Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Pompe à carbone biologique'
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Pasquer, Bénédicte. "Modélisation de la pompe biologique de carbone dans l'Océan Austral." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/210937.
Full textDrago, Laetitia. "Analyse globale de la pompe à carbone biologique à partir de données en imagerie quantitative." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023SORUS562.
Full textThe biological carbon pump (BCP) plays a central role in the global ocean carbon cycle, transporting carbon from the surface to the deep ocean and sequestering it for long periods. This work aims to analyse two key players of the BCP: zooplankton and particles. To this end, we use in situ imaging data from the Underwater Vision Profiler (UVP5) to investigate two primary axes: 1) the global distribution of zooplankton biomass and 2) carbon export in the context of a North Atlantic spring bloom. Our objectives includes a quantification of global zooplankton biomass, enhancing our comprehension of the BCP via morphological analysis of particles, and assessing and comparing the gravitational flux of detrital particles during a the North Atlantic spring bloom using high-resolution UVP5 data. With the help of UVP5 imagery and machine learning through habitat models using boosted regression trees, we investigate the global distribution of zooplankton biomass and its ecological implications. The results show maximum zooplankton biomass values around 60°N and 55°S and minimum values within the oceanic gyres, with a global biomass dominated by crustaceans and rhizarians. By employing machine learning techniques on globally homogeneous data, this study provides taxonomical insights into the distribution of 19 large zooplankton groups (1-50 mm equivalent spherical diameter). This first protocol estimates global, spatially resolved zooplankton biomass and community composition from in situ imaging observations of individual organisms. In addition, within the unique context of the EXPORTS 2021 campaign, we analyse UVP5 data obtained by deploying three instruments in a highly retentive eddy. After clustering the 1,720,914 images using Morphocluster, a semi-autonomous classification software, we delve into the characteristics of the marine particles, studying their morphology through an oblique framework that follows a plume of detrital particles between the surface and 800 m depth. The results of the plume following approach show that, contrary to expectations, aggregates become unexpectedly larger, denser, more circular and more complex with depth. In contrast, the evolution of fecal pellets is more heterogeneous and shaped by zooplankton activity. Such results challenge previous expectations and may require a reassessment of our view of sinking aggregates and fecal pellets. We also studied concentration and carbon flux dynamics using a more traditional 1D framework where we explore the three key elements in flux estimation from in situ imaging data by comparing UVP5 and sediment trap flux estimates: size range covered, sinking rate and carbon content. According to the current literature, neutrally buoyant sediment traps (NBST) and surface-tethered traps (STT) usually cover a size range from 10 µm to approximately 2 mm. In our study, we have found that by expanding the UVP size range to 10 µm and limiting it to 2 mm, a more consistent comparison can be made between UVP5-generated flux and sediment trap fluxes (obtained by colleagues). However, it is worth noting that there remains a large flux contribution above this size threshold, necessitating further investigation of its implications through the use of complementary approaches such as the use of sediment traps with larger openings. This manuscript not only advances our knowledge, but also addresses critical challenges in estimating zooplankton biomass and particle dynamics during export events. The findings of this study open up new avenues for future research on the biological carbon pump and deepen our understanding of marine ecosystems
Benoiston, Anne-Sophie. "Méta-omique et méta-données environnementales : vers une nouvelle compréhension de la pompe à carbone biologique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2019. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2019SORUS182.pdf.
Full textThe biological carbon pump encompasses a series of processes including the primary production of organic matter in the surface ocean, its export to deeper waters and its remineralization. The common highlighted actors are diatoms because of their contribution to primary production and carbon export and copepods for their production of fecal pellets. However, the biological pump is the result of complex interactions among organisms rather than their independent actions. Besides, although size distribution and mineral composition of phytoplankton in surface was shown to significantly influence the strength of carbon export, it is unknown whether meta-omic data can efficiently predict the processes of the biological carbon pump. In this thesis, I first propose to revisit the study of the biological carbon pump in the oligotrophic ocean by defining biogeochemical states of the ocean based on the relative contribution of primary production, carbon export and flux attenuation in Tara Oceans sampling stations. The analysis of the states in terms of microbial composition and interactions inferred from metabarcoding data revealed that variation in associations rather than lineages presence seems to drive the states of the biological carbon pump. Then, by using meta-omics and environmental parameters from the Tara Oceans expeditions, I propose the first study trying to predict biogeochemical states from biological abundances derived from environmental DNA, with the goal of providing a list of biomarkers
Movellan, Aurore. "La biomasse des foraminifères planctoniques actuels et son impact sur la pompe biologique de carbone." Phd thesis, Université d'Angers, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00950433.
Full textBucciarelli, Eva. "Rôle du fer dans le contrôle de la pompe biologique de CO2 de l'océan austral." Brest, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BRES2041.
Full textThis work concerns the role played by iron in controlling the CO2 biological pump in the Southern Ocean. Iron, indeed, is a micro-nutrient essential to life and numerous experiments have shown that its subnanomolar concentrations in the water column (co)-limited the primary production in various oceanic areas, e. G. In the Southern Ocean. The thesis is divided in two complementary parts, a geochemical part and a biogeochemical one. The geochemical part aims at a better understanding of the oceanic geochemical cycle of iron. It presents measurements of dissolved iron and manganese in the wake of the Kerguelen Islands (Bucciarelli et al. 2001) and of dissolved and total dissolvable iron in the open Southern Ocean (Crozet basin). The samplings were conducted as part of the Antares program (France JGOFS), during the Antares 3 cruise in the wake of the Kerguelen island, and during the Antares 4 cruise in the Crozet Basin. The data give insigths into the sources and sinks of iron in the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean. The biogeochemical part focuses on the effects of iron stress on natural phytoplanktonic community on one hand (Blain et al. 2001, Blain et al. 2002, Sedwick et al. 2002), and on laboratory monospecific cultures of three species of diatoms on the other hand. A decoupling between the cycles of silicon, carbon and nitrogen has been shown under iron stress conditions. The decoupling is quantified in a range of iron concentrations varying from iron-limiting to iron-sufficient conditions
Le, Gland Guillaume. "Contraindre les échanges côte-large et la pompe biologique de carbone par modélisation inverse de deux radio-isotopes (radium228 et thorium234)." Thesis, Brest, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018BRES0032/document.
Full textThe oceanic cycles of carbon and the main nutrients are poorly known since they are affected by many physical, chemical or biological sources and sinks that are difficult to estimate by direct measurements.One way to better constrain these important processes is to use the information contained in more simple tracers called "proxies". As radium 228 (228Ra) flows from the continental shelves, it is used as a proxy of water and mineral elements fluxes from the coast to the open ocean. In particular, it is often used to estimate the SGD (Submarine Groundwater Discharge). For its part, thorium 234 (234Th), an insoluble radio-isotope, is used to constrain the dynamics of the solid particles onto which it is adsorbed. The carbon flux from the surface to the deep ocean, called "biological carbon pump" (BCP), is often estimated by a 234Th-based method.During this PhD, a numerical model with a resolution of 2°, based on the circulation of the NEMO-OPA model and the particle fields of the PISCES model, was built for each of the two radioisotopes.Several unknown model parameters were constrained by observations using an inverse technique.The inverse modeling of 228Ra was used to constrain 228Ra fluxes from 38 coastal regions.However, the SGD fluxes are poorly constrained by this method, because SGD can be confused with another source of 228Ra: diffusion from sediments.The inverse modeling of 234Th produced estimates of partition coefficients, representing the affinity of different particle types for this isotope. It was also used to estimate the errors associated with some common simplifications made in 234Th-based BCP studies
Lemaitre, Nolwenn. "Approche multi-proxy (Thorium-234, Baryum en excès) des flux d'export et de reminéralisation du carbone et des éléments nutritifs associés à la pompe biologique océanique." Thesis, Brest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BRES0009/document.
Full textThe main objective of this thesis is to improve our understanding of the different controls that affect the oceanic biological carbon pump. Particulate export and remineralization fluxes were investigated using the thorium-234 (234Th) and biogenic barium (Baxs) proxies.In the North Atlantic, the highest particulate organic carbon (POC) export fluxes were associated to biogenic (biogenic silica or calcium carbonate) and lithogenic minerals, ballasting the particles.Export efficiency was generally low (< 10%) and inversely related to primary production, highlighting a phase lag between production and export. The highest transfer efficiencies, i.e. the fraction of POC that reached 400m, were driven by sinking particles ballasted by calcite or lithogenic minerals.The regional variation of mesopelagic remineralization was attributed to changes in bloom intensity, phytoplankton cell size, community structure and physical forcing (downwelling). Carbon remineralization balanced, or even exceeded, POC export, highlighting the impact of mesopelagic remineralization on the biological pump with a near-zero, deep carbon sequestration for spring 2014.Export of trace metals appeared strongly influenced by lithogenic material advected from the margins. However, at open ocean stations not influenced by lithogenic matter, trace metal export rather depended on phytoplankton activity and biomass.A last part of this work focused on export of biogenic silica, particulate nitrogen and iron near the Kerguelen Island. This area is characterized by a natural iron-fertilization that increases export fluxes. Inside the fertilized area, flux variability is related to phytoplankton community composition
Meilland, Julie. "Rôle des foraminifères planctoniques dans le cycle du carbone marin des hautes latitudes (Océan Indien Austral)." Thesis, Angers, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ANGE0059/document.
Full textPlanktonic foraminifera contribute to the marine biological carbon pump by generating organic (cytoplasm) and inorganic (shell) carbon fluxes. In this study, we characterized LPF total abundances, assemblages and test morphometry (minimum diameter) along 19 stations sampled by stratified plankton net (Multinet), during three consecutive austral summers (2012-2014) in the Southern Indian Ocean (30°S-60°S, 50°E-80°E). By demonstrating the efficiency of CPR for LPF sampling, we analysed population dynamic between 19 multinet sampling stations, showing the effect of frontal position on LPF production. To better constrain the impact of those organisms in the biological carbon pump at high latitudes, we have quantified the individual protein-biomass and test calcite mass of more than 2000 LPF. Differences in size-normalized protein-biomass and in size-normalized weight between years, species, and water bodies suggest that environmental parameters affect the production of planktonic foraminifera organic and inorganic carbon to varying degrees. Consequently, planktonic foraminifera are assumed to affect the biological carbon pump, depending on ecological conditions and biological prerequisites. The applicability of planktonic foraminifera tests as proxy of the past biological carbon pump in high latitudes would hence critically depend on the effect exerted by changing in ecological conditions, and the presence of different species. This study proposes a first estimation of planktonic foraminifera Corg and Cinorg standing stock and fluxes in the Southern Indian Ocean
Ramondenc, Simon. "Analyse des variations spatio-temporelles du zooplancton gélatineux et son effet sur les flux de matières à l'aide d'une approche combinant expérimentation et écologie numérique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066528/document.
Full textThe term “plankton” refers to all the organisms drifting in the water following the currents. Commonly, the vegetable autotrophic and mainly photosynthetic, “phytoplankton” is distinguished from the heterotrophic and animal “zooplankton”. In the last decades, many studies reported an increase in the abundances and spatial distributions of gelatinous zooplankton in many oceans. Even if the concept of “jellyfication of the oceans” needs to be used with caution, jellyfish populations show an increase in Mediterranean Sea over the last 40 years. The species Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskål, 1775) is considered as the most abundant jellyfish in the Mediterranean basin since the 70s. Due to its massive presence in this area, it is essential to evaluate precisely the impact of P. noctiluca on both biogeochemical cycles and pelagic ecosystem structure. Thus, the contribution of P. noctiluca to the two main factors regulating the biological carbon transfer in the oceans: carbon sequestration via the biological carbon pump and carbon transfer through trophic networks. This manuscript is divided in 3 main sections : (i) providing an initial budget of the particulate (POCtotal) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Mediterranean sea, (ii) building an ecophysiological model of P. noctiluca to estimate its contribution to the biological carbon pump, and (iii) assessing the trophic level of P. noctiluca and its potential impact on lower trophic levels
Terrats, Louis. "Le flux de carbone particulaire et le lien avec la communauté phytoplanctonique : une approche par flotteurs-profileurs biogéochimiques." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Sorbonne université, 2022. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2022SORUS550.pdf.
Full textThe ocean plays a key role in the climate by exchanging large quantities of carbon with the atmosphere. Atmospheric carbon is fixed at the ocean surface by phytoplankton that transforms it into biogenic carbon, part of which is transported to the deep ocean by physical and biological mechanisms; this is the Biological Carbon Pump (BCP). A tiny fraction of this biogenic carbon reaches sufficient depths to be sequestered for several centuries before it returns to the atmosphere, thus regulating concentrations of atmospheric CO2. Today, we know enough about the BCP to recognize its importance in climate, but our knowledge of its functioning is limited due to insufficient sampling of biogenic carbon fluxes. Here, we used BioGeoChimical-Argo floats, observational platforms designed to solve the undersampling problem, to explore a major mechanism of the BCP called the gravitational pump. The gravitational pump is the transport of biogenic carbon in the form of organic particles (POC) that sink from the surface into the deep ocean. Our study of the gravitational pump is divided into three axes. The first axis consisted of developing a method to detect blooms of coccolithophores, a major phytoplankton group that potentially has an important control on the transport of POC at depth. The second axis focused on the seasonal and regional variability of POC fluxes in the Southern Ocean, an undersampled area in which several floats have been deployed with an optical sediment trap (OST). Only ten floats were equipped with an OST, which is low compared to the whole BGC-Argo fleet (i.e. several hundred floats). Therefore, in the third axis, we developed a method to estimate the POC flux with the standard sensors of BGC-Argo floats. This method was then applied to hundreds of floats to describe the seasonal variability of the POC flux in many regions. In this study, we also highlighted the link between the POC flux and the nature of surface particles. For example, we calculated relationships between phytoplankton community composition and POC flux at 1000m. Using these relationships, we then used satellite observations to extrapolate POC flux to large spatial scales, such as the entire Southern Ocean and the global ocean
Caffin, Mathieu. "Devenir de la fixation d'azote et export de carbone dans l'océan Pacifique tropical sud-ouest." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0475/document.
Full textThis PhD thesis focuses on the quantification of diazotrophy and its influence on biogeochemical cycles in the western tropical South Pacific Ocean, a critically under-sampled region so far. The aim of this work is to (1) quantify N2 fixation and identify the main contributors of diazotrophy in this region, (2) assess the influence of N2 fixation on primary production and carbon export, (3) identify transfer pathways of the fixed nitrogen in the planktonic food web.We have found that the western tropical South Pacific Ocean was a hotspot of N2 fixation. In the western part, the oligotrophic waters of the Melanesian archipelago presented high N2 fixation rates and diazotrophes were dominated by Trichodesmium. In the eastern part, the ultra-oligotrophic waters of the South Pacific gyre presented lower N2 fixation rates, and diazotrophs were dominated by UCYN-B.The nitrogen budgets show that N2 fixation contributed to more than 90 % of the of new nitrogen input in the photic layer. The study of the transfer pathways of the fixed nitrogen has shown that 7 to 15 % of total N2 fixation was transferred to non-diazotrophs.This PhD thesis indicates that diazotrophy sustains the biological pump in the western tropical South Pacific Ocean, and can have a critical influence in the planktonic community structure and in biogeochemical cycles of carbon and nitrogen in oligotrophic regions
Ramondenc, Simon. "Analyse des variations spatio-temporelles du zooplancton gélatineux et son effet sur les flux de matières à l'aide d'une approche combinant expérimentation et écologie numérique." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris 6, 2017. https://accesdistant.sorbonne-universite.fr/login?url=https://theses-intra.sorbonne-universite.fr/2017PA066528.pdf.
Full textThe term “plankton” refers to all the organisms drifting in the water following the currents. Commonly, the vegetable autotrophic and mainly photosynthetic, “phytoplankton” is distinguished from the heterotrophic and animal “zooplankton”. In the last decades, many studies reported an increase in the abundances and spatial distributions of gelatinous zooplankton in many oceans. Even if the concept of “jellyfication of the oceans” needs to be used with caution, jellyfish populations show an increase in Mediterranean Sea over the last 40 years. The species Pelagia noctiluca (Forsskål, 1775) is considered as the most abundant jellyfish in the Mediterranean basin since the 70s. Due to its massive presence in this area, it is essential to evaluate precisely the impact of P. noctiluca on both biogeochemical cycles and pelagic ecosystem structure. Thus, the contribution of P. noctiluca to the two main factors regulating the biological carbon transfer in the oceans: carbon sequestration via the biological carbon pump and carbon transfer through trophic networks. This manuscript is divided in 3 main sections : (i) providing an initial budget of the particulate (POCtotal) and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the Mediterranean sea, (ii) building an ecophysiological model of P. noctiluca to estimate its contribution to the biological carbon pump, and (iii) assessing the trophic level of P. noctiluca and its potential impact on lower trophic levels
Roullier, François. "Production, transport et transformation de la matière particulaire dans le premier kilomètre des océans : impact des zones à minimum d'oxygène." Paris 6, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA066168.
Full textIn the biological pump system, incorporation and sequestration of atmospheric carbon into marine sediment result of carbon fixation at ocean surface, followed by its sinking through the water column in the form of particulate carbon. In the euphotic zone (0-200m), phytoplankton photosynthesis allows carbon fixation into organic particles that are consumed by other heterotrophic organisms. Particulate organic carbon produced directly by phytoplankton (as aggregated particles) or indirectly by organisms (for example as faecal pellets) represent the main vector of carbon export to deep ocean. In this context, efficiency of the biological pump is a function of the settling speed of a particle and only those particles with sufficient mass and size reach the sediment. These considerations permit us to conclude that particles with a diameter greater than 500µm, known as "marine snow", contribute significantly to deep export. During the TARA expedition, the use of a UVP (Underwater Vision Profiler) allowed to establish the size distribution of particles (> 100µm) from the ocean surface to 1500m depth, with more than 150 sampling stations across 3 major oceans. With this database completed by environmental variables, we tried to evaluate intensity of particulate flux and identify biotic and abiotic processes influencing this export. In the first part of this work, a clustering based on flux profiles showed the importance of surface production and contribution of each phytoplanktonic community (pico-, nano- and microphytoplankton) to particulate flux under surface, but also the role of transformation processes in different oceanic regions to flux attenuation. Except in oligotrophic regions where surface particulate stock is very low, we observed that the weakest flux attenuation k = 0,35 +/- 0,26) corresponded to the "Oxygen Minimum Zones" (OMZ). The second part of this work is related to OMZ in order to understand which processes are involved in the dynamics of particulate vertical transfer. On the base of biogeochemical measurements taken by optical and image sensors, we could observe that weak attenuation values in OMZ were in fact the result of a deep increase of 5 to 15% of flux. We discuss this increase as a consequence of zooplankton mesopelagic communities activity living at the lower oxycline of the suboxic layer, but we also proposed a potential influence of anaerobic microorganisms on degradation and modification of the settling organic matter in the suboxic core. The last section of this work focuses on the most intense OMZ, located in the Arabian Sea (Indian Ocean). We used a Lagrangian particle model to evaluate the possibility of advective particulate transport from coastal area (Persian Gulf) to the open ocean, which could supply the OMZ suboxic layer with organic
Toullec, Jordan. "Etude des interactions diatomées-copépodes sur l'export de carbone, dans un contexte de changement climatique : apports expérimentaux et étude in situ Copepod grazing influences diatom aggregation and particle dynamics, in Frontiers in Marine Science 6, March 2019." Thesis, Brest, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020BRES0017.
Full textThe biological carbon pump transfers CO2 from the atmosphere to the deep ocean as particulate organic matter. By forming aggregates, diatoms contribute strongly to the particle flux.Copepods, in terms of abundance and diversity, dominate zooplankton assemblages, are the main consumers of diatoms and play and key role in the carbon export via faecal pellets egestion. Nutrient limitations mainly occur at the end of phytoplankton blooms, but are also an expected consequence of global warming. The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the role of copepod/diatom interactions on carbon export in a context of climate change.The results obtained show that nutrient limitations affecting diatoms biochemical composition, that influences copepods feeding activity and the export efficiency of faecal pellets. I have also shown that the functional traits of copepods can influence both the aggregates formation and their dynamics. Finally, using data from an oceanographic campaign carried out during the Arctic phytoplankton spring bloom, I observed that silicon limitation after sea ice retreat contributes to the aggregates formation. Copepods, at the end of the bloom migrate under the mixing layer where the aggregates are most abundant, which may suggest that the aggregates could be used as a food
Demasy, Clément. "Solubility and bioavailability of Patagonian dust in the future Southern Ocean." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Paris Cité, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023UNIP7095.
Full textThroughout geological time, the Southern Ocean has played a major role in regulating the Earth's surface climate and in particular in the reduction of atmospheric CO2. This oceanic region is the most important biological pump of carbon and through the photosynthesis of phytoplankton allows the sequestration of carbon in the deep ocean. This decrease would have been caused by dust deposits which, by bringing elements such as iron in areas limited in micronutrients, fertilize the ocean surface and allow the activation of the biological carbon pump. Nowadays, the entering into the Anthropocene era has been marked by the impact that human activity has exerted on its environment. Anthropogenic activity that generates the release of carbon dioxide into the atmosphere causes a greenhouse effect on the surface of the Earth and upsets the environmental balance. This study investigates the Southern Ocean which is biogeochemical paradox zone with high concentration of macronutrients but low biological productivity. In 1990 John Martin elaborated the "Iron hypothesis" hence iron (micronutrients) restricts phytoplankton growth. Dust is major source of metals in the surface ocean. In the Southern Ocean, dust have mainly a South America (Patagonian dust) origin. Input from South America contributed to 58% of the total dust into the Southern Ocean and will increase by two fold higher with the future environmental changes. During the last glacial maximal in the Southern Ocean, dust input would have decreased the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. Moreover, in the small timescale there are tests of artificial iron fertilization performed in Southern Ocean have demonstrated high biological productivity. The overall aim of this work is to better characterize and quantify the fraction of metals that solubilizes from Patagonian dust in seawater under actual and future conditions (2100) and to improve predictions of the phytoplankton evolution in response to intensification of Patagonian dust input and other multi-stressor changes in the Southern Ocean in order to evaluate the impacts on carbon production
Guyennon, Arnaud. "Etude de l'exportation de carbone organique à l'échelle de la mer Méditerranée à l'aide de la modélisation couplée physique/biogéochimie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015AIXM4113/document.
Full textThis work is part of the SIMED project which is dedicated to basin-scale modeling of the Mediterranean Sea. It also belongs to the MERMEX program which aims at studying biogeochemical cycles in the Mediterranean Sea and their evolution. The first step of this work was to couple the hydrodynamic modeling platform (NEMO) to the mechanistic biogeochemical modeling platform (Eco3M). We ran a simulation (2000-2012) using the hydrodynamic outputs from NEMO-MED12 configuration to force the biogeochamical model Eco3M-MED. The model evaluation was conducted using numerous field measurements (chlorophyll, nutrients, primary production, etc.). The simulation strengthens and extends to the whole basin the prominent role of dissolved organic carbon in the biological carbon pump in the whole Mediterranean Sea. A comprehensive analysis of organic carbon (particulate and dissolved) production processes production was performed. Results reveal that particulate organic carbon production is restricted to the highly dynamic areas, whereas dissolved organic carbon accumulation in the surface layers is a common process in much areas of the basin. This latter process appeared to dependant on the cellular contents of phytoplancton and heterotrophic bacteria, themselved being controled by low phosphate availability. Finally, the dissolved organic carbon contribution to carbon export is around 64 % in the Western basin, and up to 90 % in the Eastern basin. When taking into account the dissolved fraction, total organic carbon export in the Eastern basin -despite its higher oligotrophy- exceeds the one in the Western basin (60% against 40 %)
Lafond, Augustin. "Rôle de la biodiversité des diatomées dans la modulation des flux biogéochimiques du carbone et du silicium dans les milieux polaires." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Aix-Marseille, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021AIXM0013.
Full textPolar regions are particularly affected by the ongoing climate changes which have profound consequences on the development of phytoplankton and on the functioning of the biological pump. Plankton community structure and species-specific properties can strongly influence the export of organic matter and biomineral. The objectives of this PhD are (1) to identify the factors controlling the development and the structure of diatom communities, (2) to assess the influence of species diversity on the composition of particulate matter, and (3) to understand diatom mortality and export modes in the deep ocean. This work is based on the study of two subpolar regions: (1) the Baffin Bay in the Arctic, and (2) the Kerguelen region in the Southern Ocean. In Baffin Bay, we highlight a diatom community succession in relation with sea ice melting and the strong west-to-east water masses gradient prevailing in the bay. In the Kerguelen region, we confirm that iron is a key parameter controlling diatom community structure since we identified two distinct communities located either above the Fe-fertilized plateau or in adjacent HNLC waters. In the HNLC area, diatoms were more heavily silicified, resulting in higher Si:C elemental ratios in diatoms as well as in the bulk particulate matter. We show that 93 % of the intermediate (125-500 m) and deep (>500 m) particle stocks were single diatom cells — fecal pellets and aggregates represented less than 2% of the collected particles — providing new evidences of the importance of small particles for export fluxes
El, Boukhary Mohamed Salem. "Impact des activités humaines sur les cycles biogéochimiques en mer Méditerranée." Paris 6, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA066202.
Full textGimenez, Audrey. "Etude des interactions entre diazotrophie, disponibilité nutritive et production planctonique dans l'océan de surface du pacifique tropical sud-ouest par une approche combinant observation et modélisation." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018AIXM0208/document.
Full textThis work is part of the OUTPACE project which aimed to characterize the western tropical south Pacific (WTSP) in terms of biogeochemical stocks and fluxes and biological diversity of diazotrophs along a West-East longitudinal transect. This work combines an experimental with a modeling approach in order to study the role of diazotrophy in the planktonic dynamics and biogeochemical cycles of the WTSP surface waters. The values measured during the campaign, iespecially those of primary production (PP) and dissolved inorganic phosphate (DIP) turnover time, revealed a West-East gradient of productivity and nutrient availability, closely related to the spatial variability of N$_2$ fixation rates. The use of a mechanistic biogeochemical model (implemented in the Eco3M platform) explicitly including two compartments of diazotrophs and coupled with a vertical 1D physical model, allowed to highlight the fact that the absence / presence of diazotrophy could explain the contrast between the western regions of the Melanesian Archipelago (WMA) and the west of the south Pacific gyre (WGY). ). The model results showed that non-diazotrophic organisms benefited from the new nitrogen supply provided by nitrogen fixers, and that the surface planktonic production depended significantly on diazotroph activity, which is controlled by the phosphate availability in the west and by the iron availability in the east of the WTSP
Mosseri, Julie. "Cycle biogéochimique du silicium et contrôle de la pompe biologique." Aix-Marseille 2, 2006. http://theses.univ-amu.fr.lama.univ-amu.fr/2006AIX22053.pdf.
Full textThe oceanic biogeochemical silicon cycle was studied in the Southern Ocean on the naturally iron enriched Kerguelen plateau (KEOPS program) and in the northeast Atlantic in a frontal zone of production regime transition (POMME program). Data obtained as part of the KEOPS program are stocks and production fluxes of biogenic silica attributable to diatoms in the surface layer. The impact of iron on silicon utilization by natural diatom populations is analysed. Results underscore the role of iron on silicic acid uptake by diatoms. In the naturally iron-enriched area, diatoms have higher affinities for silicic acid which allows them to efficiently exploit low and limiting concentrations of this nutrient. In addition, this work provides evidence of the iron impact on the specific and elemental composition of diatom communities. By contrast with the HNLC offshore area, the diatom assemblage of the naturally iron enriched area is composed by more lightly silicified species and has Si:C and Si:NO3 uptake ratios quite typical of diatoms growing in favourable nutritional conditions. However, on a seasonal basis analysis of nutrient utilization shows that nitrate utilization is very low. Results show that the diatom bloom utilizes predominatly ammonium as its nitrogen source, which is produced by an active heterotrophic community. Data obtained as part of the POMME program are the export fluxes of biogenic and lithogenic silica in the mesopelagic layer from each part of the frontal zone dividing two distinct production regimes (i. E. Mesotrophy versus oligotrophy). Results provide an annual estimate of BSi/LSi export in this area of the northeast Atlantic Basin. BSi export fluxes are relatively low in relation to the limitation of silica production at the surface. Moreover, the spatial variability of BSi export flux is contrary to the gradient of productivity at the surface ; advective processes are hypothesised to explain these observations. Globally, the KEOPS and POMME system functionning is described from a combined analysis of the food web structure and the biogeochemical fluxes in these systems. The fate of produced matter is discussed to understand the biological pump characteristics. This work, in combination with an analysis of biogenic silica production and export in the Global Ocean puts in perspective the role of diatoms in the carbon biological pump. We found that if diatoms play an important role in the quantitative export of matter (i. E. The biological pump intensity), they are not as efficient in the export process as compared to their production (i. E. The biological pump efficiency)
Li, Lun. "Séquestration biologique du carbone par les cyanobactéries." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00878524.
Full textGuitari, Imed. "Etude expérimentale et modélisation d'une pompe à chaleur fonctionnant au CO2." Lyon, INSA, 2005. http://theses.insa-lyon.fr/publication/2005ISAL0070/these.pdf.
Full textThis work concerns an experimental study and modelling of an air/water beat pump using carbon dioxide as a working fluid. The experimental study is carried out on an instrumented test setup (pressure, temperature, flow end power measurements) to characterize the operation of this type of installation in static and dynamic mode. The static model was developed an validated. It allows to determine the optimal conditions of operation for various external conditions. Thus, a simplified law governing the optimal high pressure according to the gas cooler outlet temperature is deduced from the calculations. The dynamic model is based on the equations of mass and energy conservation. It takes into account the thermal inertia on the compressor, the exchanger' s walls, the refrigerant (carbon dioxide) and the coolant (water). Comparison between modelling results and those obtained with the test stand gives a good agreement. Thanks to this model, it is possible to record the operating variables versus time and space after changing the input parameters such as sources temperatures, expansion valve opening and compressor rotating speed. In particular, we notice a good representation of starting process with a transition from subcritical to transcritical cycle
Lauret, Jean-Sébastien. "Etude des propriétés optiques des nanotubes de carbone." Phd thesis, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2003. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00004218.
Full textDans un premier temps, la spectroscopie d'absorption a été utilisée comme un outil de caractérisation des différents échantillons. En effet, l'énergie de la transition entre la première paire de singularités de Van-Hove étant proportionnelle à l'inverse du diamètre, la spectroscopie d'absorption donne une mesure du diamètre moyen ainsi que de la largeur de la distribution en diamètre.
Nous avons étudié les conditions d'observation d'un signal de photoluminescence au niveau du gap des nanotubes semi-conducteurs. Pour observer ce signal, les nanotubes doivent être isolés, en les mettant convenablement en suspension par exemple. Les expériences de photoluminescence sélective en longueur d'onde ont montré que les structures observées dans les spectres peuvent être attribuées aux différentes chiralités présentes dans l'échantillon. Elles ont également permis d'évaluer la largeur homogène de la transition fondamentale (environ 20 meV). Enfin, la spectroscopie d'excitation de la photoluminescence a permis de déterminer la chiralité des différents nanotubes présents dans nos échantillons.
Dans un deuxième temps, la dynamique des porteurs de charge dans les nanotubes de carbone a été étudiée à l'aide d'expériences de type pompe-sonde. Cette étude réalisée sur des nanotubes déposés sur un substrat et agrégés en corde a montré l'existence d'un couplage tunnel entre les nanotubes semi-conducteurs et les nanotubes métalliques au sein d'une corde. L'existence de ce couplage ainsi que la brièveté des temps de relaxation (picoseconde) expliquent l'absence de signal de photoluminescence sur ce type d'échantillon. La comparaison faite avec les données obtenues sur les échantillons de nanotubes isolés montre une augmentation d'un ordre de grandeur des temps de relaxation, ce qui est en accord avec l'apparition d'un signal de photoluminescence observable sur ces échantillons. L'étude de la réponse non-linéaire hors résonance a mis en évidence la dynamique du plasmon de surface des nanotubes. Elle a également permis d'interpréter le fond d'absorption sur lequel sont superposées les raies dues aux transitions inter-bandes comme la queue basse énergie de la résonance plasmon de surface. Enfin, la susceptibilité non-linéaire d'ordre trois des nanotubes a pu être évaluée. La comparaison entre le facteur de mérite des nanotubes et celui d'autres matériaux étudiés en vue d'une application en optique non-linéaire a montré que les nanotubes de carbone semblent posséder des propriétés intéressantes pour ce type d'applications.
CORMERAIS, PHILIPPE. "Etude epidemiologique, clinico-biologique et therapeutique de soixante-neuf cas d'intoxications oxycarbonees." Nantes, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988NANT148M.
Full textMONTEIRO, DE ABREU LUCIJANE. "Elimination du carbone organique dissous biodegradable par filtration biologique : modelisation et optimisation." Rennes 1, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994REN10215.
Full textClemence, Marie-Emilie. "Analyse paléoécologique de la crise du Trias-Jurassique : approche synécologique des nannofossiles calcaires et des foraminifères benthiques." Paris 6, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009PA066151.
Full textNoury, Adrien. "Photonique hybride des nanotubes de carbone." Thesis, Paris 11, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PA112199/document.
Full textOn-chip optical communication may increase drastically performances and consumption of communication systems. Indeed, optical channels do not face limitations that metallics interconnects do. Even better would be the achievable data rate due to the multiplexing possibility in optics. In order to keep compatibility with electronic devices, optical components and interconnects should be built in silicon. However, this material is not suitable for some optical function, such as laser sources. Thus, there is a need to integrate alternative materials to compensate for silicon weaknesses. My PhD work focuses on integration of carbon nanotube on silicon for photonics applications. In this work, potential use of carbon nanotube for light emission function is investigated. First, I will propose clue to understand the appearance of optical gain in semiconducting carbon nanotube. Such investigation is done by mean of pump-probe experiments, where the excitons lifetimes are measured. Those lifetimes slightly increase while centrifugation time and speed is increased, during the extraction process. A possible explanation is that defect-free carbon nanotubes are selected by the centrifugation process. In parallel, I worked on designing an efficient method to couple nanotubes photoluminescence with silicon waveguides. This method appears to be quite robust, and allows to observe coupling between the nanotube photoluminescence and the optical mode of the waveguide. In order to obtain a more intense interaction between the optical mode and carbon nanotubes, I investigated the coupling between carbon nanotubes and several photonic cavities, including microdisks, Fabry-Pérot cavities and ring resonators. Specifically, ring resonators allow to measure the photoluminescence of carbon nanotube structured by the resonant modes. Several configurations are studied to understand more in-depth the coupling mechanisms: micro-photoluminescence, guided photoluminescence and integrated photoluminescence
Voisin, Christophe. "Propriétés Optiques des Nanotubes de Carbone." Habilitation à diriger des recherches, Université Pierre et Marie Curie - Paris VI, 2009. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00430590.
Full textNay, Bastien. "Synthese totale asymetrique de flavan-3-ols marques au carbone 13 comme outils d'investigation biologique." Toulouse 3, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000TOU30161.
Full textWojdyla, Antoine. "Polarisation des impulsions térahertz et développement de l'imagerie par réflexion interne totale pour l'étude d'objets d'intérêt biologique." Phd thesis, Ecole Polytechnique X, 2011. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00652969.
Full textBURNOUF, CATHERINE. "Synthese d'hydrates de carbone branches en vue de leur utilisation a l'elaboration de molecules d'interet biologique." Paris 11, 1990. http://www.theses.fr/1990PA112033.
Full textCerino, Cordova Felipe de Jesus. "Utilisation de tissu carbone activé biologiquement modifié par A. Ferrooxidans dans des procédés biologique et bioélectrochimique." Grenoble INPG, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003INPG0066.
Full textMohamed, El Mifdol. "Etude de l'efficacité diphasique d'une pompe pour la compression du CO2." Phd thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00686069.
Full textDellero, Tarik. "Étude d'un système à absorption solide pour le chauffage et la réfrigération utilisant des fibres de carbone comme additif." Grenoble INPG, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997INPG0127.
Full textLanglois, Benjamin. "Propriétés optiques hors-équilibre des nanotubes de carbone nus ou fonctionnalisés." Thesis, Paris, Ecole normale supérieure, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014ENSU0017/document.
Full textThis thesis is devoted to the experimental study by femtosecond pump-probe spectroscopy of micellar solutions of carbon nanotubes. The properties of carbon nanotubes are greatly affected by their 1D geometry. Quantum confinement of electrons in 1D leads to enhanced coulomb interactions giving rise to strongly bound excitons. Many-body effects between excitons is investigated by the moment method analysis of the transient absorption spectra. The relaxation of excitons is controlled by diffusion-limited collisions between excitons. The presence of excitons in the lowest subband results in a broadening and an uniform blue-shift of the excitonic energy spectrum. Intra and intersubband interactions turn out to be of the same magnitude, in agreement with a simple mean field theory of excitonic interactions.Moreover, the one-layer structure of nanotubes results in strong interaction with the environment. We take advantage of the environmental sensitivity of nanotubes in hybrid compounds where the non-covalent functionalization with dyes opens a new extrinsic monochromatic excitation channel of the nanotubes through an efficient and ultrafast energy transfer between dyes and nanotubes. Once the exciton transferred to the nanotube, its relaxation is similar to the one observed in bare nanotubes
Louis, Justine. "Comportement des éléments biogéochimiques en Méditerranée à l'interface air-mer dans un contexte de changement climatique." Thesis, Paris 6, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015PA066527/document.
Full textThe objective of this thesis was to assess the biogeochemical effect of two forcings: the ocean acidification and the dust deposition. Firstly, we showed that in the Low Nutrient Low Chlorophyll (LNLC) area the effect of the ocean acidification on the marine cycle of nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P) and iron (Fe) will be likely negligible. The pH decrease of the surface waters depleted in N and P would not affect the speciation of these elements, and the absence of effect on the composition of the plankton community would not lead to a shift in the dynamic of inorganic nutrients. Secondly, the experiments performed during this thesis allowed a better parametrization of the post-depositional processes of atmospheric nutrients in the surface seawater after a Saharan event. The exchanges dissolved/particulate occurred in the short timescale. They were controlled by both the particles dynamic and the nature of the dissolved organic matter (DOM) that can aggregate with the lithogenic particles. Under ocean acidification conditions, while the dissolution of anthropogenic elements adsorbed onto dust, such as the inorganic nitrogen, will not be affected, the dissolution of the crustal elements (P and Fe) could be higher and faster according the formation of organic-dust aggregates. The major role of the aggregation process on the availability of atmospheric nutrients was highlighted by the rapid and large abiotic formation of transparent exopolymeric particles (TEP) following the dust deposition to the surface waters
Ciffroy, Philippe. "Contribution à la mise au point d'un procédé de décontamination par voie biologique d'effluents radioactifs." Châtenay-Malabry, Ecole centrale de Paris, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993ECAP0290.
Full textMouneimne, Abdul Halim. "Valorisation biologique des résidus graisseux urbains par production de carbone bioassimilable (AGV) utilisable en traitement tertiaire des eaux usées." Montpellier 2, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003MON20125.
Full textDucousso, Mathieu. "Acoustique picoseconde dans une cellule biologique individuelle." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00537030.
Full textYuma, Bertrand Kei. "Etude de la dynamique des états excités des nanotubes du carbone mono-paroi." Phd thesis, Université de Strasbourg, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00994244.
Full textKraszewski, Sebastian. "Compréhension des mécanismes d'interaction entre des nanotubes de carbone et une membrane biologique : effets toxiques et vecteurs de médicaments potentiels." Phd thesis, Université de Franche-Comté, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00642770.
Full textKraszewski, Sebastian Przemyslaw. "Compréhension des mécanismes d'interaction entre des nanotubes de carbone et une membrane biologique : effect toxiques et vecteurs de médicaments potentiels." Besançon, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010BESA2043.
Full textThis thesis concerns the theoretical study of the interaction mechanisms of carbon-based nanostructures with cell membranes, being the essential compound of living cells. This very complex study of the multidisciplinary nature was essentially done using numerical simulations. We have voluntarily spitted this work in tow distinct parts. First, we studied the membrane ion chanels using molecular dynamics and ab initio approaches. These channel proteins being essential for cell function are also common therapeutic targets for new drugs design. Second, we studied the behavior of pristrine and functioonalized carbon species such as fullerenes (C60) and nanotubes ( CNT) in the presence of the cell membrane. The results focus mainly on passive uptake phenomenon of these potential drugs vectors by biological membranes. The molecular dynamics studies on a very long time scale (sub-1 microseconds) and on very large systems were also the challenge of the IT perspective. To solve the given problematic in the limited time of a single PhD the development of high performance parallel computing CPU/GPU had to be put in place. The obtained results tempt to highlight the toxic role of nanostructures versus previously studied membrane proteins. This thesis naturally opens the way for the study of biocompatible nanocarriers for drug delivery
Chagneau, Claudia. "Le contrôle par CRP-AMPc de l'expression du gène malT d'Escherichia coli permet d'associer la nature de la source de carbone et le pH extracellulaire." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10205.
Full textTaboureau, Jean-Luc. "Greffage covalent de molécules d'origine biologique sur supports : applications en électrochimie analytique, catalyse enzymatique supportée et séparation par membrane d'affinité." Lyon 1, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997LYO10023.
Full textWojdyla, Antoine. "Polarisation des impulsions térahertz et développement de l'imagerie par réflexion interne totale pour l'étude d'objets d'intérêt biologique." Phd thesis, Palaiseau, Ecole polytechnique, 2011. https://pastel.hal.science/docs/00/65/29/69/PDF/Manuscrit_A_Wojdyla.pdf.
Full textThe terahertz domain is a vast yet largely unexplored part of the electromagnetic spectrum, in spite of the virtues conferred by its intermediary situation between radar waves and infrared. Recent technological breakthroughs now allow to generate very short terahertz pulses and to proceed to a time-resolved detection of the associated electric field. The joint determination of phase and amplitude empowers to build new measurement schemes and opens us new possibilities in the processing of collected data. The phase plays a major role in the study on phenomena involving the polarization of electromagnetic waves, and assumes a peculiar meaning when dealing with ultra-sort pulses. The study of these particularities has motivated the design of achromatic polarizing elements fitted for the terahertz range using specific dielectric reflection conditions. These elements allow harnessing the differential phases and amplitudes between the two components of the electric field, so as to generate any kind of coherent polarization state. Associated with terahertz pulses are with submilllimeter wavelengths, which provide a decent spatial resolution when it comes to image objects, while information in the time domain can still be exploited. We carried out some imaging procedures with a view to pick the ones who were the better adapted to biological imaging. In order to take advantage of the sensitivity of the waves to ionic content of solutions and to cope with the high absorption of water in this frequency range, we developed a new imaging technique based on total internal reflection phenomenon. This technique gains its sensitivity from the measurement of the phase, while having an excellent transverse resolution which is well suited when it comes to study thin biological objects such as neurons or cell layers
Hellequin, Eve. "Effets des biostimulants sur le fonctionnement biologique de sols d’agrosystèmes : réponses des communautés microbiennes et dynamique de minéralisation du carbone organique." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1B029.
Full textModern agriculture is undergoing important changes toward agroecological practices that rely on biodiversity and ecological processes. In agrosystems, the organic matter is the key of the soil fertility and an important reserve of carbon. Organic fertilization by crop residues is therefore an agricultural practice that improve the organic matter content in soil. Soil microorganisms have an important role in the organic carbon (orgC) dynamic because they are key players of its mineralization and are involved in the nutrients recycling. Thus, the use of agricultural biostimulant (BS) intended to enhance this microbial function is proposed as an alternative solution to improve indirectly plant growth while reducing chemical inputs. This thesis aimed to i) identify the effect of soil biostimulant on heterotrophic microbial communities, the orgC mineralization and the nutrient releases, ii) evaluate its genericity by testing different experimental conditions and iii) identify the environmental filters that control both the microbial communities and the mineralization function. We showed that the orgC dynamic was different according to contrasted physico-chemical and biological characteristics of different soils. We showed that plants can also influence the orgC dynamic by returning litter to the soil and through its root effect on the bacterial and fungal communities. Unlike plants, the amount of orgC provided by the two tested BS was negligible. However, we evaluated the effect of one BS as at least similar or even higher than those of plant on active bacterial and fungal abundances, richness and diversity. Among the two BS tested we showed that one enhanced the orgC mineralization by recruiting indigenous soil bacterial and fungal decomposers and that the other did not affect the orgC mineralization but activated indigenous soil plant-growth-promoting bacteria as well as soil bacterial and fungal decomposers. Furthermore, our study call for new normative methodological and systemic approach by monitoring simultaneously several descriptors for advancing our knowledge on BS action on microbial soil functioning
Feuillastre, Sophie. "Métathèse et chimie radicalaire : application à la synthèse de molécules d'intérêt biologique." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LYO10162.
Full textCarbon-carbon bond formation constitutes a crucial research field in organic chemistry. Among all existing methods, olefin metathesis and radical reactions are particularly attractive ones but were rarely used in a concomitant way. That was the starting point of this PhD work, whose aim was to apply these two reactions to the synthesis of molecules having a potential biological interest. The first topic which was taken up was the use of cross- or enyne metathesis combined with a radical or an Heck cyclization for the synthesis of very valuable compounds : sultams and their spirocyclic derivatives. The second subject allowed the synthesis of α,β-unsaturated lactones bearing an alkyl group at the α position by using for the first time, in a one-pot and sequential manner, photochemistry and ringclosing metathesis. The third study led to cyclopentanol derivatives bearing three contiguous stereocentres by associating organocatalysis and radical cyclization induced by the use of samarium diiodide. Last but not least, a synthetic approach to nhatrangin A, natural compound holding six stereocentres, and total synthesis of (+)-guaymasol were carried out
Roué-Le, Gall Anne. "Modélisation du fonctionnement écologique d'un réservoir nouvellement mis en eau : estimation des flux de carbone entre les différents compartiments biologiques." Paris, ENMP, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001ENMP1036.
Full textRaffier, Ludovic. "Application de la réaction de métathèse d'oléfines à l'obtention de molécules d'intérêt biologique." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00986492.
Full textBrandon, Margaux. "Les changements majeurs de la productivité biologique au cours du Quaternaire et leurs impacts sur les cycles du carbone et de l’oxygène." Thesis, université Paris-Saclay, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020UPASJ010.
Full textDuring glacial-interglacial cycles of the Quaternary, the atmospheric CO₂ (pCO₂) concentration is associated with important variations, in particular during transitions between glacial and interglacial periods, also called terminations, with increases of up to 100 ppm of pCO₂ in a few thousand years. While the roles of oceanic circulation and sea-ice cover on pCO₂ are studied for several years now, little is known on the impact of biological productivity. The goal of this thesis is to reconstruct the past changes in biological productivity and to estimate their contributions on atmospheric pCO₂ variations over the last 800 000 years (ka), with particular attention to Termination V (~425 ka) and Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 11, the interglacial period around 400 ka. Two different approaches were combined to reconstruct global and local variations of biological productivity. Measurements of Δ¹⁷O of O₂ in the air trapped in the Antarctic EPICA Dome C ice core between 400 and 800 ka allowed to complete the pre-existing record and trace back variations of global biosphere productivity expressed in oxygen fluxes over the past 800 ka. Micropaleontological (coccoliths, foraminifera) and geochemical (TOC, CaCO₃, XRF) analyses were performed on a sediment core of the Indian sector of the Southern Ocean (MD04-2718) to reconstruct the changes in biological pump efficiency over the past 800 ka. The results obtained during this thesis showed that, at the scale of glacial-interglacial cycles, global biospheric productivity and Southern Ocean carbonate production are more important during interglacial periods compared to glacial periods, minimizing the impact of marine organic productivity on atmospheric pCO₂. Termination V and MIS 11 register the strongest biosphere productivity of the past 800 ka and the highest marine carbonate production of the past 9 interglacial periods in the Southern Ocean. While the important carbonate production is a source of CO₂ for the atmosphere, the rise in biosphere productivity would counterbalance the increase in pCO₂ through photosynthesis