Relevant bibliographies by topics / Poor laws – england – history

Academic literature on the topic 'Poor laws – england – history'

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Published: 25 July 2024
Last updated: 31 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Poor laws – england – history"

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Jones, Peter. "The New Poor Laws in Scotland, England and Wales: Comparative Perspectives." Local Population Studies, no. 99 (December 31, 2017): 31–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.35488/lps99.2017.31.

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This article focuses on a seemingly obvious but largely overlooked question in the historiography of British welfare: what are the merits of, and the obstacles to, a serious comparative study of the poor laws in the constituent countries of mainland Britain? It first considers the wider context for such a question in relation to European welfare history, then discusses the broad historiographical trends for each country in relation to two key areas of the welfare debate: how far the intentions of the central Poor Law authorities were reflected in local practice, and the ability of paupers themselves to shape or influence their own experience of relief at the local level. It makes some key observations about the ways in which 'national narratives' of welfare have developed for Scotland, England and Wales in the past, and how these have shaped our view of the relationship between them, and finally suggests avenues for future research.
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SHAVE, SAMANTHA A. "THE IMPACT OF STURGES BOURNE'S POOR LAW REFORMS IN RURAL ENGLAND." Historical Journal 56, no. 2 (May 3, 2013): 399–429. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x13000034.

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ABSTRACTEngland was blighted by frequent agricultural depressions in the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries. Recurrent crises brought poor law reform to the parliamentary agenda and led to the passage of two non-compulsory pieces of legislation, Sturges Bourne's Acts of 1818 and 1819. These permissory acts allowed parishes to ‘tighten up’ the distribution of poor relief through two vital tools: the formation of select vestries, and the appointment of waged assistant overseers. Whilst previous studies have tended to represent the legislation as a failing reform in the dying days of the old poor law, we know remarkably little about the relief practices deployed by parishes operating under the auspices of Sturges Bourne's Acts. This article starts by detailing the genesis of the reforms before considering the provisions of the acts and their rates of adoption in rural England. Focusing upon administrative records from Wessex and West Sussex, the article proceeds to examine the inspection of relief claimants, and judgments made as to their ‘character and conduct’; the general measures taken to reduce outdoor relief; and their alternative strategies for allocating relief. It is argued that the reforms re-drew the distinction between ‘deserving’ and ‘undeserving’ poor, ultimately changing individuals' and families' entitlement to relief under the old poor laws.
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Eastwood, David. "Rethinking the Debates on the Poor Law in Early Nineteenth-Century England." Utilitas 6, no. 1 (May 1994): 97–116. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0953820800001357.

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One of the more interesting developments in recent historical writing has been a reconsideration of the debates over poor law reform. In the sharply-demarcated world of post-war scholarship, the poor law fell clearly, if somewhat problematically, into the domain of social history. For obvious contemporary reasons, post-war social history devoted a good deal of scholarly energy to constructing a history of social policy. Much of this work was problematized in terms of the then orthodox agenda of the welfare state. The dominant questions concerned modes of assessing entitlements, mechanisms for delivering welfare, and the bureaucratic characteristics of the old and new poor laws. Despite its considerable empirical merits, this kind of social history was inhibited by its methodological and problematic certainties. To a large extent this was a social history which defined itselfagainsttraditional political history, offering a narrative of social policy formation which, whilst not eliminating political processes from its account, tended to marginalize their normative significance. One extreme formulation was Sydney Checkland's ‘socially innocent state’. Here the loss of ‘social innocence’ on the part of the British state is evaluated directly in terms of its willingness to develop the kind of social agenda and administrative machinery characteristic of modern wellfarism. For Checkland in particular, social policy was conceived almost exclusively in terms of state-driven programmes of ‘social improvement’. The old poor law, with its pattern of local management, discretionary administration, and paternalist social vision flatly contracted the statutorily-articulated welfarism which Checkland took to be axiomatic to a coherently-conceived social policy. In terms of statutory authority and administrative machinery, Checkland saw the new poor law as a critical move towards a more coherently-constructed state social policy.
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Landau, Norma. "The Regulation of Immigration, Economic Structures and Definitions of the Poor in Eighteenth-Century England." Historical Journal 33, no. 3 (September 1990): 541–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x00013522.

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In the eighteenth century, parish officers used the laws of settlement to regulate the immigration of the poor to their parishes. Their regulation went well beyond ridding their parishes of indigent immigrants. Parish officers monitored the immigration of the non-indigent poor; they insured that their parishes acquired the documents which guaranteed that a poor immigrant would not become the responsibility of the parish to which he had immigrated; and they even removed non-indigent immigrants from their parishes, using their parishes' funds to pay for sending these immigrants back to the parishes which were legally responsible for their welfare.1 To the modern observer, such regulation of migration from one parish to another may seem odd, so odd that some historians have assumed that this regulatory activity did not occur.2 Obviously, then, the parishes' regulation of immigration was part of a world now lost. Regulation of immigration by parish officers disappeared in 1795, when parliament abolished the legal foundations for this practice.3 In detective stories, discovery of the circumstances and implications of a disappearance reveals the structure of the world in which it occurred. So may it be with the regulation of immigration.
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Rothery, Karen. "The Power of Personality in the Operation of the New Poor Law." Genealogy 4, no. 1 (January 20, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genealogy4010011.

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For many years, historians focused on the institutional aspects of the poor laws and the power vested in the central authorities; more recently, the experience of the poor themselves has been at the heart of academic study. This article looks at a third group: those who exercised power and influence in delivering poor law policy at a local level and specifically how certain individuals with strong personalities administered or disrupted what was heralded as a uniform and centrally controlled system. Based on an in-depth local history study on the development of the poor law unions in the county of Hertfordshire, England, this paper will look in detail at the contribution made by specific individuals during the early years of the new poor law and consider how they influenced poor law policy and practice. It will argue that personal contributions made a difference to the operation of the poor laws and that the personality of certain poor law officials had the potential to influence the central authorities, which has not been fully recognised. This research supports the argument that the new poor law was regionally diverse and provides new evidence to suggest that the power of local personnel to influence poor law policy contributed to that diversity and should not be overlooked.
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Musiewicz, Piotr. "Krytyka nowego prawa o ubogich w ujęciu ruchu oksfordzkiego (1833‑1845)." Politeja 15, no. 55 (May 22, 2019): 57–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/politeja.15.2018.55.04.

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The Oxford Movement’s Critique of the Poor Law Amendment ActThe paper presents a short history of poor laws in England and Great Britain, the content and justifications of the Poor Law Amendment Act (1834), general characteristics of the Oxford Movement and its main political ideas, the state of contemporary research on the topic, and finally the Movement’s approach to the new Poor Law. This approach – the Oxford Movement’s critique – has been reconstructed into three main groups of arguments. In the first group there are arguments pointing out why a state’s responsibility, and state-organised system of poor relief, is to be irrelevant and why the Church should play a far greater role in this field. The second group of arguments underlines the impracticality of centralisation in the system and proposes the major role of the local units in poor relief, as well as more ‘personal’ approach to the poor, also by reforming workhouses. The third group of arguments undermines the liberal (and Puritan) idea of solely individual responsibility for one’s poverty and destitution – an idea underlying the new Poor Law.
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Tycko, Sonia. "The Legality of Prisoner of War Labour In England, 1648–1655*." Past & Present 246, no. 1 (January 3, 2020): 35–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/pastj/gtz031.

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Abstract Prisoners of war formed a legally distinct category amongst the many thousands of people forcibly employed in England and the English American colonies in the mid-seventeenth century, but they have yet to be studied as such. Focusing on 1648 to 1655, this article explains how a succession of English governments sent their war captives into servitude with private masters despite the prohibition of hard labour for Christian prisoners in the customary laws of war. They instead operated under the logic of the English poor law, in which the indigent could meaningfully consent to serve a master even while under duress. The case of Scottish and Dutch prisoners of war in the Bedford Level fen drainage project shows how the Council of State and the drainage company board members conceptualized common prisoners as willing workmen. Prisoners, ambassadors, and a variety of English observers instead thought that war captives should not have to work for their subsistence or their captors' profit. Nevertheless, common prisoners continued to labour under the aegis of free contracts into the eighteenth century.
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WINTER, ANNE. "Caught between Law and Practice: Migrants and Settlement Legislation in the Southern Low Countries in a Comparative Perspective, c. 1700–1900." Rural History 19, no. 2 (October 2008): 137–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095679330800246x.

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AbstractHistoriographical debates on the causes and implications of early modern and early industrial settlement legislation, which determined the locality where one could apply for poor relief, have so far focused mainly on England and Wales. These regions are deemed exceptional for the national character and universality of their Poor Laws (1601), associated Act of Settlement (1662) and later amendments. However, if the focus is shifted from the national legislative framework to actual practice, several continental regions had relief and settlement arrangements that bore many resemblances to those in England and Wales. This article draws on existing literature and archival research to explore the evolution of settlement law and practice in the Southern Netherlands, i.e. present-day Belgium, from the seventeenth to the late nineteenth centuries, and compares its main features with the situation in England and Wales. This comparative exercise brings to the fore a number of striking resemblances and remarkable differences, which question the precise nature of the British exception. While further research is needed to gauge fully the causes and consequences of the observed similarities and differences, this article aims to demonstrate how a comparative approach towards issues of settlement and relief not only elucidates our understanding of the particularities and generalities of the English/Welsh case, but also widens our insight into the social, economic, and cultural implications of settlement arrangements in general.
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Murdoch, Lydia. "State, Society and the Poor in Nineteenth-Century England, and: The Solidarities of Strangers: The English Poor Laws and the People, 1700-1948 (review)." Victorian Studies 44, no. 2 (2002): 336–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/vic.2002.0025.

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Behlmer, George. "Summary Justice and Working-Class Marriage in England, 1870–1940." Law and History Review 12, no. 2 (1994): 229–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/743744.

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England's criminal justice system has been depicted as evolving from a preindustrial form in which wide judicial discretion served to legitimate the social order, to a new form where the need to impose industrial discipline on an increasingly urbanized work force produced less harsh but more systematic punishments. According to this vision, the wheels of Victorian justice ground both more gently and more intrusively than they had a century before, since along with the abolition of many capital crimes and the diminishing resort to incarceration went an intensified examination of private lives. As Jennifer Davis has made clear, however, historians of crime often underestimate the degree of continuity between eighteenth- and nineteenth-century law enforcement, particularly at the local level. Significantly, both eighteenth-century justices of the peace and nineteenth-century police court magistrates enjoyed great latitude in their dealings with the poor people who appeared before them. Nowhere is the highly personal and unsystematic nature of modern summary justice more strikingly revealed than in the police court's adjudication of disputes between husbands and wives.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Poor laws – england – history"

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Hems, A. "Aspects of poverty and the poor laws in early modern England." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.353187.

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Newbold, Edward John. "The geography of poor relief expenditure in late eighteenth and early nineteenth century rural Oxfordshire." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1995. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:a5d69649-330d-4c60-998b-41d0969a5c3c.

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This thesis aims to explore the relationship between the geographies of law, society, economy and the physical environment in late eighteenth and early nineteenth century rural England. It uses as its exploring ground the operation of the Old Poor Law in rural Oxfordshire. This county was chosen because it was both a microcosm of the farming landscape of Southern England and was one of the counties where the problem of poor relief was most acutely felt. Chapter 1 establishes that the mapping out of spatial diversity, and the consideration of the forces moulding it, is fundamental to an understanding of the functioning of the Old Poor Law. Chapter 2 uses data contained in the parliamentary returns to demonstrate some clear regional differences in the level of poor relief and the chronology of change. Chapters 3 and 4 show that these regional averages and trends do not make intelligible the kaleidoscopic welter of local variations indicated by a closer examination of parish records. Chapters 5 and 6 consider poor relief expenditure in four parishes: Cropredy, Pyrton, Spelsbury and Stoke Lyne. These show that differences in the level of poor relief expenditure cannot automatically be taken to indicate variations in the level of what we might think of as unemployment or poverty. The generosity of disbursements, and therefore the real incomes of the poor, could also vary markedly between parishes. Thus, the Old Poor Law cannot be detached from the particular places in which it acquired its meaning and saliency. Its impact upon the daily lives of ratepayers, administrators and recipient can be established and the poor treated as individuals rather than as abstract units of labour.
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Livingstone, Janet Elizabeth. "Pauper education in Victorian England : organisation and administration within the New Poor Law, 1834-1880." Thesis, London Metropolitan University, 1993. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.282827.

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Kuester, Daniel. "Malthus : his poor law position, and misunderstandings of his work /." free to MU campus, to others for purchase, 2000. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/mo/fullcit?p9988681.

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Hitchcock, Timothy V. "The English workhouse : a study in institutional poor relief in selected countries 1696-1750." Thesis, University of Oxford, 1985. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:57a30e82-1101-4b09-ab83-8e8e271c77f4.

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Two appendixes have also been produced. The first lists all of the workhouses the location and date of foundation of which have been identified, and the second, all of the houses positively associated with Matthew Marryott either in the role of advisor or contractor.
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Pratt, Jonathan K. "Paternalistic, parsimonious pragmatists : the Wigan Board of Guardians and the administration of the Poor Laws 1880-1900." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2011. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/2919/.

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This thesis analyses poor law administration in Wigan Union from 1880-1900. The late-nineteenth century is fertile territory for poor law historians, and this study intends to further enhance our understanding of the period. Local studies are vital given that the weakness of central authority ensured a wide variety of practice amongst unions, and are essential to the development of a better informed national picture. With that purpose, the thesis focuses on the important Lancashire industrial town of Wigan. Analysis addresses selected themes that require greater attention from historians in order to facilitate a more developed understanding of the poor law. Chapter one analyses politics in relation to guardians’ elections before and after the democratisation of the boards in 1894. Chapter two explores the role of boards of guardians, both individually and collaboratively, as active political agencies and defenders of the public interest in relation to removal of Irish paupers and in battles over rating with canal and railway companies. Chapters three and four focus on what was arguably the greatest poor law controversy of the period – the ‘Crusade’ against outdoor relief, initiated nationally in 1870. Wigan Union was an apparent supporter of this ‘reform’ movement, but appearances were deceptive. Chapter five addresses the problem of the ‘casual poor’, another major national concern of the period. Analysis illustrates the detail of local practice and the nature of central-local relations between the guardians and the LGB. Chapter six examines the themes of dismissal of union officers and superannuation for those deemed to have given good public service, further illustrating conceptions of professionalism and central-local relations. From this analysis, the Wigan board emerges as a politically engaged institution; financially cautious but with a paternalistic sense of obligation to the poor and pragmatic rather than ideologically driven in its policy and practice. Strong local conceptions of identity, professionalism and public service are evident within a nuanced context of central-local relations.
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Hulonce, Lesley. "Imposed and imagined childhoods : the making of the poor law child, Swansea 1834-1910." Thesis, Swansea University, 2013. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.678492.

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Saccone, Giuseppe Mario. "History as rhetoric in Hobbes' dialogue of the Common Laws and the rise of modern philosophy." Thesis, Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 2000. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B22050449.

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Dean, Camille K. "True Religion: Reflections of British Churches and the New Poor Law in the Periodical Press of 1834." Thesis, University of North Texas, 1993. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc278395/.

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This study examined public perception of the social relevance of Christian churches in the year the New Poor Law was passed. The first two chapters presented historiography concerning the Voluntary crisis which threatened the Anglican establishment, and the relationship of Christian churches to the New Poor Law. Chapters 4, 5, and 6 revealed the recurring image of "true" Christianity in its relation to the church crisis and the New Poor Law in the working men's, political, and religious periodical press. The study demonstrated a particular working class interest in Christianity and the effect of evangelicalism on religious renewal and social concerns. Orthodox Christians, embroiled in religious and political controversy, articulated practical concern for the poor less effectively than secularists.
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McEwan, Joanne. "Negotiating support : crime and women's networks in London and Middlesex, c. 1730-1820." University of Western Australia. History Discipline Group, 2009. http://theses.library.uwa.edu.au/adt-WU2009.0121.

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[Truncated abstract] This thesis examines the social and legal dynamics of support as it operated around women charged before the criminal courts in the eighteenth- and early nineteenth-century metropolis. It considers the nature and implications of the support made available to, or withheld from, female defendants by individuals to whom they were in some way connected. To this end, it explores the nuances of testimony offered by witnesses and defendants in an attempt to better understand the extent and effect of the support that could be negotiated by and from a range of groups, including family members, fellow household residents, neighbours and wider community members. How narratives were framed in either sympathetic or condemnatory terms was indicative of broader social attitudes and expectations regarding women and crime as well as of women's own relationships to households and neighbourhood. To the extent that this thesis aims to interrogate negotiations of support, it adopts legal narratives as a window through which to gain an insight into the social interactions and mediation of interpersonal relationships by eighteenth-century London women. The printed accounts of trials conducted at the Old Bailey and legal documents from the London and Middlesex Sessions records form the basis of the source material that contributed towards this study. These records provide contemporary narratives in which participants described their involvement in the legal system and articulated their relationships to events and to each other. As a result, they are invaluable for the wealth of qualitative detail they contain. These legal documents have also been complemented by other contemporary sources including newspaper reports and printed pamphlet literature. ... This thesis concludes first that neighbours and fellow household residents were usually in the strongest position to affect the outcome of criminal cases, either by offering assistance or disclosing incriminating information. The importance of household and neighbours rather than kin was closely tied to the domestic context in which many female crimes took place, and the 'insider knowledge' that was gained by living in close proximity to one another. However, if and when women retained links to family and kin who lived within travelling distance, they remained an important source of support. Secondly, the thesis identifies the detection and prosecution of crime as a gendered experience; contemporary social expectations about gender influenced both legal processes and the shaping of witness accounts. Thirdly, in its examination of local responses to female crime, the thesis supports the theory that a notable shift in sentiment towards female nature and legal culpability occurred during this period, which in turn affected the support offered to female defendants. Overall, the thesis demonstrates the paramount importance of witness testimony in articulating the circumstances surrounding female crimes, and the complex negotiations of interpersonal relationships which influenced how this evidence would be contextualised as supportive or not when it was delivered.
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Books on the topic "Poor laws – england – history"

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1936-, Rose Michael E., ed. The Poor and the city: The English poor law in its urban context, 1834-1914. Leicester: Leicester University Press, 1985.

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Hurren, Elizabeth T. Protesting about pauperism: Poverty, politics and poor relief in late-Victorian England, 1870-1900. Woodbridge, Suffolk: Boydell Press, 2007.

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Hindle, Steve. On the parish?: The micro-politics of poor relief in rural England, c. 1550-1750. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2004.

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Mackay, Thomas. The English poor. New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009.

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Charlesworth, Lorie. Welfare's forgotten past: A socio-legal history of the poor law. Abingdon, Oxon: Routledge, 2010.

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Hawkings, David T. Pauper ancestors: A guide to the records created by the poor laws in England and Wales. Stroud: History Press, 2011.

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Fideler, Paul A. Social welfare in pre-industrial England: The old Poor Law tradition. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2005.

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Humphreys, Robert. Sin, organized charity, and the poor law in Victorian England. New York, N.Y: St. Martin's Press, 1995.

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Nelson, Gillian. Vicarious vagrants: Incognito social explorers and the homeless in England, 1860-1910. Lambertville, NJ: True Bill Press, 2008.

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Morris, Andrew J. The poor in England: 3800 names from the poor law : British parliamentary papers, 1834-1847. Fort Collins, Colo. (P.O. Box 8825, Fort Collins 80525): A.J. Morris, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Poor laws – england – history"

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Brundage, Anthony. "Introduction: Approaching English Poor Law History." In The English Poor Laws 1700–1930, 1–8. London: Macmillan Education UK, 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-137-08420-0_1.

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Merrick, Jeffrey. "Blackstone, Commentaries on the Laws of England." In The History of Suicide in England, 1650–1850, 15–18. London: Routledge, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003113959-5.

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King, Steven. "5. Too poor to marry? ‘Inheritance’, the poor and marriage/household formation in rural England 1800-1840s." In Rural History in Europe, 127–52. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1484/m.rurhe-eb.4.00096.

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Laitinen, Mikko, and Anita Auer. "Letters of Artisans and the Labouring Poor (England, c. 1750–1835)." In Contact, Variation, and Change in the History of English, 187–212. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/slcs.159.10lai.

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Rawcliffe, Carole. "Institutional care for the sick and aged poor in later medieval England 1." In The Routledge History of Poverty, c.1450–1800, 209–33. Abingdon, Oxon ; New York, NY : Routledge, 2021.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315149271-11.

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Cocks, Raymond. "The Poor Law." In The Oxford History of the Laws of England, 473–506. Oxford University Press, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780199239757.003.0014.

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"The history of environmental law." In Environmental Law, edited by David Woolley, QC John Pugh-Smith, Richard Langham, William Upton, Sasha Blackmore, NoxÉmi Byrd, Matthew Reed, Jonathan Wills, and Katrina Yates, 3–24. Oxford University PressOxford, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199232802.003.0001.

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Abstract There is an occasional temptation to think of the nineteenth-century English countryside as a landscape by Constable or Turner made real, and of the towns as nothing but the backdrop to a scene from Pickwick Papers. A reading of two or three pages of Sir Edwin Chadwick’s Report into the Sanitary Conditions of the Poor removes such temptation, peremptorily and permanently. Its publication in 1842 can legitimately be seen as the birth, or at any rate the conception, of environmental law in England and Wales. As often happens, it took something approaching disaster to bring action from those in high places.
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"The Effect of Poor Relief on Birth Rates in Southeastern England." In An Economic History of the English Poor Law, 1750–1850, 150–72. Cambridge University Press, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cbo9780511528590.006.

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Shave, Samantha A. "Introduction: pauper policies." In Pauper Policies. Manchester University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.7228/manchester/9780719089633.003.0001.

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The opening chapter explains the book’s purpose, to understand the practice of the poor laws in England. It provides a history of the main poor laws, paying particular attention to the period 1780 to 1850. The introduction will explain why this research does not follow the direction of recent research about individuals’ experiences of welfare receipt, instead making the case for the rethinking and repositioning of the importance of relief administration. The book unpicks the dynamism of pauper policies: how they emerged, were taken up, implemented and developed in the late-eighteenth and early-nineteenth centuries. This is achieved using a ‘policy process’ approach developed by social scientists, which allows for an understanding of the dynamism of policy, as well as for the identification and examination distinct parts of the policy process. The chapter then introduces the context of the research, southern England, an area of varied employment opportunities but immense poverty in the late eighteenth century. The introduction finishes with descriptions of the remaining chapters, guiding the reader through the book.
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Clément, Alain. "The Poor Laws in 19th Century England: Historiography of the Debate on the Controversial Link Between Social Justice and Economic Advantage." In Research in the History of Economic Thought and Methodology, 31–58. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/s0743-4154(2011)000029a006.

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Conference papers on the topic "Poor laws – england – history"

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Connolly, Michael. "Multiculturalism, Compassion, and the Law." In Debating Multiculturalism 1. Dialogue Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.55207/pgba2762.

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The most visible and heavily reported problems of different cultures living together, unsurprisingly perhaps, centre on housing and accommodation. The principal areas of tension appear to be two-fold. First, recent immigrants being housed in already- deprived areas. Second, Romany Travellers, with their own form of desperation, trying to settle en masse against the wishes of locals and often in breach of planning laws. This problem has grown in recent times as their nomadic lifestyle has been increasingly outlawed, beginning most notably in recent times with section 39 of the Public Order Act 1986, expressed to prevent New Age Travellers from converging on or around festival sites, such as Stonehenge, but used from day one against Romany Travellers on the waysides of England. These facts alone are enough to explain the tensions between different cultures. But a slightly deeper look reveals a rather more contradictory picture. It involves the politicians, who pass equality laws to protect such people, yet with their public comments, provoke animosity towards the same people. The matter is aggravated by some more subtle, but equally populist, judicial comments. These comments, alongside some of saddest events in recent British social history, are considered below. It is suggested that Britain’s equality laws cannot achieve their potential to facilitate multiculturalism whilst being undermined by the lawmakers.
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Giesecke, Daniel, Jens Friedrichs, Thomas Kenull, Matthias Binner, and Martin Siegert. "A Method for Forecasting the Condition of HPT NGVs by Using Bayesian Belief Networks and a Statistical Approach." In ASME Turbo Expo 2014: Turbine Technical Conference and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/gt2014-25464.

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Jet engine maintenance is a very competitive field in terms of time and costs. To increase planning security and reduce turnaround time (TAT) of the maintenance process it is important to get as much engine data as possible before disassembly. Aero engines are especially subjected to environmental and operational influences. For the high pressure turbine (HPT), the following parameters have been identified to describe the deterioration of its nozzle guide vane (NGV): On-wing cycles, NGV material, airport region, engine wing position, thrust rating, vane repair history and customer business segment. The combined influences of the parameters are non-trivial and it is not possible to acquire them analytically. There are no known mathematical laws connecting the above-mentioned parameters. The linear regression method set limits for processing data in an adequate manner. This is confirmed by the analysis of the arithmetic means and standard deviations. Especially the standard deviation values fit in a broad spectrum due to various reasons. Thus, it is not feasible to make an appropriate forecast with a simple statistical method due to the multidimensional character of the parameters influencing the accuracy. For this reason, advanced methods need to be developed to derive a feasible forecast method. By applying a statistical hypothesis test, a bayesian belief network (BBN) has been designed. It allows the use of imprecise data without suffering a significant loss in forecast accuracy and additionally, the implementation of expert knowledge. The objective of this study is to develop an effective BBN in order to adequately predict the next repair of the first stage HPT NGV of the General Electric CF6-80C2 engine. The reason for selecting the NGV is due to its high susceptibility to different influences, combined with the significant costs and TAT during the maintenance process. Having poor forecasting quality by using a simple statistical method, the evaluation of the BBN provides very satisfactory accuracy of above 80 percent which is equivalent to 19 out of 23 vane segments. Furthermore, the developed BBN emphasises robustness when detecting the expected tendencies while having only a limited amount of input parameters. Further work includes application of this method on other engine components as well as establishing the business value of the developed method. In conclusion, BBN have tremendous potential for forecasting the repair of the entire jet engine.
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Андросова, Т. В. "Finland as a Part of the Russian Empire 1809–1917: A State within a State." In Конференция памяти профессора С.Б. Семёнова ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ ЗАРУБЕЖНОЙ ИСТОРИИ. Crossref, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.55000/semconf.2023.3.3.018.

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Географический фактор играет двоякую роль в истории Финляндии и ее взаимоотношений с внешним миром. С одной стороны, территориальное положение на окраине Европы обусловило то, что финны сравнительно поздно включились в цивилизационный процесс. С другой стороны, земли, омываемые водами дальних заливов Балтийского моря, находятся в одном из наиболее важных со стратегической точки зрения европейских регионов. Хотя к «финским территориям» издавна проявляли интерес также Англия, Германия и Франция, влияние извне связано для финнов прежде всего с соперничеством ближайших соседей. Политический вакуум, в котором финны пребывали вплоть до начала XI в., пытались заполнить с запада – Швеция и римскокатолическая церковь, с востока – Россия (Великий Новгород) и православная церковь. Первая граница между Швецией и Россией была установлена в 1323 г. Согласно Ореховскому мирному договору Швеция получила юго-западные и западные финляндские территории, Россия – Восточную Карелию. В XVIII в. Россия приступила к поэтапному возвращению финляндских земель, присоединив Финляндию по итогам войны 1808–1809 гг. В границах архиконсервативной Российской империи родилось и постепенно оформилось финляндское государство западного типа. Финляндия получила широкую политическую и экономическую автономию – правительство, четырехсословный орган народного представительства (сейм), налоговую и финансовую систему, свое гражданство, валюту и пр. Финляндию от новой метрополии изначально отделяла таможенная граница. Главой законодательной власти являлся император, управлявший Финляндией на основе коренных законов (конституции) шведского времени. Будучи частью Российского государства, Финляндия постепенно стала политической общностью, а также одним из наиболее экономически развитых регионов империи. Уступки со стороны России были связаны с необходимостью обеспечить безопасность западной границы. The geographical factor plays a twofold role in the history of Finland and its relations with the outside world. On the one hand, the territorial situation on the edge of Europe caused the Finns to join the civilizational process relatively late. On the other hand, the lands washed by the waters of the far reaches of the Baltic Sea are located in one of the most strategically important European regions. Although England, Germany and France have long been interested in the "Finnish territories", external influence for Finns is primarily connected with the hostility of their closest neighbors. It was the political vacuum in which the Finns remained until the beginning of the XI century, that Sweden and the Roman Catholic Church tried to fill from the west, Russia (Veliky Novgorod) and the Orthodox Church – from the east. The first border between Sweden and Russia was established in 1323. According to the Orekhov Peace Treaty, Sweden received the southwestern and western Finnish territories, Russia – East Karelia. In the XYIII century Russia began the gradual return of the Finnish lands, annexing Finland after the results of the war of 1808–1809. Within the borders of the arch-conservative Russian Empire, a Western-type Finnish state was born and gradually took shape. Finland received a wide political and economic autonomy – the government, the four–member body of the People's representation (Seim), the tax and financial system, its citizenship, currency, etc. Finland and the new metropolis were initially separated by the customs border. The head of the legislative power was the emperor, who ruled Finland on the basis of the fundamental laws (constitution) of the Swedish period. Being a part of the Russian state, Finland gradually became a political community, as well as one of the most economically developed regions of the empire. Russia's concessions were determined by the need to ensure the security of the western border.
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Reports on the topic "Poor laws – england – history"

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Panwar, Nalin Singh. Decentralized Political Institution in Madhya Pradesh (India). Fribourg (Switzerland): IFF, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.51363/unifr.diff.2017.23.

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The change through grassroots democratic processes in the Indian political system is the result of a growing conviction that the big government cannot achieve growth and development in a society without people's direct participation and initiative. The decentralized political institutions have been more participatory and inclusive ensuring equality of political opportunity. Social exclusion in India is not a new phenomenon. History bears witness to exclusion of social groups on the bases of caste, class, gender and religion. Most notable is the category of Scheduled Castes, Scheduled Tribes and Women who were denied the access and control over economic and social opportunities as a result they were relegated to the categories of excluded groups. It is true that the problems of the excluded classes were addressed by the state through the enactment of anti-discriminatory laws and policies to foster their social inclusion and empowerment. Despite these provisions, exclusion and discrimination of these excluded groups continued. Therefore, there was a need to address issues of ‘inclusion’ in a more direct manner. Madhya Pradesh has made a big headway in the working for the inclusion of these excluded groups. The leadership role played by the under privileged, poor and the marginalized people of the society at the grassroots level is indeed remarkable because two decade earlier these people were excluded from public life and political participation for them was a distant dream. Against this backdrop, the paper attempts to unfold the changes that have taken place in the rural power structure after 73rd Constitutional Amendment Act. To what extent the decentralized political institutions have been successful in the inclusion of the marginalized section of the society in the state of Madhya Pradesh [India].
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