Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Ponding'

Inadequate sanitation is one of the leading causes of water pollution and consequently illness in many underdeveloped countries, including South Africa and, specifically, the Eastern Cape Province, where cholera has become endemic. As modern wastewater treatment processes are often energy intensive and expensive, they are not suitable for use in these areas. There is thus a need to develop more sustainable wastewater treatment technologies for application in smaller communities. The integrated algal ponding system (IAPS) was identified as a possible solution to this wastewater management problem and was investigated for adaptation to local conditions, at the Rhodes University Environmental Experimental Field Station in Grahamstown, South Africa. The system was monitored over a period of nine years, with various configuration adjustments of the high rate algal pond (HRAP) unit operation investigated. Under standard operating conditions, the system was able to achieve levels of nutrient and organic removal comparable with conventional wastewater treatment works. The mean nitrate level achieved in the effluent was below the 15mg.l-1 South African discharge standard, however, nitrate removal in the IAPS was found to be inconsistent. Although the system was unable to sustain chemical oxygen demand (COD) removal to below the 75mg.l-1 South African discharge standard, a removal rate of 87% was recorded, with the residual COD remaining in the form of algal biomass. Previous studies in the Eastern Cape Province have shown that few small wastewater treatment works produce effluent that meets the microbial count specification. Therefore, in addition to the collation of IAPS data from the entire nine year monitoring period, this study also investigated the use of the HRAP as an independent unit operation for disinfection of effluent from small sewage plants. It was demonstrated that the independent high rate algal pond (IHRAP) as a free standing unit operation could consistently produce water with Escherichia coli counts of 0cfu.100ml-1. The observed effect was related to a number of possible conditions prevailing in the system, including elevated pH, sunlight and dissolved oxygen. It was also found that the IHRAP greatly enhanced the nutrient removal capabilities of the conventional IAPS, making it possible to reliably and consistently maintain phosphate and ammonium levels in the final effluent to below 5mg.l-1 and 2mg.l-1 respectively (South African discharge standards are 10mg.l-1 and 3mg.l-1 in each case). The quality of the final effluent produced by the optimisation of the IAPS would allow it to be used for irrigation, thereby providing an alternative water source in water stressed areas. The system also proved to be exceptionally robust and data collected during periods of intensive and low management regimes were broadly comparable. Results of the 9 year study have demonstrated reliable performance of the IAPS and its use an appropriate, sustainable wastewater treatment option for small communities.

The thesis addresses the problem of ponding as it pertains to sand-based sportsfields. The Lower Premier Sportsfield, in the District of North Vancouver, was specifically studied. It is located in a high rainfall location. The hypothesis is that a 'surface layer' at the top of the soil profile was directly responsible for the reduced surface infiltration necessary for the ponding observed. The accumulation and compaction of detrital organic matter within the pore space of this layer was assumed to be the source of the ponding problem. Pond depth hydrographs were derived from field measurements to illustrate the behaviour of the pond in response to various rainfall conditions. Furthermore, a semi-empirical model was devised to determine the water balance of the pond for an incident rainfall event. Results from the model show that overland flow from the area concentrically adjacent to the pond contributed approximately four times as much water to the pond as was contributed directly by rainfall. From the analysis, it was determined that a low 'surface layer' saturated hydraulic conductivity, of the order of 10⁻⁸ m.s⁻¹ was necessary for this to occur. Recommendations emphasize preventative management that limits the accumulation of detrital plant matter and the employment of groundskeeping techniques to control the formation of the hydrologically restrictive 'surface layer'. Furthermore, to avoid the concentration of surface runoff, it is essential that surface.
Land and Food Systems, Faculty of
Graduate

There is a need for accurate information on patterns of distribution of surface water in agricultural landscapes in western Canada. Artificial drainage on agricultural land has become widespread as farmers attempt to maximise their available land and minimise obstacles to efficient cultivation. There is a shortage of appropriate methods for describing, analysing and simulating the flow of surface water and its accumulation in shallow closed depressions in agricultural landscapes. Such capabilities are increasingly needed to assess the benefits and impacts of both on- and off-farm drainage. The goal of the present study is therefore to develop and test procedures to quantify the capacity to store runoff in depressions in agricultural landscapes and to estimate the extent to which this depressional storage is filled at any given time. Analyses of the conditions controlling runoff were conducted at a single site characterised by low relief, glaciated terrain and a non-integrated drainage system. Field measurements of soil hydrological properties and observed ponding were collected for the farm-scale site during a period of spring snow melt and runoff in 1989. Automated extraction of geomorphological features from digital elevation data was used to delineate the location , extent and maximum volume of all depressions and to establish the sequence in which they would be expected to fill, overspill and drain. A highly-distributed, physically-based hydrological model (DISTHMOD) was assembled and used to simulate runoff and ponding for the selected site for the same period. Field studies confirmed that the formation of shallow ponds in the spring was almost wholly related to rapid melting of snow and surface runoff of snowmelt. Runoff was observed to collect in all depressions of any significant size. Ponds less than 40 cm deep disappeared by mid June through a combination of evaporation and infiltration. Ponds greater than 40 cm deep generally persisted throughout the summer. Such ponds occupied lower positions in the landscape and most were in contact with a water table.

This thesis evaluates the surface water hydrology in an artificially drained and farmed prairie pothole wetland located in north-central Iowa as part of the Iowa DNR Wetland Program Development (WPD) project. The purpose of the WPD project was to begin documentation of basic hydrology, wildlife value, and water quality to improve understanding of ecosystem services provided by drained prairie pothole wetlands. The surface water hydrology was evaluated using a daily water balance (PPWB) model. The model development, validation, and applications are described in detail in this thesis. The PPWB model estimates the water depth and duration in the drained wetland. Several sensitivity analyses were performed to evaluate how site-specific factors affect the frequency, depth, and duration of surface ponding in the drained wetland. In the absence of surface inlets, infiltration was found to have a significant impact on ponding, second only to the amount of precipitation in importance. The topography also plays an important role in surface water ponding, with higher ponding durations occurring for larger catchment-to-pothole area ratios. However, the presence of a surface inlet in a drained prairie pothole wetland significantly alters the hydrology and all other ponding factors become negligible. In addition, long-term ponding was evaluated for historic and future hydrologic trends. The long-term simulation showed increasing trends for precipitation and ponding duration. The possible implications of continued farming of drained wetlands were explored using PPWB model sensitivity analysis and long-term simulation results. Agricultural implications include mitigation strategies to balance ecosystem needs with crop production and impacts of the projected future outlook with regards to climate. Environmental implications include insight on impacts of wetland restoration.

The application of high rate algal ponds (HRAP) in the treatment of brewery effluent that met the South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry's (DWAF) general limits for discharge into a natural water resource of 1998 were tested during a lO-month baseline phase, followed by an 11-month optimization phase. The objective of the baseline phase was to monitor the seasonal performance of HRAPs. The hydraulic retention time (HRT) fluctuated between 11.16 d and 12.00 d in HRAPs. The chemical oxygen demand (COD) increased from 130.12 ± 6.94 mg/L (post-AD), to 171.21 ± 7.99 mg/L (post-HRAP) . The presence of algal cells and evaporation contributed towards an increase in post-HRAP COD. The ammonia (NH₄-N) concentration decreased from 46.59 ± 2.47 mg/L (post-AD), to 1.08 ± 0.12 mg/L (post-HRAP). The nitrite (NO₂- N) concentration remained below 1.00 mg/L in post-pilot plant AD, post-PFP and post-HRAP effluent. The phosphate (PO₄-P) concentration decreased from 29.81 ± 1.39 mg/L (post-AD) to 17.30 ± 1.16 mg/L PO₄-P. The objective of the optimization phase was to manipulate the HRT to achieve the maximum treatment rate that met the DWAF general limits for discharge into a natural water resource of 1998. Nitrogen (as NH₄-N, NO₃-N, NO₂-N) removal efficiency was used as an indicator of nutrient removal success. HRT was influenced by season. The optimal HRT for autumn was 4.30 d at a temperature of 20.53ºC in HRAP A2 (heated) and 18.96ºC in HRAP B2 (ambient). The optimal HRT for summer was 2.74 d at 29.90ºC in HRAP A2 (heated) and 26.36ºC in HRAP B2 (ambient). The COD decreased from 152.33 ± 4.85 mg/L (post-AD) to 95 .00 ± 3.75 mg/L (post-HRAP A2), and to 100.82 ± 5.93 mg/L (post-HRAP B2). The incoming NH₄-N concentration decreased from 42.53 ± 1.38 mg/ L (post-AD), to 1.70 ± 0.81 mg/ L (post-HRAP) . The nitrate (NO₃-N) concentration post-HRAP was 12 - 14 mg/L. The main methods for NH₄-N removal were probably NH₄-N volatilization through algal uptake. HRAPs were able to lower nitrogen and phosphorous concentrations to within the DWAF limits under normal operating conditions. It is recommended that HRAP treated brewery wastewater be used for irrigation after salt removal, or alternatively, for groundwater recharge . Regulatory exemptions would be required for higher than permitted COD and EC concentrations to enable these actions.

In South Africa, wastewater disposal in the wine and distilling industry is undergoing a profound transformation as a result of fundamental changes in regulations and license requirements. To deal with this problem conventional Waste Stabilisation Ponding systems have been used by the industry together with irrigation and evaporation disposal practises. Although effective in the evaporation and containment disposal functions, these pond systems are generally not properly designed and/or managed, resulting in overloading and, at times, the generation of seriously offensive odour problems. Preliminary studies on the feasibility of utilising the Advanced Integrated Wastewater Ponding System as a core treatment technology in winery wastewater treatment were conducted. Results indicated that specific problems had to be addressed before successful ponding treatment could be achieved. This research programme undertook an investigation of the performance of a demonstration ponding system treating household sewage, which formed the basis of the research due to limited experience reported on ponds treating wine industry wastewaters. Malfunctions identified were in correlation with the preliminary winery waste ponding survey, which included unstable fermentation pit functions and inadequate nutrient removal. Retrofitting the fermentation pit with a nylon net across the rising water column resulted in improved retention of active anaerobic sludge, especially during periods of system start-up and/or organic overloading. An investigation into nutrient removal utilising algal biomass provided a valuable contribution towards development of an independent nutrient removal system. Harvested algal biomass was passively manipulated to release polysaccharides under anoxic conditions, with subsequent use as a carbon source by denitrifying organisms. Following denitrification, the still viable algal cells were introduced into a High Rate Algal Pond raceway for photosynthetically produced alkalinity. This high pH environment resulted in induced calcium phosphate mineral formation and subsequent precipitation, as well as effective ammonia stripping from the water. Based on the novel positive research outcomes a decision was made to proceed to the construction of a pilot-scale integrated ponding system treating wastewater from a wine lees factory. The system linked the Anaerobic Baffle Reactor, for pre-treatment, with the improved Advanced Integrated Wastewater Ponding System. The potential of this system has shown that a Waste Stabilisation Ponding system can be engineered to treat wine industry wastewaters and thereby effectively reduce the organic and nutrient loads, by using low-cost retrofitted upgrading unit operations. Valuable algal biomass may also be recovered as a by-product of the treatment process.

Salinisation has been identified as a major cause of the progressive deterioration in the public water system in South Africa. To deal with this problem Waste Stabilisation Ponding systems have been used by the Leather Processing Industry as zero-dischaJ;ge wastewater evaporation disposal processes in water-limited inland regions of the country. While effective in the evaporation disposal function these systems are plagued by the generation of serious odour nuisance creating intractable environmental problems relating to adjacent residential communities. High loading to ponds of organic compounds, sulphides and ammonia results in strongly reducing anaerobic conditions prevailing in early parts of pond cascades. These are characterised by bright red colours due to the predominance of purple photosynthetic bacteria. Sporadic micro algal blooms of Spirulina sp. and Dunaliella sp. had been previously noted to occur on the latter ponds in these cascades, and were associated with their conversion to facultative function, with aerobic surface layers, and a marked reduction in odour release. This research programme undertook an investigation of the microbial ecology of a tannery waste stabilisation ponding system to describe factors which give rise to these blooms, and to determine whether microalgal growth may be manipulated to achieve a reliable oxygengenerating capping of the anaerobic ponds. The predominance of near pure cultures of Spin/lina platensis was demonstrated for the blooms and factors restricting its growth in the system were described. These include the interaction of ammonia and sulphide toxic effects and laboratory studies were undertaken to show how effluent loading may be regulated to enable effective growth of the cyanobacterium. At appropriate dilutions of tannery effluent an enhancement of growth was noted, compared to growth in defined mineral medium. An investigation of this phenomenon provided preliminary evidence for organic uptake by the pond micro algae and a possible contribution to heterotrophic nutrition. The manipulation of Spirulina sp. growth in a High Rate Algal Pond raceway was undertaken in outdoor pilot plant studies and the effect of microalgal capping of the anaerobic ponds in the cascade was demonstrated by activating a recycle loop from a blooming facultative pond. Heavy metal contaminants were effectively eliminated by an optimisation of the primary anaerobic pond function and precipitation as metal sulphides. Biomass was harvested and dried, during which a range of methods were evaluated. Toxicological studies were undertaken on the dried biomass using Artemia and chick assays, and feed studies showed its useful application in rations for the abalone Haliotlls midae and rainbow trout Onchorhynchlls mykiss. Based on positive independent assessment of research outcomes, a decision was made by the tanning company operating the Waste Stabilisation Ponding system, to proceed to the construction of a full-scale 2 500 m2 High Rate Algal Pond raceway. This would be used for controlled Spirlilina biomass production to effect a practical capping of the anaerobic ponds in the system, and to evaluate its commercial potential in the feed market. The Advanced Integrated Wastewater Ponding System described by Oswald (1991) provided the conceptual basis for the Algal Biotechnology process development undertaken. The studies of the microbial ecology and the biotechnological potential of this system have shown that a Spirulina-based High Rate Algal Ponding process can be engineered in such a way that saline tannery effluents may be treated to effect a significant reduction in overall pollution load, that biomass may be recovered as a value added product of the treatment process and that the operational performance of Waste Stabilisation Ponding systems, and hence their immediate environment, may be improved by the use of the High Rate Algal Pond as a retrofitted upgrading unit operation.

Aggregate breakdown is an important process controlling the availability of fine soil material necessary for structural sealing of soil surfaces under rainfall. It may be caused by slaking resulting from rapid soil wetting and by physical dispersion resulting from direct and indirect energetic raindrop impacts. Relationships have been proposed by others predicting steady infiltration rate and saturated hydraulic conductivity from final aggregate size following high energy rainfall on initially dry, uncovered soil surfaces. Under these extreme conditions, both rapid wetting and energetic raindrop impact result in maximum aggregate breakdown and surface sealing. Knowledge of the relative importance of these two agents under less severe conditions and knowledge of how increased aggregate stability due to conservative soil management may ameliorate them should improve prediction and management of aggregate breakdown and surface sealing. ¶ This study has isolated and quantified effects of rapid soil wetting and energetic raindrop impact on aggregate breakdown and surface sealing. Simulated rainfall was applied to re-packed soils from differing tillage treatments on light textured soils from near Cowra and Condobolin in New South Wales, Australia. Aggregate breakdown was assessed using aggregate size distribution, determined by wet sieving and summarised by a range of statistics. The degree of breakdown was assessed after 66 mm of simulated rainfall whilst the rate of change in aggregate size distribution was assessed by sampling after 5, 10, 15, 30 and 60 mm. The degree of surface sealing was assessed using final surface hydraulic conductivity after 66 mm rainfall calculated from inferred infiltration and measured sub-seal soil water potential. The rate of surface sealing was assessed prior to ponding using cumulative rainfall volume at ponding and throughout the post-ponding phase by decline in surface hydraulic conductivity as a function of cumulative rainfall kinetic energy. Two levels of raindrop kinetic energy flux and three wetting treatments were used to isolate effects of these agents of aggregate breakdown and surface sealing. ¶ Significant surface aggregate breakdown was observed when either rapid soil wetting or highly energetic raindrop impact were allowed to occur. The majority of the data suggest a negative interaction between the two agents. When soil was initially dry rapid soil wetting was the dominant agent causing rapid aggregate breakdown, generally within the first 5 mm of rainfall. When rapid soil wetting was prevented by tension pre-wetting, energetic raindrop impact was the dominant agent and was able to cause aggregate breakdown of an almost equivalent degree. This breakdown occurred over a period lasting for up to 30 mm of rainfall. In contrast, the rate and degree of surface sealing were influenced primarily by raindrop kinetic energy with highly energetic impact leading to significant surface sealing, irrespective of soil wetting. For the soils studied, it was concluded that structural sealing of surface soil, could be significantly reduced by protecting the soil surface from energetic raindrop impact but that prevention of surface aggregate breakdown required amelioration of both processes. ¶ In addition to the negative interaction referred to above, a positive interaction was observed whereby energetic raindrop impact occurring concurrently with rapid soil wetting caused a greater degree of aggregate breakdown and a greater degree of surface sealing than energetic raindrop impact occurring subsequent to rapid soil wetting. The effect on surface sealing may be explained by the effect of lower sub-seal water potential that necessarily results from initially dry soil condition required for concurrent rapid wetting. However, the effect on aggregate breakdown remains unexplained. ¶ Notwithstanding the above, permeability was reduced under high kinetic energy rainfall even when soil wetting was reduced to very slow rates by tension pre-wetting. Likewise, surface sealing did occur under low kinetic energy rainfall for the least stable soil following rapid soil wetting. It was concluded that threshold soil wetting rates and threshold rainfall energy levels, proposed by others, are either not applicable to these soils or are negligible. ¶ The rate and degree of aggregate breakdown was also dependent on the soil with the Cowra soil being more stable than the Condobolin soil. Greater aggregate stability brought about by conservative tillage treatments at both soil locations retarded and reduced surface sealing. Unvalidated simulation modelling was used to illustrate possible effects for the soil water balance. In contrast to the conclusions of Loch (1994b), that were based on soils throughout eastern Queensland, the soil water balance simulations predicted that the residual benefits in ameliorating surface sealing resulting from improved aggregate stability could significantly reduce point runoff under the lower intensity winter rainfalls experienced in southern New South Wales. ¶ Limited testing with Condobolin soil following tension pre-wetting showed that rainfall intensity, varying over the range from 16.5 to 66 mm h-1, had little effect on the decline in surface hydraulic conductivity as a function of cumulative rainfall kinetic energy. This contrasts with greater seal permeability under higher rainfall intensities observed by Romkens et al. (1985) and others. It is proposed that an alternative explanation exists for the observations of Romkens et al. based on reduction in seal permeability due to lower sub-seal water potential under lower intensity rainfall. ¶ Post-ponding reduction in K[subscript sat] under high kinetic energy rainfall exhibited exponential decline as a function of cumulative raindrop kinetic energy as proposed by Moore (1981b). However, inferred rates of decline prior to ponding were more rapid than measured post-ponding rates suggesting that infiltration models using only a single exponential rate of surface K[subscript sat] decline based on post-ponding measurements may be in error. Potential for error is greatest at early times for loose soil that is highly susceptible to sealing. ¶ Pre-ponding decline in surface aggregation was also relatively more rapid than post-ponding decline. This discrepancy was evident irrespective of soil pre-wetting. From this it was concluded that the more rapid initial aggregate breakdown and surface sealing was due, at least in part, to processes other than aggregate slaking due to rapid soil wetting. An explanation has been proposed as follows. Raindrops initially fall on aggregates that have not been subjected to rainfall and therefore each drop has the capacity to cause greater aggregate breakdown than subsequent raindrops that fall on aggregates or soil fragments that have been strong enough to survive preceding rainfall impacts. Such a mechanism could provide an alternative explanation of the findings of Baumhardt et al. (1991) who found that less cumulative raindrop kinetic energy was necessary to achieve a given reduction in surface conductance when the cumulative energy was supplied through lower energy drops. ¶ Relationships predicting rates of surface sealing using aggregate breakdown under rainfall and aggregate stability were evaluated. Post-ponding infiltration rate and surface K[subscript sat] were related to aggregate size by exponential functions. The proportion of surface aggregates less than 0.125 mm in diameter provided slightly more consistent relationships. Parameters of fitted relationships differed among wetting pre-treatments suggesting that the influence of sub-seal water potential on surface K[subscript sat] must be considered whenever such relationships are developed or applied. Aggregate stability determined by wet sieving was related to rainfall volume required for ponding, final K[subscript sat] and final aggregate size but only for initially dry soil suggesting that such relationships may be unique to the rainfall, soils and flow conditions used to develop them. ¶ This study has established the relative importance of rapid soil wetting and energetic raindrop impact in both aggregate breakdown and surface sealing over a range of antecedent soil water and rainfall conditions. It has quantified the effectiveness of culturally induced aggregate stability in ameliorating effects of these two important agents and illustrated the potentially significant consequences for the soil water balance. It has quantified temporal patterns of surface sealing and aggregate breakdown and proposed an alternative mechanism explaining more rapid aggregate breakdown during the initial stages of rainfall. It has identified possible explanations for effects of rainfall intensity on surface sealing observed in other studies. It has also partially evaluated a mechanism proposed to explain important effects of subseal water potential on seal permeability found in this and other studies. These significant findings have been used with the findings of other studies to amend the conceptual model proposed by Le Bissonnias (1990). The amended model gives a more complete description of the relationships between parameters and processes determining aggregate breakdown and structural surface sealing under rainfall.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:21:41Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 celio Pereira Oliveira Neto.pdf: 1507882 bytes, checksum: 7103e8b0600844203d81f93da63c2f69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-06-14
Although there isn‟t a specific rule in the native law, the application of the non concurrence clause profits from the constitutional protection, which is based on the free initiative, private property, free concurrence, property law, consumer defense and general freedom law. Due to constitutional propagation, it enjoys equally of protection in the general clauses of the objective good faith and social function, besides the lawfulness presumption of the contract. On the other hand, there are some directives that can‟t be disregarded when having to limit the freedom right of the work. Indeed, the economical order must be based on the importance of the human work, as well as the reduction of the social inequalities and in the search of the perfect job. Moreover, the private property is established on the basis of the free exercise of any work, occupation or profession, that is to say, it must be observed the social right of the worker in choosing the developed activity, this means that any act that disrespect the importance of the work can be understood as unconstitutional. There is a clear confront between the non concurrence clause and the freedom work both under the constitutional protection in the articles 5° and 170 of the CF. The solution of this conflict is coped with the principles of proportionality, which it justifies and limits the application of the non concurrence clause. However, to reach such point, it‟s necessary the constitutional passage about the traditional methods of constitutional interpretation getting to the pos-positivist moment, taking care of the constitutional‟s principles of interpretation reading as a leading of the whole arrangement, differing from the rules relating them with the principle of proportionality use and its sub-principles of adequacy, necessity and proportionality in the strict way
Although there isn‟t a specific rule in the native law, the application of the non concurrence clause profits from the constitutional protection, which is based on the free initiative, private property, free concurrence, property law, consumer defense and general freedom law. Due to constitutional propagation, it enjoys equally of protection in the general clauses of the objective good faith and social function, besides the lawfulness presumption of the contract. On the other hand, there are some directives that can‟t be disregarded when having to limit the freedom right of the work. Indeed, the economical order must be based on the importance of the human work, as well as the reduction of the social inequalities and in the search of the perfect job. Moreover, the private property is established on the basis of the free exercise of any work, occupation or profession, that is to say, it must be observed the social right of the worker in choosing the developed activity, this means that any act that disrespect the importance of the work can be understood as unconstitutional. There is a clear confront between the non concurrence clause and the freedom work both under the constitutional protection in the articles 5° and 170 of the CF. The solution of this conflict is coped with the principles of proportionality, which it justifies and limits the application of the non concurrence clause. However, to reach such point, it‟s necessary the constitutional passage about the traditional methods of constitutional interpretation getting to the pos-positivist moment, taking care of the constitutional‟s principles of interpretation reading as a leading of the whole arrangement, differing from the rules relating them with the principle of proportionality use and its sub-principles of adequacy, necessity and proportionality in the strict way
Embora inexista regra específica no direito pátrio, a aplicação da cláusula de não concorrência goza de amparo constitucional, fundado na livre iniciativa, propriedade privada, livre concorrência, direito de propriedade, defesa do consumidor e direito geral de liberdade. Por irradiação constitucional, usufrui igualmente de amparo nas cláusulas gerais da boa-fé objetiva e função social do contrato, além da presunção de licitude do contrato. Por outro lado, há diretrizes que não podem ser desconsideradas quando se trata de limitar o direito de liberdade ao trabalho. Com efeito, a ordem econômica deve ser fundada na valorização do trabalho humano, bem como na redução das desigualdades sociais, e na busca do pleno emprego. Ademais, a propriedade privada é estabelecida com base no livre exercício de qualquer trabalho, ofício ou profissão ou seja, deve ser observado o direito social do trabalhador de escolher a atividade desenvolvida, o que significa que qualquer ato que desrespeite a valorização do trabalho poderá ser entendida como inconstitucional. Há nítido confronto, pois, entre a cláusula de não concorrência e a liberdade ao trabalho ambas com amparo constitucional nos arts. 5º e 170 da CF. A resolução desse conflito é enfrentada à luz do princípio da proporcionalidade, que justifica e limita a aplicação da cláusula de não concorrência. Porém, para se chegar a tal ponto, antes se faz necessária passagem constitucional, acerca dos tradicionais métodos de interpretação constitucional chegando ao momento pós-positivista, cuidando-se da leitura dos princípios de interpretação constitucional como vetores de todo o ordenamento, diferenciando-os das regras, e relacionando-os com o uso do princípio da proporcionalidade e seus subprincípios da adequação, necessidade e proporcionalidade em sentido estrito. Daí se observa que a Constituição Federal preserva ambos os bens, e a interpretação constitucional deve ser levada a efeito de modo a harmonizar o conflito, de sorte que um direito ceda ao outro no caso concreto, sem que isso represente a completa exclusão do direito preterido, conservando-se a unidade do sistema e promovendo-se a concordância prática através da ponderação de bens. O princípio da proporcionalidade passa a ser conceituado e aferido em todas as suas nuances, demonstrando-se os prós e contras de seu uso como critério para resolução de conflitos na sociedade contemporânea. Passa-se à análise do direito contratual contemporâneo, em que a autonomia da vontade é mitigada frente à defesa dos direitos sociais, e a responsabilidade pós-contratual é inserida com fulcro nas cláusulas gerais. Com o uso de todos os fundamentos apontados, torna-se ao debate original, justificando e limitando a cláusula de não concorrência, apresentando as possibilidades de uso da cláusula de não concorrência pós pactum finitum em uma relação de desigualdade como é o caso da relação de emprego, valendo-se do princípio da proporcionalidade e seus subprincípios, indicando-se as posições da doutrina e jurisprudência, sem olvidar do direito estrangeiro
Embora inexista regra específica no direito pátrio, a aplicação da cláusula de não concorrência goza de amparo constitucional, fundado na livre iniciativa, propriedade privada, livre concorrência, direito de propriedade, defesa do consumidor e direito geral de liberdade. Por irradiação constitucional, usufrui igualmente de amparo nas cláusulas gerais da boa-fé objetiva e função social do contrato, além da presunção de licitude do contrato. Por outro lado, há diretrizes que não podem ser desconsideradas quando se trata de limitar o direito de liberdade ao trabalho. Com efeito, a ordem econômica deve ser fundada na valorização do trabalho humano, bem como na redução das desigualdades sociais, e na busca do pleno emprego. Ademais, a propriedade privada é estabelecida com base no livre exercício de qualquer trabalho, ofício ou profissão ou seja, deve ser observado o direito social do trabalhador de escolher a atividade desenvolvida, o que significa que qualquer ato que desrespeite a valorização do trabalho poderá ser entendida como inconstitucional. Há nítido confronto, pois, entre a cláusula de não concorrência e a liberdade ao trabalho ambas com amparo constitucional nos arts. 5º e 170 da CF. A resolução desse conflito é enfrentada à luz do princípio da proporcionalidade, que justifica e limita a aplicação da cláusula de não concorrência. Porém, para se chegar a tal ponto, antes se faz necessária passagem constitucional, acerca dos tradicionais métodos de interpretação constitucional chegando ao momento pós-positivista, cuidando-se da leitura dos princípios de interpretação constitucional como vetores de todo o ordenamento, diferenciando-os das regras, e relacionando-os com o uso do princípio da proporcionalidade e seus subprincípios da adequação, necessidade e proporcionalidade em sentido estrito. Daí se observa que a Constituição Federal preserva ambos os bens, e a interpretação constitucional deve ser levada a efeito de modo a harmonizar o conflito, de sorte que um direito ceda ao outro no caso concreto, sem que isso represente a completa exclusão do direito preterido, conservando-se a unidade do sistema e promovendo-se a concordância prática através da ponderação de bens. O princípio da proporcionalidade passa a ser conceituado e aferido em todas as suas nuances, demonstrando-se os prós e contras de seu uso como critério para resolução de conflitos na sociedade contemporânea. Passa-se à análise do direito contratual contemporâneo, em que a autonomia da vontade é mitigada frente à defesa dos direitos sociais, e a responsabilidade pós-contratual é inserida com fulcro nas cláusulas gerais. Com o uso de todos os fundamentos apontados, torna-se ao debate original, justificando e limitando a cláusula de não concorrência, apresentando as possibilidades de uso da cláusula de não concorrência pós pactum finitum em uma relação de desigualdade como é o caso da relação de emprego, valendo-se do princípio da proporcionalidade e seus subprincípios, indicando-se as posições da doutrina e jurisprudência, sem olvidar do direito estrangeiro

Introdução: Ruminação é a perseveração mal-adaptativa de pensamentos auto-centrados. Evidências sinalizam que ela está associada com início e manutenção de episódios depressivos, e ocorre em múltiplos transtornos mentais. A ruminação está associada com marcadores de desenvolvimento psicopatológico, como volumetria cerebral, memória, genes do BDNF e serotonina. É necessário aprofundar o conhecimento da ruminação enquanto traço dimensional, e conhecer melhor sua associação com variáveis sóciodemográficas, biológicas e clínicas para entender quando passa a ser um sintoma. Entretanto, aferi-la é um desafio, considerando que só existem escalas psicométricas. A mais utilizada, Ruminative Response Scale (RRS), foi validada em amostras não-clínicas. Objetivos: Avaliar ruminação transdiagnosticamente e determinar a validade de constructo da RRS em amostra clínica, buscando determinar fatores sócio-demográficos, clínicos e neurobiológicos associados a maiores escores de ruminação. Métodos: Estudo transversal, amostra não-probabilística. Foram convidados a participar 944 pacientes em atendimento psiquiátrico ambulatorial no HCPA entre março/2015 e junho/2016, maiores de 18 anos, que soubessem ler e escrever, e portadores de transtornos bipolares, depressão, esquizofrenia, esquizoafetivo, ansiedade generalizada, pânico, fobia específica e obsessivocompulsivo. Foram excluídos 373 com doenças que alteram resposta inflamatória, dependência química, gravidez, lactação, doenças neurológicas, vasculares e degenerativas. Recusaram-se a participar 254. Foram incluídos 317 pacientes, e 200 completaram a coleta de dados, que foi realizada em 4 etapas: 1) perfil sócio-demográfico e escalas auto-aplicáveis: ruminação, preocupação e funcionalidade; 2) amostras de sangue e entrevista clínica para aplicação das escalas de sintomas: depressão, mania, ansiedade e gravidade; 3) confirmação diagnóstica; e 4) processamento, armazenamento e análises bioquímicas das amostras de sangue. No primeiro artigo, revisamos sistematicamente a literatura sobre ruminação nos transtornos bipolares. No segundo, determinamos as validades de construto e externa da RRS. No terceiro, usamos machine learning para encontrar padrões de ruminação e determinar quais variáveis associadas preveem ruminação. Resultados: Ruminação está presente em todas as fases do transtorno bipolar, e é um sintoma estável independente do estado de humor, apesar de ter relação estreia com ele. Verificou-se também que mulheres ruminam mais que homens. Os escores de ruminação foram menores nos portadores de esquizofrenia que nos com depressão maior, bipolaridade e ansiedade. RRS apresentou boa confiabilidade, com 2-fatores correlacionados, brooding e ponderação, que apresentaram similaridade nas correlações com medidas clínicas, confirmando a validade externa transdiagnóstica. Por fim, encontrou-se que as variáveis associadas aos pacientes que mais ruminam são preocupação, sintomas de ansiedade generalizada e depressão, gravidade, nível socioeconômico e diagnóstico atual de pânico, sinalizando que ruminação pode ser um marcador de maior sensibilidade à ansiedade. Discussão: Ruminação parece ser um sintoma transdiagnóstico marcador de sofrimento. Os resultados desta tese contribuem para ampliar a discussão sobre diagnóstico psiquiátrico, agregando evidências para aprimorar as definições de limites e sobreposições diagnósticas entre as doenças mentais em que a ruminação ocorre. Por fim, conhecer melhor os mecanismos bioquímicos e clínicos envolvidos na ruminação contribuem na compreensão sobre quando ela deixa de ser um traço normal e vira um sintoma que necessita de tratamento.
Introduction: Rumination has been described as maladaptive perseveration of self-centered thoughts. Evidence indicates that rumination is associated with onset and maintenance of depressive episodes, it’s present in several mental disorders. Rumination is associated with markers of development of psychopathology, such as cerebral volumetry, memory, BDNF and serotonin genes. Measuring rumination is a challenge, considering that are available only psychometric scales. The most used, the Ruminative Responses Scale (RRS), was validated on non-clinical samples. Objectives: To evaluate transdiagnostically the rumination and to determine construct validity of the RRS in outpatients, in order to determine which associated factors lead the patients to ruminate. Methods: Cross-sectional study, non-probabilistic sample. A total of 944 patients in psychiatric outpatient treatment at HCPA between March / 2015 and June / 2016, major than 18 years old, knowing read and write, presenting bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, schizoaffective disorder, generalized anxiety disorder, panic disorder, phobia specific and obsessive-compulsive disorder were invited to participate. We excluded 373 patients with diseases that alter inflammatory response, chemical dependence, pregnancy, lactation, neurological, vascular and degenerative diseases. Two hundred fifty four refused to participate, 317 were included, and 200 completed the data collection, which was performed in 4 stages: 1) socio-demographic profile and self-applicable scales: rumination, worry and functionality; 2) blood samples and clinical interview for the application of symptom scales: depression, mania, anxiety and severity; 3) diagnostic confirmation; and 4) processing, storage and biochemical analyzes of blood samples. In the first article, we systematically reviewed the literature on rumination in bipolar disorders. In the second, we evaluated construct and external validity of RRS. In the third, we used machine learning algorithms to find patterns of rumination and to determine which associated variables predict rumination. Results: Rumination is present in all phases of bipolar disorder, it is a stable symptom, independent of mood, despite it has close relationship with it. It has also been found that women ruminate more than men. Rumination scores were lower in patients with schizophrenia than in major depression, bipolarity and anxiety patients. RRS presented good reliability, with correlated 2-factors, brooding and pondering, which presented similar correlations with clinical measures, confirming the external transdiagnostic validity. Finally, it was found that the variables associated with the greater scores of rumination are worry, symptoms of generalized anxiety and depression, severity of symptoms, socioeconomic level and current diagnosis of panic, signaling that rumination may be a marker of greater sensitivity to anxiety. Discussion: Rumination seems to be a transdiagnostic symptom of suffering. The results of this thesis contribute to broadening the discussion about psychiatric diagnostic, adding evidence to improve the definitions of limits and diagnostic overlaps between mental illnesses in which rumination occurs. Finally, a better understanding of the biochemical and clinical mechanisms involved in rumination may contribute to understanding of when rumination ceases to be a normal trait and becomes a symptom that requires treatment.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
材料工程研究所
99
Ponding test is one of methods to evaluate the durability of concrete materials, but it takes more than two months in this procedure, in order to economize the time used in access durability of cementitious materials, the Accelerated chloride migration test had developed (ACMT), which used 24 volts as driving force. In this study, the final penetration depth could be found after curve fitting, when there caused the same penetration depth, the time relation will be determined. In this project, three groups of mortars with different mineral mixtures (fly ash, slag and fly ash plus slag), and each group also designed for four kinds of water-to-binder ratios (w/c = 0.35, 0.45, 0.55, and 0.65), twelve mixtures totally, after processed four kinds of migration time of ACMT, and three kinds of ponding time, the profile of chloride ions in each specimen could be observed, and then discuss the relation between the migration time and Ponding time in ACMT and Ponding test, respectively. From the test result in this study, we can concluded that the time relation between ACMT and ponding test would not be affected by the difference of mortar mixture, which including mineral content and water-to-binder ratio, moreover, the time relation showed a very good linear relationship, the non-steady test result of ACMT cooperate with the conclusion of this study could be used to assess the correspond ponding time of cementitious materials in the future.

碩士
國立中央大學
土木工程研究所
96
The infiltration processes across both the horizontal plane and the sloping surface under ponding condition are experimentally examined in this study. The Green-Ampt equation proposed by Chen and Young(2006) is compared with experimental data.. In one-dimensional case, infiltration along the normal direction is mainly controlled by capillary forces. A Hele-Shaw model was established, which satisfies the condition of homogeneous and isotropic for the Green-Ampt assumption. The saturated wetting front depth can be measured with the Hele-Shaw model approach. On the other hand, a sand-box experiment was established to observe real infiltration cases. According to the experimental data, the Green-Ampt model is only applicable at the beginning stage. The deviations between Green-Ampt model and experimental results become obvious afterwards due to gravitational effect. A dimensionless parameter define the time factor between the influence of capillary force and the gravity is proposed in this study.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
材料工程研究所
92
Exposed to marine environments, one of the major causes of deterioration of reinforced concrete structures is chloride-induced corrosion of the reinforcing steel. In this study, according American Association of States Highway and Transportation Officials (AASHTO) test method T259-Ponding Test, the plain cement concrete and concrete containing different type of mineral admixtures (fly ash and slag replacement for 25% weight of the total cementitious content) with w/b ratios of 0.35, 0.45, 0.55 and 0.65 were used. The total chloride content were measured after exposure 3% concentrations sodium chloride solution with 90, 180, and 365 days. Test results show that the lower w/b ratio has highest chloride concentration in the near-surface region (1 cm from surface). The chloride concentration in the near-surface region couldn’t use to assess the aesistance of concrete. As the same exposure time, the diffusion coefficient were increasing with w/b ratios increasing, and decreasing with adding fly ash and slag. When the exposure time increase, the diffusion coefficient were decreasing. The results for all mixtures show that the chloride diffusion coefficient from Ponding Test and the steady-stat diffusion coefficient from accelerated chloride migration test (ACMT) are linearly correlated.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
農業工程學研究所
89
Rice is a major food in Taiwan.The weather of Taiwan is full by rain﹑high temperature and the moist climate in subtropical zone.No matter what plains and sloping fields should cultivate paddy fields in the source of water.Besides,paddy fields serves the mechanism and function of rice production,water cyclic ecology and land conservation.It obtains “private benefit” from production to transform the country’s total development and creates the afforestation of environment﹑the adjustment of atmosphere temperature﹑groundwater recharge,etc.Not only farming population but also national population can benefit from this.We can’t neglect the existent “public benefit” of paddy fields . The Council of Agriculture in Executive Yuan always promotes the policy of ponding water in paddy fields which have the concept of three style functions.The main function of storage and seepage uses well in paddy fields that apply natural irrigation system of demanding water.It will induce excess river runoff to paddy fields or increase boundary highly for sabbath of paddy fields.It will increase storage volume in rainy season and permeate grounderwater recharge by soil’s permeability.Sabbath of paddy fields can increase water depth as possible.We can increase water depth when growing paddy rice without reducing foodstuff production condition.The water volume stored in paddy fields is the best choice of water resources.There are about 350 thousand Hectare paddy fields in Taiwan now and the storage of water depth in paddy fields increase to 25 centimeter from 6 centimeter.The water volume of storage in paddy fields increase 665,000,000 cubic meter. This research refers to the experience of paddy rice on deep ponding cultivation in Japan and the concept of paddy fields cultured practice in Taiwan.This research does experiments in Lysimeter of NTU and divides it into three parts,A(shallow water)﹑B(deep water 1) and C(deep water 2).To use different irrigation water depth and observe the variation of paddy rice growing periods and yields.The experiment demonstrates that there are not much difference between deep water cultivation and shallow water cultivation.It can prove the feasibilty of paddy rice on deep water by experiments and then to combine with the utilization of water resources and to look into the future of agriculture in Taiwan.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
材料工程研究所
101
The study was to establish chloride contacts the surface of concrete with different mechanisms, and evaluated the ability of concrete to resisting chloride ion by salts pray test and prohesion test. It was evaluated the relationship of salts pray test, prohesion test and ponding test by diffusion coefficient, surface concentration of chloride, total chloride content and diffusion depth. For the ponding test, the results showed that surface concentration of chloride was maintained at 0.2 mass %, but the chloride diffusion coefficient, total chloride content and diffusion depth are increasing with increased of water-cement ratio (W/C). For the salt spray test, the results showed that surface concentration of chloride was increasing with the increased of test period and the depth. For the prohesion test, the result showed that the surface concentration of chloride of specimens which were w/c 0.35, 0.45 and 0.55 were maintained at 0.248 mass% after 20days testing period, but the concentration of the w/c 0.65 was at 0.325mass%. From the result of study, the total chloride content had linear relationship with testing period. From the same total chloride content, the 90 days testing period of ponding test was equal to the 85~100 days testing period of the salt spray test, also equal to the 15~59 days testing period of the prohesion test; the chloride diffusion depth had curve linear relationship with the testing period. From the same chloride diffusion depth, the 90 days testing period of ponding test was equal to the 71~81 days testing period of the salt spray test, also equal to the 26~68 days testing period of the prohesion test.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
103
Reinforced concrete material has been generally used in our daily construction, but corrosion of the steel rebars may decrease the strength and increase the risk of collapse. Taiwan is surrounded by the ocean, the chloride ion would invade reinforced concrete structures by the sea wind. The steel rebar will depassivate and start to corrode when the accumulation of the chloride ion exceeds a critical value. Therefore, understanding the resistance of reinforced concrete from chloride ion intrusion is an important issue. In this study, the specimens are divided into three groups by different water-cement ratio ( 0.45,0.55 and 0.65 ). There are five substitution ratio of pozzolanic material for cement in each group. Salt ponding test is used to prompt the chlorine ion to invade reinforced concrete specimens. Corrosion current density measured by Gecor 8 corrosion current instrument is taken to be the norm of corrosion. The chloride ion content is gauged by acid-soluble method after the end of salt ponding test. The distribution of chloride ion in concrete is simulated by Fick''s Law. Experimental results show that the diffusion coefficient will decrease with the increasing of concrete density. The chloride threshold value increase with the increasing of water-cement ratio. The observation of the surface of steel rebars also points out the specimens with higher water-cement ratio are provided with higher chlorine ion concentration under the same corrosion area.

博士
國立成功大學
水利及海洋工程學系碩博士班
100
The paddy fields have multiple functions of production, livelihood and ecology. Due to series of agricultural policies to encourage the reducing the rice production and transfer by the agricultural authorities of the Taiwan Government, it has resulted in an apparent impact to the rice production structure. In the wake of domestic agricultural development as the change in the effective application of existing resources and to increase crop production and quality conditions, the long-term irrigation of rice fields has become an important source of groundwater recharge. The focus of the study were to the simulation of groundwater recharge from the ponding water of the fallow paddy fields, also to study the water transfer within soils and to develop quantified index of groundwater recharge.The research results will also be the basis for future promotion. The study site was located in the Lan-Yang Plain of Ilan County, where the groundwater in the area is abundant due to the alluvial layer of gravel in the upstream region. This site is a good groundwater recharge zone with high water conductivity and water storage. The study adopted the MODFLOW of the Groundwater Modeling System (GMS) to simulate the groundwater flow and evaluate the effect of different water depths to the groundwater recharge. The results showed that: (1) The higher the recharge water depth, the higher the amount of water inflow and outflow.This is due to different gradient by different water storage depth. (2) The inflow in the sandy or gravel soil texture is more than the muddy soil and so does the outflow. Therefore indicate a slightly worse recharge efficiency. (3) The groundwater recharge of the sandy soil and gravel is higher due to greater hydraulic conductivity. However, the sandy soil and gravel retain less water than the muddy soil in the field. Therefore a mixture of the sandy and muddy soils is the best for groundwater recharge in the fallow paddy field. (4) The soils in the Touchen, Chiaoxi, and Chuangwei stations have the characteristics of mixture of sandy and muddy soil. These areas are appropriate for water storage in the fallow paddy fields. (5) It can be proved by the equal water level map that the sandy-muddy mixed soil is the most suitable for the groundwater recharge zone. Although the recharge amount is high from the gravel zone, the recharge efficiency is low. (6) The storage depth of 25 cm has the best efficiency for the second crop period at the Lan-Yang plain.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
材料工程研究所
100
In this study, in order to develop and estimate rapid the cementitious materials and chloride diffusion coefficient, a rapid method to analyze the chloride diffusion coefficient was developed by using the total amount of chloride ion and chloride ion content on the surface layer. Comparing the Ponding test and colorimetric test, durability of cementitious material was obtained from the chloride diffusion coefficient. For compressive strength, the volume fraction of fine aggregate increased with increasing of compressive strength, except to 50% of volume fraction of fine aggregate. For Ponding test, chloride diffusion coefficient has great relationship between the water-cement ratio (w/c= 0.35~0.65) and volume fraction of fine aggregate (0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, and 50%). For colorimetry test, the w/c and the volume fraction of fine aggregate increased with decreasing of accuracy. Therefore, colorimetry test is a method of preliminary analysis to predict the depth of chloride ion penetration.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
材料工程研究所
103
Owing to the rising awareness of environment protection, fly ash, slag and other mineral admixture arise from steel and iron-products process is widely used in concrete. C-S-H colloid and C-A-H hydrate produced in hydration process would make concrete denser by filling internal pores, which has a positive impact on durability. However, during the trial with applied electric field, the current value was emerged by all the ions inside the test specimen, not just by chlorine ions. When the hydroxide ions are consumed in the hydration process, resulting in total current value decreased, leading the overvalued concrete durability. This study focuses on the evaluation criteria in current value with rapid chloride penetration test (RCPT) on slag concrete and provided an adjustment of assessing slag concrete. Experimental projects including accelerated chloride migration test (ACMT), Ponding test. The chloride content at each depth in concrete specimen acquired with slice into two layers after the ponding test. Then determined the chloride concentration on surface, depth of penetration, total chloride content by curve-fitting and compare their relationship. The result found that the steady and non-steady state transmission coefficient increase with water-colloid ratio. With slag substituted amount up over 30% non-steady state transmission coefficient reduces significantly. When substituted amount reach 40% transmission coefficient increase with slag amount. With the substitution amount steady state transmission coefficient to reduce by amount of 20%, but more than 30% stay insignificant. Ponding test diffusion coefficient with increasing water-cement ratio increases, decreasing with the increase of furnace slag substitution. Diffusion coefficient, penetration depth, and the total content of chlorine ions are with increasing water-cement ratio increases, decreases with increasing substituted amount. But after adding slag to substitute the chloride concentration on surface is not much different. The assessment is designed in slag concrete, by “RCPT total current and ACMT steady state transmission coefficient relationship diagram” and “RCPT total current and ACMT non-steady state transmission coefficient relationship diagram” for adjustment of current value. The results after adjustment showed that, the assessment of current value, most chloride ion permeability is higher as the results of the assessment need to choose a more "conservative ˮ to avoid overestimated the durability of slag concrete.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
104
Due to the climate and geographic location, coastal reinforced concrete buildings in Taiwan are attacked by chloride ion and exposed to corrosive environments. When the chloride content on the surface of rebar reaches the limit, the passive film would be destroyed so that the rebar could be corroded. This result would reduce the strength and stiffness of structure and significantly shorten service life of buildings. Therefore, the issue of chloride-induced corrosion becomes important in this age. 　　In this study, chloride ions are accumulated on the surface of rebar and diffuse into the reinforced concrete through salt ponding test. Moreover, parts of cement of the specimens are replaced by slag and fly ash to clarify the influence of the density with different pozzolanic materials. In this study, the value of chloride threshold, which makes rebar start to corrode, is determined by measuring the corrosion current density, and the studied influenced factors are diffusion coefficient, total ingressive chloride amount, chloride binding capacity on density of concrete and corrosion current density on corrosion of rebar. 　　The results show that diffusion coefficients increase with the increase of water-binder ratio. At early age, the diffusion coefficient is decreased effectively by adding slag. On the other hand, adding fly ash makes higher diffusion coefficient because of the lower permeability. Also, it is discovered that the main factor influencing the initial time of corrosion is the density of concrete. The higher density takes more time corroding. The secondary factor is the pH value. The lower pH value makes the rebar corrode faster. 　　From the experimental results, the chloride threshold value is better defined as 0.1μA/cm2 of corrosion current density instead of 0.5μA/cm2. Additionally, it is noted that the chloride threshold value defined by [Cl-]/[OH-] is of accurate range as 1.351~1.807% of binder mass, while the chloride threshold values defined by total chloride content and free chloride content are of wider ranges as 0.604~1.833% and 0.517~1.588% of binder mass.

碩士
國立聯合大學
環境與安全衛生工程學系碩士班
107
According to statistics, the rainfall per unit area in Taiwan is triple of the world average. However, due to the steep slopes, concentrated rain and short rivers, the amount of precipitation that each person can use is only 14% of the world average. It ranks 18th in the world's water shortage countries, so the control of water resources is very important. Paddy field is currently the largest type of water used in Taiwan, the most common method used in paddy field irrigation is Irrigation method, broad which is Irrigation water continues to flow into the field from the channel to reach a certain level of water. However, there is currently no Appropriate and effective field ponding water depth measuring equipment. It causes that can’t know when the amount of water has reached the demand. Usually, farmers are required to survey the paddy field When the field reaches a certain depth of water, and the depth of the water is controlled by the switch of the blocked inlet. This is a significant waste of agricultural irrigation water because of the lack of immediate and effective methods. This study will develop a ponding water depth sensor based on a conductivity meter which can be set in paddy fields to monitor the depth of the farmland. Farmers can remotely monitor the depth of the field by mobile phone with wireless transmission and effectively control the water in the field and reduce the water consumption of the paddy field with the simple automatic valve switch. The ponding water depth sensor developed in this study is based on conductivity. Therefore, the change in conductivity can be used as the management of fertilization and the warning of the discharge of factory wastewater. This study attempts to establish a water balance model for paddy fields using the system dynamic model. By collecting the monitoring data of the ponding water depth sensor and the flow monitoring of the irrigation channel, the field water balance is simulated instantly and dynamically to understand the relationship between the channel flow and the depth of the water. It can be used as a water management strategy tool for paddy fields.

碩士
國立臺灣大學
土木工程學研究所
104
High strength materials have been widely used because using high strength concrete and reinforcement can further reduce the member section, which lights the weight of the elements and increases the available space of buildings, and save materials. To solve the brittleness of high strength concrete, the addition of the steel fibers can provide more confinement and shear capacity to enhance the ductility and toughness. It also prevents the early cover spalling and solves the congestion of the transverse reinforcements in the plastic hinge region of buildings. Although the addition of the steel fibers provides good benefit on mechanical behavior of high strength concrete, Taiwan is an island surrounded by sea with the subtropical climate, made the structures easily deteriorated by salt damage. Worried about the chloride ion may penetrate into the concrete from the interfacial transition zone (ITZ) between the steel fibers and cement paste, and therefore reduce the durability of the structures. The other hesitation is the steel fibers may easily corrode so that the steel fibers lose its advantage, inducing the steel-fiber concrete structures become weaker. This study investigates the addition of the steel fibers influencing the durability of the high strength concrete. The experiment divides into two parts. One is using the ponding test to discuss the ITZ of the materials. According to the result, the diffusion coefficient doesn’t change between the content of steel fibers. The other is using salt spray test to simulate the structures exposing outside several years. Finally, doing mechanical experiments, such as compressive test and flexural test to evaluate the mechanical behavior after the deterioration process. According the result of the mechanical test, the strength doesn’t worsen after the deterioration by the salt spray test. In summary, the addition of the steel fibers doesn’t reduce the durability of high strength concrete.

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
材料工程研究所
94
Abstract In this study, it is understanding of the relationship between 90-day Salt Ponding test and Rapid Chloride Permeability Test（RCPT） to evaluate the chloride ion diffusion behavior at curing age (28、91) in concrete . The plain cement concrete is which containing different type of mineral admixtures（fly ash, slag+ fly ash and slag replacement for 20％, 30％ and 40％ by weight of the total cementitious content）. Each mix has a constant aggregate and the w/b ratio is 0.35, 0.45 ,0.55 , and 0.65. Recently, many researchers have showed that it was not suitable to evaluate the ion transport by total charge passed using RCPT. In this study, colorimetric method was used to evaluate chloride transport behavior under external electrical field. Test results for all mixtures show that the chloride diffusion coefficient（Dpcol）obtained from colorimetric method by measuring the penetration depth and chloride diffusion coefficient（Dpcl）obtained from chloride profile in Salt Ponding test are linear correlation. This research shows that the chloride content takes as 0.1％、0.05％、0.02％ corresponding chloride penetration depth and the chloride penetration depth（Xd） obtained from colorimetric method are linear correlation.The chloride content as 0.5% corresponding chloride penetration depth and Xd are significantly. Form RCPT, it shows that the total charge passed（Q） with concrete which containing mineral admixtures at 91 age is lower than that at 28 age. In RCPT, it shows that the chloride diffusion coefficient（DR0.02%） obtained from chloride content as 0.02% and the chloride non-steady-state diffusion coefficient（DRcol） obtained from colorimetric method are linear correlation. The Dpcl form Salt Ponding test and Q from RCPT were compared. The results for all mixtures show that Dpcl and Q have a poor correlation at different curing ages（28、91day）. The Dpcl and Dpcol from Salt Ponding test and the non-steady-state DRcol from RCPT were compared. The results for all mixtures show that DRcol、Dpcl and Dpcol have linear correlation at 91 age. For all mixtures, Dpcl、DRcol and compressive strength have poor correlation at different curing ages (28、91). Keywords：Colorimetric,Chloride penetration depth,non-steady-state diffusion coefficient

碩士
國立臺灣海洋大學
材料工程研究所
106
This study used salt ponding test to analyze four kinds of specimens which were under different curing days. Under different ponding solution concentration and same quality concrete specimens, this experiment observed the transformation of total content of chloride ion content, chloride diffusion coefficient and diffusion depth of the specimens, and their capability to resist chloride ions. Besides, this research also explored the differences and relevance between general concrete and fly ash concrete under different water-binder ratios. The mix proportion used coarse aggregate and fine aggregate which contained 35% of bulk volume as concrete specimens. It formed void differences by using dissimilar water-binder ratio specimens which contained different water, cement, and fly ash proportions. There were 8 kinds of water-cement ratio (0.3、0.35、0.4、0.45、0.5、0.55、0.6、0.65) of general concrete. In addition, there were 4 types of water-binder ratio (0.35、0.45、0.55、0.65) of fly ash concrete. Thus, there were 12 kinds of mix proportion in all. To consider the late effect of fly ash concrete specimens under different water-curing days, there were 4 types of water-curing day: 28, 90, 120, 150/ days, and 3 kinds of sodium chloride solution concentration: 2%, 3%, and 5%. The compression test showed that the compression strength of neat cement concrete and fly ash concrete with 28 curing days both would drop when the water-binder ratio increased. Besides, the compression strength of fly ash concrete was weaker than neat cement concrete. When the curing period reached 90 days, the compression strength of fly ash concrete would be stronger than neat cement concrete which was under the same water-binder ratio. It revealed that the way which replaced cement with fly ash could intensify the compression strength when curing period reached 90 days, and it was helpful for mechanical properties of concrete. The salt ponding test showed that when the surface of neat cement concrete specimens and fly ash concrete specimens dipped in high concentration ponding solution for 90 days, each water-binder ration specimen would produce saturated surface chloride ions. However, fly ash transformed its pore structure, so it would have better densification to resist chloride ions, and would accumulate in surface pores. Besides, the saturated surface chloride ion content of fly ash concrete was more than neat cement concrete’s. Moreover, there was a positive linear relationship between saturated surface chloride ion content and ponding solution concentration. When ponding solution concentration increased, saturated surface chloride ion content also would augment. When the curing period increased, the extent of hydration of pore structure would be more complete. There was a negative linear relationship between total chloride ion content and curing period. If curing period increased, it could resist more chloride ions, and there would be less infiltration of chloride ions. In addition, there was a declining exponential curve between curing period and chloride ion diffusion coefficient (D) and intrusion depth (dp). The hydration of fly ash concrete was bigger than neat cement concrete because of secondary hydration of fly ash. Finally, by comprehensively comparing the regression relationship which combined curing days with total content of chloride ion (m), intrusion depth (dp), and chloride ion diffusion coefficient (D), it could estimate chloride ion distribution curve, chloride ion diffusion coefficient (D), intrusion depth (dp), and total content of chloride ion (m) of 10 years or 20 years later. The way which replaced cement with fly ash would make the pore structure become denser, and be helpful for concrete to resist the intrusion of chloride ions. Different ponding solution concentration could not alter the pore structure and speed of hydration. It only could affect chloride content which adhered to the surface of concrete, and the total content of chloride ion infiltration which differed in ponding solution concentration. In addition, it had no effect on chloride diffusion coefficient and diffusion depth.

Aggregate breakdown is an important process controlling the availability of fine soil material necessary for structural sealing of soil surfaces under rainfall. It may be caused by slaking resulting from rapid soil wetting and by physical dispersion resulting from direct and indirect energetic raindrop impacts. Relationships have been proposed by others predicting steady infiltration rate and saturated hydraulic conductivity from final aggregate size following high energy rainfall on initially dry, uncovered soil surfaces. Under these extreme conditions, both rapid wetting and energetic raindrop impact result in maximum aggregate breakdown and surface sealing. ¶ This study has isolated and quantified effects of rapid soil wetting and energetic raindrop impact on aggregate breakdown and surface sealing. Simulated rainfall was applied to re-packed soils from differing tillage treatments on light textured soils from near Cowra and Condobolin in New South Wales, Australia. ...

abstract: Working with participants in schools for highly gifted students, this study asked adolescents to create a digital story to address the prompt, "How has your life changed since coming to this school?" Participant interviews were conducted in an attempt to determine how gifted students view their educational experiences and how those experiences influence the current development of self-identity. Digital story creation and photo elicitation methods were chosen in an effort to remove researcher bias and allow participant voices to be heard more accurately. Parent and educator interviews were also conducted. Data analysis was completed using narrative construction methods. Findings include several themes among participant self-identity influences including how labels affect participant's view of themselves, perfectionism and competitive drive function in each gifted child, necessity of intellectual challenge, appropriate learning environment helps to create self-confidence and self-identity, and grades are more important than learning for knowledge.
Dissertation/Thesis
Ph.D. Curriculum and Instruction 2014

This study examines how Herman Melville’s oeuvre interacts with Old Testament (OT) wisdom literature (the Books of Job, Proverbs, and Ecclesiastes). Using recent historical findings on the rise of religious skepticism and the erosion of Biblical authority in both Europe and the United States, I read Melville as an author steeped in the theological controversies of the eighteenth-century. Specifically, I am interested in teasing out the surprising disavowals of overt religious skepticism in Melville’s writing. By tracing the so-called Solomonic wisdom tradition throughout Melville’s oeuvre, I argue that Melville had developed an epistemology of contemplation towards that body of Biblical texts. Scholarship has traditionally painted Melville as a subversive if not downright skeptical religious thinker. Most studies have produced authorial readings, using texts as forensic evidence to make assertions about the author’s psychology. Incidentally, such assessments have confirmed the narrative of Herman Melville as a grand failed author of the nineteenth century, while ignoring the ambivalent attitudes toward Biblical authority, textual history, and skepticism that emerge in Melville’s writing. The present study intervenes by re-addressing several procedural questions about Melville’s literary dealings with the Bible: How does Melville deal with the distinct topics of religion, theology, religious skepticism, and doubt? How does he think through the relationship between science and religion as well as that of personal religion and theology? I claim that Melville’s work can be read as a continuous contemplation of Biblical wisdom. His writing, I argue, deals productively rather than a destructive with the Bible, its textual history, and authority. Melville’s thinking on theological and religious subjects was not merely subversive but constructive. In mounting this argument, I contradict current scholarship that reads Melville as trying to invent a new American Bible. In contrast, I show how Melville’s philosophical forays, even when critical, are dependent on the ethics, language, and thinking of the OT.

碩士
華梵大學
工業設計系碩士班
93
Content of this argumentation, it is from the creation up till now of 2004, the discovery about life meaning and thinking. Art is soul and life after quenching and smelting , a kind of spiritual activity patterns reflected , can surmount the restriction of the characters language , the emotion and experience presented to people are direct but intact. Ponder over the life's own meaning in creating, with the writing freely and easily of color, permeate the emotion in the works, sometimes obscure, sometimes clear, but as for oneself , have opened the key that thinks to the life. This text with ' The pondering of the life ' as the account in one's own words of creation built and constructed and become of the centre, the analytic course that expounds the fact through the characters, lead out: 1.Relevant idea in the artistic creation of philosophy view of the life; 2. From psychology , the east , western aesthstic theory and the school , to the influence creating; 3. With ' The pondering of the life ' study the science according to the discussion for the creation idea of the subject, in creating the behavior , experience deeper life meaning. Become an art worker , it can be regarded as the intelligent , true creation so in the face of since already with life that must be faithful. ' The pondering of the life ' vast and abstract, like a surge and turbulent poem in the face of everything life, or a section of movements which move soul , turn it into fine arts works , make a reservation and the musical sound of the life appears to cause one by one, it will be one that I melt the physiological life and spiritual life, with humble mood, through color and lines , represent oneself in the works the realizing of the life. My artistic creation is exploring the world of life meaning, and then the unknown field of artistic creation of orientation continues marching towards.

碩士
華梵大學
美術學系碩士班
99
Abstract Under the influence of the thinking “to write with the times,” the innovative transformation of contemporary calligraphy is significantly faster than that in the past. The art of contemporary calligraphy intends to investigate if contemporary calligraphy belongs to abstract paintings or calligraphic works and if sheer writing certainly equals to tradition and ancient times. With the change of times, the artistry of calligraphy has surpassed its practicability. The thinking of western postmodernism facilitates the combination between calligraphic application and other materials and elements, which increases the diversity of various calligraphic works. However, in the changing time, the importance of calligraphy to tradition has gradually weakened and so has the unique cultural characteristic and cultural spirit pursued during writing. This study intends to investigate whether it is necessary to break the traditional thinking for thousands of years to get rid of the stereotypes in order to further create the works “conforming to the trend of times.” It is hoped that this study can increase the reflection on the change of times.

碩士
國立臺北科技大學
工業工程與管理研究所
96
With the rapid progress of information technologies, there is a growing demand of maintaining the competitive advantages by accelerating the supply chain process through E-commerce. This paper analyzed an approach to shorten the transaction time and reduce the purchase cost by means of Internet-based selection of suppliers. While E-commerce was taken as an important index in the selection of suppliers, the cost factors along with quantity discount policies were considered for decision-making. In order to reduce the possible shortage of raw materials, an integer programming model was constructed to solve the problem in consideration of the e-commerce of suppliers, selection of suppliers and quantity allocation based on cost evaluation factors. Finally, this problem was solved through Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO).

碩士
國防管理學院
資源管理研究所
87
The main motivation of this study is to distinguish the role and substance between "Strategy" and "Military Strategy", to clamp their institutions, and to establish a pondering ŗ in 1" management model, which is not only incorporating practicality but also combing models of risk management, crisis management and strategic management. The purpose is to provide a rational decision framework based on the interests of organization, and can facilitate open debate for the high level managers in formulating their correlated plans and alternatives. If decision maker can't have a macroscopic view or acts without careful thought, then he would set foot in decision traps very easily. Either system analysis or decision analysis are frameworks of rational thinking process. Just as Beaufre once said: " Strategy is not a simple rule but a kind of method of thinking". The traditional strategic thoughts are not all banal, Suntz's "The art of War" for example, is a time proven principle of strategy, different only in technical setting, levels of thinking, and methods to achieve objective. However it is not enough to adjust strategy in time, we need to adduce from history to ascertain some basic principles when making responsive adjustment. After the Cold War, the subject of U.S. "Containment Strategy" might have changed, but she still stresses the balance of power principle. Facing the "Would not give up solving the Taiwan problem by forces," and the " Three Emptiness" policies from the PRC, it will be beneficial for us to get a better understanding on the development of U.S. National Security Strategy, and to regain initiative on our national security strategy. Crisis management is a systematically thinking process, to prevent crisis happening, and to response and dispose when it occurs. The object of risk management is debasing the risk of investment or management, if we can't continuously find and cure the potential mutations among the critical factors in advance, then it might trick a serial crisis and result in failure of strategy. Thus risk management, crisis management and strategic management can't be looked at in isolation, and must be incorporated. Hence we come up with the concept of ŗ in 1" management model. After the study of decision process concerning national security strategy, we believe that the model of ŗ in 1" management thinking is a logical one. It can aid high level decision, enhance the quality of decision, effectively integrate the miscellaneous management in the organization, and avoid setting foot in decision traps. Thus it is worthy to recommend this conceptual framework of management.