buying stock as taking part in the government of a great empire, as her friend Barbara Bodichon had written in 1854, the 5% return on her investment was a welcome supplement to the income she had been earning from her fiction since 1857. From 1860 until her death in 1880, she was one of a select but growing number of middle-class investors who took advantage of high-yield colonial stocks.1 Lewes’s journals for 1860–1878 and Eliot’s diaries for 1879–80 list dividends from stocks in Australia, South Africa, India, and Canada. These include: New South Wales, Victoria, Cape of Good Hope, Cape Town Rail, Colonial Bank, Oriental Bank, Scottish Australian, Great Indian Peninsula, Madras. The Indian and colonial stocks make up just less than half of the total holdings. Other stocks connected to colonial trade (East and West India Docks, London Docks), domestic stocks (the Consols, Regents Canal), and foreign investments (Buenos Aires, Pittsburgh and Ft. Wayne) complete the portfolio.2
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Broadway, Mikael. "Grinding the face of the poor." Review & Expositor 116, no. 1 (February 2019): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0034637319830092.
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The personal and individualistic bias of contemporary Bible reading can hide the primary message of Scripture. Attention to communal and social contexts of reading, such as economic and political structures of the time, opens greater understanding of the historical world in which texts are written, as well as the economic and political message for contemporary readers. A re-reading of the first twelve chapters of Isaiah demonstrates the way that psychologizing and spiritualizing texts obscures their relevance to current social conditions. Isaiah addresses sin and idolatry, topics familiar to personalizing readers; however, in Isaiah the topics are tightly interwoven with economic life. Other prominent contemporary issues that take the foreground in Isaiah 1–12 are property foreclosure and seizure, unlivable wages, wage theft, mistreatment of workers, unjust laws favoring the wealthy, influence of money in political systems, and irresponsible leadership. Concepts of Jubilee economics, themes in the Torah and subsequently in Jesus’ teaching, pervade the criticism of Israel and Judah in these prophetic texts.
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Řimnáčová, Zuzana, and Alena Kajanová. "Stress and the working poor." Human Affairs 29, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humaff-2019-0008.
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Abstract The working poor are not a clearly defined group. There are still people who work full-time, but have incomes bordering on poverty level. They tend to remain in work despite their low wages simply to avoid becoming unemployed and risk social exclusion. However, working in low-income jobs for long periods creates stress and gives rise to further problems. Stress affects sleep patterns and leads to problems associated with food intake and nutrition, and thus to disorders of the gastrointestinal system. Cardiovascular and neurological disorders may occur too. A lack of finances, and the stresses stemming from that are statistically significant and a strong predictor of a worse mental state. There is also a higher probability of psychosis occurring. All this affects the entire family, especially children. The inability to invest money and time in their development is another consequence.
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Robinson, Amanda L., Andy Myhill, and Julia Wire. "Practitioner (mis)understandings of coercive control in England and Wales." Criminology & Criminal Justice 18, no. 1 (September 6, 2017): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895817728381.
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Coercive control is harmful behaviour recently criminalized in England and Wales. The extent to which the work of practitioners is informed by an understanding of coercive control therefore requires investigation. Using data from two mixed methods multi-site studies, this article suggests that practitioners’ recognition of coercive control does not seem to be universally poor or skilled, but rather depends on the characteristics of the situation itself, the organizational context in which practitioners work and the stage at which they are evaluating whether coercive control is present. The absence of a clear understanding of the importance of coercive control when making judgements about victims and perpetrators has serious implications for the efficacy of current approaches to domestic abuse. Purposeful and systematic efforts to support practitioners to recognize and respond effectively to coercive control are required.
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Strange, Carolyn. "Ambivalent Abolitionism in the 1920s: New South Wales, Australia." International Journal for Crime, Justice and Social Democracy 11, no. 3 (September 1, 2022): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.5204/ijcjsd.2474.
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In the former penal colony of New South Wales (NSW), a Labor government attempted what its counterpart in Queensland had achieved in 1922: the abolition of the death penalty. Although NSW’s unelected Legislative Council scuttled Labor’s 1925 bill, the party’s prevarication over capital punishment and the government’s poor management of the campaign thwarted abolition for a further three decades. However, NSW’s failure must be analysed in light of ambivalent abolitionism that prevailed in Britain and the US in the postwar decade. In this wider context, Queensland, rather than NSW, was the abolitionist outlier.
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Kushnirovich, Nonna, and Rebeca Raijman. "Bilateral agreements, precarious work, and the vulnerability of migrant workers in Israel." Theoretical Inquiries in Law 23, no. 2 (July 1, 2022): 266–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/til-2022-0019.
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Abstract We examine the short-term and long-term impact of bilateral agreements on migrant workers’ vulnerability during their employment in Israel. To do so, we developed the Vulnerability Index of Migrant Workers based on five dimensions: poor working conditions, poor living conditions, poor safety conditions, low wages, and dependence on migration costs. We focus on migrant workers arriving in Israel from two different countries (China and Thailand), employed in two different sectors of the economy (construction and agriculture, respectively). Data was gathered through a survey conducted among workers arriving from both countries before and after the implementation of the bilateral agreements. The study revealed that after the implementation of bilateral agreements, the working, living and safety conditions of migrant workers remained poor or even worsened. For Thai workers, there was a slight improvement in the working and living conditions in the short term after the bilateral agreement, but they worsened in the long run. The total Index of Vulnerability of both groups showed improvement due to the dramatic decrease in dependence on migration costs, despite the deterioration in some working and living conditions and the reduction in migrant workers’ relative wages.
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Green, Richard. "Draining the Pool: the reform of electricity trading in England and Wales." Energy Policy 27, no. 9 (September 1999): 515–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0301-4215(99)00055-5.
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Zabin, Carol. "The Effects of Economic Restructuring on Women: The Case of Binational Agriculture in Baja California and California." Economic Development Quarterly 8, no. 2 (May 1994): 186–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/089124249400800208.
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This article analyzes the effects of increasing economic integration between Mexico and the United States on workers in the California and Baja California fresh fruit and vegetable industry. This sector has experienced significant economic integration in labor, capital, and product markets over the past 10 years. During this period, wages in this sector have fallen on both sides of the border, and wages in Mexico are currently about one-sixth of California wages. Although workers in Baja and California perform the same tasks using the same technology and work for firms funded by some of the same U.S. capital, indigenous Mixtec women and children from the poor, southern state of Oaxaca are concentrated in the lower-paying jobs in Baja, whereas Mixtec and mestizo men have greater access to the higher-paying jobs in California. Differing labor processes on opposite sides of the border result in this binational gender and ethnic segmentation of the labor market, which will slow wage convergence even if remaining trade barriers are removed. Better enforcement of laws and broader employment generation strategies are necessary to reduce poverty among farm workers on both sides of the border.
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Isaac, P. R. D., C. R. Hayes, and R. K. Akers. "Optimisation of water and energy use at the Wales National Pool." Water and Environment Journal 24, no. 1 (March 2010): 39–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2008.00150.x.
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Fleming, Anne. "The Borrower's Tale: A History of Poor Debtors inLochnerEra New York City." Law and History Review 30, no. 4 (November 2012): 1053–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248012000533.
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When asked why he did not read over the loan documents before signing them, John Doherty explained: “I was anxious to get the money, I didn't bother about it.” In February 1910, the twenty-three-year-old railroad clerk walked into the offices of the Chesterkirk Company, a loan-sharking operation with offices in lower Manhattan. He was looking to borrow some money. Repayment was guaranteed by the only security Doherty had to offer: his prospective wages and, in his words, his “reputation.” After a brief investigation of Doherty's creditworthiness, the loan was approved. The office manager placed a cross in lead pencil at the bottom of a lengthy form and Doherty signed where indicated. He received $34.85 in exchange for his promise to repay the loan principal plus $10.15 in combined fees and interest in three months. The interest charged was significantly greater than the 6 percent per year allowed in New York State. Doherty's effective annualized interest rate, including fees, was over 100 percent.
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Najam-us-saqib, Najam-us-saqib, and G. M. Arif. "Time Poverty, Work Status and Gender: The Case of Pakistan." Pakistan Development Review 51, no. 1 (March 1, 2012): 23–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.30541/v51i1pp.23-46.
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The present study measures time poverty and its incidence across gender, occupational groups, industries, regions, and income levels using Time Use Survey (TUS) 2007, the first nationwide time use survey for Pakistan. In the entire TUS sample, the incidence of time poverty is 14 percent. Women are found to be more time poor than men whether employed or not. This is because of certain women-specific activities that they have to perform irrespective of their employment status. Working women are far more time poor than those not working.. Women accepting a job have to make a major trade-off between time poverty and monetary poverty. People working in professions and industries that generally require extended work hours and offer low wage rates are more time poor. This entails a situation of double jeopardy for workers who tend to be money and time poor at the same time. The close association of time poverty with low income found in this study corroborates this conclusion. Government can help reduce time poverty by enforcing minimum wage laws and mandatory ceiling on work hours in industries with high concentration of time poverty. Eradication of monetary poverty can also eliminate the need to work long hours at low wages just to survive. A fair distribution of responsibilities between men and women.is also needed. Keywords: Time Poverty, Gender Disparities, Time Use, SNA Activities, Time Use Survey, Pakistan
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Heslop, P., P. Blair, P. Fleming, M. Hoghton, A. Marriott, and L. Russ. "Poor adherence to the mental capacity act and premature death." Journal of Adult Protection 16, no. 6 (December 2, 2014): 367–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jap-08-2013-0037.
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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to report the findings of the Confidential Inquiry into premature deaths of people with intellectual disabilities (CIPOLD) in relation to the Mental Capacity Act (England and Wales) (MCA) 2005. Design/methodology/approach – CIPOLD reviewed the deaths of all known people with intellectual disabilities (ID) aged four years and over who had lived in the study area and died between 2010 and 2012. Findings – The deaths of 234 people with ID aged 16 years and over were reviewed. There were two key issues regarding how the MCA was related to premature deaths of people with ID. The first was of the lack of adherence to aspects of the Act, particularly regarding assessments of capacity and best interests decision-making processes. The second was a lack of understanding of specific aspects of the Act itself, particularly the definition of “serious medical treatment” and in relation to Do Not Attempt Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation guidelines. Research limitations/implications – CIPOLD did not set out to specifically evaluate adherence to the MCA. It may be that there were other aspects relating to the MCA that were of note, but were not directly related to the deaths of individuals. Practical implications – Addressing the findings of the Confidential Inquiry in relation to the understanding of, and adherence to, the MCA requires action at national, local and individual levels. Safeguarding is everyone's responsibility, and in challenging decision-making processes that are not aligned with the MCA, the authors are just as effectively protecting people with ID as are when the authors report wilful neglect or abuse. Originality/value – CIPOLD undertook a retrospective, detailed investigation into the sequence of events leading to the deaths of people with ID. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first time that such research has associated a lack of adherence to the MCA to premature deaths within a safeguarding framework.
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Carty, Victoria. "Transnational Labor Mobilizing in Two Mexican Maquiladoras: The Struggle for Democratic Globalization." Mobilization: An International Quarterly 9, no. 3 (October 1, 2004): 295–310. http://dx.doi.org/10.17813/maiq.9.3.q8438040k2uup54r.
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The struggle to improve workers' rights in Mexican maquiladoras and export processing zones elsewhere in the world is central to the politics of global economic integration. State-centered development is increasingly compromised by supranational institutions and trade agreements. Meanwhile, multinational corporations are relocating at an unprecedented rate to overseas locations. Export processing zones are notorious for poor working conditions and result in a "race to the bottom." The maquila sector in Mexico is a prime example of this phenomenon. This article uses two case studies to examine ways in which grassroots organizing has successfully resisted low wages and poor working conditions through international network building and information sharing. It combines social movement theory with the literature on international relations to conceptualize the internationalization of grassroots efforts to pressure multinational corporations and host governments to respect labor laws included in international trade agreements, national standards, and self-mandated corporate codes of conduct. Key to the success in both cases has been the role that nonstate actors played in domestic and international politics, operating outside of national borders to simultaneously target the local, national, and international level.
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Ugwudike, Pamela, and Gemma Morgan. "Bridging the gap between research and frontline youth justice practice." Criminology & Criminal Justice 19, no. 2 (January 22, 2018): 232–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895817753509.
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Although the Risk, Need, Responsivity model of rehabilitation is rooted in a substantial body of research evidence, several studies of the model’s efficacy in youth and adult justice settings within England and Wales have revealed modest outcomes. In this article, we contend that the findings do not necessarily reflect deficits in the model. Rather, a growing corpus of research now indicates that poor practice integrity or inadequate implementation of the model’s principles is a key but under-researched factor that undermines the efficacy of interventions based on the model. We also present the findings of a study that explored applications of the model in three Welsh youth justice services and we examine possible means of bridging the gap between research evidence and real-world practice.
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Ng, Irene YH, Yi Ying Ng, and Poh Choo Lee. "Singapore’s restructuring of low-wage work: Have cleaning job conditions improved?" Economic and Labour Relations Review 29, no. 3 (June 18, 2018): 308–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1035304618782558.
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Singapore’s Progressive Wage Model, introduced in 2012 and mandatory in the cleaning industry since 2015, is a skills- and productivity-based approach to redesigning jobs and restructuring wages in the largely outsourced cleaning, security and landscaping sectors. Focusing on cleaning work in the food and beverage industry, this case study examines some early outcomes of this national drive to reduce wage inequality by improving the pay and conditions of commodified work in a sector subject to outsourcing-based cost competition. Based on interviews with cleaners, supervisors and managers, the findings suggest that in general, government and the trade union and employers’ association have worked together, to set wages and conditions transparently. Nevertheless, enforcement issues mean that cleaners remain vulnerable. They have limited information about their employment benefits and face various types of poor conditions, some sanctioned by and others in violation of labour laws. These vulnerabilities have structural roots, including rent imbalances and cheap sourcing, factors that commodify jobs. The implementation of the Progressive Wage Model may have helped de-commodify cleaning jobs for Singaporeans and permanent residents, but such outcomes are still dependent on non-systemic and unenforceable factors such as the kindness of individual supervisors. While a promising start has been made, Singapore’s initial efforts to improve incomes and conditions in low-wage work will nevertheless require stronger regulatory commitment. JEL Codes: I38, J31, J48, &58, J88
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Parmar, Alpa, Rod Earle, and Coretta Phillips. "Race matters in criminology: Introduction to the Special Issue." Theoretical Criminology 24, no. 3 (June 12, 2020): 421–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1362480620930016.
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As race scholars and criminologists we are attuned to Du Bois’s (2007: 106) still meaningful injunction to ‘oppose this national racket of railroading to jails and chain gangs the poor, the friendless and the Black’. Yet we have become concerned that criminology seems rather inured to the long-standing and deeply entrenched patterns of race and criminal justice which characterize many high-income countries, and certainly England and Wales and Australia, which are the geographical focus of this Special Issue of Theoretical Criminology.
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Tian, Fei, Erfeng Zhang, Chen Yang, Weidong Shi, and Yonghua Chen. "Research on the Characteristics of the Solid–Liquid Two-Phase Flow Field of a Submersible Mixer Based on CFD-DEM." Energies 15, no. 16 (August 22, 2022): 6096. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15166096.
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Submersible mixers are widely used in the sewage treatment process in various fields, such as agriculture and industry. They are mainly responsible for pushing flow and mixing activated sludge particles in a pool. Based on the CFD-DEM coupling method under the Euler–Lagrange framework, the solid–liquid two-phase flow of a submersible mixer was simulated in this paper, and the motion characteristics and distribution laws of particles in the pool were studied in axial, horizontal, and lateral directions, respectively. An evaluation method of distribution uniformity was proposed to analyze the velocity distribution of the flow field, the velocity distribution of particles, and the mixing uniformity of particles. The results show that the movement process of activated sludge particles in the pool can be roughly divided into three stages: the horizontal development stage, absorption–injection stage, and reflux-mixing stage, in which the reflux-mixing stage is the main stage for the uniform distribution of particles in the whole flow field. Particle accumulation occurs mainly in the dead zones of the flow field. Distribution of particles in the axial direction has the most homogeneous extent. Vortices can be generated near pool walls, causing accumulation of particles. This method can be a good guide for engineering practice.
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Marshall, Shelley. "A Comparison of Four Experiments in Extending Labour Regulation to Non-Standard and Informal Workers." International Journal of Comparative Labour Law and Industrial Relations 34, Issue 3 (September 1, 2018): 281–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/ijcl2018013.
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Workers most exposed to economic risk around the world are commonly not covered by labour law either because laws were designed with people with a standard, continuous employer in mind or because of poor enforcement. According to the International Labour Organization’s estimates, informal work, as a percentage of non-agricultural employment, continues to account for over 50% of all employment in half of the countries with comparable data across the globe. In onethird of countries, it involves over 65% of workers.1 There are exciting local and national experiments in new forms of labour regulation occurring in various countries that aim to extend labour regulation to non-standard workers, ensuring that they receive living minimum wages. This article compares four experiments in regulating work, including innovations in the regulation of work for head load (Mathadi) workers in India, immigrant industrial clothing outworkers in Australia, garment workers in Cambodia, and workers in Bulgaria who rely on a range of homebased activities to survive. The schemes have enjoyed varying success, providing lessons about what does and does not work in different contexts.
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Wheeler, David. "Beyond Pollution Havens." Global Environmental Politics 2, no. 2 (May 1, 2002): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/15263800260047781.
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Poor countries suffer from serious environmental damage, and much more pollution control is justifiable. Weak regulation is partly to blame, but the evidence suggests that it reflects a general development problem, not deliberate creation of “pollution havens” to promote investment and trade. Aid from the OECD countries can help reduce pollution in poor countries by promoting better public information about polluters, stronger regulatory institutions, and more explicit attention to environmental risks in large projects. However, attempts to enforce OECD-level regulatory standards through general trade and aid sanctions are both regressive and useless: regressive because they penalize workers in poor countries by reducing opportunities for jobs and higher wages; useless because governments of low-income countries can not deliver on promises of OECD-level regulation, even if they wish to do so.
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Glen, Alistair S., and Chris R. Dickman. "Monitoring bait removal in vertebrate pest control: a comparison using track identification and remote photography." Wildlife Research 30, no. 1 (2003): 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr01059.
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The removal of non-toxic fox baits was monitored simultaneously using identification of tracks in sand plots and an inexpensive method of remote photography. During 1126 bait-nights carried out using both methods at sites in the central and northern tablelands of New South Wales, 106 baits were removed by a variety of target and non-target animals. Whereas the results of sand plots may be inaccurate or unreliable, particularly during poor weather conditions, remote photography provides results that are less open to misinterpretation.
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Dong, Sui, Jiang, and Zhou. "Experimental Study on Seismic Behavior of Masonry Walls Strengthened by Reinforced Mortar Cross Strips." Sustainability 11, no. 18 (September 5, 2019): 4866. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11184866.
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Due to the poor seismic performance, strengthening of masonry structures is always a significant problem worthy to study. It has been proven that the bearing capacity of existing masonry buildings can be enhanced greatly with efficient strengthening measures. An experimental program was conducted to investigate seismic performance of un-reinforced masonry (URM) walls strengthened b,y reinforced mortar (RM) cross strips. Eleven walls were tested under horizontal low-cyclic load, simultaneously with a vertical constant load on the top face. Three URM walls were tested as reference. The other eight walls were externally strengthened with 40 and 60 mm thick of RM cross strips on one or both faces. Test results showed that externally strengthening with RM cross strips was an efficient way to enhance the seismic performance of URM walls. The failure modes were divided into shear failure and shear-compression failure. All the tested walls did not collapse until the test ended, while many diagonal cracks and few vertical cracks appeared on mortar strips. After strengthening, the shear capacity of the strengthened walls increased by at least 38.2%, and the reinforcement ratio was noted to be the key factor to influence the shear capacity with positive correlation. Besides, RM cross strips did improve deformation capacity greatly.
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Clancy, TF, and DB Croft. "Home Range of the Common Wallaroo, Macropus-Robustus-Erubescens, in Far Western New South Wales." Wildlife Research 17, no. 6 (1990): 659. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr9900659.
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Aspects of the home range and space-use patterns of the common wallaroo or euro (Macropus robustus erubescens) were studied over a three year period in arid New South Wales. Thirty-five adults (19 males and 16 females) were captured and fitted with radio-transmitters and their movements followed. The home ranges of the majority of animals were significantly different from that of a bivariate normal distribution, indicating a heterogeneity of space use. Home ranges were small and essentially stable over time. There were significant differences between the sexes in all parameters of home range measured due to differences in ecological and social requirements. Males had significantly larger weekly home ranges in winter than females (77.2 +/- 47.5 ha and 30.5 +/- 16.5 ha, respectively) but in summer home ranges were similar (30.2 +/- 20.4 ha and 27.6 +/- 15.0 ha). On a yearly basis males ranged over an area approximately three times the size of that used by females. Yearly home-range size in males was positively correlated with body size when conditions were poor.
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Dokic, Marko. "Malthus’s theory on population as a basis for criticism of the interventionist state." Stanovnistvo 52, no. 1 (2014): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/stnv1401001d.
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Going by ideological debates concerning (un)justifiable state intervention, protection of individual liberty, and the question of state's role, this article analyses Malthus's theory on population. It states a thesis that theory on population leads Malthus toward the idea of a minimal state and represents a basis for criticism of an interventionist state and its paternalistic role. The article consists of an introduction, four sections and a conclusion. The introduction cites goals of the work and gives basic notes on Malthus's theory on population and its socio-historical context. Special consideration is paid on reasons that lead to desertion of his ideas with a special focus on changes within liberal ideology, that lead to dissociation from classical liberalism and a merging of liberalism with socialism. The first part examines basic principles of Malthus's theory on population - primarily the idea that the population multiply faster than the food supply, and that population, when unchecked, increases in geometrical ratio, while subsistence increases only in arithmetical ratio. Afterwards, this Malthus's idea is linked to the status of the poor, and is concluded that the state intervention is useless, being that the troubles this part of the population faces are a consequence of their own actions. Therefore, the role of the state should not be care for the poor. In the second part positive and preventive checks to population are examined. Preventive checks are further analyzed because Malthus gives them more importance. The third, central part, is dedicated to Malthus's criticism of the Poor Laws and, within it, his opposition to the state's intervention is further analyzed. According to Malthus, laws that are passed in order to improve the status of the poor have an opposite effect. Even though their aim is to decrease poverty, they increase it. Their tendency is to lead to an increase in population, without the simultaneous increase in food resources that are needed to satisfy the needs of that number of people. The poor, when given an increase in wages, tend to marry more and form families with a larger number of children that they can't support themselves. In that way, they become more dependent on the state, and this leads to an increase in poverty. The fourth part analyzes the misgivings of Malthus's theory, especially its negligence of technological advancement. And it is because of this omission that Malthus couldn't come to a different theory concerning population growth, rather than the one that he had formed. Finally, after all the important elements of Malthus's theory on population are analyzed, the importance of his thought and a theory of minimal state are examined. Stated and defended is the stance that the theory of minimal state is not value-neutral, and that the only minimal state that can exist is a liberal minimal state, and therefore Thomas Robert Malthus belongs to that tradition within the liberal thought.
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Livanou, Maria I., Vivek Furtado, and Swaran P. Singh. "Mentally disordered young offenders in transition from child and adolescent to adult mental health services across England and Wales." Journal of Forensic Practice 19, no. 4 (November 13, 2017): 301–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jfp-01-2017-0002.
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Purpose This paper provides an overview of transitions across forensic child and adolescent mental health services in England and Wales. The purpose of this paper is to delineate the national secure services system for young people in contact with the youth justice system. Design/methodology/approach This paper reviews findings from the existing literature of transitions across forensic child and adolescent mental health services, drawing attention to present facilitators and barriers to optimal transition. The authors examine the infrastructure of current services and highlight gaps between child and adult service continuity and evaluate the impact of poor transitions on young offenders’ mental health and wellbeing. Findings Young offenders experience a broad range of difficulties, from the multiple interfaces with the legal system, untreated mental health problems, and poor transition to adult services. Barriers such as long waiting lists, lack of coordination between services and lack of transition preparation impede significantly smooth transitions. Research limitations/implications The authors need to develop, test and evaluate models of transitional care that improve mental health and wellbeing of this group. Practical implications Mapping young offenders’ care pathway will help to understand their needs and also to impact current policy and practice. Key workers in forensic services should facilitate the transition process by developing sustainable relationships with the young person and creating a safe clinical environment. Originality/value Transition of care from forensic child and adolescent mental health services is a neglected area. This paper attempts to highlight the nature and magnitude of the problems at the transition interface in a forensic context.
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Chik, Nicholas. "Nativism and the Civil War: The Impact of the Emancipation of Slaves on American Immigration." Lecture Notes in Education Psychology and Public Media 4, no. 1 (May 17, 2023): 681–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.54254/2753-7048/4/2022292.
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The emancipation of enslaved people after the Civil War dramatically altered the perception of immigrants in the United States. This paper explores legal and social changes that took place in America after the Reconstruction period and analyzes the effect of those changes by comparing the treatment of the Irish in the mid-19th century with that of immigrants who arrived later in the century. It focuses on three main topics: the evolution of immigration laws, the rising popularity of post-war pseudo-scientific theories on race in the late 19th century, and immigrant groups assimilation rates. The study demonstrates how these concepts are interrelated to illustrate the impact of the Civil War on immigration trends. It concentrates on Irish and Italian families since they share many traits: both groups came from poor, rural backgrounds, both took jobs away from Americans and lowered wages, both immigrant groups practiced Catholicism, and both came in waves from Europe. Despite these similarities, Italians, like Asian and Jewish immigrants fleeing their homelands between the 1880s and early 1900s, faced more virulent forms of nativism and more restrictions than Irish newcomers a few decades earlier, in part because of the 14th Amendments definition of birth-based citizenship and post-Reconstruction discrimination that was intended to subordinate newly freed African Americans.
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Putra, Tegar Islami. "The Analysis of the Legal Protection of Ship's Crew in Sea Work Agreement in Indonesia." Indonesian Journal of Advocacy and Legal Services 5, no. 2 (September 30, 2023): 181–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ijals.v5i2.75367.
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This article aims to analyze the welfare of crew members in the context of legal protection, which is reviewed in more detail from the perspective of the implementation of the maritime employment agreement in Indonesia. This is based on the poor execution of marine employment agreements in Indonesia and should pay more attention to the welfare of crew members. This research will be prepared using normative juridical research (legal research), which is research focused on examining the application of rules or norms in positive law in Indonesia. The assessment process is carried out by analyzing several related regulations, namely the Commercial Code, Laws, Government Regulations, and Ministerial Regulations. The results show that the implementation of sea work agreements in Indonesia involves various parties, such as employers/ship agents, skippers, crew members, and harbourmaster as a means of fulfilling the rights and obligations of workers and employers. In the context of legal protection, crew members in Indonesia have the right to work protection in the form of welfare, occupational safety, and occupational health. In addition, crew members also have the right to salary, overtime pay, holiday pay, delegation pay, transportation costs and wages at the end of work in a sea work agreement.
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Hansen, Susan. "“Pleasure stolen from the poor”: Community discourse on the ‘theft’ of a Banksy." Crime, Media, Culture: An International Journal 12, no. 3 (June 22, 2016): 289–307. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1741659015612880.
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The removal of street art from community walls for private auction is a morally problematic yet legal action. This paper examines community reactions to the removal of Banksy’s No Ball Games for private auction. Five hundred unique reader comments on online newspaper articles reporting this controversial event were collected and analyzed. An emerging set of urban moral codes was used to position street art as a valuable community asset rather than as an index of crime and social decay. The latter discourse informed a repertoire that depicted No Ball Games as unlawful graffiti that was rightfully removed. Here, the operations of ‘the police’ (Rancière, 1998: 17) in the distribution of the sensible are evident in the assertions that validate and depoliticize the removal of No Ball Games. This repertoire was used to attribute responsibility for the work’s removal to deterministic external forces, while reducing the accountability attributable to those responsible for the removal of the work. A contrasting anti-removal repertoire depicted street art as a gift to the community, and its removal as a form of theft and a source of harm to the community. The pro-removal repertoire incorporates and depoliticizes elements of the anti-removal repertoire, by acknowledging the moral wrong of the removal, but yielding to the legal rights of the wall owners to sell the work; and by recognizing the status of street art as valuable, but asserting that the proper place for art is a museum. The anti-removal repertoire counters elements of the pro-removal repertoire, by acknowledging the illegality of street art, but containing this to the initial act of making unsanctioned marks on a wall, after which point the work becomes the property of the community it is located within. This analysis reveals an emergent set of urban moral codes that positions a currently legal action as a form of criminal activity.
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Safiuddin, Mohammed. "Environmental Sustainability in Gated Communities." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 12, no. 6 (June 30, 2024): 1889–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2024.63418.
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Abstract: Gated communities are residential areas with restricted access in which normally public spaces privatized. They are security developments with designated perimeters, usually walls or fences, and controlled entrances that are intended to prevent penetration by non-residents. They include new developments and older areas retrofitted with gates and fences, and they are found from the inner cities to the exurbs and from the richest neighborhood to the poorest. Many gated communities are being developed all over the world for providing housing facilities which often presents a unsustainable trends of security oriented urbanism. This project is an attempt to plan and design the layout according to building by laws and regulations of the governing authorities. In this project, we consider area which is located at Rajendra nagar to plan and design a layout, we designed the existing layout as a gated community by providing all facilities such as Drainage design, Overhead tank, Providing of Amenities such as open space, playschool for children, swimming pool, commercial facilities, play ground ,water Harvesting and a water treatment plant
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Yacoub, Yarlina, and Restiatun Restiatun. "Effect of the farmer term of trade and farmworkers wages on rural unemployment and poverty in Indonesia." Asian Development Policy Review 12, no. 2 (February 13, 2024): 82–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5008.v12i2.4978.
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This study aims to determine the determinants of the welfare of agricultural sector workers who come from poor households in rural areas. The exchange rate of farmers and the wages of farm laborers will affect the level of employment in the agricultural sector, which in turn will affect the level of rural poverty. The methodology used in this study uses a panel data regression model with a recursive equation model. The best model for unemployment estimation is the random effect model, while the best model for poverty estimation is the fixed effect model. The results showed that the daily wage of farm laborers had a significant negative effect on unemployment. This may be due to the fact that higher wages will increase the number of workers who are willing to work in the agricultural sector, so unemployment will fall. While the unemployment variable has a significant positive effect on the level of rural poverty. The practical implication of these research findings is that to reduce poverty in rural areas, efforts from the government are needed to increase the wages of farm laborers, as the government sets minimum wages in the formal sector. The higher daily wages of agricultural laborers will attract unemployed people in villages to work in the agricultural sector.
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ПЕТРОВСКАЯ, Н. Е. "WAGE INEQUALITY IN THE UNITED STATES." Экономика и предпринимательство, no. 9(158) (November 18, 2023): 46–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.34925/eip.2023.158.09.005.
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Оплата труда в США является одним из наиболее важных аспектов экономической системы страны и представляет собой значительный интерес для исследования. Настоящая научная статья имеет целью проанализировать факторы, влияющие на оплату труда в США и выявить тенденции в данной области. Статья основывается на анализе статистических данных американских первоисточников (Бюро переписи населения, Бюро трудовой статистики Министерства труда США). В статье рассмотрены основные законы, влияющие на вопросы оплаты труда в США, минимальная оплата труда, влияние профсоюзов, гендерный разрыв в оплате труда, работающие бедные. Представлены данные доходов американских домохозяйств по расово-этническому признаку. Показан средний уровень оплаты труда, а также самые низкооплачиваемые и высокооплачиваемые профессии. Результаты исследования показывают, что образование и профессия являются основными факторами, определяющими уровень оплаты труда в США. Работники с высшим образованием и востребованными специальностями получают более высокую заработную плату. Кроме того, автор отмечает, что регион проживания также играет важную роль в оплате труда, поскольку различные штаты и города имеют разные экономические условия. Результаты исследования могут быть полезными для широкого круга читателей, а также служить основой для дальнейших исследований в этой области. Wages in the United States are one of the most important aspects of the country's economic system and are of significant interest for research. This scientific article aims to analyze the factors influencing wages in the United States and identify trends in this area. The article is based on an analysis of statistical data from American primary sources (Bureau of Economic Analysis, Census Bureau, Bureau of Labor Statistics of the US Department of Labor). The article examines the main laws affecting wage issues in the United States, the minimum wage, the influence of trade unions, the gender pay gap, and the working poor. Presents data on American household income by race and ethnicity. The average salary level is shown, as well as the lowest paid and highest paid professions. The study results show that education and occupation are the main factors determining wage levels in the United States. Workers with higher education and in-demand specialties receive higher wages. In addition, the author note that region of residence also plays an important role in wages, since different states and cities have different economic conditions. The results of the study may be useful to a wide range of readers, and also serve as the basis for further research in this area.
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Noopur Shukla, Kiran. "READINESS OF RURAL INDIA FOR ONLINE EDUCATION." International Journal of Advanced Research 10, no. 12 (December 31, 2022): 261–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/15835.
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India is a developing country with a large population living below the poverty line in villages. Rural India still lags behind in important modern facilities like high speed internet connectivity, 24 hours power supply and devices necessary for digital transactions. This study was undertaken to explore the availability of services and devices needed for online education. A self made questionnaire was used to collect data.100 families from two villages, near Manauri, located at 20 km away from headquarter of Prayagraj district were the participants. The questionnaire collected information regarding types of houses, source of income, family size, no. of working member, availability of devices needed for online education and its awareness etc. Percentage analysis was done. It was found that socio- economic condition of the families was very poor as 38 % families were living in kaccha houses. Majority (80%) having only one earning member with average income varied from 5000 to 8000 rupees per month. Most (70 %) of them were labourer working on daily wages. Only 35 % children have access to touch phones for academic use.
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Jamshed, Farhat, Afzaal Afzal, and Muhammad Arshad. "Socio-Economic Problems of Agricultural Laborers in Punjab (Pakistan)." Journal of Asian Development Studies 13, no. 1 (March 30, 2024): 959–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.62345/jads.2024.13.1.79.
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The development of the agriculture sector is one of the most imperative factors for fulfilling basic human needs, alleviating poverty, boosting shared prosperity, and becoming a significant contributor to national development for most developing countries. Over one billion of the world's labour force is engaged directly and indirectly in this sector, one-third of the world's workforce. Unfortunately, the laborers working in the agriculture sector face multidimensional socioeconomic problems such as poor livelihood conditions, meagre employment circumstances, long working hours, fewer rewards, unavailability of basic safety facilities, remuneration and pitiable nutrition, among others. To understand the contributing factors responsible for socioeconomic problems, this study was conducted in three divisions of Punjab province: Gujranwala, Faisalabad, and Dera Ghazi Khan. For this purpose, a multistage simple random sampling procedure was applied to approach the participants. The interview schedule was used as a tool for data collection and validated through pilot testing. The study's findings revealed that the laborers’ employment conditions could have been more conducive while agricultural laborers were receiving lesser wages. The agricultural laborers have to face many health hazards. In contrast, the majority of the laborers were exploited only due to their illiteracy and ignorance about Government policies and laws related to them. Many participants reported chronic socioeconomic problems significantly associated with their working environment, amenities and available facilities.
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Phillips, Margaret B. "A Hedgehog Proposal." Crime & Delinquency 37, no. 4 (October 1991): 555–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011128791037004009.
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Some scientists have described physiologically harmful effects of stress among populations living a marginal existence, effects which are linked to a perception of powerlessness and a present-oriented failure to plan actively for the future. These general tendencies resemble characteristics of criminal offenders, leading to an hypothesis that overwhelming stress from poverty and powerlessness can create irresponsibility-a failure to take into account the consequences of one's acts-conducive to criminal acts. Mechanisms to encourage responsibility entail enabling empowerment (example: jobs at livable wages). Finally, criminology professionals must publicly dramatize the linkage between joblessness, poor health care, and so on, with crime by publicly supporting initiatives such as full employment efforts.
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Priddel, David, and Robert Wheeler. "An experimental translocation of brush-tailed bettongs (Bettongia penicillata) to western New South Wales." Wildlife Research 31, no. 4 (2004): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr03050.
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A total of 85 brush-tailed bettongs (Bettongia penicillata) from Western Australia and two sites in South Australia were translocated to Yathong Nature Reserve (YNR) in western New South Wales in October 2001. Aerial baiting to control the introduced red fox (Vulpes vulpes) had been undertaken on YNR since 1996. Thirty-one bettongs were fitted with radio-transmitters at the time of release, and two subsequently. Trapping took place at irregular intervals after the translocation. In all, 73% of telemetered bettongs died within the first six months; all were dead within 13 months. Eight bettongs died within the first eight days immediately following their release, due to causes other than predation. These eight all originated from St Peter Island (SPI), South Australia. A low incidence of breeding on SPI supports the belief that this source population was in poor condition and unsuited for translocation. Overall, 19 of the 33 telemetered bettongs were killed by predators: 14 (74%) by feral house cats (Felis catus), two (11%) by birds, and three (16%) by predators, which, although they could not be fully identified, were not foxes. One month after release, surviving bettongs weighed less than they did at the time of their release (mean decrease in mass = 9.7%, range 2.6–22.4%, n = 11). Within two months of their release most had regained any lost mass (mean change in mass since release = –0.3%, range –5.9 to 10.5%). Food resources on YNR appeared sufficient to sustain adult brush-tailed bettongs, despite a period of severe drought. Small pouch young present at the time of release were subsequently lost. Females gave birth and carried small pouch young (up to 50 mm), but no young-at-foot were recorded. Bettongs did not disperse further than 10 km from their release site. Overall, 50% of aerial-tracking locations were no further than 3.2 km from the release site, and 92% no further than 7.0 km. This experimental translocation of brush-tailed bettongs failed due to predation by cats. It demonstrated that foxes were no longer a threat to wildlife on YNR and identified cats as the major impediment to the restoration of locally extinct fauna.
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Wardani, Susilo, and Ari Hernawan. "Legal Arrangement for Household Workers: A Case Study of Plasma Fake Eyelashes Industry in Labor Law Perspective." Varia Justicia 17, no. 1 (April 28, 2021): 51–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.31603/variajusticia.v17i1.3849.
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This study analyzes legal protection for domestic workers in the plasma fake eyelashes industry in Kabupaten Purbalingga from a labor law perspective. The method used in this study is juridical empirical. The data used in this study consisted of primary data, secondary data. Primary data were obtained from a field study conducted in Bojongsari District and the plasma fake eyelashes industry in Purbalingga Regency. Secondary data is obtained from primary legal materials in the form of laws and regulations relevant to the topic under study. According to the employment law, the research result shows that the legal protection of homeworkers in the Plasma hair industry in Purbalingga faced a significant challenge. Although it is covered in law 13 of 2003, it does not accept the right and protection as stipulated in the law on wages, employment contracts, freedom of Union and assembly, working hours, occupational safety and health, and social security. With these issues, home workers are very vulnerable and hold poor positions; therefore, particular actions are needed to encourage the protection and fulfillment of their fundamental rights. Strategic policies need to be carried out that recognizes the existence of home workers. These policies need to be incorporated into national statistical data and legislation as an affirmative step taken by the Indonesian Government. Furthermore, the Government needs to develop home worker protection policies that include their fundamental rights. The Government needs to establish a mandatory minimum health and worker protection scheme not to be a burden
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Jin, Wenbo, Qing Quan, Kemin Dai, Zongxiao Ren, and Jing Guan. "Research on the Prediction of Wax Deposition Thickness on Pipe Walls Based on the Optimal Weighted Combination Model." Processes 11, no. 12 (December 4, 2023): 3363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr11123363.
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Wax deposition seriously affects the safe and economic operation of pipelines. Mastering the variation laws of wax deposition thickness is the premise of formulating reasonable pigging schemes. Although the GM (1,1) model (a kind of gray model) is an effective method for predicting wax deposition thickness on pipe walls, its prediction accuracy is easily affected by the smoothness of the original sequence. The improved GM (1,1) was established by introducing the idea of translation transformation, and an optimal weighted combination model based on the traditional gray model and a logarithmic function model was proposed. The differences in the predicted results of the established models were compared and analyzed through indoor wax deposition experimental data. The research results indicate that the optimal weighted combination model has the highest fitting accuracy, followed by the logarithmic function model and the improved GM (1,1), while the fitting accuracy of the traditional gray model is poor. When the number of modeling samples is five, the average relative error and root mean square error of the prediction results of the optimal weighted combination model are 1.313% and 0.021, respectively, which shows the highest prediction accuracy. When the number of modeling samples is six, the average relative error and root mean square error of the optimal weighted combination model are 2.143% and 0.031, respectively, and its prediction accuracy is still the highest. Overall, the optimal weighted combination model has the advantages of high accuracy and easy implementation, and has strong promotion and application value.
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Li, Shicheng, James Yang, and Anders Ansell. "Evaluation of Pool-Type Fish Passage with Labyrinth Weirs." Sustainability 14, no. 3 (January 18, 2022): 1098. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su14031098.
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Due to the construction of dams and sluices, habitat fragmentation of riverine species is an issue of concern in hydropower projects. An artificial fishway aims to restore flow connectivity and facilitate migration. As an alternative to the conventional layout with straight walls, labyrinth layouts are introduced, consisting of either triangular, trapezoidal, or rectangular weirs. Three-dimensional CFD simulations are performed to examine their influences on the fishway hydraulics. The labyrinth layouts exhibit an appreciable three-dimensional flow structure in a pool, featuring flow fluctuations in both cross- and along-channel directions, which is indicative of the potential for multiple species with distinct swimming preferences. The streamwise reduction in mean flow velocity is correlated with the Froude number, with the labyrinth weirs leading to a somewhat lower reduction than the conventional one. The dimensionless pool water depth declines with specific flow discharge. The turbulence kinetic energy is the lowest in the triangular layout and the vorticity in the conventional one. Among the labyrinth layouts, the differences in volumetric power dissipation are small. An equation is developed for dissipation estimation. All the labyrinth layouts generate higher energy loss than the conventional one. With optional weir configurations, the findings provide reference for engineering design.
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McCausland, Ruth, and Eileen Baldry. "‘I feel like I failed him by ringing the police’: Criminalising disability in Australia." Punishment & Society 19, no. 3 (March 3, 2017): 290–309. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1462474517696126.
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The stigmatisation, control, criminalisation and incarceration of people with disability have a long history. While in recent decades there has been increasing commitment to the rights of people with disabilities by governments in western nations, the over-representation of people with mental and cognitive disability in criminal justice systems has continued. Although there are similarities amongst Western jurisdictions in regard to the treatment of people with disability in justice systems, there are particularities in Australia that will be drawn out in this article. We argue that disadvantaged people with mental and cognitive disability are being managed by and entrenched in criminal justice systems across Australia’s six states and two territories, including so-called diversionary and therapeutic measures that appear to accommodate their disability. In the absence of early and appropriate diagnosis, intervention and support in the community, some disadvantaged and poor persons with mental and cognitive disability, in particular Indigenous Australians, are being systematically criminalised. Criminal justice agencies and especially youth and adult prisons have become normalised as places of disability management and control. Drawing on research that focuses in detail on the jurisdictions of the Northern Territory and New South Wales, we argue for a reconstruction of the understanding of and response to people with these disabilities in the criminal justice system.
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Suárez-Cáceres, Gina Patricia, and Luis Pérez-Urrestarazu. "Removal of Volatile Organic Compounds by Means of a Felt-Based Living Wall Using Different Plant Species." Sustainability 13, no. 11 (June 4, 2021): 6393. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13116393.
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Poor indoor quality affects people’s health and well-being. Phytoremediation is one way in which this problem can be tackled, with living walls being a viable option for places with limited space. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of five plant species in a living wall to remove Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) and to identify whether the type of pollutant has any influence. An enclosed chamber was used to add the contaminants n-hexane and formaldehyde independently. Total VOCs were measured for three days in two scenarios: (1) empty chamber, and (2) chamber with living wall. Five living walls were prepared, each with three plants of the same species: Spathiphyllum wallisii, Philodendron hederaceum, Ficus pumila, Tradescantia pallida, and Chlorophytum comosum. There was no correlation between leaf area/fresh weight/dry weight and the contaminant reduction. In general, all five species were more efficient in reducing TVOCs when exposed to formaldehyde than to n-hexane. Chlorophytum comosum was the most efficient species in reducing the concentration of TVOCs for both contaminants, Spathiphyllum wallisii being the least efficient by far.
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Fadjryani and Wawan Saputra. "The Motivation of Criminality During the Covid-19 Pandemic in Central Sulawesi." Parameter: Journal of Statistics 2, no. 2 (June 30, 2022): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.22487/27765660.2022.v2.i2.15680.
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With the news of the crime were often pushed in a variety of digital platforms and non- digital and criminal acts that are still happening in the community, make this topic endlessly to be discussed. Moreover, during the current pandemic, so many demands for life are not in line with the situation as a result of the implementation of the lockdown policy and the implementation of restrictions on community activities (IRCA) from the government which requires some people to be willing to lose their livelihood. Meanwhile, out of 100,000 people in Indonesia, 140 of them are at risk of being exposed to crime. The high crime rate is influenced by several factors such as education, less strict laws, high unemployment and inadequate wages. The purpose of this study was to determine the characteristics of crime and determine the factors that influence the occurrence of criminal acts in Central Sulawesi during the Covid-19 pandemic. This type of research is a type of descriptive qualitative research and descriptive quantitative. The data used in this study is secondary data from the Central Statistics Agency and the Central Sulawesi Regional Police. The research method used is multiple linear regression. The results of this study show that the characteristics of crime in Central Sulawesi during the pandemic, namely ordinary theft cases became the highest indicator in criminal cases, while theft in the family became the lowest indicator in criminal cases. In addition, it is known that the dominant criminal acts are carried out by men with self-employed and unemployed jobs, with the last education being high school or equivalent. Partially, the variable Number of Poor People has a significant effect on crime that occurs in Central Sulawesi and simultaneously or together the four variables, namely education, unemployment, Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) and Number of Poor Population have an effect on the occurrence of crime in Central Sulawesi. The result of the coefficient of determination in this study was 79.99% it means that the four independent variables are able to explain the dependent variable of 79.99% and the remaining 20.01% are other variables that have not been used as variables in this study.
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FORRESTER, DONALD, KEITH GOODMAN, CHRISTINE COCKER, CHARLOTTE BINNIE, and GRAHAM JENSCH. "What is the Impact of Public Care on Children's Welfare? A Review of Research Findings from England and Wales and their Policy Implications." Journal of Social Policy 38, no. 3 (July 2009): 439–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279409003110.
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AbstractThe outcomes for children in public care are generally considered to be poor. This has contributed to a focus on reducing the number of children in care: a goal that is made explicit in the provisions of the current Children and Young Persons Bill. Yet while children in care do less well than most children on a range of measures, such comparisons do not disentangle the extent to which these difficulties pre-dated care and the specific impact of care on child welfare. This article explores the specific impact of care through a review of British research since 1991 that provides data on changes in child welfare over time for children in care. Only 12 studies were identified, indicating a lack of research in this important area. The studies consistently found that children entering care tended to have serious problems but that in general their welfare improved over time. This finding is consistent with the international literature. It has important policy implications. Most significantly it suggests that attempts to reduce the use of public care are misguided, and may place more children at risk of serious harm. Instead, it is argued that England and Wales should move toward a Scandinavian system of public care, in which care is seen as a form of family support and is provided for more rather than fewer children and families.
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Butcher, Paul A., Toby P. Piddocke, Andrew P. Colefax, Brent Hoade, Victor M. Peddemors, Lauren Borg, and Brian R. Cullis. "Beach safety: can drones provide a platform for sighting sharks?" Wildlife Research 46, no. 8 (2019): 701. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/wr18119.
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Abstract ContextA series of unprovoked shark attacks on New South Wales (Australia) beaches between 2013 and 2015 triggered an investigation of new and emerging technologies for protecting bathers. Traditionally, bather protection has included several methods for shark capture, detection and/or deterrence but has often relied on environmentally damaging techniques. Heightened environmental awareness, including the important role of sharks in the marine ecosystem, demands new techniques for protection from shark attack. Recent advances in drone-related technologies have enabled the possibility of real-time shark detection and alerting. AimTo determine the reliability of drones to detect shark analogues in the water across a range of environmental conditions experienced on New South Wales beaches. MethodsA standard multirotor drone (DJI Inspire 1) was used to detect shark analogues as a proxy during flights at 0900, 1200 and 1500 hours over a 3-week period. The 27 flights encompassed a range of environmental conditions, including wind speed (2–30.0kmh−1), turbidity (0.4–6.4m), cloud cover (0–100%), glare (0–100%), seas (0.4–1.4m), swells (1.4–2.5m) and sea state (Beaufort Scale 1–5 Bf). Key resultsDetection rates of the shark analogues over the 27 flights were significantly higher for the independent observer conducting post-flight video analysis (50%) than for the drone pilot (38%) (Wald P=0.04). Water depth and turbidity significantly impaired detection of analogues (Wald P=0.04). Specifically, at a set depth of 2m below the water surface, very few analogues were seen by the observer or pilot when water turbidity reduced visibility to less than 1.5m. Similarly, when water visibility was greater than 1.5m, the detection rate was negatively related to water depth. Conclusions The present study demonstrates that drones can fly under most environmental conditions and would be a cost-effective bather protection tool for a range of user groups. ImplicationsThe most effective use of drones would occur during light winds and in shallow clear water. Although poor water visibility may restrict detection, sharks spend large amounts of time near the surface, therefore providing a practical tool for detection in most conditions.
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Marincioni, Valentina, Virginia Gori, Ernst Jan de Place Hansen, Daniel Herrera-Avellanosa, Sara Mauri, Emanuela Giancola, Aitziber Egusquiza, Alessia Buda, Eleonora Leonardi, and Alexander Rieser. "How Can Scientific Literature Support Decision-Making in the Renovation of Historic Buildings? An Evidence-Based Approach for Improving the Performance of Walls." Sustainability 13, no. 4 (February 19, 2021): 2266. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13042266.
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Buildings of heritage significance due to their historical, architectural, or cultural value, here called historic buildings, constitute a large proportion of the building stock in many countries around the world. Improving the performance of such buildings is necessary to lower the carbon emissions of the stock, which generates around 40% of the overall emissions worldwide. In historic buildings, it is estimated that heat loss through external walls contributes significantly to the overall energy consumption, and is associated with poor thermal comfort and indoor air quality. Measures to improve the performance of walls of historic buildings require a balance between energy performance, indoor environmental quality, heritage significance, and technical compatibility. Appropriate wall measures are available, but the correct selection and implementation require an integrated process throughout assessment (planning), design, construction, and use. Despite the available knowledge, decision-makers often have limited access to robust information on tested retrofit measures, hindering the implementation of deep renovation. This paper provides an evidence-based approach on the steps required during assessment, design, and construction, and after retrofitting through a literature review. Moreover, it provides a review of possible measures for wall retrofit within the deep renovation of historic buildings, including their advantages and disadvantages and the required considerations based on context.
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Veit-Wilson, John H. "Muddle or Mendacity? The Beveridge Committee and the Poverty Line." Journal of Social Policy 21, no. 3 (July 1992): 269–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0047279400019954.
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ABSTRACTThe Beveridge Committee of 1942 is often assumed to have based its proposals for social security scales on a poverty line at the ‘human needs’ or social participation level. This is because of its ‘principle of adequacy of benefit in amount and time’. Using the Committee's working papers, this paper describes the discussions of the committee about the ideas of need and measures of poverty to be used. The evidence shows that the Committee knew very well that its proposed benefit levels were not enough for social participation. Because it consciously implemented the principles of minimum subsistence and less-eligibility in the face of inadequate wages, the proposed scales were arguably more austere even than Rowntree's ‘primary poverty’ standard which both he and Beveridge acknowledged was not sufficient to meet human social needs. Whether muddle or mendacity, this mystification has had serious consequences for the poor in Britain.