Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pompe à carbone'
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Pasquer, Bénédicte. "Modélisation de la pompe biologique de carbone dans l'Océan Austral." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210937.
Full textDrago, Laetitia. "Analyse globale de la pompe à carbone biologique à partir de données en imagerie quantitative." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS562.
Full textThe biological carbon pump (BCP) plays a central role in the global ocean carbon cycle, transporting carbon from the surface to the deep ocean and sequestering it for long periods. This work aims to analyse two key players of the BCP: zooplankton and particles. To this end, we use in situ imaging data from the Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP5) to investigate two primary axes: 1) the global distribution of zooplankton biomass and 2) carbon export in the context of a North Atlantic spring bloom. Our objectives includes a quantification of global zooplankton biomass, enhancing our comprehension of the BCP via morphological analysis of particles, and assessing and comparing the gravitational flux of detrital particles during a the North Atlantic spring bloom using high-resolution UVP5 data. With the help of UVP5 imagery and machine learning through habitat models using boosted regression trees, we investigate the global distribution of zooplankton biomass and its ecological implications. The results show maximum zooplankton biomass values around 60°N and 55°S and minimum values within the oceanic gyres, with a global biomass dominated by crustaceans and rhizarians. By employing machine learning techniques on globally homogeneous data, this study provides taxonomical insights into the distribution of 19 large zooplankton groups (1-50 mm equivalent spherical diameter). This first protocol estimates global, spatially resolved zooplankton biomass and community composition from in situ imaging observations of individual organisms. In addition, within the unique context of the EXPORTS 2021 campaign, we analyse UVP5 data obtained by deploying three instruments in a highly retentive eddy. After clustering the 1,720,914 images using Morphocluster, a semi-autonomous classification software, we delve into the characteristics of the marine particles, studying their morphology through an oblique framework that follows a plume of detrital particles between the surface and 800 m depth. The results of the plume following approach show that, contrary to expectations, aggregates become unexpectedly larger, denser, more circular and more complex with depth. In contrast, the evolution of fecal pellets is more heterogeneous and shaped by zooplankton activity. Such results challenge previous expectations and may require a reassessment of our view of sinking aggregates and fecal pellets. We also studied concentration and carbon flux dynamics using a more traditional 1D framework where we explore the three key elements in flux estimation from in situ imaging data by comparing UVP5 and sediment trap flux estimates: size range covered, sinking rate and carbon content. According to the current literature, neutrally buoyant sediment traps (NBST) and surface-tethered traps (STT) usually cover a size range from 10 µm to approximately 2 mm. In our study, we have found that by expanding the UVP size range to 10 µm and limiting it to 2 mm, a more consistent comparison can be made between UVP5-generated flux and sediment trap fluxes (obtained by colleagues). However, it is worth noting that there remains a large flux contribution above this size threshold, necessitating further investigation of its implications through the use of complementary approaches such as the use of sediment traps with larger openings. This manuscript not only advances our knowledge, but also addresses critical challenges in estimating zooplankton biomass and particle dynamics during export events. The findings of this study open up new avenues for future research on the biological carbon pump and deepen our understanding of marine ecosystems
Guitari, Imed. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation d'une pompe à chaleur fonctionnant au CO2." Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2005ISAL0070/these.pdf.
Full textThis work concerns an experimental study and modelling of an air/water beat pump using carbon dioxide as a working fluid. The experimental study is carried out on an instrumented test setup (pressure, temperature, flow end power measurements) to characterize the operation of this type of installation in static and dynamic mode. The static model was developed an validated. It allows to determine the optimal conditions of operation for various external conditions. Thus, a simplified law governing the optimal high pressure according to the gas cooler outlet temperature is deduced from the calculations. The dynamic model is based on the equations of mass and energy conservation. It takes into account the thermal inertia on the compressor, the exchanger' s walls, the refrigerant (carbon dioxide) and the coolant (water). Comparison between modelling results and those obtained with the test stand gives a good agreement. Thanks to this model, it is possible to record the operating variables versus time and space after changing the input parameters such as sources temperatures, expansion valve opening and compressor rotating speed. In particular, we notice a good representation of starting process with a transition from subcritical to transcritical cycle
Lauret, Jean-Sébastien. "Etude des propriétés optiques des nanotubes de carbone." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004218.
Full textDans un premier temps, la spectroscopie d'absorption a été utilisée comme un outil de caractérisation des différents échantillons. En effet, l'énergie de la transition entre la première paire de singularités de Van-Hove étant proportionnelle à l'inverse du diamètre, la spectroscopie d'absorption donne une mesure du diamètre moyen ainsi que de la largeur de la distribution en diamètre.
Nous avons étudié les conditions d'observation d'un signal de photoluminescence au niveau du gap des nanotubes semi-conducteurs. Pour observer ce signal, les nanotubes doivent être isolés, en les mettant convenablement en suspension par exemple. Les expériences de photoluminescence sélective en longueur d'onde ont montré que les structures observées dans les spectres peuvent être attribuées aux différentes chiralités présentes dans l'échantillon. Elles ont également permis d'évaluer la largeur homogène de la transition fondamentale (environ 20 meV). Enfin, la spectroscopie d'excitation de la photoluminescence a permis de déterminer la chiralité des différents nanotubes présents dans nos échantillons.
Dans un deuxième temps, la dynamique des porteurs de charge dans les nanotubes de carbone a été étudiée à l'aide d'expériences de type pompe-sonde. Cette étude réalisée sur des nanotubes déposés sur un substrat et agrégés en corde a montré l'existence d'un couplage tunnel entre les nanotubes semi-conducteurs et les nanotubes métalliques au sein d'une corde. L'existence de ce couplage ainsi que la brièveté des temps de relaxation (picoseconde) expliquent l'absence de signal de photoluminescence sur ce type d'échantillon. La comparaison faite avec les données obtenues sur les échantillons de nanotubes isolés montre une augmentation d'un ordre de grandeur des temps de relaxation, ce qui est en accord avec l'apparition d'un signal de photoluminescence observable sur ces échantillons. L'étude de la réponse non-linéaire hors résonance a mis en évidence la dynamique du plasmon de surface des nanotubes. Elle a également permis d'interpréter le fond d'absorption sur lequel sont superposées les raies dues aux transitions inter-bandes comme la queue basse énergie de la résonance plasmon de surface. Enfin, la susceptibilité non-linéaire d'ordre trois des nanotubes a pu être évaluée. La comparaison entre le facteur de mérite des nanotubes et celui d'autres matériaux étudiés en vue d'une application en optique non-linéaire a montré que les nanotubes de carbone semblent posséder des propriétés intéressantes pour ce type d'applications.
Movellan, Aurore. "La biomasse des foraminifères planctoniques actuels et son impact sur la pompe biologique de carbone." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00950433.
Full textLemaitre, Nolwenn. "Approche multi-proxy (Thorium-234, Baryum en excès) des flux d'export et de reminéralisation du carbone et des éléments nutritifs associés à la pompe biologique océanique." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0009/document.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to improve our understanding of the different controls that affect the oceanic biological carbon pump. Particulate export and remineralization fluxes were investigated using the thorium-234 (234Th) and biogenic barium (Baxs) proxies.In the North Atlantic, the highest particulate organic carbon (POC) export fluxes were associated to biogenic (biogenic silica or calcium carbonate) and lithogenic minerals, ballasting the particles.Export efficiency was generally low (< 10%) and inversely related to primary production, highlighting a phase lag between production and export. The highest transfer efficiencies, i.e. the fraction of POC that reached 400m, were driven by sinking particles ballasted by calcite or lithogenic minerals.The regional variation of mesopelagic remineralization was attributed to changes in bloom intensity, phytoplankton cell size, community structure and physical forcing (downwelling). Carbon remineralization balanced, or even exceeded, POC export, highlighting the impact of mesopelagic remineralization on the biological pump with a near-zero, deep carbon sequestration for spring 2014.Export of trace metals appeared strongly influenced by lithogenic material advected from the margins. However, at open ocean stations not influenced by lithogenic matter, trace metal export rather depended on phytoplankton activity and biomass.A last part of this work focused on export of biogenic silica, particulate nitrogen and iron near the Kerguelen Island. This area is characterized by a natural iron-fertilization that increases export fluxes. Inside the fertilized area, flux variability is related to phytoplankton community composition
Noury, Adrien. "Photonique hybride des nanotubes de carbone." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112199/document.
Full textOn-chip optical communication may increase drastically performances and consumption of communication systems. Indeed, optical channels do not face limitations that metallics interconnects do. Even better would be the achievable data rate due to the multiplexing possibility in optics. In order to keep compatibility with electronic devices, optical components and interconnects should be built in silicon. However, this material is not suitable for some optical function, such as laser sources. Thus, there is a need to integrate alternative materials to compensate for silicon weaknesses. My PhD work focuses on integration of carbon nanotube on silicon for photonics applications. In this work, potential use of carbon nanotube for light emission function is investigated. First, I will propose clue to understand the appearance of optical gain in semiconducting carbon nanotube. Such investigation is done by mean of pump-probe experiments, where the excitons lifetimes are measured. Those lifetimes slightly increase while centrifugation time and speed is increased, during the extraction process. A possible explanation is that defect-free carbon nanotubes are selected by the centrifugation process. In parallel, I worked on designing an efficient method to couple nanotubes photoluminescence with silicon waveguides. This method appears to be quite robust, and allows to observe coupling between the nanotube photoluminescence and the optical mode of the waveguide. In order to obtain a more intense interaction between the optical mode and carbon nanotubes, I investigated the coupling between carbon nanotubes and several photonic cavities, including microdisks, Fabry-Pérot cavities and ring resonators. Specifically, ring resonators allow to measure the photoluminescence of carbon nanotube structured by the resonant modes. Several configurations are studied to understand more in-depth the coupling mechanisms: micro-photoluminescence, guided photoluminescence and integrated photoluminescence
Voisin, Christophe. "Propriétés Optiques des Nanotubes de Carbone." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00430590.
Full textLe, Gland Guillaume. "Contraindre les échanges côte-large et la pompe biologique de carbone par modélisation inverse de deux radio-isotopes (radium228 et thorium234)." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0032/document.
Full textThe oceanic cycles of carbon and the main nutrients are poorly known since they are affected by many physical, chemical or biological sources and sinks that are difficult to estimate by direct measurements.One way to better constrain these important processes is to use the information contained in more simple tracers called "proxies". As radium 228 (228Ra) flows from the continental shelves, it is used as a proxy of water and mineral elements fluxes from the coast to the open ocean. In particular, it is often used to estimate the SGD (Submarine Groundwater Discharge). For its part, thorium 234 (234Th), an insoluble radio-isotope, is used to constrain the dynamics of the solid particles onto which it is adsorbed. The carbon flux from the surface to the deep ocean, called "biological carbon pump" (BCP), is often estimated by a 234Th-based method.During this PhD, a numerical model with a resolution of 2°, based on the circulation of the NEMO-OPA model and the particle fields of the PISCES model, was built for each of the two radioisotopes.Several unknown model parameters were constrained by observations using an inverse technique.The inverse modeling of 228Ra was used to constrain 228Ra fluxes from 38 coastal regions.However, the SGD fluxes are poorly constrained by this method, because SGD can be confused with another source of 228Ra: diffusion from sediments.The inverse modeling of 234Th produced estimates of partition coefficients, representing the affinity of different particle types for this isotope. It was also used to estimate the errors associated with some common simplifications made in 234Th-based BCP studies
Bucciarelli, Eva. "Rôle du fer dans le contrôle de la pompe biologique de CO2 de l'océan austral." Brest, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BRES2041.
Full textThis work concerns the role played by iron in controlling the CO2 biological pump in the Southern Ocean. Iron, indeed, is a micro-nutrient essential to life and numerous experiments have shown that its subnanomolar concentrations in the water column (co)-limited the primary production in various oceanic areas, e. G. In the Southern Ocean. The thesis is divided in two complementary parts, a geochemical part and a biogeochemical one. The geochemical part aims at a better understanding of the oceanic geochemical cycle of iron. It presents measurements of dissolved iron and manganese in the wake of the Kerguelen Islands (Bucciarelli et al. 2001) and of dissolved and total dissolvable iron in the open Southern Ocean (Crozet basin). The samplings were conducted as part of the Antares program (France JGOFS), during the Antares 3 cruise in the wake of the Kerguelen island, and during the Antares 4 cruise in the Crozet Basin. The data give insigths into the sources and sinks of iron in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. The biogeochemical part focuses on the effects of iron stress on natural phytoplanktonic community on one hand (Blain et al. 2001, Blain et al. 2002, Sedwick et al. 2002), and on laboratory monospecific cultures of three species of diatoms on the other hand. A decoupling between the cycles of silicon, carbon and nitrogen has been shown under iron stress conditions. The decoupling is quantified in a range of iron concentrations varying from iron-limiting to iron-sufficient conditions
Mohamed, El Mifdol. "Etude de l'efficacité diphasique d'une pompe pour la compression du CO2." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00686069.
Full textLanglois, Benjamin. "Propriétés optiques hors-équilibre des nanotubes de carbone nus ou fonctionnalisés." Thesis, Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSU0017/document.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the experimental study by femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy of micellar solutions of carbon nanotubes. The properties of carbon nanotubes are greatly affected by their 1D geometry. Quantum confinement of electrons in 1D leads to enhanced coulomb interactions giving rise to strongly bound excitons. Many-body effects between excitons is investigated by the moment method analysis of the transient absorption spectra. The relaxation of excitons is controlled by diffusion-limited collisions between excitons. The presence of excitons in the lowest subband results in a broadening and an uniform blue-shift of the excitonic energy spectrum. Intra and intersubband interactions turn out to be of the same magnitude, in agreement with a simple mean field theory of excitonic interactions.Moreover, the one-layer structure of nanotubes results in strong interaction with the environment. We take advantage of the environmental sensitivity of nanotubes in hybrid compounds where the non-covalent functionalization with dyes opens a new extrinsic monochromatic excitation channel of the nanotubes through an efficient and ultrafast energy transfer between dyes and nanotubes. Once the exciton transferred to the nanotube, its relaxation is similar to the one observed in bare nanotubes
Dellero, Tarik. "Étude d'un système à absorption solide pour le chauffage et la réfrigération utilisant des fibres de carbone comme additif." Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0127.
Full textMeilland, Julie. "Rôle des foraminifères planctoniques dans le cycle du carbone marin des hautes latitudes (Océan Indien Austral)." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0059/document.
Full textPlanktonic foraminifera contribute to the marine biological carbon pump by generating organic (cytoplasm) and inorganic (shell) carbon fluxes. In this study, we characterized LPF total abundances, assemblages and test morphometry (minimum diameter) along 19 stations sampled by stratified plankton net (Multinet), during three consecutive austral summers (2012-2014) in the Southern Indian Ocean (30°S-60°S, 50°E-80°E). By demonstrating the efficiency of CPR for LPF sampling, we analysed population dynamic between 19 multinet sampling stations, showing the effect of frontal position on LPF production. To better constrain the impact of those organisms in the biological carbon pump at high latitudes, we have quantified the individual protein-biomass and test calcite mass of more than 2000 LPF. Differences in size-normalized protein-biomass and in size-normalized weight between years, species, and water bodies suggest that environmental parameters affect the production of planktonic foraminifera organic and inorganic carbon to varying degrees. Consequently, planktonic foraminifera are assumed to affect the biological carbon pump, depending on ecological conditions and biological prerequisites. The applicability of planktonic foraminifera tests as proxy of the past biological carbon pump in high latitudes would hence critically depend on the effect exerted by changing in ecological conditions, and the presence of different species. This study proposes a first estimation of planktonic foraminifera Corg and Cinorg standing stock and fluxes in the Southern Indian Ocean
Ramondenc, Simon. "Analyse des variations spatio-temporelles du zooplancton gélatineux et son effet sur les flux de matières à l'aide d'une approche combinant expérimentation et écologie numérique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066528/document.
Full textThe term “plankton” refers to all the organisms drifting in the water following the currents. Commonly, the vegetable autotrophic and mainly photosynthetic, “phytoplankton” is distinguished from the heterotrophic and animal “zooplankton”. In the last decades, many studies reported an increase in the abundances and spatial distributions of gelatinous zooplankton in many oceans. Even if the concept of “jellyfication of the oceans” needs to be used with caution, jellyfish populations show an increase in Mediterranean Sea over the last 40 years. The species Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskål, 1775) is considered as the most abundant jellyfish in the Mediterranean basin since the 70s. Due to its massive presence in this area, it is essential to evaluate precisely the impact of P. noctiluca on both biogeochemical cycles and pelagic ecosystem structure. Thus, the contribution of P. noctiluca to the two main factors regulating the biological carbon transfer in the oceans: carbon sequestration via the biological carbon pump and carbon transfer through trophic networks. This manuscript is divided in 3 main sections : (i) providing an initial budget of the particulate (POCtotal) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Mediterranean sea, (ii) building an ecophysiological model of P. noctiluca to estimate its contribution to the biological carbon pump, and (iii) assessing the trophic level of P. noctiluca and its potential impact on lower trophic levels
Caffin, Mathieu. "Devenir de la fixation d'azote et export de carbone dans l'océan Pacifique tropical sud-ouest." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0475/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis focuses on the quantification of diazotrophy and its influence on biogeochemical cycles in the western tropical South Pacific Ocean, a critically under-sampled region so far. The aim of this work is to (1) quantify N2 fixation and identify the main contributors of diazotrophy in this region, (2) assess the influence of N2 fixation on primary production and carbon export, (3) identify transfer pathways of the fixed nitrogen in the planktonic food web.We have found that the western tropical South Pacific Ocean was a hotspot of N2 fixation. In the western part, the oligotrophic waters of the Melanesian archipelago presented high N2 fixation rates and diazotrophes were dominated by Trichodesmium. In the eastern part, the ultra-oligotrophic waters of the South Pacific gyre presented lower N2 fixation rates, and diazotrophs were dominated by UCYN-B.The nitrogen budgets show that N2 fixation contributed to more than 90 % of the of new nitrogen input in the photic layer. The study of the transfer pathways of the fixed nitrogen has shown that 7 to 15 % of total N2 fixation was transferred to non-diazotrophs.This PhD thesis indicates that diazotrophy sustains the biological pump in the western tropical South Pacific Ocean, and can have a critical influence in the planktonic community structure and in biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen in oligotrophic regions
Yuma, Bertrand Kei. "Etude de la dynamique des états excités des nanotubes du carbone mono-paroi." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00994244.
Full textWazen, Paul. "Laser NH₃ moyen-infrarouge continu pompe optiquement par laser CO₂ : laser et amplificateur de puissance de type Raman, laser à inversion de population accordable en fréquence par effet Stark." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112164.
Full textThis thesis is directed at the study of the C02-pumped Mid-Infrared NH3 Chapter 1 gives some spectroscopic data for the ammonia molecule. The influence of an electric field on its rotation-vibration spectrum (Stark effect) is recalled. Chapter II which concerns the off-resonance pumping of NH3 and the development of powerful Raman sources is divided into two parts: In part A the 12 μm local gain is analyzed as a function of the main parameters. The sudy, realization and optimization of a ring CW 12 m Raman laser are described. In part B, a CW Raman amplifier is studied. A first simplified, but analytical propagation model is developed. A second numerical model is elaborated which includes both the transverse intensity profiles (Raman and pump) and the heating effects. Experiments carried out on a 12. 08 μm oscillator-amplifier system confirm the validity of this model. Scaling laws are established for high power systems. Chapter III is related to the frequency tunability of an NH3 laser with population inversion (on-resonance pumping). A rate equation model is established for the small signal gain. Results on Multiline operation and bidirectional emissions are briefly reported. The frequency tunability of the pressure-broadened emissions is inverstigated using a Fox-Smith laser cavity. The Stark tuning of the laser and the realization of a hybrid waveguide are then described. A simple line shape model is developed to interprete the experimental results
Bouteiller, Paul. "Etude expérimentale de cycles de pompe à chaleur utilisant des mélanges à base de CO2." Thesis, Paris, CNAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CNAM1089/document.
Full textThe aim of this work is to experiment CO2 based mixtures as working fluids for heat pump applications in buildings, in order to enhance their performances compared to pure CO2 dual services heat pumps. Since adding other chemicals to CO2 moves the critical point and generally equilibrium lines, it is expected that lower operating pressures as well as higher global efficiencies can be reached. A simple stage pure CO2 cycle is used as reference, with fixed external conditions. Two scenarios are considered: water is heated from 10 °C to 65 °C for Domestic Hot Water (DHW) scenario and from 30 °C to 35 °C for Central Heating (CH) scenario. In both cases, water at the evaporator inlet is set at 7 °C to account for such outdoor temperature conditions. In order to understand the dynamic behaviour of thermodynamic cycles with mixtures, it is essential to measure the fluid circulating composition. To this end, we have developed a non intrusive method. Online optical flow cells allow the recording of infrared spectra by means of a Fourier Transform Infra Red spectrometer. A careful calibration is performed by measuring a statistically significant number of spectra for samples of known composition. Then, a statistical model is constructed to relate spectra to compositions. After calibration, compositions are obtained by recording the spectrum in few seconds, thus allowing for a dynamic analysis. Mixtures of CO2 & propane and CO2 & R-1234yf have been tested and showed great potential on enhancing performances of the heat pump for central heating applications
Charpenay, Romain. "Usure et endommagement de matériaux carbonés comme éléments de contact électrique pour pompe à carburant automobile." Phd thesis, Ecole Centrale de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00677115.
Full textToullec, Jordan. "Etude des interactions diatomées-copépodes sur l'export de carbone, dans un contexte de changement climatique : apports expérimentaux et étude in situ Copepod grazing influences diatom aggregation and particle dynamics, in Frontiers in Marine Science 6, March 2019." Thesis, Brest, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BRES0017.
Full textThe biological carbon pump transfers CO2 from the atmosphere to the deep ocean as particulate organic matter. By forming aggregates, diatoms contribute strongly to the particle flux.Copepods, in terms of abundance and diversity, dominate zooplankton assemblages, are the main consumers of diatoms and play and key role in the carbon export via faecal pellets egestion. Nutrient limitations mainly occur at the end of phytoplankton blooms, but are also an expected consequence of global warming. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the role of copepod/diatom interactions on carbon export in a context of climate change.The results obtained show that nutrient limitations affecting diatoms biochemical composition, that influences copepods feeding activity and the export efficiency of faecal pellets. I have also shown that the functional traits of copepods can influence both the aggregates formation and their dynamics. Finally, using data from an oceanographic campaign carried out during the Arctic phytoplankton spring bloom, I observed that silicon limitation after sea ice retreat contributes to the aggregates formation. Copepods, at the end of the bloom migrate under the mixing layer where the aggregates are most abundant, which may suggest that the aggregates could be used as a food
Roullier, François. "Production, transport et transformation de la matière particulaire dans le premier kilomètre des océans : impact des zones à minimum d'oxygène." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066168.
Full textIn the biological pump system, incorporation and sequestration of atmospheric carbon into marine sediment result of carbon fixation at ocean surface, followed by its sinking through the water column in the form of particulate carbon. In the euphotic zone (0-200m), phytoplankton photosynthesis allows carbon fixation into organic particles that are consumed by other heterotrophic organisms. Particulate organic carbon produced directly by phytoplankton (as aggregated particles) or indirectly by organisms (for example as faecal pellets) represent the main vector of carbon export to deep ocean. In this context, efficiency of the biological pump is a function of the settling speed of a particle and only those particles with sufficient mass and size reach the sediment. These considerations permit us to conclude that particles with a diameter greater than 500µm, known as "marine snow", contribute significantly to deep export. During the TARA expedition, the use of a UVP (Underwater Vision Profiler) allowed to establish the size distribution of particles (> 100µm) from the ocean surface to 1500m depth, with more than 150 sampling stations across 3 major oceans. With this database completed by environmental variables, we tried to evaluate intensity of particulate flux and identify biotic and abiotic processes influencing this export. In the first part of this work, a clustering based on flux profiles showed the importance of surface production and contribution of each phytoplanktonic community (pico-, nano- and microphytoplankton) to particulate flux under surface, but also the role of transformation processes in different oceanic regions to flux attenuation. Except in oligotrophic regions where surface particulate stock is very low, we observed that the weakest flux attenuation k = 0,35 +/- 0,26) corresponded to the "Oxygen Minimum Zones" (OMZ). The second part of this work is related to OMZ in order to understand which processes are involved in the dynamics of particulate vertical transfer. On the base of biogeochemical measurements taken by optical and image sensors, we could observe that weak attenuation values in OMZ were in fact the result of a deep increase of 5 to 15% of flux. We discuss this increase as a consequence of zooplankton mesopelagic communities activity living at the lower oxycline of the suboxic layer, but we also proposed a potential influence of anaerobic microorganisms on degradation and modification of the settling organic matter in the suboxic core. The last section of this work focuses on the most intense OMZ, located in the Arabian Sea (Indian Ocean). We used a Lagrangian particle model to evaluate the possibility of advective particulate transport from coastal area (Persian Gulf) to the open ocean, which could supply the OMZ suboxic layer with organic
Guyennon, Arnaud. "Etude de l'exportation de carbone organique à l'échelle de la mer Méditerranée à l'aide de la modélisation couplée physique/biogéochimie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4113/document.
Full textThis work is part of the SIMED project which is dedicated to basin-scale modeling of the Mediterranean Sea. It also belongs to the MERMEX program which aims at studying biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea and their evolution. The first step of this work was to couple the hydrodynamic modeling platform (NEMO) to the mechanistic biogeochemical modeling platform (Eco3M). We ran a simulation (2000-2012) using the hydrodynamic outputs from NEMO-MED12 configuration to force the biogeochamical model Eco3M-MED. The model evaluation was conducted using numerous field measurements (chlorophyll, nutrients, primary production, etc.). The simulation strengthens and extends to the whole basin the prominent role of dissolved organic carbon in the biological carbon pump in the whole Mediterranean Sea. A comprehensive analysis of organic carbon (particulate and dissolved) production processes production was performed. Results reveal that particulate organic carbon production is restricted to the highly dynamic areas, whereas dissolved organic carbon accumulation in the surface layers is a common process in much areas of the basin. This latter process appeared to dependant on the cellular contents of phytoplancton and heterotrophic bacteria, themselved being controled by low phosphate availability. Finally, the dissolved organic carbon contribution to carbon export is around 64 % in the Western basin, and up to 90 % in the Eastern basin. When taking into account the dissolved fraction, total organic carbon export in the Eastern basin -despite its higher oligotrophy- exceeds the one in the Western basin (60% against 40 %)
Yin, Xunqian. "Modification of electrostrictive polymers and their electromechanical applications." Thesis, Lyon, INSA, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ISAL0041/document.
Full textElectroactive polymers (EAPs), which can realize the conversion between electrical and mechanical energy, have been emerging as one of the most interesting smart materials in the past two decades due to their low density, excellent mechanical properties, ease of processing, low price and potential applications in the fields of sensors, actuators, generators, biomimetic robots and so on. The object of this work is to modify electrostrictive terpolymers with different approaches to improve the electromechanical performances and to develop some applications based on modified terpolymers. Firstly, an organic/inorganic (terpolymer/carbon black) nanocomposite was prepared to improve the dielectric permittivity based on the percolation theory. Secondly, based on the heterogeneous nature of semi-crystalline terpolymer and the important role that interface polarization plays for dielectric and electromechanical response, small molecular plasticizer bis(2-ethylhexyl) phalate (DEHP) was introduced into electrostrictive terpolymer to form an all-organic polymer composite with improved electromechanical performances. Finally, two applications including mechanical energy harvesting and microfluidic pump based on DEHP modified terpolymers were investigated
El, Boukhary Mohamed Salem. "Impact des activités humaines sur les cycles biogéochimiques en mer Méditerranée." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066202.
Full textGimenez, Audrey. "Etude des interactions entre diazotrophie, disponibilité nutritive et production planctonique dans l'océan de surface du pacifique tropical sud-ouest par une approche combinant observation et modélisation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0208/document.
Full textThis work is part of the OUTPACE project which aimed to characterize the western tropical south Pacific (WTSP) in terms of biogeochemical stocks and fluxes and biological diversity of diazotrophs along a West-East longitudinal transect. This work combines an experimental with a modeling approach in order to study the role of diazotrophy in the planktonic dynamics and biogeochemical cycles of the WTSP surface waters. The values measured during the campaign, iespecially those of primary production (PP) and dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) turnover time, revealed a West-East gradient of productivity and nutrient availability, closely related to the spatial variability of N$_2$ fixation rates. The use of a mechanistic biogeochemical model (implemented in the Eco3M platform) explicitly including two compartments of diazotrophs and coupled with a vertical 1D physical model, allowed to highlight the fact that the absence / presence of diazotrophy could explain the contrast between the western regions of the Melanesian Archipelago (WMA) and the west of the south Pacific gyre (WGY). ). The model results showed that non-diazotrophic organisms benefited from the new nitrogen supply provided by nitrogen fixers, and that the surface planktonic production depended significantly on diazotroph activity, which is controlled by the phosphate availability in the west and by the iron availability in the east of the WTSP
Cavan, Graeme Patrick. "Interaction of carbon and nitrogen metabolism in Schizosaccharomyces pombe." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.259573.
Full textYe, Honggang Carleton University Dissertation Chemistry. "Carbon-13 nuclear magnetic resonance studies of D-glucose metabolism and purification of gluconokinase from Schizosaccharomyces pombe." Ottawa, 1993.
Find full textde, Kock Lorren. "Carbon intensive but decarbonising quickly? Retrospective and prospective life cycle assessments of South African pome fruit." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29886.
Full textCHEVERRY, JEAN-LUC, and Daniel Côme. "Quelques aspects de la regulation de la biosynthese autocatalytique de l'ethylene de fruits (la pomme malus domestica borkh. Cv. Granny smith et la banane musa cavendishii lamb. ) par le dioxyde de carbone, les polyamines et le calcium." Paris 6, 1991. http://www.theses.fr/1991PA066696.
Full textBrignoli, Riccardo. "Innovative technologies in HVAC&R systems for energy saving and environment preservation." Doctoral thesis, Università degli studi di Padova, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/11577/3422106.
Full textI temi dell’efficienza energetica e dell’impatto ambientale sono requisiti che sempre più negli ultimi decenni hanno guidato la ricerca scientifica riguardante i sistemi di refrigerazione, condizionamento dell’aria e riscaldamento. Le principali ragioni sono: l’aumento del prezzo dell’energia con una conseguente maggiore attenzione ai costi di esercizio e la necessità di ridurre i contributi indiretto e diretto all’effetto serra antropico. Il contributo indiretto è legato all’energia primaria utilizzata, nella maggior parte dei casi energia fossile quindi combustione di sostanze organiche con produzione di anidride carbonica, attualmente il principale gas serra; per ridurre questo contributo è necessario incrementare l’efficienza energetica del sistema. Il contributo diretto è dovuto ai refrigeranti, i fluidi alogenati attualmente utilizzati sono fortemente gas serra se immessi in atmosfera. Si è indirizzati da un lato a sviluppare sistemi utilizzanti fluidi naturali: l’anidride carbonica (il cui contrito all’effetto serra, nettamente inferiore agli HFC, è 0 se si utilizza quella esistente), gli idrocarburi, l’ammoniaca; dall’altro lato si sono introdotti nuovi fluidi sintetici HFO a ridotto effetto serra. Si cerca inoltre di ridurre la carica di refrigerante del sistema, tenendo conto che in alcuni casi vi sono vincoli normativi proprio sulla carica. Nella prima parte di questo lavoro si presenta l’utilizzo di uno scambiatore di calore a minicanali in una PDC aria-acqua commerciale; questo tipo di scambiatori a basso volume interno consente di ridurre considerevolmente la carica di refrigerante del sistema. In seguito si presenta un modello di simulazione per il calcolo delle prestazioni e l’ottimizzazione di evaporatori e condensatori a minicanali ed una sua validazione/applicazione per calcolare un condensatore funzionante con fluido R1234yf tenendo conto anche della presenza dell’olio. Si presentano poi soluzioni utilizzanti i fluidi naturali: un chiller ad ammoniaca a bassa carica, una PDC ad anidride carbonica per un edificio residenziale, ed uno studio sperimentale sull’uso dell’eiettore come organo di laminazione per incrementarne l’efficienza di queste PDC. Si presenta infine un metodo per l’ottimizzazione della lunghezza dei circuiti negli evaporatori a batteria alettata ed un confronto delle prestazioni di diversi refrigeranti in evaporazione con particolare riferimento ai nuovi HFO R1234yf e R1234ze(E). In sintesi l’obbiettivo di questo lavoro è quello di offrire diverse soluzioni che vadano nella direzione dell’incremento dell’efficienza, della riduzione della carica e dell’impatto ambientale, tenendo conto che non esiste una soluzione univoca a tali problemi, ma che ciascuna applicazione va studiata ed ottimizzata nelle proprie peculiarità.
Douss, Néjib. "Etude experimentale de cycles a cascades a adsorption solide." Paris 7, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988PA077052.
Full textLaBrie, Richard. "Origine, composition et destinée de la matière organique dissoute et ses interactions avec les communautés de procaryotes dans la mer du Labrador." Thesis, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/24482.
Full textOceanic prokaryotes are key players in the carbon cycle by consuming dissolved organic mat-ter (DOM) produced by primary producers. As this organic matter is highly complex with varying degree of bioavailability, prokaryotic communities are highly diverse and different taxa target certain types of organic compounds. By consuming this organic matter, prokary-otes reintroduce this carbon into the food web, a critical energy flow in oligotrophic gyres. However, this consumption is not perfect and they release a lot of carbon as CO2 through respiration, but also as recalcitrant DOM. Thus, they contribute to carbon sequestration in aquatic ecosystems. The objective of this thesis is to characterize DOM bioavailability and its influence on the composition and metabolism of prokaryotic communities in the Labrador Sea, described as one of the Earth’s climate system tipping elements. More precisely, we quantify for the first time how the spatial abundance distribution of prokaryotes influences ecosystem metabolism and organic matter association in the surface waters of the Labrador Sea. Lastly, we look at how DOM produced at the surface is transformed and sequestered following the Labrador Sea winter convective mixing. The oceanic carbon budget is still unbalanced. In order to better understand its carbon sources and bioavailability, we characterize DOM bioavailability across the aquatic contin-uum, from lakes to the open ocean. Using a meta-analysis, our results show that the propor-tion of labile organic matter, i.e. readily available for prokaryotes, is similar at around 6% in all aquatic ecosystems. However, the proportion of semi-labile organic matter, i.e requiring transformations to be consumed by prokaryotes, is highly related to terrestrial connectivity. The only ecosystems that did not follow these patterns were in a phytoplankton bloom pe-riod and had a high proportion of labile and semi-labile organic matter as their counterparts at equilibrium. Finally, we estimated that semi-labile organic matter could sustain 62% of prokaryotic biomass in lakes and coastal zones. Second, we evaluated the influence of DOM on prokaryotic metabolism and community composition. In order to determine organic matter composition, prokaryotic community composition and metabolic rates, we did three oceanic cruises in the Labrador Sea onboard the Hudson ship. By using spatial abundance distribution modelling of prokaryotes, we identified strong associations between groups of this novel approach and organic matter composition. We also proposed a framework to bridge the gap between prokaryotic diversity, microbial ecology, and biogeochemistry among methods and across scales. Lastly, we compared how prokaryotic communities from different oceanic strata could se-quester carbon. When they consume organic matter, prokaryotes release a small amount in recalcitrant forms. Through this iterative process, called the microbial carbon pump, prokaryotes contribute to carbon sequestration by creating highly recalcitrant compounds that resist further degradation for hundreds of years. We have shown that all prokaryotes enable the microbial carbon pump, but that prokaryotes from deeper strata are more effi-cient. Our results also conclusively show that the rare prokaryotic taxa are key players in the microbial carbon pump. This thesis contributes to better understand the carbon cycle in the Labrador Sea and in all aquatic ecosystems. We proposed a novel framework to relate biogeochemistry, prokaryotic diversity and microbial ecology which has been a challenge for decades. Moreover, we con-clusively showed for the first time that the iterative process of the microbial carbon pump is related to prokaryotic succession. We also show that it happens in all oceanic strata, but that rare prokaryotes from the deep ocean are more efficient to sequester carbon. Better understanding how DOM composition influences prokaryotes is of prime importance as they are the main drivers of the oceanic carbon cycle.