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Journal articles on the topic 'Polyvinyl chloride'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

KUROSE, KEISUKE, TETSUJI OKUDA, SATOSHI NAKAI, TSUNG-YUEH TSAI, WATARU NISHIJIMA, and MITSUMASA OKADA. "HYDROPHILIZATION OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE SURFACE BY OZONATION." Surface Review and Letters 15, no. 06 (December 2008): 711–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x08011986.

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The surface modification mechanism of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) by ozonation was investigated to study the selective hydrophilization of PVC surface among other plastics. Infrared analysis confirmed the increase of hydrophilic groups. XPS analysis revealed that the increase was due to the structural change in chlorine group in PVC to hydroxylic acid, ketone, and carboxylic groups by ozonation. This chemical reaction by ozone could occur only for polymers with chlorides in its structure and resulted in the selective hydrophilization of PVC among various polymers.

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2

SAKAI, Yasushi. "Polyvinyl Chloride." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 80, no. 8 (2007): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.80.309.

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3

Horikawa, Sanae, Yoshifumi Takai, Hiroichi Ukei, Naoto Azuma, and Akifumi Ueno. "Chlorine gas recovery from polyvinyl chloride." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 51, no. 1-2 (July 1999): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2370(99)00015-7.

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4

Nizamov, Rashit, and Lyailya Abdullovna Abdrakhmanova. "Influence of Fillers on Polyvinyl Chloride Materials Thermal Resistance." Materials Science Forum 871 (September 2016): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.871.84.

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Innovative materials and structures are analyzed in this paper. Multicomponent formulation of polyvinyl chloride materials containing various functional additives requires assessment of their influence on polymer stability while processing and operating. According to the nature, particulate fillers widely used in plasticized and liquid compositions based on polyvinyl chloride may have different impact on thermal resistance of materials. This paper presents the study of organic and nonorganic dispersed waist as filler in polyvinyl chloride formulation and determines key parameters of their influence on thermal resistance of composition. Polyvinyl chloride stabilization course by means of polyfunctional fillers-modifiers in different mechanisms, such as: chemical stabilization – chloride hydride acceptance, replacement of chlorine labile atom in polymer macromolecule, adjoining conjugated defective ethylenic bonds, recombination macroradicals and physical stabilization – chloride hydride sorbing, reduction of mechanical destruction by oiling, etc. have been considered. Contribution into stabilization course in various mechanisms depending on chemical nature, dispersion rate and mineral content of fillers is evaluated.

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5

Shaglaeva, N. S., V. V. Bayandin, R. G. Sultangareev, G. F. Prozorova, T. I. Vakul’skaya, and S. S. Khutsishvili. "Sulfurization polyvinyl chloride." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 86, no. 4 (April 2013): 611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070427213040290.

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6

Park, Geoffrey S. "Polyvinyl chloride degradation." Polymer Degradation and Stability 15, no. 3 (January 1986): 281–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(86)90056-x.

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7

Gilbert, M. "Polyvinyl chloride degradation." Chemical Engineering Journal 34, no. 2 (February 1987): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9467(87)87008-9.

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8

Hay, J. N. "Polyvinyl chloride degradation." Polymer 28, no. 7 (June 1987): 1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(87)90279-5.

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9

Allen, N. S. "Polyvinyl chloride degradation." Polymer Photochemistry 7, no. 5 (January 1986): 419–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-2880(86)90010-2.

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10

Fadhil, Marwa, Emad Yousif, Dina S. Ahmed, Alaa Mohammed, Hassan Hashim, Ahmed Ahmed, Benson M. Kariuki, and Gamal A. El-Hiti. "Synthesis of New Norfloxacin–Tin Complexes to Mitigate the Effect of Ultraviolet-Visible Irradiation in Polyvinyl Chloride Films." Polymers 14, no. 14 (July 10, 2022): 2812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142812.

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Polyvinyl chloride is used in the manufacturing of a wide range of products, but it is susceptible to degradation if exposed to high temperatures and sunlight. There is therefore a need to continuously explore the design, synthesis, and application of new and improved additives to reduce the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride in harsh environments and for outdoor applications. This research investigates the use of new norfloxacin–tin complexes as additives to inhibit the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride to make it last longer. Reactions between norfloxacin and substituted tin chlorides, in different molar ratios and in methanol under reflux conditions, gave the corresponding organotin complexes in high yields. The chemical structures of the synthesized complexes were established, and their effect on the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride due to ultraviolet-visible irradiation was investigated. Norfloxacin–tin complexes were added to polyvinyl chloride at very low concentrations and homogenous thin films were made. The films were irradiated for a period of up to 300 h, and the damage that occurred was assessed using infrared spectroscopy, polymeric materials weight loss, depression in molecular weight, and surface inspection. The degree of photodegradation in the polymeric materials was much less in the blends containing norfloxacin–tin complexes compared to the case where no additives were used. The use of the additives leads to a reduction in photodegradation (e.g., a reduction in the formation of short-chain polymeric fragments, weight loss, average molecular weight depletion, and roughness factor) of irradiated polyvinyl chloride. The norfloxacin–tin complexes contain aromatic moieties (aryl and heterocycle), heteroatoms (nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine), and an acidic center (tin atom). Therefore, they act as efficient photostabilizers by absorbing the ultraviolet radiation and scavenging hydrogen chloride, peroxides, and radical species, thereby slowing the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride.

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11

Peer, Michael, Burkhard Berninger, Alexander Hofmann, and Thomas Fehn. "Chemical recycling of PVC-containing plastic waste for recycling of critical metals." Detritus, no. 26 (2024): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.31025/2611-4135/2024.18360.

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Chemical recycling of polyvinyl chloride containing plastic waste to recover critical metals is a promising way to solve two important problems (polyvinyl chloride disposal and critical metal recovery) in waste management and is being transferred on a larger scale in the “CHM-Technology” project. Various polyvinyl chloride containing plastic wastes were pyrolyzed to generate a hydrogen chloride rich vapor. This hydrogen chloride rich vapor is used in a second step to chlorinate indium in liquid crystal displays. Indium chloride has a lower boiling point than indium-tin-oxide and evaporates. This is cooled down and generates a metal concentrate together with the decomposed volatile materials from liquid crystal displays. The chlorine content in the polyvinyl chloride containing plastic waste residues is reduced. The products solid, oil, hydrochloric acid and gas can be used for new products. For metal purification the metal concentrate is mixed with water, filtrated, distilled and an electrolysis is carried out to recover metallic indium. Nine waste containing PVC were used with significant differences: when more hydrochloric acid and less volatile organic fraction was produced, more indium was transferred to the metal concentrate. The best recovery of indium (78% purity after electrolysis) was 39 wt-% from LCD panels containing 83 mg In/kg.

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12

Lo, King H., Akira Miyase, and Su Su Wang. "Failure strength predictions for closed-cell polyvinyl chloride foams." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 30 (May 17, 2018): 4185–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318777049.

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This paper describes an effort to model mechanical strength of closed-cell polyvinyl chloride foams under static loading. The study presented here is a continuation of an earlier study to model elastic stiffness of closed-cell polyvinyl chloride foams as effective transversely isotropic materials. An engineering approach is used in the study and governing equations are developed for predicting the strength of polyvinyl chloride foams. To account for foam microstructure and cell-shape anisotropy on foam strength, a unit cell representation of the polyvinyl chloride foam microstructure is used to derive equations to assess tensile and shear strengths of polyvinyl chloride foams. The differential stretching of polyvinyl chloride foam cell walls (in the rise direction and in the in-plane directions) on the strength of the foam-matrix polymer is also taken into account in modeling the mechanical strength of polyvinyl chloride closed-cell foams. The behavior of closed-cell polyvinyl chloride foams under compression is different from that under tension. In the paper, the equations for predicting compressive strength of closed-cell polyvinyl chloride foams are based on an approximate theory developed in an earlier study of compressive strength of unidirectional composites. The validity of the foam strength predictive equations, derived in the paper, is first demonstrated through comparison of the predictions with the results on Divinycell H (DIAB) foams obtained from a systematic in-house test program. A comparison is also carried out between the strength predictions and the test results published by two polyvinyl chloride foam manufacturers for different density polyvinyl chloride foams. Good agreements are found for all the different density foams studied.

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13

Wang, Guang, Sixian Liu, Hongqiang Zhang, Jingsong Wang, and Qingguo Xue. "Pulverization of Waste Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Film by Low Temperature Heat Treatment and Properties of Pulverized Product for Blast Furnace Injection as Alternative Fuel." Polymers 14, no. 9 (April 21, 2022): 1689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091689.

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Recycling of waste plastics is of great significance for human society. The pulverization of waste film plastics is a key technical link in the development of collaborative utilization of waste plastics in the steel industry. In this study, waste polyvinyl chloride film plastics were first heated at different temperatures; then the de-chlorination ratio pulverization and the properties of the pulverized products closely related to blast furnace injection, such as powdery properties, combustion and explosiveness, were further analyzed. The weight loss ratio increased significantly with an increase in temperature and was not obvious between 370 °C and 400 °C. The highest de-chlorination ratio was approximately 84% at 370 °C, and the relative chlorine content in the product was 9%. The crushing performance of heat-treated polyvinyl chloride film increased with increasing temperature. Before 370 °C, there were more pores in the samples, and the surface of the sample seemed to be damaged with the temperature was further increased. The pulverized polyvinyl chloride had better fluidity and strong jet flow compared to industrial injection coals. At the same time, compared with other carbonaceous materials, it also exhibited better combustion performances. The pulverized polyvinyl chloride belonged to non explosiveness substance despite its high volatile content. The obtained results demonstrated that the pulverized polyvinyl chloride obtained under the present conditions could be used for blast furnace injection to some extent.

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14

Bayandin, V. V., N. S. Shaglaeva, T. A. Podgorbunskaya, N. D. Lukyanov, N. V. Minaev, and С. С. Makarov. "IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis of industrial polyvinyl chloride suspension." Proceedings of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 10, no. 3 (October 8, 2020): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2020-10-3-529-535.

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In terms of the contemporary plastic industry, world production of polyvinyl chloride is second only to polyolefins. Recyclable by almost all known methods, polyvinyl chloride offers high strength, good insulating properties, as well as resistance to acids, oxidising agents and solvents. At the same time, the ability to process polyvinyl chloride into products is limited by its lack of stability at high melt viscosity temperatures, since hydrogen chloride released during its heating catalyses further process of polymer decomposition. Thus, due to the softening temperature of polyvinyl chloride being higher than its decomposition temperature, it cannot be processed in its pure form. Consequently, functional polyvinyl chloride-based materials tend to be composites. By varying the composition of mixtures, plastic masses characterised by either very soft (plastic compounds) or hard (vinyl plastics) structures can be obtained. The properties of polyvinyl chloride-based polymer products are largely determined by the structure and morphology of the polymer. In the present work, the properties of industrial suspension polyvinyl chloride (Sayanskkhimplast JSC, Irkutsk Oblast) were studied in detail for the first time. The molecular weight of the polymer determined by the viscometric method was 1.0 · 106. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that polyvinyl chloride mass loss started to occur at 160 °C. Following the complete IR band assignment of the polymer, the polyvinyl chloride under study was established to contain no foreign substances (impurities of stabilisers, emulsifiers and additives). The diffraction curve of the polymer was established to be qualitatively similar to equivalent partially crystalline polymers. Two amorphous halos were detected at 2θ of 24° 30′ and 39° 30′ below a group of crystalline peaks. The crystallinity degree of polyvinyl chloride was determined and mechanisms for the formation of its regular and irregular structure were proposed.

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15

Rickards, J., and E. P. Zironi. "Chlorine loss from polyvinyl chloride under proton bombardment." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 56-57 (May 1991): 687–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0168-583x(91)95004-w.

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16

Shaglaeva, N. S., R. T. Sultangareev, E. A. Zabanova, O. V. Lebedeva, and K. S. Trofimova. "Nucleophilic substitution of chlorine atoms in polyvinyl chloride." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 81, no. 1 (January 2008): 131–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070427208010291.

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17

Torres, L. M., João F. Silva, António Torres Marques, João Pedro Nunes, and Rogerio P. Marques. "Glass/Polyvinyl Chloride Composites." Materials Science Forum 636-637 (January 2010): 214–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.636-637.214.

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This paper summarizes the results obtained in the use of plastisols of vinyl chloride homopolymer (PVC), obtained by the process of emulsion polymerization, as thermoplastic matrix in the production of composite pipes and in pipe repairing. Two processing techniques commonly used with thermosetting matrices were studied: filament winding and hand lay up. The produced composite structures of PVC reinforced with glass fibres were subsequently subjected to tests in order to determine their mechanical properties. This paper concludes that it is possible to use the described technique for piping repairing with good results.

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18

Xu, W. B., Z. F. Zhou, M. L. Ge, and W. P. Pan. "Polyvinyl chloride/ montmorillonite nanocomposites." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 78, no. 1 (2004): 91–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/b:jtan.0000042157.96074.44.

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19

Chuvileva, Vera, and Vsevolod Skvortsov. "Chronic intoxication with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride in a paramedic's practice." Medsestra (Nurse), no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 69–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-05-2007-11.

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Chronic intoxication with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride in industrial conditions is an extremely relevant occupational condition caused by the high production of this material and severe long-term intoxication consequences. The nervous system is mostly affected, which results in the clinical pattern of chronic intoxication with vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride. However, in addition to the neurotoxic effect, vinyl chloride and its derivatives have immunotoxic, embryotoxic and carcinogenic effects. This necessitates timely and effective primary and secondary prevention and treatment of those engaged in vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride production.

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20

Leow, Michael EL, Alphonsus KS Chong, Yeong-Pin Peng, and Robert WH Pho. "Fitting very short finger stumps with silicone prosthesis: A nonsurgical method." Prosthetics and Orthotics International 37, no. 5 (January 7, 2013): 415–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0309364612469386.

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Background and Aim: The fitting of short finger stumps with silicone prosthesis is a challenge because of the suboptimal finger–prosthesis contact due to length and distal tapering of digital stumps. The purpose of this report was to describe and evaluate the Micropore™–polyvinyl chloride tube technique for fitting short finger stumps. Technique: For a total of 10 patients, short finger stumps were fitted using the technique. A short length of polyvinyl chloride tube, trimmed and contoured to fit, was secured on the distal stump tip with Micropore tape. The prosthesis was worn over the polyvinyl chloride tube extension. Three different fitting methods were evaluated: fitting with and without the Micropore–polyvinyl chloride tube technique, and with the use of skin adhesive on the stump. Discussion: All patients achieved a very secure prosthetic fit with the Micropore–polyvinyl chloride tube technique. No incidences of prosthesis slippage were reported at the longest follow-up of 30 months. The Micropore–polyvinyl chloride tube technique is an effective method for fitting short finger stumps. Clinical relevance The Micropore–polyvinyl chloride tube technique presents a nonsurgical method for fitting short finger stumps. It can help avert late outcomes whereby patients, after having undergone surgery to enable fitting, found they no longer need prosthesis.

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21

Kucherenko, А., О. Nikitchuk, M. Kuznetsova, and V. Moravskyi. "Peculiarities of metallization of polyvinyl chloride granules." Chemistry, Technology and Application of Substances 4, no. 2 (November 1, 2021): 173–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/ctas2021.02.173.

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The results of experimental studies of copper plating of polyvinyl chloride granules in a chemical precipitation solution are presented. The influence of the surface area of polyvinyl chloride granules on the kinetic regularities of copper reduction and the copper content on metallized granules has been studied. It is established that the surface area of polyvinyl chloride granules has a significant effect on the rate of reduction of copper ions and does not affect the amount of reduced copper. The thickness of the layer of the obtained copper shell on polyvinyl chloride granules of different sizes depending on the metal content is calculated.

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22

Dedov, A. V., and N. V. Chernousova. "Extraction of the stabilizer from rigid and plasticized PVC." Plasticheskie massy, no. 1-2 (March 19, 2020): 19–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.35164/0554-2901-2020-1-2-19-20.

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The eﬃciency of the developed model for predicting the kinetics of the stabilizer extraction from rigid and plasticized polyvinyl chloride was assessed. The model shows high eﬃciency in the predicting the kinetics of the stabilizer extraction from rigid polyvinyl chloride. The extraction of the stabilizer from the plasticized polyvinyl chloride proceeds in two stages and the kinetic dependences do not obey the model equation.

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23

Musaev, Sayfullo, and Gulnoz Samiyeva. "Study of the morphology of shoe sole composites based on domestic suspension polyvinyl chloride and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer." E3S Web of Conferences 390 (2023): 05018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202339005018.

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The paper studies the surface morphology of the initial polymers and the mixture using a scanning electron microscope SEM - EVO MA 10 (Zeiss, Germany). The X-ray phase analysis was carried out on a Panalytical Empyrean diffractometer. It has been proven that polymer mixtures based on domestic suspension polyvinyl chloride and ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, obtained by the method of "thermomechanical" mixing, are two-phase systems consisting of a phase of polyvinyl chloride and an ethylene- vinyl acetate copolymer. It was concluded that suspension polyvinyl chloride is fundamental in this system, which determines the main deformation-strength properties of the mixture. In the process of mixing a certain ratio of copolymer and thermoplastic, two-phase systems are formed, that is, mechanical mixtures of technologically compatible polymers with very close values of solubility parameters are formed. It has been determined that polymer mixtures based on domestic suspension polyvinyl chloride and an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer, obtained by the method of "thermomechanical" mixing, are two-phase systems consisting of a phase of polyvinyl chloride and an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer.

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24

Hussain, Hussain Ali. "Effect of Nuclear radiation on polyvinyl chloride." University of Thi-Qar Journal of Science 3, no. 4 (February 23, 2013): 190–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.32792/utq/utjsci/v3i4.538.

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Charge particle effect have been work out on Polyvinyl chloride ( PVC ) and Nitrate cellulose (CN-85) , this effect have been find out and compared together ( PVC and CN-85 ) , by using optical density technique , this work for this polyvinyl chloride , have been done for the first time .Polyvinyl chloride used in this work, shows more response and more linearity than CN-85, in respond to alpha particle in dose range between 6 mGy to 19 mGy.

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25

Katruk, Diana, Volodymyr Levytskyi, Ulyana Khromyak, Volodymyr Moravskyi, and Andrii Masyuk. "Physicochemical Principles of Synthesis and Modification of Unsaturated Polyester-Polyvinyl Chloride Composites and the Properties of Materials Derived from Them." International Journal of Polymer Science 2019 (March 25, 2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/2547384.

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The influence of the polymeric modifier of polyvinyl chloride on the structuring of unsaturated polyester resins has been investigated. It is established that the introduction of 2–5 parts by weight of polyvinyl chloride into a polyester composite accelerates the process of gelation and shortens the time of microgelation of the polyester. The influence of polyvinyl chloride on the structure coefficient, surface hardness, and strength of adhesive bonds and technological shrinkage of modified polyester composites has been revealed.

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26

Das, Rajesha K., Omdeo K. Gohatre, Manoranjan Biswal, Smita Mohanty, and SK Nayak. "Influence of non-metallic parts of waste printed circuit boards on the properties of plasticised polyvinyl chloride recycled from the waste wire." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 37, no. 6 (April 4, 2019): 569–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x19836725.

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Extreme complexity in the range of metallic and non-metallic parts present in waste printed circuit boards leads to incineration for collecting valuable metals. The non-metallic parts of the printed circuit board can be used effectively without affecting the environment. In this study, the non-metallic parts of the printed circuit board, which is made up by cross-linked resin and fibre, was used as a filler in recycled plasticised polyvinyl chloride collected from waste wires and cables. The properties of the plasticised polyvinyl chloride matrix and plasticised polyvinyl chloride–non-metallic parts of printed circuit board composite were compared with each other by means of mechanical properties and thermal properties. Both mechanical and thermal properties results indicated that incorporation of non-metallic parts of printed circuit board significantly improved the hardness, stiffness, abrasion resistance and thermal stability of plasticised polyvinyl chloride–non-metallic parts of printed circuit board composite; however, the tensile strength of the composite material is not improved because of poor adhesion between the plasticised polyvinyl chloride matrix and non-metallic parts of printed circuit board filler. The poor chemical interaction is also observed from Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy results. This plasticised polyvinyl chloride–non-metallic parts of printed circuit board composite can reduce the leaching of a hazardous element from the printed circuit board with effective utilisation of plastics fraction from waste wires and cables.

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27

Lakeev, S. N., I. O. Maydanova, R. F. Mullakhmetov, and O. V. Davydova. "Ester plasticizers for polyvinyl chloride." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 89, no. 1 (January 2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070427216010018.

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28

Szende, Bela. "Polyvinyl-Chloride-Induced Lung Disease." Indoor and Built Environment 3, no. 4 (1994): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000463563.

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29

Neogi, Anupam, and Nilanjan Mitra. "Shock compression of polyvinyl chloride." Journal of Applied Physics 119, no. 16 (April 28, 2016): 165903. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4947524.

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30

Szende, Bela. "Polyvinyl-Chloride-Induced Lung Disease." Indoor Environment 3, no. 4 (July 1994): 248–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1420326x9400300411.

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31

ENOMOTO, Heiji, Atsushi HATAKEYAMA, and Yoshishige KATO. "Dechlorination Treatment of Polyvinyl Chloride." Journal of the Japan Society of Waste Management Experts 6, no. 1 (1995): 16–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3985/jswme.6.16.

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32

Sadieva, N. F., S. A. Iskenderova, E. B. Zeinalov, and B. K. Agaev. "New Plasticisers for Polyvinyl Chloride." International Polymer Science and Technology 39, no. 6 (June 2012): 47–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1203900610.

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33

Abdel-Goad, Mahmoud A.-Halim. "Waste polyvinyl chloride-modified bitumen." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 101, no. 3 (2006): 1501–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.22623.

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34

KAWAMURA, Yoko, Chieko TAGAI, Tamae MAEHARA, and Takashi YAMADA. "Additives in Polyvinyl Chloride and Polyvinylidene Chloride Products." Food Hygiene and Safety Science (Shokuhin Eiseigaku Zasshi) 40, no. 4 (1999): 274–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.3358/shokueishi.40.4_274.

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35

GALBAN, Javier, Susana de MARCOS, Juan C. VIDAL, Carmelo DIAZ, and Jose AZNAREZ. "Fluorometric determination of cadmium in polyvinyl chloride stabilizers and polyvinyl chloride in nonaqueous media." Analytical Sciences 6, no. 2 (1990): 187–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2116/analsci.6.187.

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36

Polaskova, Martina, Tomas Sedlacek, Zdenek Polasek, and Petr Filip. "Modification of Polyvinyl Chloride Composites for Radiographic Detection of Polyvinyl Chloride Retained Surgical Items." Polymers 15, no. 3 (January 23, 2023): 587. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15030587.

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The ever-present risk of surgical items being retained represents a real medical peril for the patient and potential liability issues for medical staff. Radiofrequency scanning technology is a very good means to substantially reduce such accidents. Radiolucent medical-grade polyvinyl chloride (PVC) used for the production of medical items is filled with radiopaque agents to enable X-ray visibility. The present study proves the suitability of bismuth oxychloride (BiOCl) and documents its advantages over the classical radiopaque agent barium sulfate (BaSO4). An addition of BiOCl exhibits excellent chemical and physical stability (no leaching, thermo-mechanical properties) and good dispersibility within the PVC matrix. As documented, using half the quantity of BiOCl compared to BaSO4 will provide a very good result. The conclusions are based on the methods of rotational rheometry, scanning electron microscopy, dynamic mechanical analysis, atomic absorption spectroscopy, and the verification of zero leaching of BiOCl out of a PVC matrix. X-ray images of the studied materials are presented, and an optimal concentration of BiOCl is evaluated.

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37

Vaisman, Ya I., A. A. Ketov, V. N. Korotaev, and M. P. Krasnovskikh. "On the Environmental Hazard of Burning Organic Waste in the Presence of Chlorine Compounds." Ecology and Industry of Russia 22, no. 9 (September 21, 2018): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18412/1816-0395-2018-9-14-17.

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The problems of formation of toxic chlororganic compounds during waste incineration in the presence of organic and inorganic chlorine compounds are considered. It is shown that the radical mechanism of pyrolysis leads to different products with different composition of the initial substances. It was found that the greatest environmental danger is the joint burning of chlororganic and aromatic compounds. When burning polyvinyl chloride together with other polymeric materials, especially the aromatic structure, not only light chlororganic compounds are formed, but also highly toxic carbonyl chloride and chlor-furan. The formation of the above compounds represents a potential danger of further chemical conversions and the production of chlorinated dioxin compounds. It is proposed to prevent the formation of highly toxic compounds from the burning of polyvinyl chloride, its mandatory separation from the solid municipal waste stream and its separate processing by flameless methods.

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38

Alekseenko, V. V., A. B. Gonzhitov, and S. P. Bugdaev. "Influence of composition on physical and mechanical properties of modified PVC." Izvestiya vuzov. Investitsii. Stroitelstvo. Nedvizhimost 14, no. 1 (April 5, 2024): 20–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2917-2024-1-20-29.

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The present article aims to create polyvinyl chloride composites used in polymer hoses, to study their composition, as well as physical and mechanical characteristics. Polyvinyl chloride is a waterinsoluble material, resistant to weak acids, alkalis, alcohols, and mineral oils. The main characteristics limiting the use of flexible polymer hoses include elasticity at low temperatures and bending resistance at positive temperatures. Hose flexibility is determined by the properties of plasticized polyvinyl chloride together with its ultimate elongation at break and thickness. To study the properties of modified polyvinyl chloride, a MiniTPA-100 extruder was used to create test samples. The samples were cooled in a special refrigeration chamber. Elasticity measurements were performed employing a standard tensile testing scheme on an Instron 5980 testing machine. The measurements were taken at 20 °C, -40 °C, and -50 °C. The investigation of the compositions of polymer composites was conducted using extraction methods with various solvents. These studies enable one to evaluate the properties of polymer composites. Before testing, the samples were held at specified temperatures. The strain rate equaled 3 mm/sec for all samples. The proposed laboratory techniques give an opportunity to evaluate most of the performance characteristics of polyvinyl chloride composites. The obtained results indicate that the performance characteristics of flexible polymer hoses can be fully predicted based on laboratory testing of the materials composing the hose. The results also confirm the potential of work on polyvinyl chloride modification using thermoplastic elastomers.

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Goaiz, Hussam A., Tao Yu, and Muhammad NS Hadi. "Behaviour of carbon fibre–reinforced polymer-confined hollow circular concrete columns with inner polyvinyl chloride tube." Advances in Structural Engineering 21, no. 8 (January 9, 2018): 1120–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1369433217717110.

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Existing studies have shown that the use of an inner tube can significantly enhance the effectiveness of confinement in fibre-reinforced polymer-confined hollow columns. The inner tube used in the existing studies, however, generally had a large stiffness and also served as longitudinal reinforcement. The use of a stiff inner tube is inefficient in resisting bending for hollow columns with a relatively small void and may be unnecessary for constraining the inner surface of concrete. Against this background, this article presents the first experimental study on fibre-reinforced polymer-confined hollow columns with an inner polyvinyl chloride tube. The experimental program included a total of 18 specimens which were tested under axial compression. The test variables included the section configuration (i.e. solid specimens, hollow specimens and hollow specimens with a polyvinyl chloride tube) and the thickness of fibre-reinforced polymer. The test results showed that due to the beneficial effect of the polyvinyl chloride tube which provided constraints/confinement from inside, fibre-reinforced polymer-confined hollow columns with an inner polyvinyl chloride tube generally possessed good strength and ductility compared to their counterparts without a polyvinyl chloride tube.

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40

Thabet, Ahmed, and Mohamed Fouad. "Experimental and simulation analysis for insulation deterioration and partial discharge currents in nanocomposites of power cables." International Journal of Electrical and Computer Engineering (IJECE) 14, no. 2 (April 1, 2024): 1194. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijece.v14i2.pp1194-1202.

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Partial discharge (PD) has a well-established relationship with the lifespan of power cables. This paper has been treated the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with specified nanoparticles for enhancing dielectric degradation and reducing partial discharge current to extending lifespan of power cables. It has been succeeded to creation new polyvinyl chloride nanocomposites that have been synthesized experimentally via using solution-gel (SOL-GEL) technique and have high featured electric and dielectric properties. The validation of nanoparticles penetration inside polyvinyl chloride during synthesis process have been constructed and tested via scanning electron microscope (SEM) images. The partial discharge current mechanisms in polyvinyl chloride nanocomposites have also been simulated in this work by using MATLAB<sup>®</sup> software. This paper has explored the characterization of partial discharge current for variant void patterns (air, water, rubber impurity) in polyvinyl chloride nanocomposites insulations of power cables to clarify the benefit of filling different nanoparticles (Clay, MgO, ZnO, and BaTiO<sub>3</sub>) with varied patterns inside power cables dielectrics. A comparative study has been done for different partial discharges patterns to propose characterization of partial discharges using nanoparticles of appropriate types and concentrations.

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Najjar, Abduel Majid K., Rashid S. R. Ltayef, Fahima N. Abudher, and Mohamed A. Elmelah. "Systematic Study to Convert Polyvinyl Chloride Waste into Commercial Chemicals." International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 5, no. 6 (2014): 557–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/ijesd.2014.v5.545.

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Gao, Shu-zhi, Xiao-feng Wu, Gui-cheng Wang, Jie-sheng Wang, and Zi-qing Chai. "Fault Diagnosis Method on Polyvinyl Chloride Polymerization Process Based on Dynamic Kernel Principal Component and Fisher Discriminant Analysis Method." Mathematical Problems in Engineering 2016 (2016): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7263285.

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In view of the fact that the production process of Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymerization has more fault types and its type is complex, a fault diagnosis algorithm based on the hybrid Dynamic Kernel Principal Component Analysis-Fisher Discriminant Analysis (DKPCA-FDA) method is proposed in this paper. Kernel principal component analysis and Dynamic Kernel Principal Component Analysis are used for fault diagnosis of Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymerization process, while Fisher Discriminant Analysis (FDA) method was adopted to make failure data for further separation. The simulation results show that the Dynamic Kernel Principal Component Analyses to fault diagnosis of Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymerization process have better diagnostic accuracy, the Fisher Discriminant Analysis (FDA) can further realize the fault isolation, and the actual fault in the process of Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymerization production can be monitored by Dynamic Kernel Principal Component Analysis.

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Dessain, Edison C., and Dennis Anderson. "A Study of the Interaction of Phthalate Esters with Chlorine-Containing Polymers." Applied Spectroscopy 46, no. 1 (January 1992): 152–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702924444281.

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The infrared spectra of blends of various ortho-phthalate esters with polyvinyl chloride) and vinylidene chloride/(20%)acrylonitrile copolymer were recorded. The data indicate that the lowering of the ester carbonyl absorption frequency is due to a dipole-dipole/complex type interaction between the carbonyl of the ester and the chlorine of the polymer in addition to hydrogen bonding with acidic hydrogens. The lowering of the absorption frequence increases with an increase in the amount of chlorine in the polymer chain.

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Bezanson, Gregory, Susan Burbridge, David Haldane, and Thomas Marrie. "In situ colonization of polyvinyl chloride, brass, and copper by Legionella pneumophila." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 38, no. 4 (April 1, 1992): 328–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/m92-055.

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A sampling device (Robbins device) was used to expose brass, copper, and polyvinyl chloride plugs to potable water contaminated by Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1. Plugs were removed at approximately 1-week intervals and cultured. The colonization rates were polyvinyl chloride, 70; copper, 31; and brass, 25%. Quantitative cultures revealed that polyvinyl chloride was most heavily colonized, whereas brass was least colonized. We conclude that materials used in plumbing systems are readily colonized by Legionella and that the Robbins device provides a means for testing such materials in an in situ setting. Key words: Legionella, colonization, plumbing materials.

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Mao, Ding, Qianli Yang, Xiong Zhang, and Yi Cheng. "UV-Enhanced Gas-Solid Chlorination of Polyvinyl Chloride for Cleaner Production of Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride." Chemical Engineering & Technology 39, no. 5 (April 19, 2016): 834–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ceat.201500716.

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Mohammed, Maha J., Kadhum M. Shabeeb, and Bassam I. Khalil. "Effect of Polyvinyl Pyrrolidone on Polyvinyl Chloride-Graft-Acrylamide Membranes." Engineering and Technology Journal 38, no. 9A (September 25, 2020): 1305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.30684/etj.v38i9a.1319.

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Polyvinyl-chloride (PVC) was dehydrochlorinated by alkaline-solution (NaOH) in determining molarity (3.0 M) followed by grafting with acrylamide (AM) monomer onto dehydrochlorinated PVC (DHPVC) backbone by free-radical graft copolymerization to produce new grafted polymer referred as graft 3M. Then investigated the effect of polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP) addition on the grafted polymer. Membranes from pure PVC, graft 3M, and graft 3M/ PVP were synthesis via a phase inversion method. The successful AM grafting onto PVC was confirmed by characterization of the membranes by Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM) analysis, porosity, pore size, and contact angle measurements. The new synthesis (graft 3M) and (graft 3M/ PVP) membranes show excellent hydrophilicity in compared to pure PVC membranes, confirmed by higher pure water flux (PWF). The graft 3M/ 3wt.% PVP membrane exhibited the highest pure water permeate flux was about 540 L/m2 h at 28 °C of feed temperature and 1bar of pressure, i.e. was improved by about 270 times compared to the unmodified PVC membrane and 2.35 times compared to the graft 3M membrane.

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Qiu, Zhongyong, and Chunju He. "Polypropylene Hollow Fiber Membrane by Dissolution-Inducing Pore Methods." Membranes 12, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12050463.

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Plasma leakage limits the development of polypropylene membranes as oxygenated membranes. Here, a new method named the dissolution-induced pore method was adapted to prepare polypropylene hollow fiber membranes: after polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride were melt-blended and extruded, the polyvinyl chloride was removed by N, N-dimethylacetamide to obtain a porous polypropylene membrane material. The variation of membranes has been explored in detail with respect to the influence of different parameters on the flux and mechanical properties of membranes and the feasibility of the polyvinyl chloride recovery. The resulting polypropylene hollow fiber membrane shows that plasma penetration was zero within 6 h of test, gas flux can reach 189,000 L/(m2·h·0.1 MPa), and its strength at break reaches 65 MPa and the elongation at break is 890%; polyvinyl chloride recovery achieves more than 99%. This research has developed a promising and low-cost extracorporeal membrane oxygenation material, which provides benefits for patients with less capacity for medical expenditure.

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Qiu, Zhongyong, and Chunju He. "Polypropylene Hollow Fiber Membrane by Dissolution-Inducing Pore Methods." Membranes 12, no. 5 (April 25, 2022): 463. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/membranes12050463.

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Plasma leakage limits the development of polypropylene membranes as oxygenated membranes. Here, a new method named the dissolution-induced pore method was adapted to prepare polypropylene hollow fiber membranes: after polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride were melt-blended and extruded, the polyvinyl chloride was removed by N, N-dimethylacetamide to obtain a porous polypropylene membrane material. The variation of membranes has been explored in detail with respect to the influence of different parameters on the flux and mechanical properties of membranes and the feasibility of the polyvinyl chloride recovery. The resulting polypropylene hollow fiber membrane shows that plasma penetration was zero within 6 h of test, gas flux can reach 189,000 L/(m2·h·0.1 MPa), and its strength at break reaches 65 MPa and the elongation at break is 890%; polyvinyl chloride recovery achieves more than 99%. This research has developed a promising and low-cost extracorporeal membrane oxygenation material, which provides benefits for patients with less capacity for medical expenditure.

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Nuriddinova, Dilfuza, Farkhod Yusupov, and Bobomurod Xursandov. "Study of the properties of sulfonic cation exchanger." E3S Web of Conferences 264 (2021): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126401025.

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In this research work, we have firstly synthesized the sulfonated polyvinyl chloride cation exchanger based on local raw materials. It was firstly created syntheses methodology of the sulfonated polyvinyl chloride cation exchanger and determined syntheses reaction parameters. It was first investigated that thermodynamics of synthesized the sulfonated polyvinyl chloride cation exchanger: kinetics, sorption isotherms, change of thermodynamics function (Gibbs energy, Entropy, and Entalpy). DFT calculation of synthesized the sulfonated polyvinyl chloride cation exchanger: energy difference between LUMO and HOMO molecular orbitals, Chemical Hardness (η), Electronegativity (χ), Electronic chemical potential (μ), Global electrophilicity Index (ω) and Chemical Softness (s) were firstly computed. We have used thermodynamic methods in doing thermodynamics research. The Frontier molecular orbital method was used on doing DFT calculation by 6-311G (d,p) basis set. These firstly synthesized the sulfonated polyvinyl chloride cation exchanger based on local raw materials is very cheap and effective; it will be used in the chemical industry for softening or cleaning waste water from Ca2+ or Mg2+ ions and different heavy ions. Electrochemical impedance measurements show that the quasi-substitution process has become between Mg+2 and Ca+2 ions and Na+ on the sulfonated polyvinyl chloride cation exchanger in the result of which growth of charge transfer and dielectric constant of mediums. Investigating thermodynamic parameters of this compound will be used for some purposes: a deep understanding of the thermodynamics of sorption processes and using determined thermodynamics in real production processes of water softened materials. DFT calculation investigating gives a deep understanding of how thermodynamics properties can depend on the molecular structure of water softened polymer materials.

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Wakimoto,, Kazumasa, Hitoshi Toyota,, Yu-ichi Uchida,, Yoichi Tomii,, and Masanori Iwase,. "Thermal Decomposition of Polyvinyl Chloride for the Removal of Chlorine." High Temperature Materials and Processes 21, no. 4 (December 2002): 237–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/htmp.2002.21.4.237.

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