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1
Willkommen, Sandra, Matthias Pfannerstill, Björn Guse, Uta Ulrich, and Nicola Fohrer. "PondR: a process-oriented model to simulate the hydrology of drainage ponds." Journal of Hydroinformatics 20, no. 1 (October 12, 2017): 149–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/hydro.2017.038.
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Abstract Drainage ponds are a useful measure to manage water resources. However, these small water bodies are characterized by highly dynamic internal processes. This article discusses a simple process-oriented model developed to simulate temporal dynamics of internal processes within drainage ponds. The PondR model is able to simulate the relevant hydrological processes of the pond by using commonly available input data. For model development, data from a 3-year monitoring campaign of the investigated drainage pond served to validate the newly developed model for the autumn and winter time periods. A temporal parameter sensitivity analysis (TEDPAS) revealed that groundwater parameters are predominant during the whole year. The model performed well in simulating outflow together with simulated pond volume and improved the understanding of the hydrological regime for drainage ponds. Regarding the practical benefit, the developed PondR model could be useful in future studies for more precise planning of pond dimensions and water resource management in the field of research and engineering services.
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Sipaúba-Tavares, LH, CST Guariglia, and FMS Braga. "Effects of rainfall on water quality in six sequentially disposed fishponds with continuous water flow." Brazilian Journal of Biology 67, no. 4 (November 2007): 643–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842007000400008.
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An investigation was carried out during the rainy period in six semi-intensive production fish ponds in which water flowed from one pond to another without undergoing any treatment. Eight sampling sites were assigned at pond outlets during the rainy period (December-February). Lowest and highest physical and chemical parameters of water occurred in pond P1 (a site near the springs) and in pond P4 (a critical site that received allochthonous material from the other ponds and also from frog culture ponds), respectively. Pond sequential layout caused concentration of nutrients, chlorophyll-a and conductivity. Seasonal rains increased the water flow in the ponds and, consequently, silted more particles and other dissolved material from one fish pond to another. Silting increased limnological variables from P3 to P6. Although results suggest that during the period under analysis, rainfall affected positively the ponds' water quality and since the analyzed systems have been aligned in a sequential layout with constant water flow from fish ponds and parallel tanks without any previous treatment, care has to be taken so that an increase in rain-induced water flow does not have a contrary effect in the fish ponds investigated.
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Queiroz, Julio Ferraz de, Gilberto Nicolella, Charles Wesley Wood, and Claude Elson Boyd. "Lime application methods, water and bottom soil acidity in fresh water fish ponds." Scientia Agricola 61, no. 5 (October 2004): 469–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-90162004000500001.
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Although some methods for determining lime requirement of pond soils are available and commonly used, there is still no consensus on whether it is more effective to apply liming materials to the bottoms of empty ponds or to wait and apply them over the water surface after ponds are filled. There is also little information on how deep lime reacts in pond sediment over time, and whether the depth of reaction is different when liming materials are applied to the water or to the soil. Therefore, three techniques for treating fish ponds with agricultural limestone were evaluated in ponds with clayey soils at a commercial fish farm. Amounts of agricultural limestone equal to the lime requirement of bottom soils were applied to each of three ponds by: direct application over the pond water surface; spread uniformly over the bottom of the empty pond; spread uniformly over the bottom of the empty pond followed by tilling of the bottom. Effectiveness of agricultural limestone applications did not differ among treatment methods. Agricultural limestone also reacted quickly to increase total alkalinity and total hardness of pond water to acceptable concentrations within 2 weeks after application. The reaction of lime to increase soil pH was essentially complete after one to two months, and lime had no effect below a soil depth of 8 cm. Tilling of pond bottoms to incorporate liming materials is unnecessary, and tilling consumes time and is an expensive practice; filled ponds can be limed effectively.
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Haci, Sogukpinar, Bozkurt Ismail, and Cag Serkan. "Evaluation of Solar Ponds and Aplication Area." E3S Web of Conferences 64 (2018): 02002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20186402002.
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Solar ponds are heat storage systems where solar energy is collected and stored thermally. Solar ponds were discovered during the temperature variations in the lower regions of existing saltwater pond in the area is found to be higher than their surface. Later, it was constructed artificially and started to be used. These systems have heat storage capacity at moderate temperatures. Solar pons are used in many areas such as electricity generation, heating the environment, meeting the need of hot water, drying food and obtaining fresh water from salty water. In this study, the studies about solar ponds were summarized, the construction of solar pond was explained, and the application areas were examined.
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Chin, K. K., S. L. Ong, and S. C. Foo. "A Water Treatment and Recycling System for Intensive Fish Farming." Water Science and Technology 27, no. 1 (January 1, 1993): 141–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1993.0034.
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Rain water was collected from storm drains and after filtration was stored at an earth pond. The pond water was the main source of fresh water supply for intensive fish cultivation. To conserve the limited water resources, effluent from fish cultivating ponds was treated and recycled for reuse. With proper blending of water from the storing earth pond and recycling of the water between the fish ponds and the fish lagoon, water quality at the fish ponds and the lagoon was maintained at acceptable levels. Although fresh water replenishing rate was low there was no serious buildup of metals and total solids in the fish ponds.
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Thomas, P. R., and H. O. Phelps. "Aeration and Water Hyacinths in Waste Stabilization Ponds." Water Science and Technology 19, no. 12 (December 1, 1987): 265–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1987.0155.
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The investigation was based on two facultative stabilization ponds initially designed to operate in parallel, and now receive wastewater in excess of their capacities from a fast expanding housing estate in the Caribbean Island of Trinidad. Because of the deterioration of the effluent quality relative to acceptable standards, an attempt was made to upgrade the ponds using water hyacinths at the early stages. However, from the results, it was clear that the introduction of water hyacinths in the test pond did not lead to any substantial improvement in the effluent because of the high loading on the pond. Therefore the ponds were modified to operate in series with surface aerators installed in the first pond. Initially, the effluent quality was monitored in terms of total suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, faecal coliform bacteria, pH and dissolved oxygen with aeration in the first pond and no aquatic plants in the second pond. Although there was a significant improvement in the effluent quality, the values remained above the standards. As a result, water hyacinths were introduced in the second pond and the effluent quality monitored together with aeration in the first pond. The effluent quality improved with total suspended solids and biochemical oxygen demand values both as low as 10 mg/l in certain months, but additional treatment was needed to reduce faecal conforms.
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Mushtaq, Shahbaz, Shahbaz Khan, and Mohsin Hafeez. "Evaluating the impact of ponds in sustaining crop production: a case of Zhanghe irrigation system in China." Water Policy 11, no. 2 (April 1, 2009): 236–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wp.2009.019.
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Ponds are small reservoirs located in irrigated areas that allow farmers to capture rainfall, store surplus water from irrigation canals and conserve water from other sources. These ponds allow the users to obtain water on-demand providing built-in flexibility by storing water close to water users. Though ponds have been used widely in irrigated areas for many years, a recent increase in the construction of ponds because of growing water shortages and government policies are placing greater need on understanding their role in sustaining crop production. We evaluated the impact of ponds in sustaining agricultural production, specifically the impact of ponds on cost of irrigation, crop area and production. Multivariate regression models were developed to assess the impact of ponds. The results of an assessment of the impact of access to pond water indicated that it reduces the total cost of irrigation. However, the effect is not statistically significant, whereas access to pond water had some positive but non significant impact on rice area and yield. The results did not show any significant increase in yield and rice area because of the similar quality of ponds and the ZIS canal water; the ZIS contributes around 20% to pond water. However, comparing yield using pond water and rainfed agriculture may show a significant impact of pond water. We envision that ponds will continue to play vital roles in sustaining agricultural production.
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Das, Partha Sarathi, M. Mahfujul Haque, M. Mehedi Alam, Shamima Akter, and M. Ruhul Amin. "An understanding on the feasibility of aquaponics in intensive aquaculture pond." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 2, no. 1 (April 27, 2015): 143–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v2i1.23046.
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The study was conducted in a peri-urban village named, Panchpy under Gafargaon upazila of Mymensingh district with stinging catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis ) and carps ponds to produce aquaponics vegetable kolmi (water spinach, Ipomoea aquatica ) towards using waste substances of intensive stinging catfish ponds. Aquaponic plant (water spinach, Ipomoea aquatica ) was grown in floating trays in the selected ponds. The water quality parameters including, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, nitrite and ammonia were measured during study period.The level of ammonia was higher in catfish pond compared to carps pond water. Inversely, the dissolved oxygen content of catfish pond water was lower than that of carps pond. In the stinging catfish pond, the mean value (± SE) of plant length, weight, number of branches and leaves were recorded at 27.67 ± 1.76, 62.67 ± 2.03, 13.00 ± 1.15 and 55.33 ± 3.18, respectively. The corresponding values 19.33 ± 1.45, 46.67 ± 1.86, 9.33 ± 1.45 and 43.00 ± 2.88, respectively in carps pond, were significantly lower than that of catfish pond. Overall the percent weight gain of kolmi was higher in catfish pond. A positive correlation was found between the length and weight of kolmi produced in both catfish and carp ponds, however R2 value of that relationship was higher for catfish pond due to higher level of available waste nutrients in water. This indicates that the potential of aquaponics research and development in intensively feed catfish aquaculture ponds at the farmer level that can feed the growing population in both rural and urban areas of Bangladesh.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.2(1): 143-150, April 2015
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Kshatri, Jyothi, C. V. Rao, and Vijaya Saradhi Settaluri. "Study of Water Quality and Biochemical Characterization of Bacterial Isolates from Water Samples of Ponnagi Area in Krishna District." Biosciences, Biotechnology Research Asia 14, no. 3 (September 25, 2017): 1129–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bbra/2551.
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ABSTRACT: Aquaculture also known as fish farming is one of the methods for breeding rearing and harvesting of freshwater and marine species of fish and shellfish, in ponds, rivers, lakes and oceans. In this article an attempt has been put forth to study and apply techniques that could help in improving the water quality in aquaculture ponds and to further understand the role played by enzymes and probiotics by means of bio remedial procedures and protocols. Aquaculture productivity needs to be improved to cater the ever-increasing demand, no doubt, but simultaneously a proactive role for environment protection is required. The gathering of organic wastes worsens the water quality and reduces the level of dissolved oxygen in the fish aquaculture ponds. This further increases the formation of toxic metabolites such as ammonia (NH3), nitrite (NO2-) and hydrogen sulphide (H2S). Hence, NH4+ or NO3- removal processes (nitrification and denitrification) become essential for the pond water quality. This can be carried out by applying different types of nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria such as Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter and Alcaligenes. In the present investigation, 2 earthen ponds were selected from Ponnagi near Eluru in Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh, India. One pond (Pond A) was treated with probiotics having Nitrosomonas, Nitrobacter and Alcaligenes sps. And the other pond (Pond B) was kept as control. During the culture period, the water samples were collected from probiotics treated and control ponds for analysis of water quality parameters. The current study is aimed to focus on the changes in water quality and biochemical characterization of bacterial isolates from water samples of Ponnagi area in probiotic treated ponds and to compare the results with ponds not treated with probiotics.
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Islam, MJ, A. Akter, M. Kamrujjaman, A. Siddiqa, and S. Aktar. "Assessment Of Pond Water Quality Of Thakurgaon Sadar Upazila For Fish Production." International Journal of Agricultural Research, Innovation and Technology 3, no. 1 (August 2, 2013): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v3i1.16052.
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During dry season, physico-chemical properties of waters from 30 ponds of Thakugaon Sadar Upazila, Thakurgaon, Bangladesh were analyzed for its quality and suitability for aquaculture. The variation in the physico-chemical parameters of the aquaculture ponds above or below standard values has potential effects on the health and productivity of aquaculture. Overall, we found that the pond water were acidic to neutral in nature (pH varied from 6.0 to 7.2) and could be suitable for aquaculture. The dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration was suitable for fish production but more DO level should be present for all aquatic life especially for fish production. Chemical oxygen demands (COD) of all pond waters were within the permissible limits for fish production. The temperature values were remained within the standard values in all the aquaculture ponds. Pond water samples contained Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+ as the dominant cations and HCO3- and Cl- were the dominant anions. All samples were within soft class regarding hardness. Based on Zn2+, Mn2+, Fe3+, SO42-, NO3- and Cl- all pond water samples were within the safe limit for fish production during dry period. Int. J. Agril. Res. Innov. & Tech. 3 (1): 29-34, June, 2013 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ijarit.v3i1.16052
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J.R, Jipsa, Mohammed Anwar K.K, and Logaswamy S. "PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PONDS CHERUKULANGARA AND ARYANAMBI IN KERALA." Kongunadu Research Journal 1, no. 2 (December 30, 2014): 72–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.26524/krj42.
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The quality of water is identified in terms of its physical, chemical and biological parameters.Limnological features of two such temple ponds, the Cherukulangara temple pond and Aryanambi temple pond were undertaken in the present study. The biological parameters of the ponds were also made during the study. In the present investigation all the parameters showed higher values in Pond B compared to Pond A. All values are found to be within or less than the permissible limit. Both ponds showed an oligotrophic nature with the presence of poor nutrients and low vegetation. Both ponds are unpolluted fresh water bodies which have no chemical or sewage pollution. It is suggested that the higher authorities should take steps to maintain the quality of fresh water bodies including ponds from all kinds of pollution and balance the fresh water ecosystem.
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Rabbani, Md Golam, Syed Hafizur Rahman, and Sirazoom Munira. "Prospects of pond ecosystems as resource base towards community based adaptation (CBA) to climate change in coastal region of Bangladesh." Journal of Water and Climate Change 9, no. 1 (October 3, 2017): 223–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wcc.2017.047.
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Abstract Climate-induced hazards are adversely affecting the pond ecosystems in Bangladesh. Most of the poor communities collect water from isolated ponds for drinking and other domestic needs. This paper explores how the small pond ecosystems and associated livelihoods of the coastal communities are vulnerable and argues that the pond ecosystem can be a potential resource base for community based adaptation in the coastal regions of Bangladesh. A set of quantitative and qualitative tools were applied to 309 households across five villages. The study showed that 96% of the respondents are dependent on pond water for drinking. More than 50% households expressed that temperature, rainfall variations and salinity intrusion, directly and indirectly, affect the pond water. Physical parameter values of temperature, pH and salinity from the ponds showed changes across different seasons. Drinking water scarcity during pre-monsoon (March–May), winter (Dec–Feb), disaster and immediate post-disaster period among the communities is high. Salinity intrusion and surface runoff caused by excessive rainfall in short periods also cause deterioration in the quality of pond water. However, successful examples of pond water usage emerged through the discussions, especially during a post-disaster crisis, which strengthens the idea that ponds could be a resource base for community-based adaptation in the coast of Bangladesh.
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Grynevych, N. Ye, A. O. Sliusarenko, O. A. Khomiak, M. M. Svitelskyi, and N. V. Semaniuk. "Monitoring of the main parameters of pond water in order to obtain safe products for joint cultivation of sturgeon and carp fish." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 23, no. 94 (April 7, 2021): 73–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9414.
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The article presents the results of studying the hydrochemical regimes of carp ponds in polyculture and for the introduction of sterlet (Acipenser ruthenus) into polyculture. The highest pH values were in pond 2, and in the second half of June and the first half of July exceeded the upper limit of normal (norm 6.5–8.5) by 0.3 and 0.5, respectively. In July, the upper limit of the norm was exceeded in the water of pond 1, by 0.1 and 0.2, respectively. From August, the pH of water increased in both ponds until October and in pond 2 the active reaction of water was higher, compared to pond 1, 5.08.2020, by 18.3 %, 20.08.2020 by 12.3 %, 5.09.2020, by 3.8 %, 20.09.20 and 5.10.20, respectively by 2.5 and 2.4 %. Higher in pond 2, compared with pond 1, was the permanganate oxidation of water in all studied periods, but the largest difference was 5.07.2020 and amounted to 6.9 mg O/l. In the second half of July, permanganate oxidation of water was the lowest, but was at the upper limit of normal, then in August increased sharply and was highest in October – 26.3 mg O/l in the pond 1 and 26.5 mg O/l in the pond 2. Dichromatic oxidation of water of the studied ponds was during the experiment in pond 2 slightly higher than normal and ranged from 50.5 (5.06.2020) to 57.9 (5.07.2020) mg O/l and only 20.07.2020 it was the lowest and was 34.2 mg O/l. In pond 1, the dichromate oxidation of water at the beginning of the experiment was 52 mg O/l, gradually decreased and 20.06.2020, was 46 mg O/l, in July, the chemical oxygen demand (COD) increased sharply to 63.6 and also decreased sharply up to 40.5 mg O/l. From 05.08.2020, COD rose by 27.8 % above normal, remained at approximately the same level during September and decreased to 62 mg O/l in early October. The content of free ammonia in the water during the whole period of fish farming exceeded the norm from 2.6 to 5 times, and the highest, except for 20.06.2020, it was in pond 2. The highest difference in ammonia content in the water of the studied ponds was 5.07.2020 and 5.10.2020, and was, respectively, 0.1 and 0.08 mg N/l. The content of ammonium nitrogen and mineral phosphorus in the water of the studied ponds exceeded the norm, and the nitrogen content of nitrates and nitrites was within the norm. In pond water, the concentration of Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, CO32-, HCO3-, SO42-, Cl-did not exceed the norm. was 5.07.2020, and was 1.20 mg/dm³, which is higher than the norm by 20 %. The total hardness and mineralization of water in the studied ponds did not exceed the norm.
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Sipaúba-Tavares, LH, and FMS Braga. "The feeding activity of Colossoma macropomum larvae (tambaqui) in fishponds with water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) fertilizer." Brazilian Journal of Biology 67, no. 3 (August 2007): 459–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-69842007000300010.
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Analysis of macrophyte water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) as an organic fertilizer of Colossoma macropomum (tambaqui) larvae in ponds is provided. Water hyacinth produce an organic fertilizer at the ratio of 100 g.m-2 in tambaqui ponds. Two groups of 5,000 larvae were transferred to two fishponds with and without water hyacinth fertilizer and reared until day 43. The fertilized pond evidenced more plankton abundance during the entire production period when compared with the control pond (P < 0.001). The phytoplankton community in the pond was not significantly different than in gut contents (P > 0.05) in both ponds (with and without organic fertilizer). Fish larvae failed to show any preference or selectivity in relation to the different algae (P > 0.01) in the pond, but exhibited high ingestion selectivity for zooplankton (P < 0.05). Application of fertilizer increased (P < 0.05) the abundance of phytoplankton and zooplankton in the treatment pond. Since water hyacinth fertilizer is quite cheap and easily available, it may be conveniently used to enhance fish yield in ponds.
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Adek Rizaldi, M., and Lily Montarcih Limantara. "Wetland as revitalization pond at urban area based on the eco hydrology concept." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3.29 (August 24, 2018): 143. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.29.18544.
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Universitas Indonesia (UI) has a campus in Depok with six ponds, five of which are artificial ponds and one of the catchment area that operates in the central Ciliwung Sub-watershed. The ponds (Kenanga, Agathis, Mahoni, Puspa, Ulin and Salam "KAMPUS") are designed as one of the catchment area, referring to Presidential Decree No. 32/1990 about the management of protected areas, ponds as catchment areas, flood controllers, and groundwater runoff. However, due to uncontrolled development in the catchment area of the UI pond system, KAMPUS cascade ponds transformed into a "toilet" which accommodates the liquid and solid waste of its catchment area. The mechanism designed for management in the KAMPUS cascade pond system is to utilize the cascade pond as a stabilization pond (improving water quality). One of them is utilizing Agathis cascade pond as a constructed stormwater wetland system, which is a pretreatment for the inflow to the KAMPUS pond system. This constructed wetland design is planned with several mechanisms: precipitation, filtering, chemical process by utilizing plants for absorption, nutrient transformation and eliminating pathogens. The result shows that this constructed wetland gives the water quality improvement percentage up to 87%. Water quality on effluent conforms with the water quality standards for irrigation and planting (grade 4) referring to Government Regulation No. 82/2001 about Water Quality Management and Pollution Control.
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Nomura, Daiki, Daisuke Simizu, Hideo Shinagawa, Chinatsu Oouchida, and Mitsuo Fukuchi. "Biogeochemical properties of water in surface ponds on Antarctic fast ice and their relationship with underlying sea-ice properties." Journal of Glaciology 57, no. 205 (2011): 848–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.3189/002214311798043825.
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AbstractSurface ponds on Antarctic fast ice were examined by measuring temperature, salinity and concentrations of chlorophyll a (Chl-a), dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) and nutrients (NO3 + NO2, PO4 and SiO2) in the surface pond water and under-ice water. Sea-ice cores were also collected from the bottom of a surface pond (pond-ice core) and from a site away from the pond (bare-ice core). Time-series measurements of surface pond water temperature showed that it varied with solar radiation rather than with air temperature. Comparison of water properties between surface pond water and under-ice water suggested that DIC and nutrients were consumed by biological productivity during pond formation. Depth profiles of nutrient concentrations in the pond-ice core suggested the remineralization of organic matter at the bottom of the surface pond. The Chl-a concentration was lower at the bottom of the pond-ice core than in the bare-ice core, suggesting that surface pond formation reduces ice algae abundance in sea ice because meltwater flushes algae from the porous sea ice into the under-ice water.
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Khairuddin, Mohd Nizar, Isharudin Md Isa, Abd Jamil Zakaria, and Syahrizan Syahlan. "Ameliorating Plant Available Water by Addition of Treated Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME) Sludge on Entisols." Journal of Agricultural Science 9, no. 7 (June 7, 2017): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/jas.v9n7p218.
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Palm oil mill contributed a significant benefit to agro-based industry and social-economic for Malaysia. The treated POME sludge was produced from the open treatment ponds and palm oil mill effluent (POME) without any treatment is considered as a polluted wastewater. This study is to determine the effect of POME sludge on Entisols for plant available water (PAW). The data obtained from this study were selected to measure physicochemical parameters (bulk density, porosity, compaction, organic matter), hydraulic parameter (hydraulic conductivity, hydraulic capacity and water retention) to determine the PAW. The POME sludge from different treatment ponds (control, mixing pond, anaerobic pond, facultative pond, algae pond and dumping pond) was applied to the Zea mays (Hibrimas) as a test crops. The results showed that maize treated with POME sludge from the dumping pond indicated significant difference on soil organic matter, bulk density, porosity, soil compaction and plant available water compared to mixing and anaerobic ponds. As a conclusion, POME sludge from the dumping might improve soil physical properties of Entisols. The dumping pond sludge has significant potential to be used as an organic amendment for plant growth in the future.
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Hossain, M. I., M. M. Alam, M. Alam, B. M. M. Kamal, and S. M. Galib. "Investigation of Phytoplankton and Physico-chemical Parameters in Nursery, Growout and Broodstock Ponds." Journal of Scientific Research 5, no. 3 (August 29, 2013): 555–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v5i3.14886.
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The study measures the relationship between physico-chemical variables with the cell density of phytoplankton in nursery, growout and broodstock ponds of fish. This study was conducted at Natore Government Fish Farm in Bangladesh from January to June, 2012. The observed physico-chemical variables like water temperature, transparency, dissolved oxygen, pH, ammonia-nitrogen, total alkalinity and total hardness were found within the standard ranges. Phytoplankton belonging to bacillariophyceae, chlorophyceae, cyanophyceae and euglenophyceae were found among the ponds but euglenophyceae with highest abundance was recorded in almost all the ponds. Total abundance of different groups of phytoplankton was recorded as mean (±SD) cell density (cell/l) (62.77±2.16)×104, (47.22±0.69)×104, and (77.12±3.42)×104 in nursery pond, growout pond and broodstock pond, respectively. Overall phytoplankton abundance was more in broodstock pond than in others. Total phytoplankton density has exhibited significantly positive correlation with dissolved oxygen (DO) and inverse relation with water temperature, pH, ammonia-nitrogen and total alkalinity in case of nursery pond. For growout pond, total phytoplankton density has exhibited significantly positive correlation with temperature and transparency, and significantly negative correlation with other physico-chemical characteristics. In case of broodstock pond, total phytoplankton density has no significant relationship with any physico-chemical variables of water. Keywords: Nursery pond; Growout pond; Broodstock pond; Phytoplankton; Water quality, physico-chemical parameters © 2013 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jsr.v5i3.14886 J. Sci. Res. 5 (3), 555-571 (2013)
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Das, TK, M. Choudhury, and M. Sultana. "Determination of Drinking Water Quality: A Case Study on Saline Prone South-West Coastal Belt of Bangladesh." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 10, no. 1 (November 28, 2017): 101–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v10i1.34702.
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This research integrates quantitative data of underground and sub-surface sources of drinking water from two coastal union Gabura and Munshiganj of Shyamnagur upazila of Satkhira district. Four drinking water sources have been selected and sampled during dry season when the salinity rate is generally high. A total of 22 water samples have been collected of which 6 from protected pond, 6 from tube well, 6 from rainwater and 4 from pond sand filter (PSF). The average pH of tube well water, protected pond water, pond sand filter water and rain water were 6.59 (±.05), 6.46 (±1.03), 6.60 (±.52), 5.95 (±.87), respectively. The average EC (μs cm-1) range of tube well water, protected pond water, pond sand filter water and rain water were 2059.16 (±49.43), 1756 (±14), 769 (±94.27), 64.33(±59.91) while the TDS (ppm) range were 1319.97 (±31.69), 1125.64 (±913.46), 492.94 (±60.43) and 15.38 (±118.59) respectively. The maximum concentration of salinity was found in tube well water which was 1.37 (±53) ppt. Most of the protected ponds were highly contaminated with sulphate and it ranges from 84.64 to 218.25 ppm. The average number of fecal Coliform in protected ponds were 1650 100 m l-1 of water while in PSF source pond 2350 100ml-1 and collection point 1.5 100ml-1.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 10(1): 101-108 2017
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Karran, Daniel J., Cherie J. Westbrook, Joseph M. Wheaton, Carol A. Johnston, and Angela Bedard-Haughn. "Rapid surface-water volume estimations in beaver ponds." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 21, no. 2 (February 20, 2017): 1039–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-21-1039-2017.
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Abstract. Beaver ponds are surface-water features that are transient through space and time. Such qualities complicate the inclusion of beaver ponds in local and regional water balances, and in hydrological models, as reliable estimates of surface-water storage are difficult to acquire without time- and labour-intensive topographic surveys. A simpler approach to overcome this challenge is needed, given the abundance of the beaver ponds in North America, Eurasia, and southern South America. We investigated whether simple morphometric characteristics derived from readily available aerial imagery or quickly measured field attributes of beaver ponds can be used to approximate surface-water storage among the range of environmental settings in which beaver ponds are found. Studied were a total of 40 beaver ponds from four different sites in North and South America. The simplified volume–area–depth (V–A–h) approach, originally developed for prairie potholes, was tested. With only two measurements of pond depth and corresponding surface area, this method estimated surface-water storage in beaver ponds within 5 % on average. Beaver pond morphometry was characterized by a median basin coefficient of 0.91, and dam length and pond surface area were strongly correlated with beaver pond storage capacity, regardless of geographic setting. These attributes provide a means for coarsely estimating surface-water storage capacity in beaver ponds. Overall, this research demonstrates that reliable estimates of surface-water storage in beaver ponds only requires simple measurements derived from aerial imagery and/or brief visits to the field. Future research efforts should be directed at incorporating these simple methods into both broader beaver-related tools and catchment-scale hydrological models.
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Flowra, FA, JK Ghosh, AS Tumpa, and SN Jahan. "Assessment of three different parameters of urban ponds at Rajshahi, Bangladesh." Journal of Bio-Science 19 (December 19, 2012): 59–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v19i0.13002.
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Context: Physico-chemical factors directly affect the water quality. Biological parameters varied from pond to pond according to the water quality. Objective: To assess the physico-chemical conditions and plankton abundance in the studied ponds. Materials and Methods: The study was carried out for a period of seven months from June, 2008 to December, 2008 in six ponds of Rajshahi Metropolitan area. Surface water samples were collected once a month at 10-11 am in black plastic bottle and analyzed for the estimation of different parameters. Water temperature, transparency, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), free carbon dioxide (CO2), biological oxygen demand (BOD), nitrite nitrogen (NO2N), nitrite (NO2), toxic ammonia, ammonium ion (NH4+) and total hardness were measured. The density of plankton was also estimated. Results: The mean values of water temperature varied from 28.73 ± 3.98 (Pond 6) to 29.56 ± 4.68°C (Pond 4) and the pH varied from 7.37 ± 0.26 (Pond 6) to 8.57±0.26 (Pond 4). The DO varied 1.66 ± 1.03 (Pond 1) to 4.68 ± 0.36 mg/l (Pond 6) and the mean value of free CO2 varied from 4.29 ± 0.37 (Pond 5) to 50.91 ±19.30 mg/l (Pond 3). The total hardness was 136.79 ± 20.28 (Pond 6) to 183.14 ± 51.17 mg/l (Pond 3) with NO2varied from 0.003 ± 0.002 (Pond 5) to 2.08 ± 0.59 mg/l (Pond 4). The mean total phytoplankton was 28761.43 ± 2912.62 (Pond 2) to 63629.29 ± 20214.44 cells/l (Pond 4) and the mean total zooplankton was 13314.24 ± 3189.70 cells/l (Pond 5) to 18820.00 ± 932.51 cells/l (Pond 4). Conclusion: The deterioration in the physico-chemical quality and plankton population observed in this study is alarming, and periodic monitoring and preventative measures are required to save the aquatic system from eutrophication. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jbs.v19i0.13002 J. bio-sci. 19 59-63, 2011
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Liu, Ya Yun, Ying Yi Liu, Li Bing Mo, Chu Shan Zeng, Ming Long Yang, Yuan Hao Li, and Chun Mei Zhong. "Characteristics of Temporal and Spatial Distribution of Water Quality in the Ponds of Lv-Tang-River National Urban Wetland Park, China." Applied Mechanics and Materials 641-642 (September 2014): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.641-642.141.
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Based on the data collected in January, March,July and October in 2013, the characteristics of water quality in temporally and spatially in the ponds of Lv-Tang-River national urban wetland park were investigated. The results show that the main pollutants of Lv-Tang-River wetland are chemical oxygen demand, total nitrogen and ammonia nitrogen. Their average concentrations are worse than the national quality standards for Class V. The characteristics of water quality in spatially are significantly correlated with the plant configuration in the wetland. The water quality in reed pond is the best. Secondly is in natural pond. The worst is in lotus pond. The average of single parameter pollution index (Sj) of reed pond, natural pond and lotus pond is 1.72, 1.82 and 1.96. The water quality in the three ponds belongs to light pollution area. The water quality in July and October is better than that in January and March. In July and October, the water quality belongs to light pollution area and Sj is 1.12 and 1.35 respectively. In January and March, the water quality belongs to moderate pollution area and Sj is 2.17 and 2.71, respectively. In order to improve the water quality in Lv-Tang-River national urban wetland park and protect the ecological environment of Zhanjiang city, the valid measure is to strengthen the management of artificial ponds in winter and spring.
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Soti, V., C. Puech, D. Lo Seen, A. Bertran, C. Vignolles, B. Mondet, N. Dessay, and A. Tran. "The potential for remote sensing and hydrologic modelling to assess the spatio-temporal dynamics of ponds in the Ferlo Region (Senegal)." Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 14, no. 8 (August 4, 2010): 1449–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/hess-14-1449-2010.
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Abstract. In the Ferlo Region in Senegal, livestock depend on temporary ponds for water but are exposed to the Rift Valley Fever (RVF), a disease transmitted to herds by mosquitoes which develop in these ponds. Mosquito abundance is related to the emptying and filling phases of the ponds, and in order to study the epidemiology of RVF, pond modelling is required. In the context of a data scarce region, a simple hydrologic model which makes use of remote sensing data was developed to simulate pond water dynamics from daily rainfall. Two sets of ponds were considered: those located in the main stream of the Ferlo Valley whose hydrological dynamics are essentially due to runoff, and the ponds located outside, which are smaller and whose filling mechanisms are mainly due to direct rainfall. Separate calibrations and validations were made for each set of ponds. Calibration was performed from daily field data (rainfall, water level) collected during the 2001 and 2002 rainy seasons and from three different sources of remote sensing data: 1) very high spatial resolution optical satellite images to access pond location and surface area at given dates, 2) Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) Digital Elevation Model (DEM) data to estimate pond catchment area and 3) Tropical Rainfall Measuring Mission (TRMM) data for rainfall estimates. The model was applied to all ponds of the study area, the results were validated and a sensitivity analysis was performed. Water height simulations using gauge rainfall as input were compared to water level measurements from four ponds and Nash coefficients >0.7 were obtained. Comparison with simulations using TRMM rainfall data gave mixed results, with poor water height simulations for the year 2001 and good estimations for the year 2002. A pond map derived from a Quickbird satellite image was used to assess model accuracy for simulating pond water areas for all the ponds of the study area. The validation showed that modelled water areas were mostly underestimated but significantly correlated, particularly for the larger ponds. The results of the sensitivity analysis showed that parameters relative to pond shape and catchment area estimation have less effects on model simulation than parameters relative to soil properties (rainfall threshold causing runoff in dry soils and the coefficient expressing soil moisture decrease with time) or the water loss coefficient. Overall, our results demonstrate the possibility of using a simple hydrologic model with remote sensing data to track pond water heights and water areas in a homogeneous arid area.
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van der Steen, P., A. Brenner, Y. Shabtai, and G. Oron. "Improved fecal coliform decay in integrated duckweed and algal ponds." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 10-11 (November 1, 2000): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0682.
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Algal growth in wastewater ponds has two contradicting effects on fecal coliforms (FC) decay. On the one hand, algal photosynthesis increases the FC decay due to increased pH and DO. However, on the other hand, attenuation of solar radiation by algal matter reduces the decay rate. It was therefore investigated if suppressing algal development could enhance the FC removal efficiency. Limiting the algal growth was accomplished by inserting duckweed ponds in between a series of algal ponds. Duckweed ponds are modified stabilization ponds, covered with a mat of small floating plants, that are known to remove algal from algal pond effluent. The FC decay in a series of five shallow algal ponds was compared to FC decay in an integrated system of algal and duckweed ponds. The integrated system consisted of five mini-ponds (30 cm depth) in series: duckweed pond – algal pond – duckweed pond – algal pond – duckweed pond. The environmental factors that are known to affect FC decay were monitored and related to FC decay rates. In the algal ponds of the conventional system the light attenuation by algal matter became rate-limiting for the FC decay. In the integrated system, the algal concentration in the algal ponds was reduced by the intermediary duckweed ponds. This was shown to increase the FC decay in the algal ponds of the integrated system considerably, compared to the FC decay in the algal ponds of the conventional system. An improved system of duckweed and algal ponds is proposed, that is expected to reduce significantly the area requirements of pond systems.
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Marsalek, J., W. E. Watt, and D. Henry. "Retrofitting Stormwater Ponds for Water Quality Control." Water Quality Research Journal 27, no. 2 (May 1, 1992): 403–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.1992.027.
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Abstract During the last 15 years, many stormwater ponds were built in Canada. These ponds were designed to control runoff flows by peak shaving and thereby prevent flooding resulting from urbanization, but they are ineffective in protection of water quality in the receiving waters. Thus, one of the emerging challenges in urban water management is the retrofitting of existing stormwater ponds to meet the current environmental concerns. The retrofitting measures proposed include changes in flow regimes, storage pool volumes and flow velocities, achievable by structural changes in inlet, storage and outlet structures; treatment of runoff by sedimentation or filtration; enhancement of biological processes contributing to pollutant removal through longer detentions and introduction of aquatic plants; and, improvement of aquatic life habitat. A case is made for an ecosystem approach where the pond is one element in the urban stormwater treatment train which controls catchment, pond and receiving waters.
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Cahoon, Lawrence B., Michael A. Boller, Marc O. de Labry, Chandler A. Kosh, Matthew D. McDowell, Jessica E. Nixon, Robin L. Taylor, and Rebecca J. Wilson. "Phosphorus Partitioning in a Storm Water Pond." Journal of North Carolina Academy of Science 131, no. 2 (December 1, 2015): 25–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7572/2167-5872-131.2.25.
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Abstract Storm water ponds are commonly employed to trap sediments, nutrients and other pollutants in non-point runoff. Aquatic macrophytes are thought to offer enhanced nutrient control via nutrient uptake and other processes. This study sampled and compared the phosphorus contents of water, sediment, and a dominant macrophyte, Stuckenia pectinata (Sago Pond Weed), in a storm water detention pond in the fall of 2013 and 2014. Phosphorus concentrations [ug P (g material)−1] were much higher in macrophyte tissues than in sediment and water, but the areal amounts of phosphorus (mg P m−2) bound in these three forms were ranked differently: sediment>>water>macrophyte, with macrophyte-bound P accounting for only <1–2% of total P in this pond. Macrophyte management may, therefore, have only marginal effectiveness in nutrient control by storm water detention ponds, although macrophytes support a variety of other ecosystem services.
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Rafiqie, Musyaffa. "Analisa Kualitas Air Budidaya Udang Vaname (Litopenaeus vannamei) di Tambak Rakyat Kontruksi Dinding Semen Dan Dasar Tambak Semen Di Pantai Konang, Kecamatan Panggul Kabupaten Trenggalek." Samakia : Jurnal Ilmu Perikanan 12, no. 1 (April 17, 2021): 80–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.35316/jsapi.v12i1.838.
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The water quality analysis activities carried out by smallholder farmers with the construction of cement walls and cement pond bases on the Konang beach, Panggul District, Trenggalek Regency, have not met the standard standards in the analysis of pond water quality. Pond farmers only analyze the pH, brightness and temperature of the pond water. The research objective was to obtain information and describe the analysis of water quality in the community pond construction of cement walls and the bottom of cement ponds at Konang beach, Panggul District, Trenggalek Regency. The activity of analyzing the water quality of the community plots of construction of cement walls and the bottom of the cement ponds on the Konang beach, Panggul District, Trenggalek Regency, was observed in the form of temperature, brightness and pH, with a pond area of 250 m2. Water quality observation activities for 30 days, in one day water quality observations are made twice, namely in the morning and evening. The pH measurement results were obtained, ranging from 7.4 to 8.5, so that the results of measuring the pH of the water in the people's ponds in Koneng Beach were still normal or normal. According to Boyd (2001) in Andi S and Sahabuddin (2014), it is said that water organisms (fish or shrimp) require a pH range of 6.8 - 8.5. the results of measuring the brightness with a simple tool, the measurement results are between 25-40 cm. Badrudin et al (2014) stated that the optimum brightness level of pond water which is influenced by plankton density is around 20 - 40 cm. So that the level of brightness can be concluded that it is still in rational or optimal. The temperature in the ponds was 24 ᴼC - 28 ᴼC, still within normal or optimal. According to Supito (2017), the pond temperature in the range of 28 ᴼ C to 32 ᴼ C is the optimal temperature forcultivating vaname shrimp.
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Tran, My Ngoc Diem, and Anh Thi Tu Duong. "Seasonal composition and abundance of zooplankton in snakehead fish ponds at Ham Giang commune, Tra Cu district, Tra Vinh province." Science and Technology Development Journal - Natural Sciences 2, no. 5 (July 2, 2019): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32508/stdjns.v2i5.772.
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These zooplankton samples and water samples were taken at 4 sites in the fish pond area (2 outside points in the river and 2 inside point in the fish pond). The results were recorded 76 zooplankton taxa which were belong to 28 genuses and 3 phylums (Protozoa, Rotifera and Arthropoda: Cladocera, Copepoda, Ostracoda). The Rotatoria phylum was dominated over 70% of species composition and 45% of individual density. The zooplankton communities in the outside were more diverse than those in the fish ponds. Besides, there was a significant difference between the individual density of the inside and outside ponds. The Shannon-Wiener diversity index showed that the water qualities were from lightly to moderately polluted at all points. Water of inside pond was polluted by organic materials, with the dominated by Brachionus genus. The Bray – Curtis similarity showed that the difference between zooplankton communities of inside and outside ponds was about 40%. Therefore, the fish pond water could affect natural water sources.
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Klochenko, P. D., Z. N. Gorbunova, T. F. Shevchenko, and T. V. Vitovetska. "INORGANIC AND ORGANIC SUBSTANCES IN WATER BODIES OF THE “OLEKSANDRIYA” DENDROLOGICAL PARK (THE TOWN OF BILA TSERKVA)." Hydrology, hydrochemistry and hydroecology, no. 1 (56) (2020): 48–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17721/2306-5680.2020.1.5.
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The content of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus compounds, chloride, organic matter, and dissolved oxygen was studied in 11 ponds of the “Oleksandriya” Dendrological Park. Samples were taken in summer 2016–2018 in the cascade of ponds located in the Western, Middle, and Eastern ravines of the park. The obtained data suggest that the studied ponds are significantly polluted by inorganic and organic substances, the amount of which remains still very high. The ponds of the Western ravine are characterized by the highest content of inorganic nitrogen compounds and chloride.Thus, in particular, the concentration of ammonium in the Poterchata pond accounted for 103.00–160.00 mg N/L, in the Rusalka pond – 64.00–89.50 mg N/L, in the Vodyanyk pond – 28.00–43.00 mg N/L, whereas in the Skelny pond – 12.00–38.50 mg N/L. The concentration of nitrite in the studied ponds accounted for respectively 1.130–2.213 mg N/L, 1.538–1.950 mg N/L, 0.988–1.388 mg N/L, and 0.730–1.288 mg N/L. The concentration of nitrate was also rather high. Thus, in the Poterchata pond it was 52.00–81.25 mg N/L, in the Rusalka pond – 48.00–73.75 mg N/L, in the Vodyayk pond – 21.50–38.75 mg N/L, whereas in the Skelny pond – 14.50–27.50 mg N/L. The concentration of chloride in the studied ponds accounted for respectively 690.9–795.7 mg/L, 553.8–580.5 mg/L, 283.5–308.4 mg/L, and 274.5–287.1 mg/L. The highest concentration of inorganic phosphorus (0.470 mg/L) was observed in one of the ponds of the Middle ravine. The highest values of dichromate oxidizablity (97.0 and 81.0 mg O/L) were registered in the first two ponds of the Western ravine, which is indicative of their essential contamination by organic matter. The lowest concentration of the dissolved oxygen (3.8 mg/L) was observed in the ponds of the Middle ravine. The complex of measurements aimed at the improvement of the state of the ponds of the “Oleksandriya” Dendrological Park should be elaborated and realized. In particular, it is essential to reveal the main source of the pollution of the ponds of the Western ravine by inorganic nitrogen compounds and chloride, and also to keep them clear of pollutants.
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Olding, Daniel D. "Algal Communities as a Biological Indicator of Stormwater Management Pond Performance and Function." Water Quality Research Journal 35, no. 3 (August 1, 2000): 489–504. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wqrj.2000.029.
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Abstract An investigation into phytoplankton and periphyton algal communities of two recently constructed Stormwater management ponds suggests that Stormwater impacts on biological communities are reduced during passage through the ponds, providing a degree of protection for biological communities in their receiving waters. In both ponds, disturbance effects from the incoming Stormwater on algal community richness and evenness appear to be greatest in the sediment forebay and are reduced in the main pond. However, the nature of the disturbance in the two systems can be seen to be fundamentally different from a biological perspective, with Rouge Pond functioning primarily to reduce toxins harmful to algal communities (e.g., heavy metals), and Harding Pond acting to reduce nutrients. The taxonomic composition of the two sites provides an indication of the quality of the incoming Stormwater. Rouge Pond, which contains many marine and brackish water species, receives Stormwater runoff from a major highway, while Harding Pond, containing more nutrient rich species, receives Stormwater primarily from residential properties. Despite the nutrient-rich conditions present in both ponds, nuisance blue-green algae (cyanobacte-ria) are conspicuously absent, and the ponds appear to have little potential for developing harmful algal blooms. The lack of blue-green algae can be linked to the hydraulic functioning of the ponds, suggesting that Stormwater facilities may be engineered to inhibit undesirable algal communities.
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Braaten, Robert O., and Mark Flaherty. "Salt balances of inland shrimp ponds in Thailand: implications for land and water salinization." Environmental Conservation 28, no. 4 (December 2001): 357–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0376892901000388.
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Brackish water ponds for farming black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) have recently proliferated in inland areas of Thailand's central plain, raising concerns about land and water salinization. The environmental impacts of inland shrimp farming were assessed by analysing the salt balance for an inland shrimp farm. Field data on water fluxes and pond salinity, collected from nine ponds in Chachoengsao Province from May–July 1999, were used to model the salt balance for a typical shrimp pond over one growout cycle. During growout, seepage represented 38% (11.5 tonnes crop−1) of salt losses, pond discharge 33% (9.7 tonnes crop−1), and accumulation of salt in pond sediment 6% (1.8 tonnes crop−1). About 23% of the initial salt content remained at harvest and could have been recycled. However, the majority (84% on average) was discharged to the irrigation canals. Much of the salt in pond sediment was also exported to the canal system through tidal flushing of the ponds. Field measurements of salinity were taken in adjacent canals and rice paddies to explore the impacts of salt exports from shrimp ponds. Pond discharge caused increases in canal salinity above levels that would impact on yields of irrigated rice and orchard crops, the main land uses in the region. Elevated soil and water salinity in adjacent rice fields was probably related to lateral seepage from the ponds. The salt budget was also modelled for a zero discharge farming system, promoted by proponents of inland shrimp farming as having few impacts. However, the results suggest that, even in zero discharge ponds, almost half of the initial pond salt content is exported through seepage (45%, 12.4 tonnes crop−1), with another 6% (1.8 tonnes crop−1) deposited in sediments. While techniques exist for mitigating much of the salt leakage, the likelihood of their uptake in Thailand is low. Further expansion of inland shrimp farming in the central plain is therefore likely to contribute substantial salt load to the area's land and water resources.
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Escalante, V., G. Moeller, and A. Rivas. "Pond evaluation and upgrading in Mexico." Water Science and Technology 42, no. 10-11 (November 1, 2000): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2000.0605.
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Half of the wastewater facilities constructed in Mexico for wastewater treatment and projected to be constructed in the next ten years, are waste stabilisation pond systems. The existing facilities have several problems in their operation. A national programme was developed by federal and local authorities responsible for sanitation and treatment for the monitoring and evaluation of the existing pond systems. The aim of the programme was the monitoring and evaluation of pond performance and effluent quality of a number of waste stabilisation ponds systems in different regions in Mexico and to upgrade and expand them if necessary. The programme was developed during 1998 and the specific sites selected were distributed within the country in the southern, central and northern part of Mexico. The evaluation of the specific ponds led to the production of a series of case studies on the various pond systems selected, that were discussed and jointly developed with local technicians in charge of the operation of the facilities. The case studies developed were: Gómez Portugal pond system located in the state of Aguascalientes, constituted by a baffled facultative pond; Guadalupe Victoria pond system located inthe State of Durango and constituted by a primary facultative, a secondary facultative and a third facultative pond; La Reforma pond system in Sinaloa, with two facultative ponds in series; González Ortega pond system in the State of Baja California Norte, with four anaerobic and four facultative ponds, and Chapilla pond system, located in the state of Chiapas. Plant effluents are intended for several purposes: irrigation and for discharge into receiving bodies. Effluent quality complies only with BOD limits, but not with microbiological limits established in national standards. For each pond, an upgrading plan is presented to comply with microbiological standards for discharge or for its use in irrigation.
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Wium-Andersen, T., A. H. Nielsen, T. Hvitved-Jakobsen, and J. Vollertsen. "Heavy metals, PAHs and toxicity in stormwater wet detention ponds." Water Science and Technology 64, no. 2 (July 1, 2011): 503–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.075.
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Concentrations of 6 different heavy metals and total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were determined in stormwater runoff and in the pond water of two Danish wet detention ponds. The pond water samples were analyzed for toxic effects, using the algae Selenastrum capricornutum as a test organism. Stormwater and pond water from a catchment with light industry showed high levels of heavy metals, especially zinc and copper. The pond water showed high toxic effects and copper were found to be the main toxicant. Additionally, a large part of the copper was suspected to be complex bound, reducing the potential toxicity of the metal. Another catchment (residential) produced stormwater and pond water with moderate concentration of heavy metals. The pond water occasionally showed toxic effects but no correlation between heavy metals and toxicity was identified. PAHs concentrations were for both catchments low and no correlations between PAH concentrations in the pond and toxicity were found.
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Zannat, F., MA Ali, and MA Sattar. "Investigation of Some Water Quality Parameters of Pond Water under Mymensingh Municipality." Journal of Environmental Science and Natural Resources 8, no. 1 (August 24, 2015): 85–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v8i1.24677.
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A study was conducted to evaluate the water quality parameters of pond water at Mymensingh Urban region. The water samples were collected from 30 ponds located at Mymensingh Urban Region during August to October 2010. The chemical analyses of water samples included pH, EC, Na, K, Ca, S, Mn and As were done by standard methods. The chemical properties in pond water were found pH 6.68 to 7.14, EC 227 to 700 ?Scm-1, Na 15.57 to 36.00 ppm, K 3.83 to 16.16 ppm, Ca 2.01 to 7.29 ppm, S 1.61 to 4.67 ppm, Mn 0.33 to 0.684 ppm and As 0.0011 to 0.0059 ppm. The pH values of water samples revealed that water samples were acidic to slightly alkaline in nature. The EC value revealed that water samples were medium salinity except one sample and also good for irrigation. According to drinking water standard Mn toxicity was detected in pond water. Considering Na, Ca and S ions pond water was safe for irrigation and aquaculture. In case of K ion, all the samples were suitable for irrigation but unsuitable for aquaculture.J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 8(1): 85-89 2015
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van der Steen, Peter, Asher Brenner, and Gideon Oron. "An integrated duckweed and algae pond system for nitrogen removal and renovation." Water Science and Technology 38, no. 1 (July 1, 1998): 335–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1998.0080.
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An integrated pond system, consisting of duckweed and algae ponds, was investigated for duckweed production and for further treatment of anaerobically treated domestic wastewater. The system consisted of 10 ponds in series, arranged in 3 stages of 2 duckweed ponds, 3 algae ponds and 5 duckweed ponds, respectively. Production of duckweed ranged from 7.4-16.4 g/(m2.day) (or 27-60 ton/(ha.year)) dry weight in the first pond, to 2.7-8.2 g/(m2.day) (or 10-30 ton/(ha.year)) in the last pond. Regression analysis suggested that the production was positively influenced by the concentration of organic compounds in the pond water. The ammonium concentration in the range of 20-60 mg/l NH4-N did not affect duckweed production. Fifty-six percent of the pond influent nitrogen, mainly ammonium, was removed. Ammonium removal was due to uptake by the duckweed plants (18%), nitrification (3%), sedimentation (8%) and combined volatilization of NH3 and denitrification (73%).
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Silva, Ana Maria Dias da, Levy de Carvalho Gomes, and Rodrigo Roubach. "Growth, yield, water and effluent quality in ponds with different management during tambaqui juvenile production." Pesquisa Agropecuária Brasileira 42, no. 5 (May 2007): 733–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0100-204x2007000500017.
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The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of pond management on fish feed, growth, yield, survival, and water and effluent quality, during tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum) juvenile production. Fish were distributed in nine 600 m² earthen ponds, at a density of 8 fish per m²; the rearing period was 60 days. Three different pond management were applied: limed and fertilized (LimFer), limed (Lim), and natural (Nat). Fish were fed with a commercial ration containing 34% crude protein three times daily. There were no significant differences in fish growth or yield. Three main items found in tambaqui stomach were insect, zooplankton and ration, without a significant difference among treatments in proportion. Alkalinity, hardness, and CO2 were greater in LimFer and Lim ponds. Chlorophyll a, transparency, ammonia, nitrite, temperature, and dissolved oxygen of pond water were not significantly different among treatments. Biochemical oxygen demand, total phosphorus, orthophosphate, ammonia, and nitrite were significantly greater in effluents from LimFer ponds. Pond fertilization should be avoided, because growth and yield were similar among the three pond management systems tested; besides, it produces a more impacting effluent.
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Phillips, P., J. Bender, R. Simms, S. Rodriguez-Eaton, and C. Britt. "Manganese removal from acid coal-mine drainage by a pond containing green algae and microbial mat." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (June 1, 1995): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0481.
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Acid mine drainage flowing from an underground seep, through an anoxic drain to an oxidation pond and then trickling filter was distributed among three treatment ponds for manganese reduction before releasing the mining water to a surface stream. Manganese was more effectively removed from the integrated green algae and microbial mat with limestone substrate pond (algae mat system) than from control ponds containing limestone or pea gravel substrates without mat. Although there was some Mn-cell binding, manganese was primarily deposited as precipitates at the pond bottom. Day/night and winter/summer manganese removal was essentially the same. The greater efficiency in Mn removal by the algae mat pond was most pronounced with higher flow rates and during the night. At 2 metres from the influent point of each pond, the algae mat pond removed 2.59 g manganese/day/M2, respectively, compared to 0.80 in the limestone pond and 0.37 in the pea gravel pond. Control ponds showed either Mn breakthrough or near breakthrough (Mn outflow releases > US Environmental Protection Agency regulations of 2 mg/L) during night-time sampling or when mine drainage flow exceeded 4.5 L/min.
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Petrea, Ștefan-Mihai, Alina Mogodan, Isabelle Metaxa, Cătălin Platon, Mioara Costache, and Ira-Adeline Simionov. "THE TECHNOLOGICAL WATER NITROGEN COMPOUNDS DYNAMICS IN THE EXPERIMENTAL PONDS, INLET AND OUTLET CHANNELS." Present Environment and Sustainable Development 13, no. 2 (October 15, 2019): 259–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.15551/pesd2019132020.
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This study aims to identify proper solutions that can improve the sustainability of cyprinids pond aquaculture in terms of nitrogen releases to the environment. Therefore, two experimental variants, based on polyculture, respectively integrated multi-trophic aquaculture (IMTA) concept were tested, as follows: PCP – polyculture of common carp (CC) + grass carp (GC) + bighead carp (BC) + silver carp (SC); CP-PP – net divided pond with CC monoculture in CP part and CC+GC+BC+SC polyculture in PP part. In order to determine the nitrogen accumulation at the pond level, samples of water, sediments, fish meat and reed were analyzed. The results indicate that the highest nitrogen compounds concentrations in pond water were registered at CP part of CP-PP pond. However, the nitrogen concentration in pond effluents was significant higher in case of CP-PP pond, compared with PCP pond. The nitrogen compounds concentration of sediments registered the highest values in the ponds outlet area. Also, CP-PP pond recorded higher nitrogen concentration in sediments, compared with PCP pond. The CC registered the highest nitrogen compounds concentration in case of PP pond area, followed by CP pond area and PCP pond. Not significant correlation was found between reed and pond water/ fish meat/ sediments in terms of nitrogen compounds concentration. It can be concluded that the CP-PP pond feeding management, together with the tested technical solution (pond dividing) generated better water conditioning performances.
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Triyatmo, Bambang. "PEMANTAUAN PLANKTON DAN KUALITAS AIR TAMBAK UDANG WINDU INTENSIVE DI LAHAN PASIR PANTAI." Jurnal Perikanan Universitas Gadjah Mada 5, no. 1 (February 1, 2003): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/jfs.8983.
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A research was conducted in intensive ponds of shrimp (Penaeousmonodon) culture located in sandy coastal area Pandansimo, Bantul Regency. Shrimp was cultured in two ponds (± 3.600 m2 each). The bottom of the first pond was 5-10 cm of soil. The second pond used sand originated from the coastal area as the bottom. Shrimps were cultured in the two ponds for 4.5 months. During the culture, plankton and water quality of ponds was observed for 3 times, namely on early, middle and final of shrimp culture.Result of the experiment indicated that 1). Density of plankton in both increased during shrimps culture; 2). Density of plankton in the pond with soil bottom was higher than in that of the pond with sand bottom; 3). The productivity of ponds increased; 4). As higher plankton density increase the absorption of NH4 and PO4, the availability of these nutrient gradually lowered; 5). Species composition of plankton in ponds with soil bottom was dominated by Spirulina sp. Brachionus sp., and Chlorella sp.; 6) In addition species composition of plankton in ponds with sand bottom was dominated by., Brachionus sp., Chlorella sp., Spirulinasp., and Cyclotella sp.; 7) During shrimp culture, the water qualities of the ponds were commonly in the optimal condotions for shrimp; 8) Water quality for the first three months of culture generally was suitable for shrimp culture both in pond with soil and sand bottom. However, after 90 days of culture, the dissolved oxygen in ponds with soil and sand bottom ranged from 2.0 to 3.0 mg/l, which was unsuitable for shrimp culture; 9) The production, survival rates and average body weights of shrimp were 3.18 ton/ha, 12.23 g and 42.3% from pond with soil bottom, and 3.51 ton/ha, 14.43g and 43.38% from pond with sand bottom, respectively.
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Khan, S., B. W. Melville, and A. Y. Shamseldin. "Retrofitting a stormwater retention pond using a deflector island." Water Science and Technology 63, no. 12 (June 1, 2011): 2867–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2011.569.
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Stormwater retention ponds are one of the principal methods to treat stormwater runoff. Analysis of residence time distribution (RTD) curves can be used to evaluate the capability of these ponds for sediment removal. Deflector islands have been suggested as a means of improving the performance of retention ponds, due to their diffusing the inlet jet. In this study, the effect of an island on retention pond performance was investigated using a physical model of an existing stormwater retention pond. The physical model is a trapezoidal pond having top dimensions 4.1 × 1.5 × 0.23 m and side slopes of 2:1 (h:v). Three different arrangements were studied. The results show that placing an island to deflect the influent to a stormwater retention pond does not improve pond performance, rather it stimulates short-circuiting. This unexpected behaviour, in relation to previous studies, is considered to be a consequence of the model pond incorporating sloping walls; which is a novel aspect of this paper.
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RETNANINGDYAH, CATUR, ENDANG ENDANG ARISOESILANINGSIH, and SETIJONO SAMINO. "Use of local Hydromacrophytes as phytoremediation agent in pond to improve irrigation water quality evaluated by Diatom Biotic Indices." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 18, no. 4 (October 7, 2017): 1611–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d180439.
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Retnaningdyah C, Arisoesilaningsih E, Samino S. 2017. Use of local Hydromacrophytes as phytoremediation agent in pond to improve irrigation water quality evaluated by Diatom Biotic Indices. Biodiversitas 18: 1596-1602. Irrigation water in Indonesia generally has been polluted because of agricultural, industrial and domestic activity. The aims of this research were to determine the effectiveness of phytoremediation models conducted by planting some local Hydromacrophytes in three phytoremediation ponds through a continuous culture system with water discharge about 0.3 L/seconds for improving the irrigation water quality. The quasiexperimental research was conducted in a phytoremediation pond located in Kepanjen District of Malang, East Java Indonesia. The phytoremediation pond was divided into four interconnected sections. Pond 1 and 2 were planted with some of floating leaf and emergent hydromacrophyte, pond 3 was planted by combinations of same plants added with submerged Hydromacrophytes, while pond 4 was container pond to collecting the water as a result of phytoremediation process. The success of phytoremediation process was known from some physico-chemical parameters of water and some of diatom biotic indices (trophic diatom index/TDI, percentage of pollution tolerant value (%PTV), and Shannon Wiener diversity Index) that was found from artificial substrate been installed in the early treatment. The water quality monitoring performed in each part of the ponds after the plants grew steadily. The results showed that planting of Hydromacrophytes can significantly improve the physico-chemical quality of water. This was reflected in the decline value of conductivity (from 188 μS/cm to 182 μS/cm), turbidity (30 NTU become 8 NTU), total suspended solid (TSS) from 31.3 mg/L to be 5.5 mg/L, nitrates (7.5 mg/L to 3.3 mg/L) and dissolved phosphates (from 0.16 mg./L become 0.04 mg/L) and increasing value of dissolved oxygen (DO) in waters from 2.6 mg/L become 2.9 mg/L. Based on biotic indices there were improvement of the water quality from heavily polluted (diversity index 0.91) become moderately polluted (diversity index 2.07), eutrophic (TDI 52) become mesoeutrophic (TDI 38), and from heavily organic pollution (PTV 93%) to be some organic pollution contribute to eutrophication (PTV 38%). Improvement of water quality was effectively occur after passing through the third pond.
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Oragui, J. I., H. Arridge, D. D. Mara, H. W. Pearson, and S. A. Silva. "Rotavirus removal in experimental waste stabilization pond systems with different geometries and configurations." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (June 1, 1995): 285–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0497.
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Rotavirus removal in waste stabilization ponds is a relatively slow process: in a series of ten ponds (a 1-d anaerobic pond followed by nine 2-d ponds) its numbers were reduced from 1.4 × 105 per litre to zero, and in an “innovative” series (a 1-day anaerobic pond, 3-d facultative pond, 3.8-d, 3-d and 5-d maturation ponds) from 5.1 × 104 per litre to <5 per litre. Faecal coliforms were better indicators of rotaviruses than was Clostridium perfringens .
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Stumpel, Anton H. P., and Hilko van der Voet. "Characterizing the suitability of new ponds for amphibians." Amphibia-Reptilia 19, no. 2 (1998): 125–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/156853898x00421.
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AbstractNewly constructed ponds in the Netherlands were sampled for the presence of amphibians. Nine species were found. Relationships were established with pond characteristics and effects were found of factors such as pond age, topography of the surroundings, vegetation cover of water and bank, and electrical conductivity of the water. A total of 16 pond characteristics were screened for their explanatory power to discern ponds that are or are not inhabited by a certain amphibian species. Also interactions between pond characteristics were screened, and were often found to be significant. For example, electrical conductivity was strongly related (negatively) with Rana temporaria presence in the older but not in the younger ponds. The greatest number of effects were found for Triturus vulgaris and the least for T. cristatus. The effects give indications as to the specific requirements to be considered when constructing ponds.
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Fyfe, J., J. Smalley, D. Hagare, and M. Sivakumar. "Physical and hydrodynamic characteristics of a dairy shed waste stabilisation pond system." Water Science and Technology 55, no. 11 (June 1, 2007): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2007.337.
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Waste stabilization pond systems are widely used to treat animal wastes under highly variable hydraulic loading regimes. These systems have received limited research attention with regard to their hydrodynamic behaviour and the potential impact of shock hydraulic loading on their performance. In this study a two-stage dairy shed waste stabilisation pond system was topographically surveyed to determine the physical shape and the theoretical hydraulic retention time (HRT) of each pond, as well as the extent of sludge accumulation in the primary pond. The primary pond was then subjected to a series of drogue tracking runs whereby weighted floating survey targets with submerged ‘sails’ were tracked during their movement through the pond at times of peak flow in order to characterise the hydrodynamic behaviour of the pond. The full capacity volumes of the primary and secondary ponds were calculated to be 1285 m3 and 2391 m3, respectively. Sludge had been accumulating in the primary pond at a rate of 0.73 m3/d over a period of 2.4 years and this has reduced the active treatment volume of the pond to 657 m3. Based on mean outflow, the HRTs of the ponds were 40 d and 137 d, respectively. The drogue runs revealed a vortex-like mixing pattern within the pond with higher velocities around the perimeter of the pond between the inlet and outlet, and lower velocities in the centre of the pond. In-pond velocities seemed relatively high in comparison with those from other drogue studies of larger ponds and the surging inflow caused the formation of a flow ‘jet’ that potentially contributed to significant short-circuiting. The range of influence of this flow jet, however, was limited to within 15 m of the inlet, suggesting that short-circuiting would be likely to occur only under certain high inflow conditions.
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Ouazzani, N., K. Bouhoum, L. Mandi, L. Bouarab, Kh Habbari, F. Rafiq, B. Picot, J. Bontoux, and J. Schwartzbrod. "Wastewater treatment by stabilization pond: Marrakesh experiment." Water Science and Technology 31, no. 12 (June 1, 1995): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1995.0462.
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This paper presents results of two years of investigations on three types of wastewater stabilization pond treatment systems, purifying a raw urban wastewater, in the arid climate of Marrakesh. The systems tested were: two lined water hyacinth ponds, two lined facultative ponds and one anaerobic pond. During the course of the experiment, organic load, nutrients and parasitical load were studied. Results show that the macrophytic ponds were more efficient to reduce organic load (90% of TSS and 78% of COD) that the microphtic ponds; these ones were more efficient to eliminate nutrients (NTK 71%, NH4 60%, Ptotal 80% and PO4 62%). The anaerobic pond presents a lower efficiency, less than 40% for organic and less than 20% for nutrients. About sanitary concerns, all of the year, the macrophytic and microphytic pond effluents correspond to B category (WHO, 1989). The anaerobic pond yields B category effluent except in autumn when it corresponds to C category.
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Djohan, Tjut Sugandawaty, Krisni Suhesthiningsih, and Amsal Pasila. "DIEL DISTRIBUTION OF DESOLVED OXYGEN AT TRADITIONAL-SQUARE SHRIMP POND IN MANGROVE ECOSYSTEM OF BONDAN SEGARA ANAKAN." KnE Life Sciences 2, no. 1 (September 20, 2015): 243. http://dx.doi.org/10.18502/kls.v2i1.149.
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<p>In 1997, large area of mangrove forest in Segara Anakan was converted into the intensive shrimp-ponds, which were failed, abandoned, and colonized by mangrove shrubs. Some of these abandoned shrimp-ponds were changed into the traditional shrimp-ponds using tides as a source of energy. We aimed to study the diel distribution of dissolved oxygen (DO) at the traditional-square shrimp pond, 250m x 80m, during the dry season of October 2009. This pond had one gate for water inflow and out flow from Bondan River, which was automatically open and closed by tides. The island of this shrimp-pond was colonized by aquatic macrophyte, Fimbristylis polytrichoides, which was die-back during the dry season. We also measured pH, salinity, and temperature both at the shrimp pond and the water inflow. We hypothesized that DO in the traditional shrimp pond was similar to DO of Bondan River. The sampling was conducted for 3-hour periods in the 24 hours. Water samples were taken from 4 points at the canal, 2 points in the center, island, and 2 points at the water inflow of Bondan River. The results showed that DO distribution in the 24 hours were 3.8-9.2 ppm. The DO concentration of the traditional shrimp-pond was higher than DO of the Bondan River. The DO during the day was higher than the night. The lowest DO concentrations were at early morning between 4.7 ppm in the ponds, 3.56 ppm in the river inflow. The DO of the shrimp pond was influenced by the temperature and pH. </p><p><strong>Keywords</strong>: Dissolved Oxygen, traditional shrimp-pond, mangrove</p>
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Barzily, Ahuva, and Yehuda Kott. "Survival of Pathogenic Bacteria in Elevated Temperature Oxidation Ponds." Water Science and Technology 21, no. 1 (January 1, 1989): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1989.0012.
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Oxidation ponds are commonly used as an inexpensive method for wastewater treatment. The overall treatment results are measured in terms of pH, oxygen concentration, number and type of algae, and order of magnitude of coliform bacteria reduction. It is often found that pond water temperatures, especially in the summer, reach levels which cause a rapid die-off of pathogenic bacteria. The purpose of the current study was to follow the die-off of pathogenic bacteria in an elevated temperature experimental oxidation pond. Raw wastewater was pumped from a suburban main sewer to the Environmental Engineering Department's pilot plant installations and was introduced daily into two experimental oxidation ponds to give a detention time of 10 - 12 days. One pond was held at 42 - 45°C whilst the other served as a control at ambient temperatures. Salmonellatyphimurium was introduced daily into the two ponds. In another set of experiments, the Salmonella were kept in dialysis bags placed in the ponds. The dialysis bags were filled with saline, control pond effluent, or raw wastewater. The results showed that it is very difficult to isolate the bacteria from the pond effluent. The number of Salmonella bacteria in the dialysis bags in the elevated temperature pond decreased by a few orders of magnitude within days. The Salmonella in the control pond survived for longer. It is thought that the high temperature and adverse environmental conditions caused the rapid die-off of the bacteria in the elevated temperature pond. Taking into account the fact that the numbers of the various pathogenic bacteria in nature are much smaller than the numbers introduced into the experimental ponds, it is thought that effluents from oxidation ponds operating at temperatures in the range 40 - 45°C will not contain any pathogenic bacteria.
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Ouyang, Ying, Gary Feng, John J. Read, Theodor D. Leininger, and Johnie N. Jenkins. "Estimating the ratio of pond size to irrigated soybean land in Mississippi: a case study." Water Supply 16, no. 6 (May 24, 2016): 1639–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2016.087.
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Although more on-farm storage ponds have been constructed in recent years to mitigate groundwater resources depletion in Mississippi, little effort has been devoted to estimating the ratio of on-farm water storage pond size to irrigated crop land based on pond metrics and its hydrogeological conditions. In this study, two simulation scenarios were chosen to determine such a ratio as well as to investigate pond hydrological processes using a Structural Thinking, Experimental Learning Laboratory with Animation (STELLA) model, one scenario with and the other without using pond water for irrigation for a typical pond that represented the average conditions in East Mississippi. Simulation results showed that pond water level changed moderately for conditions without using its water for irrigation, whereas pond water level changed dramatically for conditions with using its water for irrigation. A reasonable ratio of pond size to irrigated soybeans land was 1:18 if the irrigation rate was 2.54 cm/d (or 1 inch/d) and the low limit of the pond water level was drawn to near zero (0.08 m). For the ratio of 1:18, our simulations further revealed that a 1-ha soybeans land could save about 542 m3 groundwater each year. This study suggests that the STELLA model is a useful tool for estimating the ratio of pond size to irrigated crop land.
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Barszczewski, Jerzy, and Edmund Kaca. "Water retention in ponds and the improvement of its quality during carp production / Retencjonowanie wody w stawach oraz poprawa jej jakości w procesie produkcji karpiowej." Journal of Water and Land Development 17, no. 1 (December 1, 2012): 31–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10025-012-0030-z.
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Abstract Ponds play various functions both productive and non-productive. It was demonstrated in the paper that ponds retain water and during heavy rainfalls they act as a flood control measure. Self-purification of water takes place along the pond. Statistically significant reduction of nitrate-N, phosphate-P and calcium concentrations was found in pond water. From 102±24 to as much as 360±53 kg nitrate-N per ha of fishpond is retained during fish growth. Phosphorus may not be retained in fishpond; if it is then the amounts of stored P are small (from 1 to 7 kg·ha-1 on average). Slightly more potassium may remain in the pond. After the period of fish growth and draining the pond, only part of stored load of nutrients reaches the recipient water body. From 200 to 400 kg N-NO3 and up to 2300 kg Ca per ha does not flow out of the pond. The outflow of ammonium-N, phosphorus and potassium may, however, increase or decrease
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Hossain, Md Rayhan, Fawzia Adib Flowra, Saiful Islam, Shishir Kumar Dey, and Sayeeda Sultana. "Status of fish culture in Rajshahi City Corporation of Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 3, no. 1 (April 14, 2017): 94–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v3i1.32043.
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The present study carried on 16 sampling ponds in Rajshahi City Corporation, Rajshahi, Bangladesh during the period from August, 2005 to April, 2006. The main theme of this work was to find out the impact on present status of improved traditional culture and mixed culture in various pond. This study involved the observations made on physical characteristics, ownerships system, ponds preparation, stocking combinations of fish seeds, post stocking management and maintenance, harvesting and cost analysis of 16 improved traditional managed ponds in Rajshahi City Corporation. The primary data for the study was taken from the growers of these ponds. After collecting primary data, it was analyzed by suitable statistical method. Physical characteristics of the sampling pond were found. Water depth more or less sufficient, water colour greenish, presence of sunlight was sufficient, water source was mainly drain and rain and various shaped of pond was found. Pond was prepared by traditional method using pesticides (Phostoxin, Rotanone, Sumithion, Quick fume), lime and fertilizers (Urea, TSP., Cow dung). The fish seed were stocked in different ponds. In Sac fry was stocked in 4 nursery ponds. Post stocking management and maintenance were included inorganic fertilizer (Urea, TSP), organic fertilizer cow dung, applied weekly and supplementary feeds were used daily. It was observed that 15 ponds were made profit and one pond had loss. Two types of ownership were found (three years and five years) in the study period. During the study time two types of harvesting method were found. They were partial and final harvest. Mainly two types of production cost such as variable cost (lease, pond preparation, pesticide use, fertilizer etc.) and fixed cost (cost of net, net preservation, tax of pond etc.) were observed in the study period.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. March 2017, 3(1): 94-102