Academic literature on the topic 'Poor laws – wales'
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Journal articles on the topic "Poor laws – wales"
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Jones, Peter. "The New Poor Laws in Scotland, England and Wales: Comparative Perspectives." Local Population Studies, no. 99 (December 31, 2017): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35488/lps99.2017.31.
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This article focuses on a seemingly obvious but largely overlooked question in the historiography of British welfare: what are the merits of, and the obstacles to, a serious comparative study of the poor laws in the constituent countries of mainland Britain? It first considers the wider context for such a question in relation to European welfare history, then discusses the broad historiographical trends for each country in relation to two key areas of the welfare debate: how far the intentions of the central Poor Law authorities were reflected in local practice, and the ability of paupers themselves to shape or influence their own experience of relief at the local level. It makes some key observations about the ways in which 'national narratives' of welfare have developed for Scotland, England and Wales in the past, and how these have shaped our view of the relationship between them, and finally suggests avenues for future research.
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STEWART, JOHN, and STEVE KING. "Death in Llantrisant: Henry Williams and the New Poor Law in Wales." Rural History 15, no. 1 (March 17, 2004): 69–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956793303001092.
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This article first examines the recent historiography of the Poor Law, notes the dearth of historical writing on this topic with respect to Wales and then uses an incident which took place in the rural Welsh town of Llantrisant in the early 1840s which clearly exemplifies both particularly Welsh characteristics and those of the medical services of the New Poor Law. It is contended that further study of the welfare regime in nineteenth-century Wales is important for both Welsh history and for the broader historical understanding of the Poor Laws in rural areas.
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Harris, Bernard. "Parsimony and Pauperism: Poor Relief in England, Scotland and Wales in the Nineteenth and Early Twentieth Centuries." Journal of Scottish Historical Studies 39, no. 1 (May 2019): 40–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/jshs.2019.0260.
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As the Royal Commission on the Poor Laws noted in 1909, the Poor Law Amendment Act of 1834 and the Poor Law (Scotland) Act of 1845 sprang from rather different motives. Whereas the first Act aimed to restrict the provision of poor relief, the second was designed to enhance it. However, despite these aims, it is generally accepted that Scotland's Poor Law continued to relieve a smaller proportion of its population and to spend less money on them. This paper revisits the evidence on which these claims are based. Although the gap between the two Poor Laws was less than previously supposed, it was nevertheless substantial. The paper also explores the links between the size of Scottish parishes and welfare spending, and demonstrates that the main reasons for the persistence of the spending gap were related to different levels of investment in poorhouses and workhouses, and support for the elderly.
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WINTER, ANNE. "Caught between Law and Practice: Migrants and Settlement Legislation in the Southern Low Countries in a Comparative Perspective, c. 1700–1900." Rural History 19, no. 2 (October 2008): 137–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679330800246x.
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AbstractHistoriographical debates on the causes and implications of early modern and early industrial settlement legislation, which determined the locality where one could apply for poor relief, have so far focused mainly on England and Wales. These regions are deemed exceptional for the national character and universality of their Poor Laws (1601), associated Act of Settlement (1662) and later amendments. However, if the focus is shifted from the national legislative framework to actual practice, several continental regions had relief and settlement arrangements that bore many resemblances to those in England and Wales. This article draws on existing literature and archival research to explore the evolution of settlement law and practice in the Southern Netherlands, i.e. present-day Belgium, from the seventeenth to the late nineteenth centuries, and compares its main features with the situation in England and Wales. This comparative exercise brings to the fore a number of striking resemblances and remarkable differences, which question the precise nature of the British exception. While further research is needed to gauge fully the causes and consequences of the observed similarities and differences, this article aims to demonstrate how a comparative approach towards issues of settlement and relief not only elucidates our understanding of the particularities and generalities of the English/Welsh case, but also widens our insight into the social, economic, and cultural implications of settlement arrangements in general.
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Chasovskih, Grigoriy. "Kinship and Social Strata of Medieval Wales in the Historians’ Writings of the 19th – 21th Centuries." Izvestia of Smolensk State University, no. 3 (55) (January 26, 2022): 195–212. http://dx.doi.org/10.35785/2072-9464-2021-55-3-195-212.
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The article is devoted to the historians’ views in the 19th – 21th centuries on medieval Welsh society. The main emphasis is on kinship, social strata and agricultural relations. At the beginning of the period under consideration, the society of medieval Wales was presented as a set of cattle-breeding agnatic clans that had been reorganized every time the older generation had changed. It was believed that society
had consisted of the free and foreigners, that had been outside of the clan structure. Subsequently, the significance of dependent social strata was proved and several ways of social evolution were proposed. Towards the end of the study period, the society seemed less schematic and mechanistic. The historians proved that tribal structures had presented fairly amorphous formations. The emergence of land-poor free Welshmen was considered to be the result of political stabilization of the 12th
century and the subsequent fragmentation of land shares. The boundaries between social strata were perceived less rigidly: impoverished free people could become dependent. However, the dichotomy between free and non-free people ceased to be
dominant, the decisive role in the society passed to the dichotomy between nobility and simple men. Historians stopped trying to identify universal historical laws moving to more accurate and nuanced conceptions.
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Westwood, Barbara, and Geoff Westwood. "Aboriginal cultural awareness training: policy v. accountability - failure in reality." Australian Health Review 34, no. 4 (2010): 423. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah09546.
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Despite 42 years progress since the 1967 referendum enabling laws to be made covering Aboriginal Australians their poor health status remains and is extensively documented. This paper presents results of a study into Cultural Awareness Training (CAT) in New South Wales and specifically South West Sydney Area Health Service (SWSAHS) with the aim of improving long-term health gains. The evidence demonstrates poor definition and coordination of CAT with a lack of clear policy direction and accountability for improving cultural awareness at government level. In SWSAHS staff attendance at training is poor and training is fragmented across the Area. The paper proposes actions to improve Aboriginal cultural awareness for health professionals including incorporating Aboriginal CAT into broader based Cross Cultural Training (CCT). What is known about the topic? Cross-cultural education programs for both Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal health industry staff are poorly coordinated, delivered and evaluated. There is recognition that improvements in this area could bring real enhancements in service delivery and health outcomes. What does this paper add? The deficiencies in Aboriginal CAT programs in general are explored and specifically identified in one large NSW health area with a major urban Aboriginal population. This paper reviews CAT themes in the literature and evaluates the effectiveness of known programs. What are the implications for practitioners? The authors list a series of recommendations that have the potential to improve awareness of Aboriginal cultural issues to provide a basis for development of effective and comprehensive CAT programs to bring real improvements in service delivery.
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Henry, Nancy. "GEORGE ELIOT AND THE COLONIES." Victorian Literature and Culture 29, no. 2 (September 2001): 413–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1060150301002091.
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Women are occasionally governors of prisons for women, overseers of the poor, and parish clerks. A woman may be ranger of a park; a woman can take part in the government of a great empire by buying East India Stock.— Barbara Bodichon, A Brief Summary in Plain Language, of the Most Important Laws Concerning Women (1854)ON OCTOBER 5, 1860, GEORGE HENRY LEWES VISITED a solicitor in London to consult about investments. He wrote in his journal: “[The Solicitor] took me to a stockbroker, who undertook to purchase 95 shares in the Great Indian Peninsular Railway for Polly. For £1825 she gets £1900 worth of stock guaranteed 5%” (qtd. in Ashton, Lewes 210). Thus Marian Evans, called Polly by her close friends, known in society as Mrs. Lewes and to her reading public as George Eliot, became a shareholder in British India. Whether or not Eliot thought of buying stock as taking part in the government of a great empire, as her friend Barbara Bodichon had written in 1854, the 5% return on her investment was a welcome supplement to the income she had been earning from her fiction since 1857. From 1860 until her death in 1880, she was one of a select but growing number of middle-class investors who took advantage of high-yield colonial stocks.1 Lewes’s journals for 1860–1878 and Eliot’s diaries for 1879–80 list dividends from stocks in Australia, South Africa, India, and Canada. These include: New South Wales, Victoria, Cape of Good Hope, Cape Town Rail, Colonial Bank, Oriental Bank, Scottish Australian, Great Indian Peninsula, Madras. The Indian and colonial stocks make up just less than half of the total holdings. Other stocks connected to colonial trade (East and West India Docks, London Docks), domestic stocks (the Consols, Regents Canal), and foreign investments (Buenos Aires, Pittsburgh and Ft. Wayne) complete the portfolio.2
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Broadway, Mikael. "Grinding the face of the poor." Review & Expositor 116, no. 1 (February 2019): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0034637319830092.
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The personal and individualistic bias of contemporary Bible reading can hide the primary message of Scripture. Attention to communal and social contexts of reading, such as economic and political structures of the time, opens greater understanding of the historical world in which texts are written, as well as the economic and political message for contemporary readers. A re-reading of the first twelve chapters of Isaiah demonstrates the way that psychologizing and spiritualizing texts obscures their relevance to current social conditions. Isaiah addresses sin and idolatry, topics familiar to personalizing readers; however, in Isaiah the topics are tightly interwoven with economic life. Other prominent contemporary issues that take the foreground in Isaiah 1–12 are property foreclosure and seizure, unlivable wages, wage theft, mistreatment of workers, unjust laws favoring the wealthy, influence of money in political systems, and irresponsible leadership. Concepts of Jubilee economics, themes in the Torah and subsequently in Jesus’ teaching, pervade the criticism of Israel and Judah in these prophetic texts.
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Řimnáčová, Zuzana, and Alena Kajanová. "Stress and the working poor." Human Affairs 29, no. 1 (January 28, 2019): 87–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/humaff-2019-0008.
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Abstract The working poor are not a clearly defined group. There are still people who work full-time, but have incomes bordering on poverty level. They tend to remain in work despite their low wages simply to avoid becoming unemployed and risk social exclusion. However, working in low-income jobs for long periods creates stress and gives rise to further problems. Stress affects sleep patterns and leads to problems associated with food intake and nutrition, and thus to disorders of the gastrointestinal system. Cardiovascular and neurological disorders may occur too. A lack of finances, and the stresses stemming from that are statistically significant and a strong predictor of a worse mental state. There is also a higher probability of psychosis occurring. All this affects the entire family, especially children. The inability to invest money and time in their development is another consequence.
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Robinson, Amanda L., Andy Myhill, and Julia Wire. "Practitioner (mis)understandings of coercive control in England and Wales." Criminology & Criminal Justice 18, no. 1 (September 6, 2017): 29–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1748895817728381.
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Coercive control is harmful behaviour recently criminalized in England and Wales. The extent to which the work of practitioners is informed by an understanding of coercive control therefore requires investigation. Using data from two mixed methods multi-site studies, this article suggests that practitioners’ recognition of coercive control does not seem to be universally poor or skilled, but rather depends on the characteristics of the situation itself, the organizational context in which practitioners work and the stage at which they are evaluating whether coercive control is present. The absence of a clear understanding of the importance of coercive control when making judgements about victims and perpetrators has serious implications for the efficacy of current approaches to domestic abuse. Purposeful and systematic efforts to support practitioners to recognize and respond effectively to coercive control are required.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Poor laws – wales"
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Hulonce, Lesley. "Imposed and imagined childhoods : the making of the poor law child, Swansea 1834-1910." Thesis, Swansea University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678492.
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Hooker, Geoffrey Frank. "Llandilofawr Poor Law Union 1836-1886 : 'the most difficult union in Wales'." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/28262.
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This thesis explores Llandilofawr Poor Law union’s first half-century. A small union with 17,000 inhabitants scattered across 12 parishes in the remote Carmarthenshire countryside, its economy was predominantly agricultural. The board’s 27 elected guardians, who repeatedly sought re-election, were thus drawn almost exclusively from the farming community. Poor Law Commissioners sensed that implementing the New Poor Law in this environment would be difficult, and frequently referred to the ‘peculiarity’ of Wales and the Welsh. Against this background, this is a detailed study of the union’s elected guardians and officials, and shows how a vibrant local culture determined their approach to the task. Because their sense of belonging remained at parish level the union never became an entity with which local people identified. It did, however, function as an effective administrative unit despite intense inter-parish rivalry. A particular ‘peculiarity’ emerges in that local gentry and magistrates remained almost wholly outside the process, playing almost no role in union affairs. Their absence, and the Commissioners’ clumsy handling of an early key event allowed elected guardians to take control of the union by 1839, one dominant individual, a board member for 47 years, leading an élite group which ran union affairs ‘their’ way. Key to this was to exploit local ‘connections’ and pay particular attention to appointing the ‘right’ officials, especially the union clerk. The outcome was that pauper care was generally benign, and considerable intra-parish differences flourished. Over 95% of relief was provided outside the workhouse, and doles in Llandilofawr were relatively generous compared to other areas of both Wales and England. The historiography of the Welsh poor law is shown to be thin, and this study’s findings have general implications for interpreting the practical operation of poor law unions in both England and Wales, lending support to the idea of considerable regional variation in the application of the New Poor Law.
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O'Leary, Brian Michael. "A reluctant response to vagrancy : the evolution of Poor Law casual relief in England and Wales, 1834-1919." Thesis, University of Exeter, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10871/16641.
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From 1837 the Poor Law Commission sanctioned temporary relief, at workhouses, for poor wayfarers, heralding a departure from historic attempts to control the wandering poor with criminal vagrancy legislation. A modern, detailed account is lacking, and the thesis addresses gaps in the historiography, such as the significant underestimation of women using the system, the influence of penal separation upon casual relief, and the changing attributes of recipient The origins of casual relief are traced to local initiatives, c.1800-1830, adopted, subsequently, in the reformed Poor Law system. The assumption, by administrators, that the justice system would retain the mandate for the suppression of vagrancy, was never eradicated, partly because criminal legislation remained in force, alongside casual relief. The deterrent principle of the New Poor Law was applied in casual wards, characterized by an absence of rehabilitative elements. The reluctance of Poor Law officials to engage fully with vagrant relief was reflected in repeated attempts to transfer responsibility to the police. Contemporary views are examined to ascertain whether Poor Law vagrancy policy was based upon rational assessment, or was the product of myth and prejudice. Ignoring evidence that the majority of casual relief users were in search of employment, and that others were rendered destitute by age or ill health, officials insisted upon the intrinsic deviancy of recipients. The traditional belief in the ‘undeserving’ poor was undiminished. Phases in casual relief are identified, summarized as a gradual transition from primitive provision (‘stables and straw’) to purpose-built cells. However, notwithstanding the strengthening of central regulation, from 1871, uniform implementation of policy was never achieved. Casual relief remained a protean experience for applicants in this period. Inasmuch as most itinerant poor avoided the wards, New Poor Law deterrence succeeded; as a measure to control vagrancy, it failed.
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Brown, Douglas Henry Leon. "Pauperism and profit : financial management, business practices and the new poor law in England in Wales." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 2014. https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/pauperism-and-profit-financial-management-business-practices-and-the-new-poor-law-in-england-in-wales(19fdcb82-5aad-47a3-a0a7-1ba59828b710).html.
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This thesis adopts a supply-‐side approach to understanding poor law expenditure. It investigates the reasons for variations in relief spending by poor law unions, the local government organisations responsible for poor relief in England and Wales from -./0 to -2/3, and makes important new contributions to the historiography of the new poor law in three key ways: First, it emphasises the signi/icance of different types of places. As indoor relief grew, particularly in urban settings, the poor law was increasingly important in local economies as a buyer of goods and services. Second, it shows that these transactions were socially embedded, based as they were on relationships between administrators and suppliers. Third, it demonstrates that these social transactions could affect the local costs of buying goods, and thereby the relief policies and practices which shaped paupers’ experiences. Using geographical information systems techniques, it develops a spatial understanding of relief and suggests new ways of measuring the costs and types of poor law practices. It queries the conception of a north-‐south divide in generosity of relief and suggests that paupers saw greater differences between rural and urban unions. Moreover, it argues that variations in relief practices need to be understood in the context of local 'inancial management. It analyses the ways in which unions contracted for provisions, and relates relief expenditure to local costs of goods. By investigating the supply of goods to unions across England and Wales it demonstrates the social signi3icance of the poor law for local economies, not just in terms of its impact on poverty, but also as a consumer of goods and a source of revenue for businesses.
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Bradbury, Jonathan Paul. "The 1929 Local Government Act : the formulation and implementation of the Poor Law (health care) and Exchequer Grant reforms for England and Wales (outside London)." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1983/0912f869-b9d3-4394-bfd9-59d184518f74.
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Price, Kim Paul. "A regional, quantitative and qualitative study of the employment, disciplining and discharging of workhouse medical officers of the New Poor Law throughout nineteenth-century England and Wales." Thesis, Oxford Brookes University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.490496.
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Contrary to the traditional account, there was a turnaround after the 1867 Metropolitan Poor Act and a popular reaction against expensive refonns. Moreover, poor law medical officers (PLMOs) were regularly charged with negligence from then. This thesis explains why those events were connected, how charges were brought against PLMOs and builds a framework for understanding negligence in the New Poor Law. First, the power of judiciary is located: lay inspectors. Second, a concept of standard(s) of care is articulated by reconstituting contemporary expectations of 'care' and 'duty'. Third, a textual analysis of the rules of PLMO employment demonstrates that the Local Government Board (LGB) framed them so that medical officers were legally culpable for system faults and a handy 'fall-guy'. In short, the LOB practiced a 'culture of blame' and, for the first time, this study explains why and how this impacted on New Poor Law medical welfare. An original methodology was created to research a wide-range of records. Quantitative, qualitative and comparative analyses, together, reconstitute poor law practice, avoiding the misleading aspects of policy documents. Database analyses maps the spatial and temporal incidence of negligence and, from this, provides evidence of a regionally-nuanced New Poor Law. The highest density of negligence occurred in North-West England, Wales and the Welsh-English border counties. Most of those 'charges' stemmed from salary or attendance issues. Part-time contracts and low salaries resulted in PLMOs prioritising private over public duties: they were compelled to ignore some medical orders. That clash of prerogatives caused a fault-line in the poor law medical welfare system and was the root cause of most negligent practice. F~om 1870, those tensions were strained by a shift in policy, known as the crusade against out-relief The 'crusade' lowered the standard of care by increasing PLMOs' workload, withdrawing vital expenditure and not investing in medically trained staff. A decline of care in the community during the 'crusade' caused higher numbers of incarcerated mental-health patients and systemic negligence: incurables, such as the disabled, were ignored by PLMOs. The thesis, thus, culminates with a case study, examining the negligent treatment of a disabled workhouse patient; restoring the 'lost' perspective ofpauper patients.
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Prat, Ramon Maria Immaculada. "La ejecución de sentencias en el ámbito del derecho del trabajo: en particular la ejecución de sentencias por despido." Doctoral thesis, Universitat de Barcelona, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/386477.
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Es difícil sintetizar en quinientas palabras, la presente Tesis Doctoral. Se parte del proceso ejecutivo como base de la explicación de la institución de la ejecución, contemplado en la Ley de Enjuiciamiento Civil (LEC) de 1/2000, de 7 de enero, que tiene carácter supletorio, respecto de la L.R.J.S. Se estudia la ejecución laboral, regulada en la vigente Ley Reguladora de la Jurisdicción Social (L.R.J.S.), en sus dos fases: ejecución provisional y ejecución definitiva. En la presente Tesis se tratan por un lado, las novedades que afectan a la ejecución como procedimiento: la figura del Secretario Judicial y la reforma efectuada por Ley 13/2009, y su nueva resolución procesal: el decreto y la posibilidad de dictar resoluciones orales. Por otro lado, se trata la incidencia de la Ley 22/2003 Concursal (modificada por Ley 38/2011) y su carácter controvertido en la ejecución laboral. Es de destacar, igualmente, la nueva configuración del Fondo de Garantía Salarial. La novedad de la reforma de la sustitución del despido por sanción y su tratamiento en la ejecución. Los distintos tipos de procesos en la ejecución: Ejecución de sentencias en materia de Seguridad Social; ejecución de sentencias de despido con especial referencia a los despidos colectivos y recientes sentencias del TS; ejecución de sentencias de conflicto colectivo y novedosa posibilidad de transacción en la ejecución. Hay una referencia a la ejecución laboral internacional. Finalmente constan las conclusiones a las que he llegado.És difícil sintetitzar en cinc-centes paraules, la present tesi doctoral. Es parteix del procés executiu com a base de l'explicació de la institució de l'execució, previst en la Llei d'Enjudiciament Civil (LEC) de 1/2000, de 7 de gener, que té caràcter supletori, respecte de la LRJS. S'estudia el execució laboral, regulada en la vigent Llei Reguladora de la Jurisdicció Social (LRJS), en les seves dues fases: execució provisonal i execució definitiva. En la present Tesi es tracten d'una banda, les novetats que afecten a l'execució com a procediment: la figura del secretari judicial i la reforma efectuada per Llei 13/2009, i la seva nova resolució processal: el decreto.y la possibilitat de dictar resolucions orals. D'altra banda, es tracta la incidència de la Llei 22/2003 Concursal (modificada per Llei 38/2011) i el seu caràcter controvertit en l'execució laboral. És de destacar, igualment, la nova configuració del Fons de Garantia Salarial. La novetat de la reforma de la substitució de l'acomiadament per sanció i el seu tractament en l'execució. Els diferents tipus de processos en l'execució: Ejecucion de sentències en matèria de Seguretat Social; execució de sentències d'acomiadament amb especial referència als acomiadaments col·lectius i recents sentències del TS; execució de sentències de conflicte col·lectiu i nova possibilitat de transacció en l'execució. Hi ha una referència a l'execució laboral internacional. Finalment consten les conclusions a què he arribat.
It is difficult to summarize in five hundred words, this PhD thesis. It is part of the executive process as a basis for explaining the institution of execution, provided for in the Code of Civil Procedure (LEC) 1/2000 of 7 January, which has additionally, regarding the LRJS. Provisonal final execution and performance: the work execution, regulated in the current law regulating the Social Jurisdiction (LRJS), in its two phases is studied. In this thesis are discussed on the one hand, developments affecting the implementation and procedure: the figure of the Clerk and the reform introduced by Law 13/2009 and further procedural order: the decreto.y the possibility of issuing resolutions oral. On the other hand, the incidence of Bankruptcy Act 22/2003 (as amended by Law 38/2011) and its controversial character in the work execution is. It is noteworthy, too, the new configuration of the Wage Guarantee Fund. The novelty of the reform of the replacement of the dismissal sanction and its treatment in execution. The different types of processes in execution: enforcement of judgments in matters of social security; enforcement of judgments of dismissal with particular reference to collective and recent judgments of TS layoffs; enforcement of judgments collective action and innovative potential transaction execution. There is a reference to international labor execution. Finally comprise the conclusions I have reached.
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Netshivhodza, Thivhalemi Michael. "The role of minimum wages in South Africa’s agricultural sector." Diss., 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/23968.
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Income inequality is prevalent in both developed and developing countries. In all of these countries there are workers who are highly paid while others are given very low wages. The disgruntled low-paid workers in these countries usually force their governments to intervene in the labour market and introduce the redistributive policies like the minimum wage policy. Governments usually accede to these
demands of low-paid workers because they do not want to invite political troubles. That led to an increase in the number of countries using minimum wage policy as redistributive mechanism in the late 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century. Minimum wage policy is, however, a very controversial issue. Supporters of minimum wages regard the policy as ideal because it provides social protection to un-unionised and low-paid workers with little or no bargaining power. The opponents of the policy on the other hand argue that wages in the labour market should be determined by the forces of demand and supply. It is argued that wages that are artificially determined lead to the rationing of jobs and displacement of the very same low-paid workers that the policy is intended to protect, as employers are forced to replace unskilled workers with skilled workers and machines. South Africa’s agricultural sector workers were among some of the least paid
workers in the country. Employers were able to exploit these workers because they were not protected by any labour legislation that workers in other sectors were afforded. Farm workers were only protected by common law. It was only in the 1990s that labour legislations like Basic Conditions of Employment Act, Labour Relations Act, Employment Equity Act, Extension of Security Act and Tenure Act and Skills
Development Act were extended to the agricultural sector in an attempt to protect the working conditions of vulnerable workers. These acts as well failed to improve the working conditions of the agricultural sector workers and that prompted the Minister of Labour to instruct the Director-General of Labour to conduct the necessary investigations to see if it could be necessary to introduce minimum standard of
employment in the sector, including minimum wages. That led to the adoption of Sectoral Determination 8 of 2003 which introduced sectoral minimum wage in the sector. The sectoral minimum wage which came into effect in 2003 was increased annually by the rate of inflation plus one per cent. It was only in 2013, after the Western Cape farm workers went on strike for higher wages, that the minimum wage was raised by 52 per cent. As argued by the opponents of minimum wages, job
losses occurred among unskilled workers. The implementation of minimum wage policy in the agricultural sector was problematic, as the policy was not properly complied with due to several compliance
concerns. Apart from there being insufficient inspectors to monitor and investigate cases of non-compliance, inspectors were under-trained and under-equipped. Fines imposed on offenders were too small, which further encouraged disregard for the policy.Economics
M. Com. (Economics)
Books on the topic "Poor laws – wales"
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Hawkings, David T. Pauper ancestors: A guide to the records created by the poor laws in England and Wales. Stroud: History Press, 2011.
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Charlesworth, Lorie. Welfare's forgotten past: A socio-legal history of the poor law. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2010.
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Boos, Charles De. The poor man: Law and satire in 19th century New South Wales. Melbourne: Australian Scholarly, 2005.
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Bory, Stéphanie. L'éveil du dragon gallois: D'une assemblée à un parlement pour le pays de Galles (1997-2017). Paris: L'Harmattan, 2019.
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Aubry, Martine. Pour une Europe sociale: Rapport au ministre du Travail, de l'Emploi et de la Formation professionelle. Paris: Documentation Française, 1988.
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Aubry, Martine. Pour une Europe sociale: Rapport au ministre du travail, de l'emploi et de la formation professionnelle. Paris: La Documentation française, 1989.
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Québec (Province). Commission de l'équité salariale. Guide pour réaliser l'équité salariale dans les entreprises de 10 à 49 personnes salariées. 2nd ed. [Québec]: Commission de l'équité salariale, Québec, 2003.
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England and Wales. Sovereign (1625-1649 : Charles I). By the King: Whereas there hath fallen out an interruption of amitie betweene the Kings Maiestie and the most Christian king .. Imprinted at London: By Bonham Norton and Iohn Bill ..., 1985.
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Office, General Accounting. Tax administration: Increased fraud and poor taxpayer access to IRS cloud 1993 filing season : report to the Chairman, Subcommittee on Oversight, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1993.
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Office, General Accounting. Tax administration: IRS measures could provide a more balanced picture of audit results and costs : report to the Honorable Rob Portman, Committee on Ways and Means, House of Representatives. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1998.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Poor laws – wales"
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McCulloch, Jock, and Pavla Miller. "Identifying Risk and Compensating Tuberculosis: 1916–1957." In Mining Gold and Manufacturing Ignorance, 83–110. Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-8327-6_4.
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AbstractDriven by concerns of the white Mine Workers Union, South Africa was the first state to compensate for silicosis and tuberculosis as occupational diseases. The Acts were woven around the binary pairing of miners (whites) and native labourers (blacks). That device enabled legislators to racialise the labour laws without mentioning race. This chapter traces the development of thorough medical examinations, comprehensive health care and a generous compensation system for whites, alongside a system designed to prevent the employment of men who already developed lung disease and to minimise compensation for the (black) majority of the workforce. Having reluctantly agreed to compensate tuberculosis, the Chamber of Mines was relentless in opposing the many critics who argued that the mines were a source of infection. As the critics reiterated, dust exposure created a pool of infected men who were repatriated to rural areas where little or no biomedical care was available. The low wages offered by the mines impoverished labour-sending communities, and this in turn created the ideal social setting for infection to take hold and to spread. Finally, because most infected miners did not receive compensation, their home communities were further impoverished by having to care for men who were no longer able to work.
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Hindle, Steve. "1 ‘Waste’ children? Pauper apprenticeship under the Elizabethan poor laws, c. 1598–1697." In Women, Work and Wages in England, 1600-1850, 15–46. Boydell and Brewer, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/9781846152467-005.
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Henrickson, Mark. "Reforming the poor." In The Origins of Social Care and Social Work, 67–93. Policy Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447357346.003.0004.
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This chapter includes the Middle Ages through the Reformation, the 12th to the mid-16th centuries. It considers Gratian’s Decretum (ca. 1140) and two pivotal disasters of the 14th century, the Great Famine and Great Plague. The Great Famine (1315–17 CE) resulted in the deaths of millions in Europe. The Great Plague (1347–53) resulted in an estimated 25–200 million more deaths throughout Europe and Asia. These catastrophes impaired the church’s ability to provide care to the poor, and its authority waned. Civic authorities provided resources but retained distribution through churches and monasteries. Labour shortages resulted in legislation to stabilise population movements and wages; these were the first of the English and continental poor laws. The reformers Luther, Zwingli, Calvin, and Arminius challenged the Roman Catholic Church’s theology and authority and founded what became known as Protestantism on the continent and in England. The chapter concludes with careful consideration of the impact of the different reformers on Christian theologies of salvation, grace, work, and the poor. Calvin in particular gave new life to the idea that work demonstrated the worth of the individual, and wealth was evidence of God’s blessing. Wealth was no longer problematised but poverty was.
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"When Law Forsakes the Poor." In A Guide to Civil Procedure, edited by Brooke Coleman, Suzette Malveaux, Portia Pedro, and Elizabeth Porter, 162–69. NYU Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.18574/nyu/9781479805938.003.0019.
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In prior eras, the class action device has been effectively employed to achieve important compensatory and deterrence goals. But judicial and legislative constraints have all but eliminated the availability of class and representative actions brought on behalf of low-income groups. These procedural rollbacks are disproportionately more harmful to members of low-income groups, who are more susceptible to the sorts of abusive practices enforceable via class and collective litigation. As low-income plaintiffs find themselves blocked from bringing class actions, whole categories of legal claims are disappearing from the docket—private claims sounding in abusive debt collection, predatory lending, illegal foreclosures, unpaid wages, employment discrimination, and other areas that constitute “poverty law.”
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Shaffer, Paul. "Historical Origins." In Immiserizing Growth Fails the Poor, 24–42. Oxford University PressOxford, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780192870056.003.0003.
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Abstract Historical context is provided in Chapter 3 through a discussion of theories of immiserizing growth propounded by Malthus, Ricardo, and Marx. Malthus focused on changes in the sectoral pattern of growth, in particular the shift from agriculture to manufacturing, whereas Ricardo directed attention to technological unemployment associated with the introduction of machinery. Marx developed Ricardo’s position into his notion of the industrial reserve army which he coupled with an account of falling wages (either absolute or relative) and worsening living conditions to comprise the general law of capitalist accumulation, ‘the accumulation of misery’. Similar themes recur in the contemporary literature on processes and mechanisms underlying immiserizing growth.
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"The history of environmental law." In Environmental Law, edited by David Woolley, QC John Pugh-Smith, Richard Langham, William Upton, Sasha Blackmore, NoxÉmi Byrd, Matthew Reed, Jonathan Wills, and Katrina Yates, 3–24. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199232802.003.0001.
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Abstract There is an occasional temptation to think of the nineteenth-century English countryside as a landscape by Constable or Turner made real, and of the towns as nothing but the backdrop to a scene from Pickwick Papers. A reading of two or three pages of Sir Edwin Chadwick’s Report into the Sanitary Conditions of the Poor removes such temptation, peremptorily and permanently. Its publication in 1842 can legitimately be seen as the birth, or at any rate the conception, of environmental law in England and Wales. As often happens, it took something approaching disaster to bring action from those in high places.
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"17. Sill, letters 510–525." In Navigating the Old English Poor Law, edited by Peter Jones and Steven King, 318–27. British Academy, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5871/bacad/9780197266816.003.0018.
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Wigan Jany 7 1817 Ed Sill a person belonging to your Township has applied at our office for relief, which I have thought proper to advise you off before the ordinary steps in these Cases are enterd into for if we are put to the trouble of a removal they will not be permitted to return our Magistrates being determin’d on that head he has a Wife that as been very poorly ever since she lay in & one Child & through the scarceness of work & lowness of Wages has not been able to earn more than 3/- per Week for this last month which makes his case very bad for Information respecting his Settlement I refer To James Sill living in your Township he having done nothing in his own right to gain a settlement since he left your Township waiting your order to relieve them...
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Kalleberg, Arne L., Kevin Hewison, and Kwang-Yeong Shin. "Precarious Work, Wages, and Social Protections." In Precarious Asia, 106–40. Stanford University Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.11126/stanford/9781503610255.003.0006.
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Workers in precarious jobs are more likely to be poor. Inequality between regular and nonregular workers and for informal workers remains high even when the social wage, including benefits and social protections, is considered. The relationship between nonregular work arrangements and labor market outcomes such as wages, inequalities, and poverty is examined. Data on poverty in each country are presented, showing how the poverty rate differs by work arrangement. Emphasis is placed on the macrostructural factors that shape labor market institutions (especially unions and collective bargaining, and minimum wage laws) and social protections (health insurance, retirement and pension benefits, unemployment insurance benefits, and labor laws).
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Burstow, Paul. "The Care Act 2014." In Social Determinantsof Health. Policy Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1332/policypress/9781447336846.003.0022.
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This chapter examines the significance of Care Act 2014, a piece of legislation that modernises more than six decades of care and support law into a single, clear statute, which takes into account people's needs and what they want to achieve in their lives. Before discussing the main features of the Care Act, the chapter considers the Poor Law and how the Care Act breaks with the Poor Law principle of less eligibility, which persisted in National Assistance Act 1948. The National Assistance Act was the legal framework governing adult social care in England and Wales and replaced the Poor Law. The chapter also describes community-based approaches to social care, how well-being became the new organising principle for the Care Act, and the negative health and wealth impacts of caring. It concludes by analysing the debates about integrating health and social care in the UK.
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Klarman, Michael J. "The Progressive Era." In From Jim Crow To Civil Rights, 61–97. Oxford University PressNew York, NY, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195129038.003.0003.
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Abstract In 1908, Alonzo Bailey, a poor black agricultural laborer, signed a contract in Alabama to work for a white planter for one year at wages of twelve dollars per month. For unknown reasons, Bailey subsequently left the plantation, thus breaching his contract. He was arrested under a state law criminalizing the fraudulent undertaking of a labor contract that paid advance wages. The law made a breach prima facie evidence of fraudulent intent—a presumption that state evidence law did not permit defendants to rebut with their testimony. Bailey was tried, convicted, and sentenced to serve 136 days at hard labor.
Conference papers on the topic "Poor laws – wales"
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Cortellaro, Stefano. "La construcción del territorio de Ibiza: urbanismo, paisaje, arquitectura." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Instituto de Arte Americano. Universidad de Buenos Aires, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.5885.
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La arquitectura rural ibicenca es la construcción del territorio insular, un organismo formado por muros,
bancales, caminos… que cubre toda la isla, y cuya célula es la casa rural, mínima unidad territorial y social
formada por sus espacios agrícolas, entre los que destacan los volúmenes de la vivienda; así, en el espacio
rural de Ibiza, los conceptos de arquitectura de la casa y arquitectura del paisaje se pueden unificar.
Este estudio, basado en un análisis del paisaje rural de Ibiza por capas o elementos de paisaje, y por zooms
progresivos (desde los levantamientos a escala 1:500, 1:1500 y 1:7500 de las viviendas más significativas
desarrolladas alrededor de las fuentes de Morna y Atzaró hasta una lectura a escala global de la isla a
escala 1:175.000), estudia las relaciones que los elementos de la construcción del territorio (paredes de los
bancales, muros de delimitación de parcelas de los valles, trazados marcados por el agua, red viaria,
viviendas rurales...) establecen con la topografía. Rural architecture of the island of Ibiza is the construction of the island territory, a body formed by walls, land
terraces, paths, etc., covering the entire island, with the rural homestead as its cell. This is the minimum
territorial and social unit, formed by agricultural spaces, among which the dwelling’s volumes are prominent.
So, in the territory of Ibiza, the concepts of local house architecture and landscape architecture can be
unified.
The work is based on an analysis of the rural space by landscape layers or elements, and by progressive
zooms (from the drawings on a scale of 1:500, 1:1500 and 1:7500 of the most significant dwellings built
around the springs of Morna and Atzaró to a global reading of the island on a scale of 1:175.000).
It studies the relations that the territory’s construction elements (terrace walls, valley enclosures, water
courses, road network, rural houses, etc.) establish with the topography.
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Mejía Vallejo, Clara Elena, and Juan Deltell Pastor. "Búsquedas para el establecimiento de una relación armónica con el paisaje. Dos exploraciones paralelas." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.586.
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Resumen: Los proyectos para la Sainte-Baume y para Cap Martin retoman el hilo de varias de las investigaciones realizadas previamente por Le Corbusier en torno a la vivienda de densidad media construidas a partir de muros de carga, como son las Maisons Loucheur (1929), las Maisons Murodins (1940), las Maisons pour Maîtres et Contremaîtres de la S.P.A (1940) y las Unités Transitoires (1944). No obstante, es posible afirmar que en ellos se opera una búsqueda nueva que tiene que ver con la asociación de estos módulos residenciales en pro de formar un conjunto coherente y unitario, analizando las implicaciones que ello tiene con respecto al paisaje. A la par que Le Corbusier reflexiona sobre la métrica y optimiza la distribución de estos espacios residenciales, continúa trabajando de manera intensa con la sección para intentar encontrar la manera adecuada de llegar al suelo y de relacionarse tanto con el entorno natural sobre el que el edificio se apoya, como con el paisaje lejano con el que se pretende dialogar. A esta búsqueda se suma otra que ahonda en la necesidad de una definición material acorde. A partir de estas premisas se orquesta un diálogo a varias bandas que recoge reflexiones sobre forma y proporción, sobre materialidad y sintaxis constructiva, así como sobre el entendimiento de una relación deseada entre el hombre y la naturaleza.Abstract: The projects for the Sainte-Baume and Cap Martin take up the thread of several previous investigations by Le Corbusier about the medium density housing built from load-bearing walls, as they are the Maisons Loucheur (1929), the Maisons Murodins (1940), the Maisons pour Maîtres et Contremaîtres of the SPA (1940) and the Unites Transitoires (1944). However, one can say that in them lies a new search that has to do with the association of these residential units in favour of forming a coherent and unified whole, analysing the implications that those create with the landscape. At the same time that Le Corbusier makes a reflexion on metrics and optimize the distribution of these premises, he continues to work intensively with section in order to try to find the appropriate way to reach the ground and to relate both to the natural environment on which the building rests, as well as with the distant landscape. In parallel to this work appears a search that delves into the need for a consistent material definition according to it. From these premises he establishes a dialogue that gathers several bands reflections on form and proportion, about materiality and constructive syntax, as well as the understanding of a desired relationship between man and nature.Palabras clave: Le Corbusier; paisaje; búsqueda; Cap Martin; Roq et Rob; Sainte-Baume.Keywords: Le Corbusier; landscape; search; Cap Martin; Roq et Rob; Sainte-Baume.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.586
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Clua Uceda, Álvaro. "Slussen 1935-2015: diagnóstico de una ruina moderna." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Facultad de Arquitectura. Universidad de la República, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6160.
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El proyecto del Slussen en Estocolmo es hoy una ruina del movimiento moderno. Aquella visión optimista y eterna de la arquitectura funcionalista se presenta incierta y desproporcionada tras menos de un siglo de pervivencia. Paredes desconchadas, metales oxidados por el salitre, azulejos rotos, tiendas en decadencia y paseantes en sombra muestran un espacio hoy muy distinto de aquella “elegancia” que pregonara en 1935 el periódico Svenska Dagbladet ante el proyecto de Tage William-Olsson. ¿Cuáles son las causas de la decadencia de ese intersticio urbano? ¿Es en origen un proyecto erróneo, una historia malograda? Las respuestas se argumentan desde un recorrido intencionado por algunos momentos clave de su transformación: en el rastro de esbozos nunca realizados, en las vacilaciones del proyecto original, en las instantáneas de su inauguración, en sus detalles de acabados y comercio o finalmente en las imágenes presentadas al concurso internacional de 2008. Quizás puedan argumentarse ahí las futuras intervenciones que se ciernen sobre el Slussen moribundo: ¿mirada nostálgica, oportunismo, tabula rasa? The Slussen project in Stockholm is today a ruin of the modern movement. After less than a century of life, the place appears in an uncertain and disproportionate way, far from the optimistic and eternal vision of functionalist architecture. Flaking walls, oxidized metals, broken tiles, decadent shops and pedestrians lost in the shadow of the infrastructure show a very different space of that "elegant" prototype declared by the Svenska Dagbladet in 1935 on the built project of Tage William-Olsson. Which are the reasons for the decadence of this urban interstice? Is the original Slussen designed by Tage William-Olsson a wrong project, a failed story? In this article, answers are argued following an intentional trip through some key episodes of its existence: through the traces of sketches ever executed and the variations of the original project, through some images of its inauguration and the subtle details in the bright shopping stores and, finally, through the reading of the proposals presented to the recent international competition in 2008. Perhaps the future transformation of the dying Slussen could learn some arguments from the experience of its own past. ¿Nostalgic view, opportunism, tabula rasa?
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Torrecilla Patiño, Elia, and Miguel Molina Alarcón. "Performances mínimas en el espacio urbano y colaboraciones a distancia. Propuestas de “Acciones Desapercibidas” como experiencia entre lo local y lo translocal." In III Congreso Internacional de Investigación en Artes Visuales :: ANIAV 2017 :: GLOCAL. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/aniav.2017.4899.
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En la presente comunicación mostramos la experiencia obtenida de la participación en un proyecto internacional y su puesta en acción en el ámbito local. Partiendo de la investigación sobre cuestiones que abordan la relación entre cuerpo, ciudad y tecnología, comenzamos a experimentar en el espacio urbano la práctica de una serie de performances mínimas inscritas en el ámbito de lo cotidiano. Tras el descubrimiento de una propuesta desarrollada en Holanda, profundizamos en el uso de la ciudad como laboratorio y escenario donde llevar a cabo nuestras Acciones Desapercibidas; así comenzamos una serie de colaboraciones con los organizadores del Unnoticed Art Festival de Holanda, empleando, en ocasiones, el uso de dispositivos móviles. Este es el caso de Parallel Walks, una serie de paseos paralelos simultáneos en los que deambulamos siguiendo las directrices que nos enviamos, de una ciudad a otra a través de mensajería instantánea, creando un recorrido en una tercera ciudad resultante de ambas. De este modo, las prácticas artísticas colectivas se vuelven más accesibles y nos permiten experimentar nuevas posibilidades que incluyen las colaboraciones a distancia, la translocalización, la simultaneidad y la posibilidad de realizar acciones y desplazarnos por una ciudad híbrida.Finalmente, llevamos esta experiencia al ámbito de la docencia realizando acciones mínimas en el espacio urbano de Valencia, con propuestas creadas por los propios estudiantes, junto a otras que restituían algunos referentes de arte de acción del periodo de la vanguardia histórica española. Esta parte de recuperación histórica, se realizó con el fin de utilizar el cuerpo como generador de historia desde la investigación-acción y comprobar si su recepción actual sería la misma o no, así como jugar y producir nuevas relecturas entre presente-pasado, local-global, creador-receptor, Arte-NoArte o cotidianidad-sorpresa. Estos resultados forman parte de un proyecto I+D concedido por el Ministerio de Economía y Competitividad (ref. HAR2014-58869-P).http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/ANIAV.2017.4899
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Loaiza Jiménez, Daniela Sofía. "Anclas, bordes y debordes del shopping center: tres escalas del espacio percibido del Quicentro Shopping Center, Quito, Ecuador." In Seminario Internacional de Investigación en Urbanismo. Barcelona: Curso de Arquitetura e Urbanismo. Universidade do Vale do Itajaí, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/siiu.6295.
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En la narrativa académica acerca de los Shopping Centers, existen debates sobre las transformaciones urbanísticas producidas en torno a estas arquitecturas. Por un lado existe la corriente que “sataniza” al shopping center, acusándolo de ser una amenaza para la ciudad. Por otro lado existe una corriente que plantea al shopping center como una oportunidad y, por último, existe la corriente más contemporánea que describe al shopping center como un fenómeno que ha provocado transformaciones morfológicas, nuevas formas de ocupación y de apropiación del espacio y el reordenamiento de usos. Así, la presente investigación, discute estas narrativas a partir del estudio de caso Quicentro Shopping Center en Quito - Ecuador, analizando las ANCLAS o polos de atracción, los BORDES permeables o autistas y los DESBORDES o actividades del shopping center que traspasan sus muros y se manifiestan en su entorno inmediato, buscando los patrones de transformación de la ciudad (concebida y percibida), en diferentes escalas, con la inserción el shopping center. In academic narrative about Shopping Centers, there are debates about the urban transformations around these architectures. On the one hand there is the point of view that "demonizes" the shopping center, accusing him of being a threat to the city. On the other hand there is a trend that poses the shopping center as an opportunity and, finally, there is the contemporary trend that describes the shopping center as a phenomenon that has caused morphological transformations, new forms of occupation and appropriation of space and realignment of its uses. This way, the present research discusses these narratives from case study Quicentro Shopping Center in Quito- Ecuador, analyzing ANCHORS or poles of attraction. Also, permeable or autistic EDGES and OVERFLOWS or activities of the shopping center that go beyond its walls and manifest themselves in their immediate environment, looking for patterns of transformation of the city (conceived and perceived), on different scales, by inserting the shopping center.
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Cova Morillo, Miguel Angel De la. "Des-montaje de la maqueta de la propuesta para el Palacio de los Soviets de Le Corbusier." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.725.
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Resumen: Desde las páginas de L'Esprit Nouveau y al calor del cine, Elie Faure bautizará como "cineplástica" la consecución de imágenes al ritmo de la música, en un discurso paralelo al del método Dalcroze en la danza. Le Corbusier, Albert Jeanneret y Pierre Chenal propondrán dos experiencias fílmicas relacionadas con dicha denominación: "Batir" y "L'Architecture d'aujourd´hui", para las que se realizarán varias maquetas ex-profeso cuyas cualidades estaban pensadas para su visión en la pantalla. Esta especificidad se hará más compleja en el filme del modelo de la propuesta para el Palacio de los Soviets. Le Corbusier mostrará un proceso cinético consistente en el des-montaje del objeto, un recorrido inverso al de la construcción real, lo que permite al espectador poder familiarizarse desde el comienzo con el conjunto terminado. A partir de ahí, como si de un "ecorché" se tratara, se mostrarán sus entrañas: una lección de anatomía arquitectónica que finaliza con el vacío del solar del Salvador dominado por los brillos del gran arco de acero soviético-"stal" en ruso- reflejado en el Moskva. Este recurso cinético emparenta con las teorías del "montaje como conflicto" de Sergei Eisenstein, a través de una maqueta que se presenta, además, como comprobación de la efectividad de la forma ante las ondas acústicas, en la línea de las realizadas por ingenieros como Gustave Lyon. Se consigue así conjugar, a través de la maqueta, espacio, movimiento y sonido. El germen de una arquitectura acústica. Abstract: From the pages of L'Esprit Nouveau and inspired by films, Elie Faure coined the term "cineplástique" to refer to the combination betweenimages and music, similarly to theMethode Dalcroze in dancing. Le Corbusier, Albert Jeanneret and Pierre Chenal proposed two filmic experiences related to this new concept- "Batir" and "L'Architecture d'aujourd´hui". Several models were made specifically for these films and designed to be viewed on screen. This feature became more complex in the film of the proposal model for Palace of Soviets. Le Corbusier displayed a process consisting onthede-montageof the object, reversing thus the path to the actual building, which allows the viewer to become familiar from the start with the finished piece. Thereafter ,as if it was an "écorché", their insides are displayed, featuring an architectural anatomy lesson which ends with the empty site of Salvador, where the brightness of the large steel arch ("Stal" in Russian)is reflected in the Moskva River. This filming resource is related to Sergei Eisenstein's theories of " montage as conflict", illustrated by a scale model that also verifies the effectiveness of form with respect to acoustic waves, in line with those made by engineers such as Gustave Lyon. Therefore, the combination of movement, space and sound is achieved through the architectural model. That is the seed of acoustic architecture. Palabras clave: maqueta; Chenal; filme; cineplástica; Palacio de los Soviets; acústica. Keywords: architectural model; Chenal; film; cineplastique; Palace of Soviets; acoustic DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.725
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García González, Andrea, Vicente Mas Llorens, and José Santatecla Fayos. "La Villa Sarabhai. La riqueza de lo ambiguo." In LC2015 - Le Corbusier, 50 years later. Valencia: Universitat Politècnica València, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/lc2015.2015.910.
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Resumen: La Villa Sarabhai ha sido considerada en gran parte de las referencias críticas como un paradigma de la "architecture femelle" por absorber el emplazamiento y por sus espacios abovedados, llegando a ser asociada con la arquitectura rústica, folklórica, incluso primitiva. Sin embargo, la evolución del proyecto muestra que no existe ninguna voluntad por parte de Le Corbusier de integrar la villa en su entorno ni de rendir tributo a la arquitectura tradicional. Le Corbusier continúa evolucionando dando un nuevo giro a estrategias arquitectónicas ya consolidadas y resistiéndose a las clasificaciones: genera una planta libre mediante muros; transforma la terraza jardín de una habitación sin techo en una pradera; y en lugar de laminar el espacio en vertical lo lamina en horizontal. No obstante, el objetivo de su arquitectura se mantiene firme desde los años 20, generar una sensación continua de desconcierto. En la Villa Sarabhai el visitante no es capaz de afirmar si se encuentra en un edificio anclado al terreno o que se posa sobre él, en una construcción arquitrabada o abovedada, arriba o abajo, dentro o fuera, ni siquiera si lo que percibe es real o una representación de la realidad. Así, la ambigüedad se convierte en el medio para alcanzar la riqueza arquitectónica. Abstract: Villa Sarabhai is considered by many critics to be a paradigm of "architecture femelle", because it absorbs the setting and has vaulted spaces, which are elements associated with a rustic, folkloric, and even primitive, architecture. However, the evolution of the project shows that Le Corbusier did not intend to integrate the villa into the landscape or pay tribute to traditional architecture. Le Corbusier kept evolving. He added new twists to his consolidated architectonic strategies and defied classification: he generated a free plan by using walls; he transformed the garden terrace from a room without a ceiling into a prairie; and, instead of laminating the space in vertical, he laminated it in horizontal. Nevertheless, the aim of his architecture remained constant since the 1920s, generating a permanent feeling of bewilderment. Inside Villa Sarabhai, visitors are not able to confirm if they are in a building which is anchored to the ground, or in one which is resting on it; in an orthogonal construction or in a vaulted one; up or down; inside or outside; not even sure whether what they perceive is real or a representation of reality. The ambiguity becomes the means for reaching the architectonic richness. Palabras clave: Le Corbusier; Villa Sarabhai; Ahmedabad; Architecture femelle; Bóveda; Ambigüedad. Keywords: Le Corbusier; Villa Sarabhai; Ahmedabad; Architecture femelle; Vault; Ambiguity. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.4995/LC2015.2015.910
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Encinas Pino, Felipe, André De Herde, Carlos Ramiro Marmolejo Duarte, and Carlos Andrés Aguirre Núñez. "Comportamiento termico de edificios de departamentos en Santiago de Chile: segmentación de nichos en el mercado inmobiliario privado a partir de las exigencias de la reglamentación térmica nacional." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7586.
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Santiago, capital de la República de Chile, se sitúa en el valle central del país en los 33º 27’ de latitud sur
y 70º 42’ de longitud oeste, presentando un clima templado cálido con una estación seca prolongada de 7
a 8 meses de duración. La temperatura media anual es de 12,2°C y la oscilación térmica es considerable:
hay casi 13°C de diferencia en la temperatura media entre el mes más cálido (enero) y el más frío (julio) y
la diferencia entre las medias de las temperaturas máximas y mínimas para todos los meses del año
fluctúan entre 10 y 16°C.
De acuerdo a datos del Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas de Chile (INE), el 37,4% de los permisos de
edificación de viviendas nuevas del 2006, declara que el ladrillo es su material predominante de muros,
mientras que otro 36,0% está asociado con el hormigón armado. Dada la generalmente nula presencia de
aislación térmica en estos sistemas constructivos y su alta inercia térmica de absorción, se podría esperar
para Santiago un comportamiento térmico - en términos de confort - más bien desfavorable en invierno y
favorable en verano. Sin embargo, estudios recientes presentan un escenario opuesto, dado que un gran
porcentaje de usuarios encuestados acusa un alto nivel de sobrecalentamiento en sus viviendas. Esta
aparente contradicción podría entenderse desde las limitaciones propias de esta base datos del INE del
año 2006, puesto que por ejemplo, no refleja el impacto de la implementación de la 2° etapa de la
Reglamentación Térmica nacional. Esta regulación, en vigencia desde enero de 2007, establece valores
máximos de transmitancia térmica admisible para los diversos elementos de la envolvente de una
vivienda. A partir del valor exigido en muros en Santiago (1,9 W/m2K), los nuevos edificios de
departamentos han tenido que necesariamente incorporar al menos 10 mm de aislante térmico en su
envolvente vertical, modificando su comportamiento térmico tanto en invierno como en verano.Este artículo propone la simulación del desempeño energético y condiciones de confort térmico para
invierno y verano, de edificios de departamentos en Santiago para estratos socioeconómicos medios y
medios altos, con el objetivo de establecer los impactos de las soluciones constructivas adoptadas en
estos. Estas simulaciones numéricas se realizarán sobre tipologías de productos de vivienda ofertadas en
el mercado privado durante el periodo 2006-2007, incorporando su materialidad y los datos de mercado,
precios y atributos inmobiliarios, según datos de oferta del Portalinmobiliario.com. Estas tipologías de
vivienda se traducirán en nichos, los cuales serán determinados a partir de la generación de grupos
homogéneos de viviendas mediante a la técnica de generación de conglomerados, sobre las variables de
cada producto inmobiliario. Estos grupos de viviendas se encontrarán en los mismos sub mercados
inmobiliarios, evaluándose diferentes combinaciones de atributos asociados a las materialidades. Las
simulaciones numéricas del comportamiento térmico en invierno y en verano, se realizan mediante el
software de evaluación de desempeño energético TAS, mediante un sistema dinámico que calcula las
condiciones de las viviendas en régimen horario, evaluando las condiciones de confort térmico.
Se espera probar que las soluciones técnico-arquitectónicas actuales, y su interpretación de la
Reglamentación Térmica vigente, generan desfavorables condiciones de confort independiente del nicho
de mercado donde estén compitiendo. Estas conclusiones permitirán establecer desafíos y oportunidades
para el mercado inmobiliario privado, tanto en términos de tecnología de la construcción, como en el
diseño arquitectónico, permitiendo el desarrollo de nuevas propuestas para integrar las exigencias de la
Reglamentación Térmica nacional a la realidad del mercado de vivienda privada. Santiago de Chile (33°27’S and 70°42’W), capital city of the country, is placed in the central valley. It has
a Mediterranean climate with a long dry season (between 7 and 8 months). Its annual average
temperature is 12,2°C, whereas the thermal oscillation is considerable: there is almost 13°C between
January and July average temperatures (hottest and coldest months, respectively) and the difference
between maximum and minimum temperatures ranges between 10°C and 16°C during all the year.
According to the National Statistics Institute, 37.4% and 36.0% of new housing during 2006 were built
using mainly brick masonry and concrete in their walls, respectively. In both cases, thermal insulation was
not generally considered. On the contrary for the heating period, a favorable thermal performance in
summer should be expected (low thermal insulation in combination to high thermal mass). However, some
recent studies show the completely opposite scenario, since an important percentage of users declare
overheating in their own dwellings. This apparent contradiction could be understood from a database
limitation, due to these official data do not reflect the impact of the current thermal regulation, which is in
force since January 2007. Notwithstanding the required standards are weak in comparison to the
international state-of-art (e.g. 1,9 W/m2K as maximum U-value for walls in Santiago), nowadays apartment
buildings in Santiago are including at least 20 mm of thermal insulation in their walls to give compliance to
the code.
This paper proposes a series of dynamic thermal simulations to apartment buildings in Santiago, with the
aim of establish the impact of different constructive solutions by means of thermal behavior, both in winter
and summer. These digital models are statistically based on the typologies offered in the private real
estate market during both periods 2001-2002 and 2006-2007, according to a database from
Portalinmobiliario.com. These were determined using a multivariate analysis of their attributes – producing
homogeneous market niches - through the hierarchical clustering technique. These homogeneous niches
were identified in the real estate private submarkets, assessing different attributes. Thermal simulations
were made using the TAS software, a dynamic-state digital tool.
According to the results, the implementation of the thermal regulation – intended mainly to reduce heating
consumption – have produced unfavorable comfort conditions in all the studied market niches, in
comparison with the business as usual scenario. These conclusions allow establishing challenges and
opportunities for the private real estate market, in order to integrate new thermal regulations with the
private market reality.
9
Díaz Núñez, Verónica Livier, and Jorge Javier Acosta Rendón. "La producción de vivienda y la división social del espacio, en Puerto Vallarta." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Mexicali: Universidad Autónoma de Baja California, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7625.
Full textAbstract:
En los años 60 y 70 del siglo pasado muchas ciudades latinoamericanas tuvieron una anárquica expansión a través de asentamientos irregulares, formados por la masiva migración rural, los que posteriormente dieron lugar a la formación de colonias populares. En éstas fue común la autoconstrucción precaria de viviendas y un incansable proceso de gestión y lucha para la introducción de los servicios básicos.
Si a finales del siglo pasado se veía ya que la modernidad de las ciudades traía aparejado muestras de un agravamiento en la división social del espacio, en la actualidad, cuando ya han transcurrido diez años de este nuevo siglo, estos problemas son notoriamente perversos. Por doquier se producen desarrollos y fraccionamientos de viviendas residenciales con distintos nombres: “cottos”, fraccionamientos defensivos, cerrados, etc. en los cuales los servicios básicos son proporcionados por los mismos usuarios, mientras que al lado de éstos coexisten barrios y colonias populares con viviendas autoconstruidas sin servicios básicos o deficientes.
La producción de vivienda es el principal elemento urbano causante del crecimiento y la expansión de las ciudades. Durante este proceso la ciudad experimenta una gran cantidad de complejas problemáticas, relacionadas entre sí, como los servicios básicos (agua, drenaje, electricidad), recolección de desechos sólidos urbanos, transporte público, dotación de equipamientos e infraestructura, valor y uso del suelo, la vivienda, entre muchos más.
En este estudio, la división social del espacio se representa en el espacio urbano, utilizando cartografía georeferenciada, a través de los tipos de poblamiento formados por los diferentes estratos sociales. Una manera de analizar esta problemática urbana es analizando indicadores censales relacionados con el nivel de ingreso de los hogares, las formas de tenencia de la vivienda, tipos de hogar, genero, edad y otras relacionadas con la calidad de la vivienda como número de cuartos, disponibilidad de servicios, disponibilidad de excusado, baño y cocina exclusivo, disponibilidad de bienes, material en pisos, paredes y techo, entre otras características que influyen en la calidad de vida de sus ocupantes utilizando los datos proporcionados por los censos y conteos de población y vivienda del INEGI a partir de 1990, a nivel de AGEB (Áreas Geoestadísticas Básicas). The production of housing is the principal urban causative element of the growth and the expansion of the cities. During this process the city experiences a great quantity of complex problematic urban related between yes. This way in the 60s and 70s of last century many Latin-American cities had an anarchic expansion across irregular accessions formed by the massive migration of the field which later gave place to the formation of popular colonies. In these there was common the precarious auto-construction of housings and a tireless process of management and fight on the part of the colonists for the introduction of the basic services.
By the ends of the century one saw since the modernity of the cities was bringing prepared samples of a worsening in the social division of the space. All Everywhere developments take place are produced and fraccionary of residential housings with different names: "cottos", fraccionary protections, enclosures, etc. In which the basic services are provided by the same users, whereas next to these neighborhoods and popular colonies coexist with precarious housings autoconstructed without basic or deficient services.
In this study, the social division of the space is represented in the urban space, using cartography georeferency across the types of poblamiento formed by the different social strats. A way of analyzing this urban problematics is analyzing sensual indicators, to level of AGEB based on the Censuses and Counts of Population and Housing of the INEGI from 1990, as the level of revenue of the homes and types, the possession, number of rooms, bedroom and occupants' average, availability of basic exclusive services, of lavatory and kitchen, availability of goods and material in floors, walls and ceilings. Characteristics that influence the quality of life of yours occupants.
10
Maycotte Pansza, Elvira, and Erick Sánchez Flores. "Ciudades dispersas, viviendas abandonadas: la política de vivienda y su impacto territorial y social en las ciudades mexicanas." In International Conference Virtual City and Territory. Barcelona: Centre de Política de Sòl i Valoracions, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.5821/ctv.7569.
Full textAbstract:
La política de vivienda en México, implementada en el año 2002, otorgó un apoyo pleno a la iniciativa privada para participar en la producción de la vivienda social. La primera acción que el gobierno federal realizó fue la institución de la Comisión Nacional para el Fomento a la Vivienda, CONAFOVI (hoy CONAVI), órgano descentralizado de la Secretaría de Desarrollo Social, SEDESOL, creado por el Presidente de la República en el año 2001. Esta Comisión tiene como responsabilidad diseñar, promover, dirigir y coordinar la política nacional de vivienda. Aún cuando atiende a los diversos niveles, desde vivienda residencial hasta interés social, incide particularmente en esta última, vista ahora como un producto inmobiliario de muy alta rentabilidad, cuyo financiamiento está asegurado por los programas subsidiarios del gobierno, y es promovida, además, por el mismo sector público por considerarse un importante generador de actividad económica e impulsor del desarrollo del sector, creando un círculo virtuoso que inminentemente impacta los aspectos sociales y culturales aún en tiempos de recesión.
Si bien la producción de vivienda social se vio estimulada en todo el país, fue en la frontera norte, particularmente en Ciudad Juárez, Chihuahua, donde el eco de este programa tuvo mayor magnitud. En ella se produjo la mayor producción de vivienda económica en cuatro ocasiones consecutivas, de 2004 a 2007, a nivel a nivel nacional. Ciudad Juárez es una de las 52 zonas metropolitanas de México, el principal polo de desarrollo del Estado en donde se asienta el 40.52% de la población de la entidad y la sexta ciudad en el país en cuanto a tamaño de habitantes se refiere. Aproximadamente el 82% de la PEA tiene ingresos iguales o menores a 4 salarios mínimos, lo cual la hace potencialmente beneficiaria de créditos de vivienda económica.
Este hecho puede tener diversas lecturas, sin embargo, la que ahora merece nuestra atención es el impacto que este fenómeno ha tenido en el suelo de uso habitacional y la participación que han tenido el sector público y el privado en su ocupación durante el periodo 2001 a 2006, así como la presión inmobiliaria que se ha ejercido y derivado en la ampliación del fundo legal del municipio sin estar esto considerado en el Plan de Desarrollo del Municipio de Juárez.
Los diferentes porcentajes de participación en la producción de vivienda social del sector público y privado con su proyección en la utilización de suelo, la ubicación de los conjuntos habitacionales desarrollados así como el número de acciones de vivienda realizadas de acuerdo a sus diversos tipos: social, media y residencial, al sumarse constituyen un importante segmento de la panorámica que habrá de llevarnos a conocer el impacto que la política nacional de vivienda ha tenido en la ciudad que ha sido su mejor receptora, y por tanto, su mejor ejemplificación.
A siete años de distancia, tenemos una ciudad segregada, desarticulada y con grandes superficies vacías a su interior. El crecimiento disperso y la cuestionable “demanda de vivienda” han producido un paisaje en donde los barrios consolidados lucen abandonados. A la par, un alto porcentaje de viviendas emplazadas en los nuevos fraccionamientos ni siquiera han sido habitadas ante la falta de accesibilidad a equipamiento y servicios urbanos.
El aval de las políticas públicas para adquirir una segunda vivienda, aún de interés social, ha hecho que éstas de incorporen al mercado de vivienda en renta pese a que ello se contrapone a su carácter social. En síntesis, tenemos que el apoyo incondicional a la producción de vivienda social sin visualizar sus efectos colaterales, han sido la piedra angular para la expansión irracional de las ciudades mexicanas. Mexico's housing policy, created in the year 2002, gave the private sector whole support to participate in the production of social housing. The first action of the federal government was creating the National Commission for Housing Support, (CONAFOVI, later CONAVI), a decentralized organization of the Secretary of Social Development, SEDESOL, created by the President on 2001. This Commission has the responsibility to design, promote, direct and coordinate the national housing policy, which despite supporting different housing levels, from high income to social housing, now seen this last one as a highly profitable real state product, whose credit is insured by the government's subsidies. The social housing is promoted by the public sector itself since its considered an important source of economic activity even while in times of a recession and to economic development is granted and being a support for the sector development, creating a virtuous circle which imminently impacts on social and cultural aspects.
Though social housing development was stimulated in the whole country, it was in the northern border, particularly in Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, where the echoes of this program had a greater magnitude; so much that it is responsible for the biggest production of economical housing on four consecutive years, from 2004 to 2007, in the whole country. Ciudad Juarez is the main pole of development in the state, where 40.52% of the state's population resides and proximately 82% of the PEA has an income equal or less than four minimal wages, which makes it a potentially beneficiary of economic housing credits.
This fact can have several different readings, nevertheless the one now deserves our attention is the impact this phenomenon has had in the residential land use and the participation that the public and private sector have had in its occupation during the 2001 to 2006 period, as well as the real state pressure that has been exerted and is responsible for increasing the city limits without taking into account the Municipal Development Plan of Juarez.
The different percentages of participation in the production of social housing by the public and private sectors with their projection in the land use, the location of developed housing sectors and the number of housing actions that have taken place according to their diverse levels: social, middle and high income, when added constitute an important segment of the panorama that will take us to know the impact that the national housing policy has had in the city, which has been its main receptor, thus, its best example.
Seven years in time, we have a city that suffers from segregation, disarticulation and with a great amount of inner empty spaces. Disperse growth and the questionable "housing demand" have produced a scenery in which consolidated neighborhoods look abandoned; along side, a high percentage of built homes in the new neighborhoods have not been inhabited because of the lack of equipment and urban services.
The ability to acquire a second house, even if it is social level, has caused them to be incorporated to the rental market even though this contradicts their social character. In conclusion, we have found that unconditional support to the production of social housing without foreseeing its collateral effects has been a key factor for the irrational expansion in Mexican cities.
Reports on the topic "Poor laws – wales"
1
Ozano, Kim, Andrew Roby, and Jacob Tompkins. Learning Journey on Water Security: UK Water Offer. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), January 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/k4d.2022.026.
Full textAbstract:
The overarching goals for the UK in relation to global water security are to; tackle and reverse growing water insecurity and its consequences caused by depletion and degradation of natural water sources; and address poor water management and increasing demand. To do this, the UK has a well-developed water ‘offer’ that together can help reach the goal of global water security. This note details some of that water offer: UK water leadership: The UK developed the concept of modern sanitation and water supply, with an early example being the Victorian Bazalgette London sewer; Ownership and regulation: The UK has four models of ownership: government department in Northern Ireland, GoCo in Scotland, Mutual in Wales, and private companies in England. But the common thread is strong and clear, regulation to deliver the right outcomes for society; Competition and markets: The UK set up the world’s first water retail markets for business customers, delivering savings and environmental benefits. Similar market mechanisms are being developed for sewage sludge, which will help drive circular economy solutions; Innovation: The UK has a huge number of water tech start-ups and most water companies have labs and pilot schemes to support these fledgling companies. At the same time, the English regulator, Ofwat, has established a huge innovation fund, which along with the Scottish Hydro Nation initiative has made the UK the best place in the world for water innovation and tech.