Journal articles on the topic 'Pompe de charge instable'

Lorsqu’un patient souffrant de douleurs articulaires se présente à notre cabinet, il pourrait être aisé pour nous orthodontistes d’ignorer le problème en estimant que l’occlusion n’est pas en relation avec les symptômes et qu’il s’agit seulement d’un problème bio-psychosocial. Au travers d’exemples largement illustrés, cet article tente de démontrer que le patient peut apparaître en position occlusale stable, alors qu’il est en position articulaire instable. Ceci peut générer des adaptations articulaires, dentaires (abrasions) et l’apparition de douleurs. L’orthodontie permet de prendre en charge les patients en souffrance à la condition que la planification du traitement intègre le rétablissement d’une position articulaire stable, tout autant que celui d’une position occlusale stable.

This investigation aims to find lipid-based nanosystems to be used as tools to deliver manganese for diagnostic purposes in multimodal imaging techniques. In particular, the study describes the production and characterization of aqueous dispersions of anionic liposomes as delivery systems for two model manganese-based compounds, namely manganese chloride and manganese acetylacetonate. Negatively charged liposomes were obtained using four different anionic surfactants, namely sodium docusate (SD), N-lauroylsarcosine (NLS), Protelan AG8 (PAG) and sodium lauroyl lactylate (SLL). Liposomes were produced by the direct hydration method followed by extrusion and characterized in terms of size, polydispersity, surface charge and stability over time. After extrusion, liposomes are homogeneous and monodispersed with an average diameter not exceeding 200 nm and a negative surface charge as confirmed by ζ potential measurement. Moreover, as indicated by atomic absorption spectroscopy analyses, the loading of manganese-based compounds was almost quantitative. Liposomes containing NLS or SLL were the most stable over time and the presence of manganese-based compounds did not affect their size distribution. Liposomes containing PAG and SD were instable and therefore discarded. The in vitro cytotoxicity of the selected anionic liposomes was evaluated by MTT assay on human keratinocyte. The obtained results highlighted that the toxicity of the formulations is dose dependent.

In the membrane bioreactor (MBR) treating municipal wastewater, the effect of sludge retention time (SRT) on the contents of the extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), tightly bound EPS (TB) and loosely bound EPS (LB) and the ratios of protein and polysaccharide in TB and LB was studied. With the extension of SRT the EPS increased and the ratios of protein and polysaccharide in TB and LB changed. The above changes influenced the charge distribution of bacterial surface, increased the proportion of hydrophilicity and hydrophobicity on the bacterial surface, changed the bacteria from the instable (R-type) to the stable (S-type), decreased the Zeta potential and increased the values of sludge volume index (SVI). The correlation analysis for the main parameters of fouling resistance was performed by SPSS software, and it was found that the correlation coefficient (rp) was -0.818 for Zeta potential, 0.853 for the content of suspended solids in supernatant and 0.832 for relative hydrophobicity, respectively. SRT of the MBR should be controlled below 120 times of the minimum generation-time of dominant bacteria considering the membrane fouling and sludge characteristics.

Na-O2 and K-O2 batteries have attracted extensive attention in recent years. However, the parasitic reactions involving the discharge product of NaO2 or K anode with electrolytes and the severe Na or K dendrites plague their rechargeability and cycle stability. Herein, we report a hybrid Na//K+-containing electrolyte//O2 battery consisting of a Na anode, 1.0 M of potassium triflate in diglyme, and a porous carbon cathode. Upon discharging, KO2 is preferentially produced via oxygen reduction in the cathode with Na+ stripped from the Na anode, and reversely, the KO2 is electrochemically decomposed with Na+ plated back onto the anode. The new reaction pathway can circumvent the parasitic reactions involving instable NaO2 and active K anode, and alternatively, the good stability and conductivity of KO2 and stable Na stripping/plating in the presence of K+ enable the hybrid battery to exhibit an average discharge/charge voltage gap of 0.15 V, high Coulombic efficiency of >96%, and superior cycling stability of 120 cycles. This will pave a new pathway to promote metal-air batteries.

Na-O2 and K-O2 batteries have attracted extensive attention in recent years. However, the parasitic reactions involving the discharge product of NaO2 or K anode with electrolytes and the severe Na or K dendrites plague their rechargeability and cycle stability. Herein, we report a hybrid Na//K+-containing electrolyte//O2 battery consisting of a Na anode, 1.0 M of potassium triflate in diglyme, and a porous carbon cathode. Upon discharging, KO2 is preferentially produced via oxygen reduction in the cathode with Na+ stripped from the Na anode, and reversely, the KO2 is electrochemically decomposed with Na+ plated back onto the anode. The new reaction pathway can circumvent the parasitic reactions involving instable NaO2 and active K anode, and alternatively, the good stability and conductivity of KO2 and stable Na stripping/plating in the presence of K+ enable the hybrid battery to exhibit an average discharge/charge voltage gap of 0.15 V, high Coulombic efficiency of >96%, and superior cycling stability of 120 cycles. This will pave a new pathway to promote metal-air batteries.

IntroductionPlusieurs similitudes existent entre le trouble Bipolaire et la personnalité Borderline amenant parfois à les considérer à tord comme la même entité. La fluctuation de l’humeur et l’impulsivité d’une personnalité limite peuvent parfois donner le change avec les symptômes bipolaires. ObjectifIllustrer l’association entre la personnalité limite et le trouble bipolaire à travers une vignette clinique et décrire les conséquences cliniques, thérapeutiques et sociales inhérentes.Matériel et méthodesIl s’agit d’une vignette clinique d’une patiente suivie depuis l’année 2006 à la consultation externe du service de psychiatrie à l’hôpital Militaire d’instructions de Tunis.RésultatsMlle I.A., âgée de 32 ans, a beaucoup souffert d’une malformation du visage « Bec de Lièvre », pour laquelle elle a été opérée à trois reprises. Elle a interrompu ses études à l’âge de 16 ans. Fiancée plusieurs fois, elle a mis fin à toutes ses relations. Depuis l’âge de 26 ans, elle travaillait de manière très instable en tant qu’ouvrière. Elle présente, depuis son adolescence, un tempérament hyper thymique, un sentiment chronique de vide, de rejet et d’abandon, une tendance à l’impulsivité et des conduites addictives avec instabilité interpersonnelle. Au redressement de son histoire clinique, on retrouve des épisodes thymiques intenses et variés : un premier épisode maniaque en 2006 suite au divorce de ses parents ; un deuxième épisode similaire en juillet 2012 avec notion d’insomnie quasi-totale, de dilapidation de biens et de problèmes professionnels importants et un troisième épisode thymique en décembre 2012, avec trois tentatives de suicide. Lors de la dernière consultation, nous avons retrouvé une patiente avec une humeur versatile, instable sur le plan psychomoteur, tachypsychique et anhédonique. Le diagnostic d’un épisode mixte a été retenu. Des traits de personnalité limite se sont dégagés au fur et à mesure du tarissement du trouble de l’humeur en cours. ConclusionLe diagnostic de trouble bipolaire pose parfois des difficultés surtout que l’association entre ces deux troubles est fréquente. Il est donc important au clinicien de savoir bien repérer ces différents tableaux afin d’ajuster au mieux la prise en charge thérapeutique.

The Second Vatican Council has its own resonance which has impacted not only the Roman Catholic Church but other Churches also, indeed the world as a whole. This was the conviction of Pope John XXIII when he announced his idea for a Universal Council. He wished to place the Church within the rapidly changing modern world. One change is in attitudes towards other religions which has opened the path towards dialogue. Now, 50 years later, can the council still speak to us about Church renewal and unity? We note progress in Indonesia such as dialogue between religions and religious convictions, the ecumenical movement which has spread, for instance through the acceptance of a common translation of the Bible. In NTT Province theology faculty members of the Christian University (UKAW) in Kupang and the Philosophy Institute of Ledalero (STFK), Maumere exchange faculty and students. <b>Kata-kata Kunci:</b> Pembaruan, gerakan ekumene, kesatuan, misi Gereja, solidaritas

La necrose aigue de lœsophage, egalement appelee œsophage noir est une forme grave et rare de lesion œsophagienne qui se developpe chez les patients ages presentant plusieurs comorbidites. Elle presenteun aspect macroscopique et endoscopique caracteristique avec une decoloration noire diffuse et circonferentielle de la muqueuse œsophagienne. La plupart des patients presentent des saignements gastro-intestinaux. Parmi les autres symptômes, citons la dysphagie, les douleurs epigastriques ou ceux lies aux troubles sous-jacents. Letiologie a ete liee a plusieurs possibilites, telles quun reflux gastro-œsophagien, une hypoperfusion et une ischemie. Les facteurs de risque comprennent essentiellement lage avance, le sexe (masculin), les maladies cardiaques, lacidocetose diabetique, la malnutrition, les maladies renales et les traumatismes, qui ont egalement tendance a compliquer levolution de la maladie. Une biopsie de lœsophage nest pas justifiee. Son traitement comprend une hydratation suffisante, les inhibiteurs de la pompe a protons (IPP), du sucralfate, une nutrition parenterale. Lintervention chirurgicale est reservee aux patients presentant un tableau grave avec ulceration œsophagienne etendue, necrose et, dans certains cas, perforation œsophagienne. La prise en charge des comorbidites preexistantes associees est cruciale pour prevenir lexacerbation de levolution de la maladie qui pourrait se traduire par un mauvais pronostic et un taux de mortalite accru. Elle est associee a un taux de mortalite eleve necessitant un diagnostic rapide surtout chez certains patients a risque, en vue dune prise en charge precoce.

Le concept de trouble de la personnalité borderline à l’adolescence donne lieu depuis de nombreuses années à de multiples débats et controverses, tant sur le plan théorique que dans la pratique clinique quotidienne. Partant de ce constat, 10 équipes européennes francophones (France, Suisse, Belgique), spécialisées dans la prise en charge du trouble borderline, se sont rassemblées pour créer le réseau européen de recherche sur la personnalité borderline (EUR-NET-BPD). L’objectif principal de cette étude était d’identifier les caractéristiques psychopathologiques spécifiques au trouble borderline chez l’adolescent (structuration de la personnalité, tempérament, impulsivité, mécanismes de défense, modalités d’attachement, expression émotionnelle, comorbidités…). Les objectifs secondaires de l’étude comprenaient l’étude de la place, du rôle et de la fonction de la dépression, la validation d’un outil de dépistage du trouble borderline, la caractérisation de facteurs étiopathogéniques, la mesure de l’impact des prises en charge chez les adolescents borderline. Un total de 85 adolescents de 15 à 19 ans (âge moyen 16,3 ans) borderline (diagnostic SIDP-IV) et 84 témoins non borderline appariés pour l’âge et le sexe ont été recrutés dans cette étude longitudinale multicentrique. Les critères borderline les plus fréquents chez les patients étaient les TS et automutilations, l’humeur instable, l’impulsivité et les colères inappropriées. Les principaux troubles de l’axe I vie entière retrouvés comprenaient les troubles de l’humeur (EDM : 71 %, dysthymie : 11 %, ED non spécifié : 6 %), les troubles alimentaires (anorexie : 40 %, boulimie : 33 %), le THADA (17 %), les troubles des conduites (18,8 %), le trouble oppositionnel avec provocation (31 %), les troubles liés à l’utilisation d’alcool ou de drogues et le PTSD (20 %). Les troubles de la personnalité les plus comorbides avec le trouble borderline étaient les personnalités obsessionnelle (35 %), antisociale (22 %), évitante (21 %), dépendante (12 %) et paranoïaque (10 %). Ces résultats seront comparés à ceux de la littérature internationale et commentés.

Low ejection fraction in the elderly presenting for anaesthesia could be very challenging to the anaesthetist on account of the heightened risk of perioperative complications. The combined risk of low ejection fraction and poor cardiac reserve may predispose to increase perioperative mortality. Complications in the perioperative period includes acute exacerbation of heart failure which can arise from pump failure or cardiac dyskinesia, and these could be debilitating in the elderly. Therefore, maintaining good systolic function and cardiac rhythm will ensure cardiovascular stability. We present the management of an 89year old man who had hypertensive heart disease with ejection fraction of 40% that successfully had dynamic hip replacement under combined spinal epidural (CSE) anaesthesia. Keywords: neuraxial blockade, ejection fraction, elderly. French title: Prise en charge anesthésique des âgées à faible taux d'éjection subissant une chirurgie non cardiaqueUne faible fraction d'éjection chez les âgées se présentant pour une anesthésie pourrait être très difficile pour l'anesthésiste en raison du risque accru de complications péri opératoires. Le risque combiné de faible fraction d'éjection et de faible réserve cardiaque peut prédisposer à une augmentation de la mortalité péri opératoire. Les complications de la période péri opératoire comprennent une exacerbation aiguë de l'insuffisance cardiaque qui peut résulter d'une défaillance de la pompe ou d'une dyskinésie cardiaque, et celles-ci pourraient être débilitantes chez les personnes âgées. Par conséquent, le maintien d'une bonne fonction systolique et d'un bon rythme cardiaque assurera la stabilité cardiovasculaire. Nous présentons la prise en charge d'un homme de 89 ans qui avait une cardiopathie hypertensive avec une fraction d'éjection de 40% qui a eu avec succès une arthroplastie dynamique de la hanche sous anesthésie épidurale rachidienne combinée (AERC). Mots-clés : Blocage neuraxial, fraction d'éjection, personnes âgées

Résumé Des études portant sur l’épuration des eaux usées domestiques ont été menées sur une filière de trois bassins en série de lagunage à microphytes à la station expérimentale de l’Institut International d’Ingénierie de l’Eau et de l’Environnement (2IE). Cette filière comporte : un bassin anaérobie (BA), un bassin facultatif (BF) et un bassin de maturation (BM). Des mesures d’indicateurs de qualité ont été effectuées pendant dix mois sur des échantillons prélevés suivant une fréquence bihebdomadaire pour certains et hebdomadaire pour d’autres. Les rendements épuratoires moyens atteignent 66 % pour les MES, 81 % pour la DCO et 87 % pour la DBO5. Le résiduel de MES de l’effluent traité répond, dans 76 % des mesures, aux normes de rejet recommandées par la directive de l’Union Européenne (< 150 mg L‑1). L’élimination du phosphore est faible et instable avec un rendement moyen de 17,2 % pour le phosphore total et 19,2 % pour les ortho-phosphates. La réduction de la pollution azotée atteint en moyenne 76 % en NTK et 38,4 % en azote ammoniacal. De manière globale, les teneurs résiduelles en azote et en phosphore restent assez élevées par rapport à la limite tolérable pour un rejet d’effluent dans un écosystème sensible à l’eutrophisation. L’abattement de la pollution bactérienne est important allant jusqu’à 4,9 ulog pour les coliformes fécaux; mais la teneur résiduelle moyenne (5,4 × 103 unités formant des colonies (ufc)/100 mL) reste tout de même supérieure à la directive OMS (≤ 1 000 ufc/100 mL) pour une réutilisation non restrictive en irrigation. Concernant la charge parasitaire, les études ont montré que la filière assure une élimination totale (100 %) des oeufs d’helminthes et des kystes de protozoaires.

Dans cet article, nous avons choisi de nous intéresser aux adolescents ayant une déficience intellectuelle légère, rattachés à un établissement spécialisé. Nous sommes partis du constat que ces adolescents ont des carences socioéducatives importantes, impliquant une communication difficile, une adaptabilité peu opérationnelle et par conséquent, une estime de soi parfois très instable. Nous nous sommes alors demandé si l’activité physique peut jouer un rôle de régulation pour aider l’adolescent à mieux communiquer, s’adapter et finalement mieux se connaître. Ainsi, cet article s’intéresse aux effets des pratiques physiques (escalade ou hockey) sur l’estime de soi et la perception de l’image corporelle des adolescents ayant une déficience intellectuelle légère. Nous pensons que certaines activités physiques sont plus propices pour réguler les comportements de ces adolescents et que le niveau de la condition physique est un facteur potentiel pour optimiser cette régulation. Des tests physiques et psychologiques ont été réalisés avant et après la prise en charge en activité physique. Dix adolescents ayant une déficience légère, issus d’un établissement spécialisé, ont participé à cette étude. Le groupe 1 a pratiqué le hockey en salle, le groupe 2, l’escalade pendant une période de cinq semaines à fréquence d’une séance par semaine d’une heure et demie effective. Les résultats montrent que l’estime de soi des sujets s’est améliorée après le programme d’Activité Physique Adaptée (APA) et plus particulièrement chez les jeunes ayant pratiqué le hockey et ayant une meilleure condition physique. Pour les tests physiques (test navette VO2 max) et le test psychologique (EES), le groupe G1hockey obtient de meilleurs résultats que le groupe G2escalade. Seul un adolescent éprouve des difficultés à percevoir l’état réel de sa corpulence et l’activité physique n’a pas permis de modifier cette image. Les activités physiques collectives semblent être un atout intéressant à travailler, car le mode coopération-opposition pousse l’adolescent ayant une déficience intellectuelle légère à s’adapter et à s’autoréguler.

L’année 2021 a vu célébrer le centenaire de la découverte de l’insuline comme traitement du diabète de type 1, sauvant la vie de personnes condamnées auparavant par la maladie. La substitution insulinique, tellement différente de la sécrétion physiologique, reste cependant un défi. Jusque dans les années 1990, les personnes vivant avec un diabète de type 1 étaient traitées par deux injections d’insuline intermédiaire, d’une durée d’action de 12 à 16 h, et des injections d’insuline rapide humaine, d’une durée d’action de 7 h environ, dont la cinétique entraînait des hypoglycémies fréquentes justifiant des repas pris à heures fixes, une quantité de glucides fixe et des collations obligatoires en évitant les sucres rapides. Le développement des analogues rapides (durée d’action de 4 h) puis lents (sans pic d’action) de l’insuline dans les années 1990 et 2000 et de l’éducation thérapeutique ont permis un allègement de ces contraintes. Ils ont permis aussi l’essor de l’insulinothérapie fonctionnelle, dissociant les repas, gérés par les insulines rapides, de l’insuline lente (c’est-à-dire l’insuline vitale), permettant des repas à horaires variables, à contenus variables et sans restriction d’aliments. Mais la grande révolution vient de ces cinq dernières années, avec l’apparition des capteurs de mesure du glucose en continu, libérant le patient des contrôles glycémiques capillaires, couplés par la suite à une pompe à insuline pilotée par une intelligence artificielle dans les systèmes très récents de boucle fermée hybride. Ces systèmes permettent une amélioration majeure du contrôle de la glycémie, en réduisant à la fois le temps passé en hypoglycémie et la charge mentale de la personne.

Contexte. La surmédicalisation est un phénomène multifactoriel qui prend de l’ampleur depuis quelques années. La campagne « Choosing Wisely », qui invite à la création de listes de cinq procédures de soins (« top five list ») dont le rapport bénéfices-risques est défavorable, apparaît comme un moyen de lutte contre celle-ci. Objectif. Élaborer une « liste des cinq » française en médecine générale, par un groupe de professionnels de santé pluridisciplinaire et de patients. Méthodes. La méthode de consensus UCLA-RAND avec 10 professionnels de santé et un patient a été utilisée. À partir de 15 résumés de la littérature, sur 15 procédures de soins choisies par des médecins généralistes, les participants ont procédé à deux votes individuels. Le premier à distance et le second en groupe à l’issue d’un débat. Le résultat de ce second vote constituait la « liste des cinq » française en médecine générale. Résultats. Au premier tour, 10 participants sur 11 ont voté. Au second tour, 9 ont pris part au débat et au second vote. La liste obtenue était : I) les antibiotiques dans les bronchites aiguës, grippes non compliquées, otites séromuqueuses et rhinopharyngites aiguës ; II) les inhibiteurs de la pompe à protons au long cours sans révision de l’indication ; III) le scanner du rachis lombaire dans les lombalgies communes ; IV) le tramadol dans la prise en charge de la douleur chez les patients de plus de 65 ans ; V) les anti-inflammatoires non stéroïdiens dans l’angine et la sinusite aiguë. Conclusion. La discussion entre professionnels de santé a permis l’élaboration consensuelle de la « liste des cinq » française en médecine générale. Les effets de cette liste sur la diminution des prescriptions sont à démontrer.

The effective delivery of support services for international students has been the subject of professional discourse for nearly a century (Wheeler, King & Davidson, 1925). While scholars have long examined the problem of student attrition, early retention models (Spady, 1970; Tinto, 1988) applied anthropological, psychological and sociological theories in ways that mostly ignored the intuitional responsibility and capacity to serve culturally diverse individuals. Furthermore, an analysis of fifty years of student affairs research found that international students were mostly excluded (Pope, Mueller and Reynolds, 2009). It was not until the establishment of the Journal of International Students that international students began to receive regular attention within the academic literature. International student advisors have an important role to play in helping international students adjust to their host communities and institutions. However, changes to student immigration regulations has resulted in an increased emphasis on immigration compliance (Boyd, 2008; Rosser, Hermsen, Mamiseishvili, & Wood, 2007) and lowered the capacity of some international student offices to provide non-immigration services. The quality of international student services, whether immigration or not, is generally dependent on formal and informal processes of which multiple stakeholders are a part. Thus, a small change to one element has the potential to affect the whole. In order to maximize efficiency and effectiveness of services offered, international student advisors may benefit from applying a systems perspective as summarized by the following formula: ISS = [PM + (LM + I + V)] + CI International Student Services = [Process Mapping + (Lean Mindset + Intentionality + Value)] + Continuous Improvement Process Mapping Process mapping is a useful tool for understanding the interrelationships of all the specific elements that allow for a specific service. For instance, a process map may be used to visualize the series of steps, decisions and delays that begin when someone applies for admission as an international student and ends when that person receives the necessary documents to apply for a student visa. The elements are each mapped individually and their relationships to each other visually mapped to create a workflow diagram. This dynamic flowcharting activity makes it possible to understand how each part contributes to the whole and the downstream consequences of interventions. Lean Mindset International student advisors should strive to develop a lean mindset. This includes commitment to identifying and eliminating wastes from programs and services offered to international students. Such wastes may include requiring international students to complete actions that are unnecessaryor overly burdensome. For instance, requiring a student to obtain signatures on a paper form in order to request authorization for curricular practical training when free cloud-based solutions exist that would expedite and simply the process for all involved. As the workload of international student advisors increase due to additional immigration compliance requirements, it is critical to be able to maximize capacity by eliminating waste. Intentionality International student services should be considered an important part of the co-curriculum. While an orientation program for new international students may include a shopping trip to the local, an intentional approach to this service would be to leverage the activity as a means for teaching students how to use the local bus system. This would not only accomplish the basic goal of helping students obtain access to needed goods, but it would also help them acquire the knowledge and skills necessary to travel confidently around their host community. Value When analyzing components of international student services, it is important to assess parts of the process using the following criteria: 1. Adds value from the student’s perspective 2. Does not add value from the student’s perspective, but is required 3. Does not add value from the student’s perspective nor is it required The goal of assessing value is to ensure most, if not all, of the components that make up the process are viewed as valuable from the perspective of the student. This helps to ensure a higher level of satisfaction with the services offered and it keeps advisors from engaging in activities that detract from the overall mission of supporting international students. Continuous Improvement The work of enhancing international student services is never complete. Rather, the international student office staff should commit to regularly reviewing and refining the services they offer using the method summarized by the formula. Conclusion A systems perspective is helpful for understanding and ensuring the effectiveness of international student services. While international student advisors may be exceptional as individual contributors to a given process, failure to see the interdependencies between their work and the work of others who touch the process can result in misalignment in expectations and experiences on the part of the student.

Le lait n’est pas tout à fait un aliment comme les autres puisqu’il est aussi produit par l’Homme. Cet aliment est indispensable à l’alimentation de l’enfant, car sa richesse nutritionnelle combinée à sa forme liquide en font une ration « tout en un » du jeune pendant ses premières semaines de vie. L’homme a très tôt domestiqué d’autres mammifères pour produire cet aliment nécessaire pour le jeune et l’a aussi intégré dans l’alimentation de l’adulte sous forme native ou après transformation. De fait, le lait est un des rares produits animaux avec l’oeuf qui est produit régulièrement et qu’il est possible d’obtenir sans tuer l’animal. Sa production fait pleinement partie de la fonction de reproduction et son prélèvement doit être géré pour ne pas handicaper le développement du jeune animal qui est également un élément d’avenir dans l’élevage. Les vaches laitières ont longtemps bénéficié de noms très personnalisés, voire de prénoms, jusqu’à ce que la traçabilité ne vienne proposer des identifiants plus proches du matricule de la sécurité sociale que des petits noms affectueux utilisés jusqu’alors. La traite est un moment particulier où l’éleveur se substitue au jeune pour prélever le lait plusieurs fois par jour. Tout ceci fait traditionnellement de l’élevage laitier un élevage qui associe étroitement l’homme et l’animal. Au commencement de la domestication et pendant longtemps, le principal défaut du lait a résidé dans sa faible aptitude à la conservation, nécessitant une consommation plutôt locale, le temps entre production et consommation devant rester le plus court possible. De fait, le développement de sa consommation dans les villes est récent et ne s’est pas fait sans quelques soucis (Fanica 2008). Bien entendu, les évolutions de l’industrie laitière et des transports ont permis de franchir ce double cap de la conservation et des distances, faisant en quelques décennies d’un produit local du peuple d’un terroir, riche d’identité, d’histoire et de culture (Faye et al 2010), un produit générique du commerce mondial qui s’échange entre continents suivant les règles de l’organisation mondiale du commerce et dont la demande augmente régulièrement. Ce passage du local au mondial ne s’effectue pas sans des changements radicaux des modes de production et de l’organisation des filières, avec des conséquences parfois importantes sur les territoires. La production de lait en France, pays traditionnel d’élevage bovin laitier, illustre parfaitement cette évolution et se trouve aujourd’hui à une période charnière. Riche d’une grande diversité de terroirs et de produits, la production française présente un profil original dont on ne sait pas aujourd’hui si c’est une force ou une faiblesse dans cette évolution. Depuis 1984, le système des quotas laitiers liés à la terre et non commercialisables en France a ralenti, comparativement aux pays voisins, l’évolution vers une spécialisation et une intensification des systèmes de production laitiers, mais il disparaîtra en 2015. Le contexte économique des prix des matières premières et du prix du lait devient beaucoup plus instable que par le passé. Le métier d’éleveur laitier, avec sa complexité, sa charge de travail importante, ses astreintes et la diminution de sa rémunération, devient moins attractif. La nécessaire prise en compte de l’impact de l’élevage sur l’environnement et plus globalement de la durabilité, constitue un nouveau défi qui est souvent vécu comme une contrainte supplémentaire. Cependant, les connaissances scientifiques et technologiques ont beaucoup progressé et offrent de nouveaux outils à l’élevage laitier pour construire une trajectoire originale dans cette évolution. Ce numéro spécial d’INRA Productions Animales se propose donc en quelques articles de faire un état des lieux des connaissances concernant la production laitière, ainsi que des nouveaux défis et des nouveaux outils qui s’offrent à la filière pour construire son avenir. Ce panorama n’est volontairement pas exhaustif et traitera prioritairement des vaches laitières avec cependant, lorsqu’il est apparu nécessaire, quelques exemples tirés de travaux réalisés chez les caprins. De même, il ne s’agit pas ici d’aborder la transformation du lait et les évolutions des nombreux produits transformés. Mais nous avons cherché à présenter un point sur un certain nombre de sujets en mettant en avant les avancées récentes et les défis scientifiques, techniques, économiques et organisationnels qui concernent la production laitière, en quatre grandes parties. La première plantera tout d’abord le décor du secteur laitier français. La deuxième présentera les nouvelles avancées des travaux sur la femelle laitière, la lactation et le lait. La troisième analysera les différents leviers que constituent la sélection génétique, la gestion de la santé, l’alimentation et la traite, pour mieux maîtriser la production de lait en élevage. Enfin, la dernière partie abordera des questions plus spécifiques concernant les systèmes d’élevage et leur futur. Le premier article de V. Chatellier et al fournit une analyse à la fois du bilan et des perspectives du secteur laitier français. Après une analyse du marché des produits laitiers au travers de la demande et de l’offre et des grandes stratégies des acteurs de la filière, cet article présente les spécificités françaises des exploitations laitières liées en particulier à la diversité des systèmes de production et des territoires. Cette double diversité se traduit également dans les écarts de productivité et des résultats économiques des exploitations dont la main-d’oeuvre reste majoritairement familiale, avec la question de son renouvellement qui se pose différemment selon les territoires. Enfin, à l’aune des changements importants de contexte qui se préparent avec la fin des quotas et les nouvelles relations qui se mettent en place entre producteurs et transformateurs, les auteurs étudient les différents scénarios qui en découlent et qui conduiront à l’écriture du futur du secteur laitier français dans les territoires et le marché mondial. La série d’articles sur l’animal et le lait débute par une approche systémique de l’animal laitier. La vache laitière est d’abord perçue au travers de sa fonction de production, et les modèles de prévision de la lactation se sont longtemps focalisés sur cette seule fonction. La notion d’animaux plus robustes et d’élevages plus durables (cf. Dossier « Robustesse... », Sauvant et Perez 2010) amène à revisiter cet angle d’approche pour l’élargir à ensemble des fonctions physiologiques en prenant mieux en compte les interactions entre les génotypes animaux et leurs environnements. La modélisation aborde cette complexité de deux façons contrastées, l’une plutôt ascendante en partant des mécanismes élémentaires et en les agrégeant, l’autre plutôt descendante, en partant de grandes propriétés émergeantes des principales fonctions et de leurs interactions, voire de leur compétition dans l’accès aux ressources nutritionnelles. La revue de Friggens et al aborde ainsi la question de la dynamique de partition des nutriments entre fonction physiologiques chez les vaches laitières en fonction du génotype en présentant plusieurs approches de modélisation. Cette revue s’attache à montrer l’intérêt de partir des propriétés émergeantes pour arriver à modéliser les réponses complexes (production, reproduction, composition du lait, état corporel…) d’une vache soumise à différentes conduites d’élevage au cours de sa carrière. Les outils de demain qui permettront d’optimiser la conduited’élevage face aux aléas économiques et climatiques dépendront de l’avancée de ces modèles et des connaissances scientifiques qui les sous-tendent. La fonction de lactation est la conséquence de nombreux mécanismes à l’échelle de l’animal, tout particulièrement au niveau de la glande mammaire. Le développement et le fonctionnement de cet organe caractérisé par sa cyclicité ont fait l’objet de nombreux travaux à l’Inra et dans de nombreuses équipes de recherches internationales. Il ne s’agissait pas ici de relater l’ensemble de ces travaux mais de consacrer un article aux dernières connaissances acquises sur les mécanismes de biosynthèse et de sécrétion des constituants du lait. L’article de Leroux et al présente les travaux sur la régulation de l’expression génique dans la glande mammaire avec un intérêt particulier pour les données acquises avec les nouveaux outils d’études globales de génomique expressionnelle. Ceux-ci apportent de nouvelles connaissances sur les effets des facteurs génétiques sur la biosynthèse et la sécrétion du lait, sur leur régulation nutritionnelle et sur l’interaction de ces facteurs. Ce dernier point constitue un champ d’investigation supplémentaire pour décrypter les secrets du fonctionnement mammaire avec notamment l’intervention de nouveaux acteurs que sont les petits ARN non codants (ou microARN) qui vient encore accroître la complexité du fonctionnement mammaire dans son rôle prépondérant lors de la lactation. Après avoir fait cet état des lieux des connaissances sur la biosynthèse et la sécrétion des constituants du lait au niveau de la glande mammaire, l’article de Léonil et al présente la complexité des fractions protéique et lipidique du lait et de leur assemblage en structures supramoléculaires. Ces structures finales sont sous la dépendance de la nature et de la variabilité des constituants, ellesmêmes dues aux polymorphismes des gènes responsables de leur synthèse. Ainsi, les auteurs font un état des lieux des connaissances sur la structure et le polymorphisme des gènes spécifiant les protéines coagulables du lait que sont les caséines pour arriver à l’organisation de ces dernières en micelles. Le rôle nutritionnel de ces protéines majeures du lait et leur fonction biologique sont revisitées à la lumière des connaissances croissantes sur les peptides bioactifs qu’elles contiennent. La fraction lipidique n’est pas en reste avec la présentation de sa complexité et de son organisation sous forme de globule gras ainsi que de son impact nutritionnel sur le consommateur. Enfin, la découverte récente, dans le lait, de petites particules (ou exosomes) véhiculant des protéines et des ARN ouvre de nouvelle voies d’investigation de l’impact du lait sur la santé du consommateur. La série d’articles consacrée aux leviers d’action dont disposent les éleveurs pour moduler la production laitière ainsi que la composition du lait débute par l’article de Brochard et al, qui retrace l’impact de la sélection génétique pour arriver aux apports de la sélection génomique des races bovines laitières. Un bref historique de la sélection génétique présente les progrès réalisés sur les caractères de production laitière mais aussi sur des caractères de robustesse (fertilité, mammites…) et permet ainsi de dresser le décor génétique des élevages français. L’avènement des outils de génomique grâce au séquençage du génome bovin a conduit à renouveler les perspectives de sélection des bovins laitiers (cf. Numéro spécial, «amélioration génétique" Mulsant et al 2011). La présentation brève de ces outils permet de mieux appréhender les retombées attendues. Les opportunités offertes par la sélection génomique sur les caractères laitiers sensu stricto se complètent et permettent également de proposer une sélection sur de nouveaux caractères. En effet, la prise en compte progressive d’autres caractères oriente la sélection vers une complexité accrue notamment grâce à l’établissement de nouvelles mesures phénotypiques. L’évolution vers une meilleure robustesse, une efficacité alimentaire optimisée mais aussi une empreinte environnementale réduite, sera d’autant plus envisageable que la sélection pourra s’appuyer sur des capacités de phénotypage de plus en plus fin et à grande échelle. Un autre facteur prépondérant dans l’élevage laitier concerne la gestion de la santé animale qui affecte, notamment, la durabilité des élevages sous l’angle socio-économique. Cette gestion complexe doit prendre en compte de nombreux paramètres tel que le nombre des traitements nécessaires, le temps passé, les pertes économiques directes à court et long terme, etc. Les infections ne touchent pas toutes directement la glande mammaire, mais en affectant l’animal, elles impactent la lactation, l’efficacité de production du troupeau et donc l’élevage. L’article de Seegers et al passe en revue sept maladies majeures classées en trois groupes affectant les bovins laitiers. Il présente les connaissances récentes acquises sur ces maladies et les perspectives qu’elles ouvrent pour mieux les maîtriser. Ces maladies ont bien souvent un impact économique fort sur les élevages et/ou sont transmissibles à l’Homme constituant ainsi des questionnements de recherche forts et pour lesquels les moyens d’actions sont aussi multiples que variés. De plus, les attentes sociétales visent à diminuer, autant que faire se peut, les intrants médicamenteux. L’alimentation est un levier de maîtrise de la production et de la composition du lait qui présente l’avantage d’avoir des effets rapides et réversibles. Bien que ce levier puisse également moduler la composition protéique du lait, l’impact prépondérant de l’alimentation sur la composition en acides gras du lait, dans le but de fournir aux consommateurs une qualité nutritionnelle du lait la plus favorable possible, a été mis en exergue par de nombreuses études. La détermination de la composition en acides gras des laits est de plus en plus précise, notamment du fait des nouvelles techniques qui permettent une meilleure caractérisation de ces profils. Outre l’impact de l’alimentation, les effets des apports nutritionnels chez le ruminant sur les teneurs en composés vitaminiques du lait sont également à prendre en compte dans la perspective de l’utilisation du lait comme source complémentaire naturelle de vitamines chez les sujets présentant une efficacité d’absorption réduite (tel que les jeunes ou à l’inverse les personnes âgées). L’article de Ferlay et al recense les principaux facteurs alimentaires (nature de la ration de base, supplémentation oléagineuse, différents types de suppléments lipidiques et leurs interactions) influençant la composition en acides gras et en vitamines du lait de vache. Enfin, la traite constitue un outil supplémentaire de pilotage des troupeaux en termes de production laitière mais aussi de qualité sanitaire, technologique et nutritionnelle du lait. De plus, une meilleure connaissance des effets des différentes pratiques de traite est cruciale dans le contexte actuel de gestion du travail dans les exploitations laitières (cf. Numéro spécial, « Travail en élevage », Hostiou et al 2012). Les moyens mis en oeuvre se situent à différents niveaux allant de la fréquence de traite aux systèmes de stockage des laits en passant par les réglages possibles ou les types de machines à traire. L’article de Guinard-Flament et al fait le point des connaissances actuelles sur les effets et les conséquences de modifications de la conduite des animaux à la traite. Il présente les effets de la fréquence de traite sur le niveau de production laitière et sur la composition du lait. Le contexte de la traite, avec les effets mécaniques de la machine à traire et celui du système de stockage, est également présenté dans ses multiples facettes pour souligner leur rôle prépondérant sur la qualité microbienne des laits. La conduite des vaches à la traite est également un moyen de gestion de la carrière d’une vache laitière à travers le pilotage de certaines phases du cycle de production (effets sur la reproduction et sur la durée de la lactation et leurs conséquences sur la santé de l’animal...). La dimension des systèmes d’élevage est dominée ces dernières années par la question environnementale, notamment depuis la parution du rapport de la FAO « Livestock’s long shadow » (Steinfeld et al 2006). L’élevage laitier, très consommateur de ressources de qualité, est concerné au premier rang par ce défi environnemental. Mais ces enjeux, peu perceptibles à l’échelle de l’élevage pourtant à l’origine de ces risques, sont difficiles à intégrer dans les objectifs des systèmes de production. L’article de Dollé et al sur les impacts environnementaux des systèmes bovins laitiers français apporte de nombreux éléments quantifiés sur les émissions des éléments à risque pour l’environnement par les élevages laitiers. Ces risques concernent bien entendu la qualité de l’eau, notamment via les excrétions d’azote et de phosphore, ce qui est connu depuis longtemps avec leurs impacts sur l’eutrophisation des cours d’eau et des côtes. Les risques liés à la qualité de l’air ont été pris en compte beaucoup plus récemment et concernent principalement les émissions d’ammoniac pouvant affecter la santé humaine et des gaz à effet de serre responsables du réchauffement climatique (cf. Dossier, « Gaz à effet de serre en élevage bovin : le méthane », Doreau et al 2011). Ensuite, l’article aborde la question de la biodiversité, auxiliaire de l’agriculture et des paysages, où l’élevage joue un rôle central au sein des territoires agricoles. L’article aborde pour finir la question de la quantification de ces impacts afin d’améliorer objectivement les performances environnementales des élevages et montre que performances environnementales et économiques en élevage laitier ne sont pas antinomiques. En guise de conclusion de ce numéro, J.L. Peyraud et K. Duhem se sont prêtés à un exercice d’analyse prospective des élevages laitiers et du lait de demain en reprenant certains des constats de l’article introductif, notamment sur la diversité des systèmes et des territoires, la restructuration rapide de la filière et la reconstruction du métier d’éleveur. La filière devra demain affronter la tension entre l’amélioration de la compétitivité et celle de la durabilité de l’élevage en tirant profit des innovations. La meilleure prise en compte des qualités nutritionnelles des produits et de l’évolution des demandes tout en améliorant l’intégration de l’élevage au sein des territoires constitue un double défi pour résoudre cette tension. L’analyse des auteurs prône cependant un maintien de la diversité et la complémentarité des systèmes dans une diversité de territoires pour mieux répondre aux enjeux de la société et des éleveurs. Ce numéro spécial montre combien la filière laitière est aujourd’hui plus que jamais à la croisée des chemins avec des défis économiques et sociétaux difficiles à relever dans un climat de plus en plus incertain. Entre diversité d'une part, et spécialisation et standardisation d'autre part, le chemin de la filière française reste complexe à définir. Les nombreuses évolutions des connaissances scientifiques permettent de disposer à court ou moyen terme de nouveaux outils pour relever ces défis. La sélection génomique pour disposer des animaux les plus adaptés à leur système, les modèles de prévision pour anticiper les aléas et leurs conséquences, les outils d’évaluation environnementale pour maîtriser les risques, les outils de monitoring et d’information des troupeaux d’élevage pour améliorer les conditions de travail et l’efficience des troupeaux, les possibilités de piloter la qualité des produits par les conduites d’élevage et en particulier l’alimentation, une meilleure connaissance des mécanismes de régulation de la lactation, la découverte de la richesse des constituants du lait et de leurs propriétés nutritionnelles et fonctionnelles sont autant d’atouts pour la filière pour affronter ces défis. A travers les articles de ce numéro, nous avons voulu illustrer quelques un de ces défis et des perspectives offertes par la recherche. L’enjeu sera de les mobiliser à bon escient dans le cadre de stratégies cohérentes. Cela nécessitera la collaboration de tous les acteurs de la recherche, de la formation, du développement et de la filière. A leur niveau, les articles de ce numéro, par les nombreuses signatures communes entre chercheurs, enseignants-chercheurs et ingénieurs de recherche-développement, témoignent de la vitalité des unités mixtes de recherche et des unités mixtes thématiques impliquées dans l’élevage laitier. De même, bon nombre de travaux relatés dans les articles de ce numéro sont le fruit de programmes de recherche co-financés et menés en collaboration étroite entre la recherche, les instituts technique et la filière. Nous y voyons un fort signe positif pour l'avenir de l'élevage laitier en France Cet avant-propos ne saurait s’achever sans remercier René Baumont et le comité de rédaction d’Inra Productions Animales pour l’initiative judicieuse de ce numéro spécial, mais aussi pour nous avoir aidés à mener à bien ce projet comprenant de nombreux auteurs, qui ont bien voulu se prêter à l’exercice difficile de la rédaction d’un article de synthèse qui conjugue la rigueur de l’information scientifique avec l’exigence de la rendre accessible à un large public. Ce numéro doit beaucoup aussi aux relectures constructives de nombreux collègues que nous remercions ici anonymement. Enfin, cet ouvrage doit aussi sa qualité à un travail remarquable d’édition technique assuré par Pascale Béraudque nous associons à ces remerciements. Nous avons eu la primeur de ces articles et nous espérons que vous partagerez l’intérêt que nous avons eu à leur lecture à la fois instructive, enrichissante et propice à nourrir notre réflexion pour le futur de la recherche-développement dans le domaine de l’élevage bovin laitier.Philippe FAVERDIN, Christine LEROUX RéférencesDoreau M., Baumont R., Perez J.M., (Eds) 2011. Dossier, Gaz à effet de serre en élevage bovin : le méthane. INRA Prod. Anim., 24, 411-474. Fanica P.O., 2008. Le lait, la vache et le citadin. Du XVIIe au XXe siècle. Editions Quae, Paris, France,520p. Faye B., Bonnet P., Corniaux C., Duteurtre G., 2010. Peuples du lait. Editions Quae, Paris France, 160p. Hostiou N., Dedieu B., Baumont R., (Eds) 2012. Numéro spécial, Travail en élevage. INRA Prod. Anim., 25, 83-220. Mulsant P., Bodin L., Coudurier B., Deretz S., Le Roy P., Quillet E., Perez J.M., (Eds) 2011. Numéro spécial, Amélioration génétique. INRA Prod. Anim., 24, 283-404. Sauvant D., Perez J.M., (Eds) 2010. Dossier, Robustesse, rusticité, flexibilité, plasticité, résilience… les nouveaux critères de qualité des animaux et des systèmes d'élevage. INRA Prod. Anim., 23, 1-102. Steinfeld H., Gerber P., Wassenaar T., Castel V., Rosales M., de Haan C., 2006. Livestock's long shadow: environmental issues and options. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations,414p.

AbstractPompe disease is a debilitating medical condition caused by a functional deficiency of lysosomal acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA). In addition to muscle weakness, people living with Pompe disease experience motor coordination deficits including an instable gait and posture. We reasoned that an impaired muscle spindle function might contribute to these deficiencies and therefore analyzed proprioception as well as muscle spindle structure and function in 4- and 8-month-old Gaa−/− mice. Gait analyses showed a reduced inter-limb and inter-paw coordination in Gaa−/− mice. Electrophysiological analyses of single-unit muscle spindle proprioceptive afferents revealed an impaired sensitivity of the dynamic and static component of the stretch response. Finally, a progressive degeneration of the sensory neuron and of the intrafusal fibers was detectable in Gaa−/− mice. We observed an increased abundance and size of lysosomes, a fragmentation of the inner and outer connective tissue capsule and a buildup of autophagic vacuoles in muscle spindles from 8-month-old Gaa−/− mice, indicating lysosomal defects and an impaired autophagocytosis. These results demonstrate a structural and functional degeneration of muscle spindles and an altered motor coordination in Gaa−/− mice. Similar changes could contribute to the impaired motor coordination in patients living with Pompe disease.

Le POCUS ou ultrasonographie point-of-care, est un outil performant de plus en plus utilisé, entre autres par les pédiatres urgentistes et intensivistes, pour évaluer et traiter les patients en état de choc hémodynamique. Son utilisation a permis d’augmenter considérablement la rapidité de la prise en charge en améliorant les chances de survie de l’enfant instable hémodynamiquement.

Le travail interdisciplinaire consiste à rassembler les résultats d’investigations, les approches et appréciations ainsi que les méthodes de plusieurs disciplines médicales indépendantes à propos d’une problématique. Nous présentons la collaboration interdisciplinaire avec pour objectif une prise en charge optimale de la scoliose et de la situation instable des pieds d’un patient avec un SEDk. Un traitement causal du SEDk n’est actuellement pas disponible.

Depuis toujours, la rhétorique des figures a oscillé entre deux pôles qu’elle a eu du mal à harmoniser : d’une part, celui du formalisme qui voit en elles des tournures plus ou moins remarquables ; d’autre part, celui de l’énonciation qui les considère comme des points d’ancrage privilégiés de l’engagement de leurs producteurs. En premier lieu, cet article dresse un bilan critique sur ce statut instable des figures. Après avoir mis en évidence la gestion inégale entre structure et expression figurale chez divers théoriciens, cette étude analyse l’apport du Groupe µ dans la constitution d’une rhétorique intégrée qui concilie le donné sémiotique des figures et leur actualisation en discours. En second lieu, dans le prolongement des travaux du Groupe µ et à partir du cas typique de l’oxymore, un plaidoyer est formulé sur la nécessité de voir, dans les figures, des structures discursives modelées par leur prise en charge énonciative. Comme le montre l’oxymore, si les figures sont des schèmes saillants, ceux-ci sont façonnés par les motivations des sujets communicants.

L’ECMO, acronyme de l’anglais extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, est une technique récente d’urgence d’assistance circulatoire et/ou pulmonaire de courte durée utilisée dans des cas de dysfonction réfractaire aux prises en charge et traitements conventionnels. Ce type d’assistance comporte intrinsèquement des risques et complications majeurs pour le patient amené à en bénéficier. Sa mise en place repose donc sur la considération du rapport bénéfice-risque. Le timing idéal pour l’implantation reste difficile à déterminer. Les études à venir permettront certainement d’apporter plus d’éléments à ce sujet. Les complications liées à cette technique sont multifactorielles et fréquentes. Elles peuvent : Survenir dès la pose : dissection vasculaire lors de la canulation Etre liées à : Une dysfonction mécanique (de la membrane, de la pompe centrifuge), au circuit (thrombose du circuit, embolie gazeuse) La mobilisation : décanulation accidentelle Des causes non mécaniques : infectieuses, ischémiques, hémorragiques, hématologiques, neurologiques… Cette revue est centrée sur les complications neurologiques liées à l’ECMO.

Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) promises low [Formula: see text] emissions and high efficiency due to fast combustion at low temperatures. However, the control of combustion timing represents a serious challenge due to the lack of dedicated ignition control parameters. This challenge is addressed in this work by means of a hot surface ignition (HSI) system, whose core element consists of a shielded, electrically heated ceramic glow plug. In this approach, termed as hot surface assisted compression ignition (HSACI), a small portion of mixture is thought to ignite in the vicinity of the shielded glow plug and to subsequently propagate to the main combustion chamber in order to initiate bulk-gas auto-ignition. Adjusting the hot surface temperature enables to either advance or retard the onset of combustion and thus, allows to control combustion timing. This paper presents experimental results of initial engine trials, using the HSACI concept in a naturally aspirated single cylinder natural gas engine. Measurements were conducted at a constant engine speed of 1400 l/min and include intake air temperatures in the range of 150–175°C and relative air-fuel ratios ([Formula: see text]) from 2.0 to 2.8. Results show that the HSI system enables combustion under conditions, which do not allow for pure HCCI operation. Moreover, the combustion timing can be actively controlled within certain limits by changing the HSI temperature. Increasing cycle-to-cycle variations limit stable operation at lower temperatures, while a transition to pure HCCI is found at intake temperatures beyond 170°C. The applicable [Formula: see text] range is limited by knocking or uncontrolled combustion toward the rich side and instable operation toward the lean side. Loss analysis points out that wall heat flow and imperfect combustion represent the dominant loss mechanisms. Heat release analysis reveals two pronounced phases, indicating initial flame propagation and subsequent auto-ignition similar to spark assisted compression ignition (SACI).

'The vital experience of the glad animal sensibilities made doubts impossible on the question of our speed; we heard our speed, we saw it, we felt it as a thrilling; and this speed was not the product of blind insensate agencies, that had no sympathy to give, but was incarnated in the fiery eyeballs of the noblest amongst brutes, in his dilated nostril, spasmodic muscles, and thunder-beating hoofs.' -- Thomas de Quincey (1849), "The English Mail-Coach" For Thomas de Quincey, the thrust of speed is intimately linked with the thrust of the body. Subjectivity is formed by and through a corporeal experience of acceleration. In this way, De Quincey has the jump on those other lovers of automated speed: the Italian Futurists. That heady clash of bodies, speed and information, or the technological sublime, we characteristically associate with the development of twentieth-century communication is already articulated some sixty years before Marinetti imagines the 'divine fusion' of body and machine. Thomas de Quincey's 1849 ode to the postal service -- "The English Mail Coach" -- functions as a significant text in modernity's velocity culture. Specifically, de Quincey allows us to historicise the critical terms of 'speed', 'body' and 'circulation'. This paper makes some preliminary historical observations about the acceleration of communication and transport systems and how this rapidity might give rise to new forms of subjectivity or the emergence of what Jeffrey T. Schnapp calls 'the kinematic subject'. The perceptual reconfiguration of time and space is central to an understanding of modernity's preoccupation with speed. Rapid data circulation through digital information systems means that distance appears to shrink and time seems to collapse. Manuel Castells calls this a 'new time regime' (429). Temporality now functions according to a double logic: a simultaneous binary of 'the eternal and of the ephemeral'. The contemporary 'manipulation of time' turns on 'instantaneity and eternity: me and the universe, the self and the net' (462-3). For David Harvey the defining feature of postmodernity is 'time-space compression'. Capitalism is 'characterised by speed-up in the pace of life, while so overcoming spatial barriers that the world sometimes seems to collapse inwards upon us' (241). Castells and Harvey are not, of course, the first to notice the degree to which the changing rhythms of a communication vehicle might impact upon perceptions of time and space. In 1909 Marinetti announces its demise: 'Time and Space died yesterday. We already live in the absolute, because we have created eternal, omnipresent speed'. Yet this death is prefigured some 120 years before by the 18th century author Hannah More in a letter where, quoting Alexander Pope, she illustrates her reaction to the introduction of the mail coach: I have just been thinking that if the amorous poet, who modestly wished to annihilate time and space had lived to see our fortunate days, he would have seen his prophetic visions realised... cards having well-nigh accomplished the first, and mail-coaches the last. (Qtd. in Lewis 264) This letter is dated 1788, only four years after the establishment of the mail coach system. Initially the service ran between London and Bristol so that Hannah More writing from Somerset would complain of being bypassed by this new mode of information circulation: Of the other blessing, the annihilation of space, I cannot partake; mail-coaches, which come to others, come not to me. Letters and newspapers, now that they travel in coaches like gentlemen and ladies, come not within ten miles of my hermitage. (265) More here identifies an important historical factor in the transformation of information networks. It concerns the coupling of transportation and communication: information travels 'in coaches like gentlemen and ladies'. In More's 18th century account the two remain connected while, as James Carey has noted, the significance of the 19th century's invention of the telegraph is that it splits the two processes. The telegraph 'allowed symbols to move independently of geography and independently of and faster than transport' (213). For de Quincey, a pivotal feature of the mail coach is the way in which communication and transportation function coextensively. Recounting his travels on the coach as it distributes news from the Napoleonic wars he notes that 'the grandest chapter of our experience, within the whole mail-coach service, was on those occasions when we went down from London with the news of victory' (290). For de Quincey, as for other commentators, the mail coach is a political instrument. Through the increasing efficiency of its communication infrastructure, it 'binds the nation together' (Austen 361). As de Quincey puts it 'the mail-coach, as the national organ for publishing these mighty events, thus diffusively influential, became itself a spiritualised and glorified object to an impassioned heart' (272). What impresses de Quincey most, however, is the speed of this vehicle. Or perhaps, more accurately, it is a particular relation between the self and speed, which confers on the mail coach a 'glory of motion' (270). By the time he publishes his essay, postal and newspaper circulation by mail-coach is nearly at an end. The last mail coach ceases action in London in 1846 (Daunton 123) and postal distribution begins to be carried out by rail. De Quincey clearly mourns the loss of this form of communication. And his regret depends on the self's perception of speed. That is, to qualify as an authentic act of transportation (of the body, of the post or of language), one must, to some degree, be aware of the systems of circulation, the modes of delivery and the vehicle of communication. One ought to be able to experience the speed at which one travels or the mail is delivered. The body must remain in contact with the message. In de Quincey's view the railway communication system fails for these sorts of reasons: The modern modes of travelling cannot compare with the mail-coach system in grandeur and power. They boast of more velocity, not however as a consciousness, but as a fact of our lifeless knowledge, resting upon alien evidence; as, for instance, because somebody says that we have gone fifty miles in the hour though we are far from feeling it as a personal experience ... . Apart from such an assertion, or such a result, I myself am little aware of the pace. But, seated on the old mail-coach, we needed no evidence out of ourselves to indicate the velocity. (283, emphasis in the original) Perched atop the careening mail coach, the self needs no secondary evidence to confirm its propulsion: 'we heard our speed, we saw it, we felt it as a thrilling'. But with the emergence of railway systems, the self somehow becomes cut off or distanced from the mode of transport: 'But now, on the new system of travelling, iron tubes and boilers have disconnected man's heart from the ministers of his locomotion' (284). To be sure, rail is faster. But that fails to impress de Quincey for the rail cannot offer him the same sublime effect. The mail coach is drawn by 'royal horses like cheetahs' (282) while the train lacks the power to raise even 'an extra bubble in a steam-kettle' (284). The sublimity of speed is also aural. But once again the railroad fails to inspire awe: 'the trumpet that once announced from afar the laurelled mail; heartshaking, when heard screaming on the wind ... has now given way for ever to the pot-wallopings of the boiler' (284). In Burke's formulation of the sublime there is danger and terror but there must also be a certain distance from this threat. It is 'simply painful' when we are aroused by causes that 'immediately affect us' but it is sublime when 'we have an idea of pain and danger, without being actually in such circumstances' (51) . For de Quincey sitting inside the carriage seems to offer too much safety and distance, the interior reserved as it is for the 'porcelain variety of the human race' (273). Instead, he travels aloft near the driver because of 'the air, the freedom of prospect, the proximity to the horses, the elevation of seat' (275). And he has the possibility of reining them in himself: 'the certain anticipation of purchasing occasional opportunities of driving' (275)1. The closer he is to the ministers of his locomotion, the better de Quincey likes it. The more he becomes the agent of his own speed, the more immediate, authentic and sublime seems his journey. For de Quincey, then, the superiority of the mail coach over the railroad lies not in terms of absolute speed but rather it concerns issues about the body's experience of and relation to that speed. As Matthew Schneider (1995) puts it 'the difference between the two with respect to their speed, privileges mail coaches by virtue of their violent immediacy, their ability to transmit the actual or living sensations rather than one that is intermediate or representational' (152)2. In a fascinating paper about the correlation between speed and subjectivity Jeffrey T. Schnapp identifies the mail coach in general and de Quincey in particular as emblematic of an 'inaugural moment' in the development of an 'anthropology of speed' (3). With a quick side swipe at the ahistorical and apocalyptic underpinning of Paul Virilio's Speed and Politics, Schnapp argues that although speed has always been 'an agent of individuation' it is with modernity that it begins to depend on the relation between self and vehicle: ... the mere experience of riding on horseback was not enough to establish a modern culture of velocity. Speed's rise as a cultural thematic, its move into an everyday realm of perceptibility, its adoption as sacrament of modern individualism, became possible only with the development of mechanical buffers between rider, horse, and roadway: buffers that enable new fantasies of attachment, first, between rider and engine, and, then, according to a more complex logic, between rider, engine, vehicle, and/or landscape. (10-1) What is particularly productive about Schnapp's account is that he schematises the history of transportation in terms of the relation between speed, body and vehicle. For Schnapp this is a pivotal dynamic. De Quincey's equestrian desire and his disdain for railroad travel, is part of a historical process where individuality comes to be 'identified with administration of one's own speed' (14). In Schnapp's model, there are 'two concurrent yet distinct experiences of velocity', one that he calls 'thrill-based' and the other 'commodity-based'. The first is experienced in modes such as on top of the mail-coach and later, cars, motorbikes and aeroplanes. 'Commodity-based' refers to train and bus travel. The difference between the two is that thrill-based transportation occurs when the passenger 'can envisage himself as the author of his velocity' while in 'commodity-based' forms the traveller is 'shielded from the natural environment and the engine, and passively submits himself to velocity' (18-9). De Quincey's essay is a valuable resource for communications historiography. Like Jacques Derrida, he recognises how the rhythms of the postal service function to construct identity. As a system of circulation and exchange, the post office institutionalises modes of correspondence, producing and regulating particular subjectivities. And like Postman Pat, de Quincey knows the corporeal pleasures of delivering the mail. Footnotes There are also issues of class at work here. Tickets were more expensive to sit inside the carriage which de Quincey, then a student at Oxford, could not afford. He attempts to reverse these class distinctions by arguing that 'inside which had been traditionally regarded as the only room tenantable by gentlemen, was, in fact, the coal-cellar in disguise' (187). The secondary material on de Quincey is quite extensive. In the last 15 years his work has been investigated from a number of different angles including poststructuralist approaches to language and his transitional status as a figure between Romanticism and Modernism. As well as Schneider, see Clej and Snyder. References Austen, Brian. British Mail-Coach Services 1784-1850. New York and London: Garland, 1986. Burke, Edmund. A Philosophical Enquiry into the Origin of Our Ideas of the Sublime and Beautiful. Ed. James T. Boulton. 2nd ed. Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1987. Carey, James W. Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society. Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1988. Castells, Manuel. The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture. Volume 1: The Rise of the Network Society. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 1996. Clej, Alina. A Genealogy of the Modern Self: Thomas De Quincey and the Intoxication of Writing. Stanford: Stanford UP, 1995. Daunton, M.J. Royal Mail: The Post Office since 1840. London: The Athlone Press, 1985. De Quincey, Thomas. "The English Mail-Coach." The Collected Writings of Thomas De Quincey. Ed. David Masson. Vol. 13. Edinburgh: Adam & Charles Black, 1890. Derrida, Jacques. The Postcard: From Socrates to Freud and Beyond. Trans. Alan Bass. Chicago: U of Chicago P, 1987. Harvey, David. The Condition of Postmodernity: An Enquiry into the Origins of Cultural Change. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Blackwell Publishers, 1990. Lewis, W.S., ed. Horace Walpole's Correspondence. Vol 31. New Haven: Yale UP, 1961. Marinetti, FT. "The Founding and Manifesto of Futurism." First published 1909. Futurist Manifestos. London: Thames and Hudson, 1973. Schnapp, Jeffrey T. "Crash (Speed as Engine of Individuation)." Modernism/Modernity 6.1 (1999): 1-49. Schneider, Matthew. Original Ambivalence: Autobiography and Violence in Thomas De Quincey. New York: Peter Lang, 1995. Snyder, Robert Lance, ed. Thomas De Quincey Bicentenary Studies. Norman: U of Oklahoma P, 1985. Virilio, Paul. Speed and Politics: An Essay on Dromology. Trans. Mark Polizzotti. New York: Semiotexte, 1986. Citation reference for this article MLA style: Ester Milne. "'The Ministers of Locomotion': Some Historical Speculations on Velocity Culture." M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3.3 (2000). [your date of access] <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0006/ministers.php>. Chicago style: Ester Milne, "'The Ministers of Locomotion': Some Historical Speculations on Velocity Culture," M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3, no. 3 (2000), <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0006/ministers.php> ([your date of access]). APA style: Ester Milne. (2000) 'The ministers of locomotion': some historical speculations on velocity culture. M/C: A Journal of Media and Culture 3(3). <http://www.api-network.com/mc/0006/ministers.php> ([your date of access]).

Elizabeth Wilmot, Countess of Rochester, is best known to most modern readers as the woman John Wilmot, Earl of Rochester, abducted and later wed. As Samuel Pepys memorably records in his diary entry for 28 May 1665:Thence to my Lady Sandwich’s, where, to my shame, I had not been a great while before. Here, upon my telling her a story of my Lord Rochester’s running away on Friday night last with Mrs Mallet, the great beauty and fortune of the North, who had supped at Whitehall with Mrs Stewart, and was going home to her lodgings with her grandfather, my Lord Haly, by coach; and was at Charing Cross seized on by both horse and footmen, and forcibly taken from him, and put into a coach with six horses, and two women provided to receive her, and carried away. Upon immediate pursuit, my Lord of Rochester (for whom the King had spoke to the lady often, but with no success) was taken at Uxbridge; but the lady is not yet heard of, and the King mighty angry and the Lord sent to the Tower. (http://www.pepysdiary.com/)Here Pepys provides an anecdote that offers what Helen Deutsch has described in another context as “the elusive possibility of truth embodied by ‘things in themselves,’ by the things, that is, preserved in anecdotal form” (28). Pepys’s diary entry yields up an “elusive possibility” of embodied truth; his version of Wilmot’s abduction solidifies what he perceives to be the most notable features of her identity: her beauty, her wealth, and her sexual trajectory.Pepys’s conclusion that “the lady is not yet heard of” complicates this idea of anecdotal preservation, for he neatly ties up his story of Wilmot’s body by erasing her from it: she is removed, voiceless and disembodied, from even this anecdote of her own abduction. Pepys’s double maneuver demonstrates the complex set of interactions surrounding the preservation of early modern women’s sexual and textual selves. Written into Pepys’s diary and writing in conversation with her husband, Wilmot has generally been treated as a subordinate historical and literary figure—a character rather than an agent or an author. The richness of Wilmot’s own writing has been largely ignored; her manuscript poetry has been treated as an artefact and a source of autobiographical material, whereas Rochester’s poetry—itself teeming with autobiographical details, references to material culture, and ephemera—is recognised and esteemed as literary. Rochester’s work provides a tremendous resource, a window through which we can read and re-read his wife’s work in ways that enlighten and open up readings rather than closing them down, and her works similarly complicate his writings.By looking at Wilmot as a case study, I would like to draw attention to some of the continued dilemmas that scholars face when we attempt to recover early modern women’s writing. With this study, I will focus on distinct features of Wilmot’s sexual and textual identity. I will consider assumptions about female docility; the politics and poetics of erotic espionage; and Wilmot’s construction of fugitive desires in her poetry. Like the writings of many early modern women, Wilmot’s manuscript poetry challenges assumptions about the intersections of gender, sexuality, and authorship. Early Modern Women’s Docile Bodies?As the entry from Pepys’s diary suggests, Wilmot has been constructed as a docile female body—she is rendered “ideal” according to a set of gendered practices by which “inferior status has been inscribed” on her body (Bartky 139). Contrasting Pepys’s references to Wilmot’s beauty and marriageability with Wilmot’s own vivid descriptions of sexual desire highlights Wilmot’s tactical awareness and deployment of her inscribed form. In one of her manuscript poems, she writes:Nothing ades to Loves fond fireMore than scorn and cold disdainI to cherish your desirekindness used but twas in vainyou insulted on your SlaveTo be mine you soon refusedHope hope not then the power to haveWhich ingloriously you used. (230)This poem yields up a wealth of autobiographical information and provides glimpses into Wilmot’s psychology. Rochester spent much of his married life having affairs with women and men, and Wilmot represents herself as embodying her devotion to her husband even as he rejects her. In a recent blog entry about Wilmot’s poetry, Ellen Moody suggests that Wilmot “must maintain her invulnerable guard or will be hurt; the mores damn her whatever she does.” Interpretations of Wilmot’s verse typically overlay such sentiments on her words: she is damned by social mores, forced to configure her body and desire according to rigorous social codes that expect women to be pure and inviolable yet also accessible to their lovers and “invulnerable” to the pain produced by infidelity. Such interpretations, however, deny Wilmot the textual and sexual agency accorded to Rochester, begging the question of whether or not we have moved beyond reading women’s writing as essential, natural, and embodied. Thus while these lines might in fact yield up insights into Wilmot’s psychosocial and sexual identities, we continue to marginalise her writing and by extension her author-self if we insist on taking her words at face value. Compare, for example, Wilmot’s verse to the following song by her contemporary Aphra Behn:Love in Fantastique Triumph satt,Whilst Bleeding Hearts a round him flow’d,For whom Fresh paines he did Create,And strange Tyranick power he show’d;From thy Bright Eyes he took his fire,Which round about, in sports he hurl’d;But ’twas from mine, he took desire,Enough to undo the Amorous World. (53) This poem, which first appeared in Behn’s tragedy Abdelazer (1677) and was later printed in Poems upon Several Occasions (1684), was one of Behn’s most popular lyric verses. In the 1920s and 1930s Ernest Bernbaum, Montague Summers, Edmund Gosse, and others mined Behn’s works for autobiographical details and suggested that such historical details were all that her works offered—a trend that continued, disturbingly, into the later half of the twentieth century. Since the 1980s, Paula R. Backscheider, Ros Ballaster, Catherine Gallagher, Robert Markley, Paul Salzman, Jane Spencer, and Janet Todd have shown that Behn’s works are not simple autobiographical documents; they are the carefully crafted productions of a literary professional. Even though Behn’s song evokes a masochistic relationship between lover and beloved much like Wilmot’s song, critics treat “Love Arm’d” as a literary work rather than a literal transcription of female desire. Of course there are material differences between Wilmot’s song and Behn’s “Love Arm’d,” the most notable of which involves Behn’s self-conscious professionalism and her poem’s entrenchment in the structures of performance and print culture. But as scholars including Kathryn King and Margaret J. M. Ezell have begun to suggest, print publication was not the only way for writers to produce and circulate literary texts. King has demonstrated the ways in which female authors of manuscripts were producing social texts (563), and Ezell has shown that “collapsing ‘public’ into ‘publication’” leads modern readers to “overlook the importance of the social function of literature for women as well as men” (39). Wilmot’s poems did not go through the same material, ideological, and commercial processes as Behn’s poems did, but they participated in a social and cultural network of exchange that operated according to its own rules and that, significantly, was the same network that Rochester himself used for the circulation of his verses. Wilmot’s writings constitute about half of the manuscript Portland PwV 31, held by Hallward Library, University of Nottingham—a manuscript catalogued in the Perdita Project but lacking a description and biographical note. Teresa D. Kemp has discussed the impact of the Perdita Project on the study of early modern women’s writing in Feminist Teacher, and Jill Seal Millman and Elizabeth Clarke (both of whom are involved with the project) have also written articles about the usability of the database. Like many of the women writers catalogued by the Perdita Project, Wilmot lacks her own entry in the Dictionary of National Biography and is instead relegated to the periphery in Rochester’s entry.The nineteen-page folio includes poems by both Rochester and Wilmot. The first eight poems are autograph manuscript poems by Rochester, and a scene from a manuscript play ‘Scaene 1st, Mr. Daynty’s chamber’ is also included. The remaining poems, excluding one without attribution, are by Wilmot and are identified on the finding aid as follows:Autograph MS poem, entitled ‘Song’, by Elizabeth WilmotAutograph MS poem, entitled ‘Song’, by Elizabeth WilmotAutograph MS poem, entitled ‘Song’, by Elizabeth WilmotMS poem, untitled, not ascribed Autograph MS poem, entitled ‘Song’, by Elizabeth WilmotAutograph MS poem, untitled, by Elizabeth WilmotAutograph MS poem, untitled, by Elizabeth WilmotAutograph MS poem, untitled, by Elizabeth Wilmot Autograph MS poem, untitled, by Elizabeth WilmotTwo of the songs (including the lyric quoted above) have been published in Kissing the Rod with the disclaimer that marks of revision reveal that “Lady Rochester was not serving as an amanuensis for her husband” yet the editors maintain that “some sort of literary collaboration cannot be ruled out” (230), implying that Rochester helped his wife write her poetry. Establishing a non-hierarchical strategy for reading women’s collaborative manuscript writing here seems necessary. Unlike Behn, who produced works in manuscript and in print and whose maximization of the slippages between these modes has recently been analyzed by Anne Russell, Wilmot and Rochester both wrote primarily in manuscript. Yet only Rochester’s writings have been accorded literary status by historians of the book and of manuscript theory such as Harold Love and Arthur Marotti. Even though John Wilders notes that Rochester’s earliest poems were dialogues written with his wife, the literariness of her contributions is often undercut. Wilders offers a helpful suggestion that the dialogues set up by these poems helps “hint … at further complexities in the other” (51), but the complexities are identified as sexual rather than textual. Further, the poems are treated as responses to Rochester rather than conversations with him. Readers like Moody, moreover, draw reflections of marital psychology from Wilmot’s poems instead of considering their polysemic qualities and other literary traits. Instead of approaching the lines quoted above from Wilmot’s song as indications of her erotic and conjugal desire for her husband, we can consider her confident deployment of metaphysical conceits, her careful rhymes, and her visceral imagery. Furthermore, we can locate ways in which Wilmot and Rochester use the device of the answer poem to build a complex dialogue rather than a hierarchical relationship in which one voice dominates the other. The poems comprising Portland PwV 31 are written in two hands and two voices; they complement one another, but neither contains or controls the other. Despite the fact that David Farley-Hills dismissively calls this an “‘answer’ to this poem written in Lady Rochester’s handwriting” (29), the verses coexist in playful exchange textually as well as sexually. Erotic Exchange, Erotic EspionageBut does a reorientation of literary criticism away from Wilmot’s body and towards her body of verse necessarily entail a loss of her sexual and artefactual identity? Along with the account from Pepys’s diary mentioned at the outset of this study, letters from Rochester to his wife survive that provide a prosaic account of the couple’s married life. For instance, Rochester writes to her: “I love not myself as much as you do” (quoted in Green 159). Letters from Rochester to his wife typically showcase his playfulness, wit, and ribaldry (in one letter, he berates the artist responsible for two miniatures of Wilmot in strokes that are humorous yet also charged with a satire that borders on invective). The couple’s relationship was beleaguered by the doubts, infidelities, and sexual double standards that an autobiographical reading of Wilmot’s songs yields up, therefore it seems as counterproductive for feminist literary theory, criticism, and recovery work to entirely dispense with the autobiographical readings as it seems reductive to entirely rely on them. When approaching works like these manuscript poems, then, I propose using a model of erotic exchange and erotic espionage in tandem with more text-bound modes of literary criticism. To make this maneuver, we might begin by considering Gayle Rubin’s proposition that “If women are the gifts, then it is men who are the exchange partners. And it is the partners, not the presents, upon whom reciprocal exchange confers its quasi-mystical power of social linkage” (398). Wilmot’s poetry relentlessly unsettles the binary set up between partner and present, thereby demanding a more pluralistic identification of sexual and textual economies. Wilmot constructs Rochester as absent (“Thats caused by absence norished by despaire”), which is an explicit inversion of the gendered terms stereotypically deployed in poetry (the absent woman in works by Rochester as well as later satirists like Jonathan Swift and Alexander Pope often catalyzes sexual desire) that also registers Wilmot’s autobiographical contexts. She was, during most of her married life, living with his mother, her own mother, and Rochester’s nieces in his house at Adderbury while he stayed in London. The desire in Wilmot’s poetry is textualised as much as it is sexualised; weaving this doublebraid of desires and designs together ultimately provides the most complete interpretation of the verses. I read the verses as offering a literary form of erotic espionage in which Wilmot serves simultaneously as erotic object and author. That is, she both is and is not the Cloris of her (and Rochester’s) poetry, capable of looking on and authorizing her desired and desiring body. The lyric in which Wilmot writes “He would return the fugitive with Shame” provides the clearest example of the interpretive tactic that I am proposing. The line, from Wilmot’s song “Cloris misfortunes that can be exprest,” refers to the deity of Love in its complete context:Such conquering charmes contribute to my chainAnd ade fresh torments to my lingering painThat could blind Love juge of my faithful flameHe would return the fugitive with ShameFor having bin insenceable to loveThat does by constancy it merritt prove. (232)The speaker of the poem invokes Cupid and calls on “blind Love” to judge “my faithful flame.” The beloved would then be returned “fugitive with Shame” because “blind Love” would have weighed the lover’s passion and the beloved’s insensibility. Interestingly, the gender of the beloved and the lover are not marked in this poem. Only Cupid is marked as male. Although the lover is hypothetically associated with femaleness in the final stanza (“She that calls not reason to her aid / Deserves the punishmentt”), the ascription could as easily be gendering the trait of irrationality as gendering the subject/author of the poem. Desire, complaint, and power circulate in the song in a manner that lacks clear reference; the reader receives glimpses into an erotic world that is far more ornately literary than it is material. That is, reading the poem makes one aware of tropes of power and desire, whereas actual bodies recede into the margins of the text—identifiable because of the author’s handwriting, not a uniquely female perspective on sexuality or (contrary to Moody’s interpretation) a specifically feminine acquiescence to gender norms. Strategies for Reading a Body of VerseWilmot’s poetry participates in what might be described as two distinct poetic and political modes. On one hand, her writing reproduces textual expectations about Restoration answer poems, songs and lyrics, and romantic verses. She crafts poetry that corresponds to the same textual conventions that men like Rochester, John Dryden, Abraham Cowley, and William Cavendish utilised when they wrote in manuscript. For Wilmot, as for her male contemporaries, such manuscript writing would have been socially circulated; at the same time, the manuscript documents had a fluidity that was less common in print texts. Dryden and Behn’s published writings, for instance, often had a more literary context (“Love Arm’d” refers to Abdelazer, not to Behn’s sexual identity), whereas manuscript writing often referred to coteries of readers and writers, friends and lovers.As part of the volatile world of manuscript writing, Wilmot’s poetry also highlights her embodied erotic relationships. But over-reading—or only reading—the poetry as depicting a conjugal erotics limits our ability to recover Wilmot as an author and an agent. Feminist recovery work has opened many new tactics for incorporating women’s writing into existing literary canons; it has also helped us imagine ways of including female domestic work, sexuality, and other embodied forms into our understanding of early modern culture. By drawing together literary recovery work with a more material interest in recuperating women’s sexual bodies, we should begin to recuperate women like Wilmot not simply as authors or bodies but as both. The oscillations between the sexual and textual body in Wilmot’s poetry, and in our assessments of her life and writings, should help us approach her works (like the works of Rochester) as possessing a three-dimensionality that they have long been denied. ReferencesBartky, Sandra Lee. “Foucault, Femininity, and the Modernization of Patriarchal Power.” In Writing on the Body: Female Embodiment and Feminist Theory. Ed. Katie Conboy, Nadia Medina, and Sarah Stanbury. New York: Columbia University Press, 1997. 129-54.Behn, Aphra. “Song. Love Arm’d.” The Works of Aphra Behn. Volume 1: Poetry. Ed. Janet Todd. London: William Pickering, 1992. 53.Clarke, Elizabeth. “Introducing Hester Pulter and the Perdita Project.” Literature Compass 2.1 (2005). ‹http://www.blackwell-compass.com/subject/literature/article_view?article_id=lico_articles_bsl159›. Deutsch, Helen. Loving Doctor Johnson. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2005.Diamond, Irene, Ed. Feminism and Foucault: Reflections on Resistance. Boston: Northeastern University Press, 1988.Ezell, Margaret J. M. Social Authorship and the Advent of Print. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1999.Farley-Hill, David. Rochester’s Poetry. Totowa: Rowman and Littlefield, 1978. Greene, Graham. Lord Rochester’s Monkey. New York: Penguin, 1974. Greer, Germaine, Susan Hastings, Jeslyn Medoff, and Melinda Sansone, Ed. Kissing the Rod: An Anthology of Seventeenth-Century Women’s Verse. New York: Noonday Press, 1988. Kemp, Theresa D. “Early Women Writers.” Feminist Teacher 18.3 (2008): 234-39.King, Kathryn. “Jane Barker, Poetical Recreations, and the Sociable Text.” ELH 61 (1994): 551-70.Love, Harold, and Arthur F. Marotti. "Manuscript Transmission and Circulation." The Cambridge History of Early Modern English Literature. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 2002. 55-80. Love, Harold. "Systemizing Sigla." English Manuscript Studies 1100-1700. 11 (2002): 217-230. Marotti, Arthur F. "Shakespeare's Sonnets and the Manuscript Circulation of Texts in Early Modern England." A Companion to Shakespeare's Sonnets. Oxford: Blackwell, 2007. 185-203.McNay, Lois. Foucault And Feminism: Power, Gender, and the Self. Boston: Northeastern, 1992.Moody, Ellen. “Elizabeth Wilmot (neé Mallet), Countess of Rochester, Another Woman Poet.” Blog entry 16 March 2006. 11 Nov. 2008 ‹http://server4.moody.cx/index.php?id=400›. Pepys, Samuel. The Diary of Samuel Pepys. 23 Aug. 2008 ‹http://www.pepysdiary.com/archive/1665/05/28/index.php›. Rubin, Gayle. “The Traffic in Women: Notes on the ‘Political Economy’ of Sex.” Feminist Literary Theory and Criticism: A Norton Reader, ed. Sandra M. Gilbert and Susan Gubar, 392-413. New York: Norton, 2007.Russell, Anne. “Aphra Behn, Textual Communities, and Pastoral Sobriquets.” English Language Notes 40.4 (June 2003): 41-50.———. “'Public' and 'Private' in Aphra Behn's Miscellanies: Women Writers, Print, and Manuscript.” Write or Be Written: Early Modern Women Poets and Cultural Constraints. Ed. Barbara Smith and Ursula Appelt. Aldershot: Ashgate, 2001. 29-48. Sawicki, Jana. Disciplining Foucault: Feminism, Power and the Body. New York: Routledge, 1991.Seal, Jill. "The Perdita Project—A Winter's Report." Early Modern Literary Studies 6.3 (January, 2001): 10.1-14. ‹http://purl.oclc.org/emls/06-3/perdita.htm›.Wilders, John. “Rochester and the Metaphysicals.” In Spirit of Wit: Reconsiderations of Rochester. Ed. Jeremy Treglown. Hamden: Archon, 1982. 42-57.Wilmot, Elizabeth, Countess of Rochester. “Song” (“Nothing Ades to Love's Fond Fire”) and “Song” (“Cloris Misfortunes That Can Be Exprest”) in Kissing the Rod. 230-32.

Introduction: Our current obsession with the lives of others “Biography—that is to say, our creative and non-fictional output devoted to recording and interpreting real lives—has enjoyed an extraordinary renaissance in recent years,” writes Nigel Hamilton in Biography: A Brief History (1). Ian Donaldson agrees that biography is back in fashion: “Once neglected within the academy and relegated to the dustier recesses of public bookstores, biography has made a notable return over recent years, emerging, somewhat surprisingly, as a new cultural phenomenon, and a new academic adventure” (23). For over a decade now, commentators having been making similar observations about our obsession with the intimacies of individual people’s lives. In a lecture in 1994, Justin Kaplan asserted the West was “a culture of biography” (qtd. in Salwak 1) and more recent research findings by John Feather and Hazel Woodbridge affirm that “the undiminished human curiosity about other peoples lives is clearly reflected in the popularity of autobiographies and biographies” (218). At least in relation to television, this assertion seems valid. In Australia, as in the USA and the UK, reality and other biographically based television shows have taken over from drama in both the numbers of shows produced and the viewers these shows attract, and these forms are also popular in Canada (see, for instance, Morreale on The Osbournes). In 2007, the program Biography celebrated its twentieth anniversary season to become one of the longest running documentary series on American television; so successful that in 1999 it was spun off into its own eponymous channel (Rak; Dempsey). Premiered in May 1996, Australian Story—which aims to utilise a “personal approach” to biographical storytelling—has won a significant viewership, critical acclaim and professional recognition (ABC). It can also be posited that the real home movies viewers submit to such programs as Australia’s Favourite Home Videos, and “chat” or “confessional” television are further reflections of a general mania for biographical detail (see Douglas), no matter how fragmented, sensationalized, or even inane and cruel. A recent example of the latter, the USA-produced The Moment of Truth, has contestants answering personal questions under polygraph examination and then again in front of an audience including close relatives and friends—the more “truthful” their answers (and often, the more humiliated and/or distressed contestants are willing to be), the more money they can win. Away from television, but offering further evidence of this interest are the growing readerships for personally oriented weblogs and networking sites such as MySpace and Facebook (Grossman), individual profiles and interviews in periodical publications, and the recently widely revived newspaper obituary column (Starck). Adult and community education organisations run short courses on researching and writing auto/biographical forms and, across Western countries, the family history/genealogy sections of many local, state, and national libraries have been upgraded to meet the increasing demand for these services. Academically, journals and e-mail discussion lists have been established on the topics of biography and autobiography, and North American, British, and Australian universities offer undergraduate and postgraduate courses in life writing. The commonly aired wisdom is that published life writing in its many text-based forms (biography, autobiography, memoir, diaries, and collections of personal letters) is enjoying unprecedented popularity. It is our purpose to examine this proposition. Methodological problems There are a number of problems involved in investigating genre popularity, growth, and decline in publishing. Firstly, it is not easy to gain access to detailed statistics, which are usually only available within the industry. Secondly, it is difficult to ascertain how publishing statistics are gathered and what they report (Eliot). There is the question of whether bestselling booklists reflect actual book sales or are manipulated marketing tools (Miller), although the move from surveys of booksellers to electronic reporting at point of sale in new publishing lists such as BookScan will hopefully obviate this problem. Thirdly, some publishing lists categorise by subject and form, some by subject only, and some do not categorise at all. This means that in any analysis of these statistics, a decision has to be made whether to use the publishing list’s system or impose a different mode. If the publishing list is taken at face value, the question arises of whether to use categorisation by form or by subject. Fourthly, there is the bedeviling issue of terminology. Traditionally, there reigned a simple dualism in the terminology applied to forms of telling the true story of an actual life: biography and autobiography. Publishing lists that categorise their books, such as BookScan, have retained it. But with postmodern recognition of the presence of the biographer in a biography and of the presence of other subjects in an autobiography, the dichotomy proves false. There is the further problem of how to categorise memoirs, diaries, and letters. In the academic arena, the term “life writing” has emerged to describe the field as a whole. Within the genre of life writing, there are, however, still recognised sub-genres. Academic definitions vary, but generally a biography is understood to be a scholarly study of a subject who is not the writer; an autobiography is the story of a entire life written by its subject; while a memoir is a segment or particular focus of that life told, again, by its own subject. These terms are, however, often used interchangeably even by significant institutions such the USA Library of Congress, which utilises the term “biography” for all. Different commentators also use differing definitions. Hamilton uses the term “biography” to include all forms of life writing. Donaldson discusses how the term has been co-opted to include biographies of place such as Peter Ackroyd’s London: The Biography (2000) and of things such as Lizzie Collingham’s Curry: A Biography (2005). This reflects, of course, a writing/publishing world in which non-fiction stories of places, creatures, and even foodstuffs are called biographies, presumably in the belief that this will make them more saleable. The situation is further complicated by the emergence of hybrid publishing forms such as, for instance, the “memoir-with-recipes” or “food memoir” (Brien, Rutherford and Williamson). Are such books to be classified as autobiography or put in the “cookery/food & drink” category? We mention in passing the further confusion caused by novels with a subtitle of The Biography such as Virginia Woolf’s Orlando. The fifth methodological problem that needs to be mentioned is the increasing globalisation of the publishing industry, which raises questions about the validity of the majority of studies available (including those cited herein) which are nationally based. Whether book sales reflect what is actually read (and by whom), raises of course another set of questions altogether. Methodology In our exploration, we were fundamentally concerned with two questions. Is life writing as popular as claimed? And, if it is, is this a new phenomenon? To answer these questions, we examined a range of available sources. We began with the non-fiction bestseller lists in Publishers Weekly (a respected American trade magazine aimed at publishers, librarians, booksellers, and literary agents that claims to be international in scope) from their inception in 1912 to the present time. We hoped that this data could provide a longitudinal perspective. The term bestseller was coined by Publishers Weekly when it began publishing its lists in 1912; although the first list of popular American books actually appeared in The Bookman (New York) in 1895, based itself on lists appearing in London’s The Bookman since 1891 (Bassett and Walter 206). The Publishers Weekly lists are the best source of longitudinal information as the currently widely cited New York Times listings did not appear till 1942, with the Wall Street Journal a late entry into the field in 1994. We then examined a number of sources of more recent statistics. We looked at the bestseller lists from the USA-based Amazon.com online bookseller; recent research on bestsellers in Britain; and lists from Nielsen BookScan Australia, which claims to tally some 85% or more of books sold in Australia, wherever they are published. In addition to the reservations expressed above, caveats must be aired in relation to these sources. While Publishers Weekly claims to be an international publication, it largely reflects the North American publishing scene and especially that of the USA. Although available internationally, Amazon.com also has its own national sites—such as Amazon.co.uk—not considered here. It also caters to a “specific computer-literate, credit-able clientele” (Gutjahr: 219) and has an unashamedly commercial focus, within which all the information generated must be considered. In our analysis of the material studied, we will use “life writing” as a genre term. When it comes to analysis of the lists, we have broken down the genre of life writing into biography and autobiography, incorporating memoir, letters, and diaries under autobiography. This is consistent with the use of the terminology in BookScan. Although we have broken down the genre in this way, it is the overall picture with regard to life writing that is our concern. It is beyond the scope of this paper to offer a detailed analysis of whether, within life writing, further distinctions should be drawn. Publishers Weekly: 1912 to 2006 1912 saw the first list of the 10 bestselling non-fiction titles in Publishers Weekly. It featured two life writing texts, being headed by an autobiography, The Promised Land by Russian Jewish immigrant Mary Antin, and concluding with Albert Bigelow Paine’s six-volume biography, Mark Twain. The Publishers Weekly lists do not categorise non-fiction titles by either form or subject, so the classifications below are our own with memoir classified as autobiography. In a decade-by-decade tally of these listings, there were 3 biographies and 20 autobiographies in the lists between 1912 and 1919; 24 biographies and 21 autobiographies in the 1920s; 13 biographies and 40 autobiographies in the 1930s; 8 biographies and 46 biographies in the 1940s; 4 biographies and 14 autobiographies in the 1950s; 11 biographies and 13 autobiographies in the 1960s; 6 biographies and 11 autobiographies in the 1970s; 3 biographies and 19 autobiographies in the 1980s; 5 biographies and 17 autobiographies in the 1990s; and 2 biographies and 7 autobiographies from 2000 up until the end of 2006. See Appendix 1 for the relevant titles and authors. Breaking down the most recent figures for 1990–2006, we find a not radically different range of figures and trends across years in the contemporary environment. The validity of looking only at the top ten books sold in any year is, of course, questionable, as are all the issues regarding sources discussed above. But one thing is certain in terms of our inquiry. There is no upwards curve obvious here. If anything, the decade break-down suggests that sales are trending downwards. This is in keeping with the findings of Michael Korda, in his history of twentieth-century bestsellers. He suggests a consistent longitudinal picture across all genres: In every decade, from 1900 to the end of the twentieth century, people have been reliably attracted to the same kind of books […] Certain kinds of popular fiction always do well, as do diet books […] self-help books, celebrity memoirs, sensationalist scientific or religious speculation, stories about pets, medical advice (particularly on the subjects of sex, longevity, and child rearing), folksy wisdom and/or humour, and the American Civil War (xvii). Amazon.com since 2000 The USA-based Amazon.com online bookselling site provides listings of its own top 50 bestsellers since 2000, although only the top 14 bestsellers are recorded for 2001. As fiction and non-fiction are not separated out on these lists and no genre categories are specified, we have again made our own decisions about what books fall into the category of life writing. Generally, we erred on the side of inclusion. (See Appendix 2.) However, when it came to books dealing with political events, we excluded books dealing with specific aspects of political practice/policy. This meant excluding books on, for instance, George Bush’s so-called ‘war on terror,’ of which there were a number of bestsellers listed. In summary, these listings reveal that of the top 364 books sold by Amazon from 2000 to 2007, 46 (or some 12.6%) were, according to our judgment, either biographical or autobiographical texts. This is not far from the 10% of the 1912 Publishers Weekly listing, although, as above, the proportion of bestsellers that can be classified as life writing varied dramatically from year to year, with no discernible pattern of peaks and troughs. This proportion tallied to 4% auto/biographies in 2000, 14% in 2001, 10% in 2002, 18% in 2003 and 2004, 4% in 2005, 14% in 2006 and 20% in 2007. This could suggest a rising trend, although it does not offer any consistent trend data to suggest sales figures may either continue to grow, or fall again, in 2008 or afterwards. Looking at the particular texts in these lists (see Appendix 2) also suggests that there is no general trend in the popularity of life writing in relation to other genres. For instance, in these listings in Amazon.com, life writing texts only rarely figure in the top 10 books sold in any year. So rarely indeed, that from 2001 there were only five in this category. In 2001, John Adams by David McCullough was the best selling book of the year; in 2003, Hillary Clinton’s autobiographical Living History was 7th; in 2004, My Life by Bill Clinton reached number 1; in 2006, Nora Ephron’s I Feel Bad About My Neck: and Other Thoughts on Being a Woman was 9th; and in 2007, Ishmael Beah’s discredited A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier came in at 8th. Apart from McCulloch’s biography of Adams, all the above are autobiographical texts, while the focus on leading political figures is notable. Britain: Feather and Woodbridge With regard to the British situation, we did not have actual lists and relied on recent analysis. John Feather and Hazel Woodbridge find considerably higher levels for life writing in Britain than above with, from 1998 to 2005, 28% of British published non-fiction comprising autobiography, while 8% of hardback and 5% of paperback non-fiction was biography (2007). Furthermore, although Feather and Woodbridge agree with commentators that life writing is currently popular, they do not agree that this is a growth state, finding the popularity of life writing “essentially unchanged” since their previous study, which covered 1979 to the early 1990s (Feather and Reid). Australia: Nielsen BookScan 2006 and 2007 In the Australian publishing industry, where producing books remains an ‘expensive, risky endeavour which is increasingly market driven’ (Galligan 36) and ‘an inherently complex activity’ (Carter and Galligan 4), the most recent Australian Bureau of Statistics figures reveal that the total numbers of books sold in Australia has remained relatively static over the past decade (130.6 million in the financial year 1995–96 and 128.8 million in 2003–04) (ABS). During this time, however, sales volumes of non-fiction publications have grown markedly, with a trend towards “non-fiction, mass market and predictable” books (Corporall 41) resulting in general non-fiction sales in 2003–2004 outselling general fiction by factors as high as ten depending on the format—hard- or paperback, and trade or mass market paperback (ABS 2005). However, while non-fiction has increased in popularity in Australia, the same does not seem to hold true for life writing. Here, in utilising data for the top 5,000 selling non-fiction books in both 2006 and 2007, we are relying on Nielsen BookScan’s categorisation of texts as either biography or autobiography. In 2006, no works of life writing made the top 10 books sold in Australia. In looking at the top 100 books sold for 2006, in some cases the subjects of these works vary markedly from those extracted from the Amazon.com listings. In Australia in 2006, life writing makes its first appearance at number 14 with convicted drug smuggler Schapelle Corby’s My Story. This is followed by another My Story at 25, this time by retired Australian army chief, Peter Cosgrove. Jonestown: The Power and Myth of Alan Jones comes in at 34 for the Australian broadcaster’s biographer Chris Masters; the biography, The Innocent Man by John Grisham at 38 and Li Cunxin’s autobiographical Mao’s Last Dancer at 45. Australian Susan Duncan’s memoir of coping with personal loss, Salvation Creek: An Unexpected Life makes 50; bestselling USA travel writer Bill Bryson’s autobiographical memoir of his childhood The Life and Times of the Thunderbolt Kid 69; Mandela: The Authorised Portrait by Rosalind Coward, 79; and Joanne Lees’s memoir of dealing with her kidnapping, the murder of her partner and the justice system in Australia’s Northern Territory, No Turning Back, 89. These books reveal a market preference for autobiographical writing, and an almost even split between Australian and overseas subjects in 2006. 2007 similarly saw no life writing in the top 10. The books in the top 100 sales reveal a downward trend, with fewer titles making this band overall. In 2007, Terri Irwin’s memoir of life with her famous husband, wildlife warrior Steve Irwin, My Steve, came in at number 26; musician Andrew Johns’s memoir of mental illness, The Two of Me, at 37; Ayaan Hirst Ali’s autobiography Infidel at 39; John Grogan’s biography/memoir, Marley and Me: Life and Love with the World’s Worst Dog, at 42; Sally Collings’s biography of the inspirational young survivor Sophie Delezio, Sophie’s Journey, at 51; and Elizabeth Gilbert’s hybrid food, self-help and travel memoir, Eat, Pray, Love: One Woman’s Search for Everything at 82. Mao’s Last Dancer, published the year before, remained in the top 100 in 2007 at 87. When moving to a consideration of the top 5,000 books sold in Australia in 2006, BookScan reveals only 62 books categorised as life writing in the top 1,000, and only 222 in the top 5,000 (with 34 titles between 1,000 and 1,999, 45 between 2,000 and 2,999, 48 between 3,000 and 3,999, and 33 between 4,000 and 5,000). 2007 shows a similar total of 235 life writing texts in the top 5,000 bestselling books (75 titles in the first 1,000, 27 between 1,000 and 1,999, 51 between 2,000 and 2,999, 39 between 3,000 and 3,999, and 43 between 4,000 and 5,000). In both years, 2006 and 2007, life writing thus not only constituted only some 4% of the bestselling 5,000 titles in Australia, it also showed only minimal change between these years and, therefore, no significant growth. Conclusions Our investigation using various instruments that claim to reflect levels of book sales reveals that Western readers’ willingness to purchase published life writing has not changed significantly over the past century. We find no evidence of either a short, or longer, term growth or boom in sales in such books. Instead, it appears that what has been widely heralded as a new golden age of life writing may well be more the result of an expanded understanding of what is included in the genre than an increased interest in it by either book readers or publishers. What recent years do appear to have seen, however, is a significantly increased interest by public commentators, critics, and academics in this genre of writing. We have also discovered that the issue of our current obsession with the lives of others tends to be discussed in academic as well as popular fora as if what applies to one sub-genre or production form applies to another: if biography is popular, then autobiography will also be, and vice versa. If reality television programming is attracting viewers, then readers will be flocking to life writing as well. Our investigation reveals that such propositions are questionable, and that there is significant research to be completed in mapping such audiences against each other. This work has also highlighted the difficulty of separating out the categories of written texts in publishing studies, firstly in terms of determining what falls within the category of life writing as distinct from other forms of non-fiction (the hybrid problem) and, secondly, in terms of separating out the categories within life writing. Although we have continued to use the terms biography and autobiography as sub-genres, we are aware that they are less useful as descriptors than they are often assumed to be. In order to obtain a more complete and accurate picture, publishing categories may need to be agreed upon, redefined and utilised across the publishing industry and within academia. This is of particular importance in the light of the suggestions (from total sales volumes) that the audiences for books are limited, and therefore the rise of one sub-genre may be directly responsible for the fall of another. Bair argues, for example, that in the 1980s and 1990s, the popularity of what she categorises as memoir had direct repercussions on the numbers of birth-to-death biographies that were commissioned, contracted, and published as “sales and marketing staffs conclude[d] that readers don’t want a full-scale life any more” (17). Finally, although we have highlighted the difficulty of using publishing statistics when there is no common understanding as to what such data is reporting, we hope this study shows that the utilisation of such material does add a depth to such enquiries, especially in interrogating the anecdotal evidence that is often quoted as data in publishing and other studies. Appendix 1 Publishers Weekly listings 1990–1999 1990 included two autobiographies, Bo Knows Bo by professional athlete Bo Jackson (with Dick Schaap) and Ronald Reagan’s An America Life: An Autobiography. In 1991, there were further examples of life writing with unimaginative titles, Me: Stories of My Life by Katherine Hepburn, Nancy Reagan: The Unauthorized Biography by Kitty Kelley, and Under Fire: An American Story by Oliver North with William Novak; as indeed there were again in 1992 with It Doesn’t Take a Hero: The Autobiography of Norman Schwarzkopf, Sam Walton: Made in America, the autobiography of the founder of Wal-Mart, Diana: Her True Story by Andrew Morton, Every Living Thing, yet another veterinary outpouring from James Herriot, and Truman by David McCullough. In 1993, radio shock-jock Howard Stern was successful with the autobiographical Private Parts, as was Betty Eadie with her detailed recounting of her alleged near-death experience, Embraced by the Light. Eadie’s book remained on the list in 1994 next to Don’t Stand too Close to a Naked Man, comedian Tim Allen’s autobiography. Flag-waving titles continue in 1995 with Colin Powell’s My American Journey, and Miss America, Howard Stern’s follow-up to Private Parts. 1996 saw two autobiographical works, basketball superstar Dennis Rodman’s Bad as I Wanna Be and figure-skater, Ekaterina Gordeeva’s (with EM Swift) My Sergei: A Love Story. In 1997, Diana: Her True Story returns to the top 10, joining Frank McCourt’s Angela’s Ashes and prolific biographer Kitty Kelly’s The Royals, while in 1998, there is only the part-autobiography, part travel-writing A Pirate Looks at Fifty, by musician Jimmy Buffet. There is no biography or autobiography included in either the 1999 or 2000 top 10 lists in Publishers Weekly, nor in that for 2005. In 2001, David McCullough’s biography John Adams and Jack Welch’s business memoir Jack: Straight from the Gut featured. In 2002, Let’s Roll! Lisa Beamer’s tribute to her husband, one of the heroes of 9/11, written with Ken Abraham, joined Rudolph Giuliani’s autobiography, Leadership. 2003 saw Hillary Clinton’s autobiography Living History and Paul Burrell’s memoir of his time as Princess Diana’s butler, A Royal Duty, on the list. In 2004, it was Bill Clinton’s turn with My Life. In 2006, we find John Grisham’s true crime (arguably a biography), The Innocent Man, at the top, Grogan’s Marley and Me at number three, and the autobiographical The Audacity of Hope by Barack Obama in fourth place. Appendix 2 Amazon.com listings since 2000 In 2000, there were only two auto/biographies in the top Amazon 50 bestsellers with Lance Armstrong’s It’s Not about the Bike: My Journey Back to Life about his battle with cancer at 20, and Dave Eggers’s self-consciously fictionalised memoir, A Heartbreaking Work of Staggering Genius at 32. In 2001, only the top 14 bestsellers were recorded. At number 1 is John Adams by David McCullough and, at 11, Jack: Straight from the Gut by USA golfer Jack Welch. In 2002, Leadership by Rudolph Giuliani was at 12; Master of the Senate: The Years of Lyndon Johnson by Robert Caro at 29; Portrait of a Killer: Jack the Ripper by Patricia Cornwell at 42; Blinded by the Right: The Conscience of an Ex-Conservative by David Brock at 48; and Louis Gerstner’s autobiographical Who Says Elephants Can’t Dance: Inside IBM’s Historic Turnaround at 50. In 2003, Living History by Hillary Clinton was 7th; Benjamin Franklin: An American Life by Walter Isaacson 14th; Dereliction of Duty: The Eyewitness Account of How President Bill Clinton Endangered America’s Long-Term National Security by Robert Patterson 20th; Under the Banner of Heaven: A Story of Violent Faith by Jon Krakauer 32nd; Leap of Faith: Memoirs of an Unexpected Life by Queen Noor of Jordan 33rd; Kate Remembered, Scott Berg’s biography of Katharine Hepburn, 37th; Who’s your Caddy?: Looping for the Great, Near Great and Reprobates of Golf by Rick Reilly 39th; The Teammates: A Portrait of a Friendship about a winning baseball team by David Halberstam 42nd; and Every Second Counts by Lance Armstrong 49th. In 2004, My Life by Bill Clinton was the best selling book of the year; American Soldier by General Tommy Franks was 16th; Kevin Phillips’s American Dynasty: Aristocracy, Fortune and the Politics of Deceit in the House of Bush 18th; Timothy Russert’s Big Russ and Me: Father and Son. Lessons of Life 20th; Tony Hendra’s Father Joe: The Man who Saved my Soul 23rd; Ron Chernow’s Alexander Hamilton 27th; Cokie Roberts’s Founding Mothers: The Women Who Raised our Nation 31st; Kitty Kelley’s The Family: The Real Story of the Bush Dynasty 42nd; and Chronicles, Volume 1 by Bob Dylan was 43rd. In 2005, auto/biographical texts were well down the list with only The Year of Magical Thinking by Joan Didion at 45 and The Glass Castle: A Memoir by Jeanette Walls at 49. In 2006, there was a resurgence of life writing with Nora Ephron’s I Feel Bad About My Neck: and Other Thoughts on Being a Woman at 9; Grisham’s The Innocent Man at 12; Bill Buford’s food memoir Heat: an Amateur’s Adventures as Kitchen Slave, Line Cook, Pasta-Maker, and Apprentice to a Dante-Quoting Butcher in Tuscany at 23; more food writing with Julia Child’s My Life in France at 29; Immaculée Ilibagiza’s Left to Tell: Discovering God amidst the Rwandan Holocaust at 30; CNN anchor Anderson Cooper’s Dispatches from the Edge: A Memoir of War, Disasters and Survival at 43; and Isabella Hatkoff’s Owen & Mzee: The True Story of a Remarkable Friendship (between a baby hippo and a giant tortoise) at 44. In 2007, Ishmael Beah’s discredited A Long Way Gone: Memoirs of a Boy Soldier came in at 8; Walter Isaacson’s Einstein: His Life and Universe 13; Ayaan Hirst Ali’s autobiography of her life in Muslim society, Infidel, 18; The Reagan Diaries 25; Jesus of Nazareth by Pope Benedict XVI 29; Mother Teresa: Come be my Light 36; Clapton: The Autobiography 40; Tina Brown’s The Diana Chronicles 45; Tony Dungy’s Quiet Strength: The Principles, Practices & Priorities of a Winning Life 47; and Daniel Tammet’s Born on a Blue Day: Inside the Extraordinary Mind of an Autistic Savant at 49. Acknowledgements A sincere thank you to Michael Webster at RMIT for assistance with access to Nielsen BookScan statistics, and to the reviewers of this article for their insightful comments. Any errors are, of course, our own. References Australian Broadcasting Commission (ABC). “About Us.” Australian Story 2008. 1 June 2008. ‹http://www.abc.net.au/austory/aboutus.htm>. 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