Journal articles on the topic 'Polyvinyl chloride wells'
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Yang, Ruiyue, Zhongwei Huang, Gensheng Li, Kamy Sepehrnoori, Qing Lin, and Chengzheng Cai. "Integrity Testing of a Polyvinyl Chloride Slotted Liner for Horizontal Coalbed-Methane Wells." SPE Drilling & Completion 32, no. 02 (June 1, 2017): 086–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/185958-pa.
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ElKattan, Ikbal, James Anderson, J. K. Yun, E. Colton, and Roslyn Yomtovian. "Correlation of Cytokine Elaboration with Mononuclear Cell Adhesion to Platelet Storage Bag Plastic Polymers: a Pilot Study." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 6, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.6.4.509-513.1999.
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ABSTRACT The basis for many febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions associated with platelet transfusion therapy is cytokine elaboration and accumulation in the storage bag, which correlate with the leukocyte content and the length of platelet storage. We propose that a possible additional variable in the elaboration and accumulation of cytokines is the differential adhesion of mononuclear cells to the plastic substrate of the platelet storage bag. We hypothesize that mononuclear cell adhesion-induced cytokine release is greater in random-donor platelet bags composed of the polyolefin polymer compared to the single-donor apheresis platelet bags composed of the polyvinyl chloride polymer with the tri-(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TEHTM) plasticizer. For four blood donors, we demonstrate preferential mononuclear cell adhesion, in vitro, to discs of polyolefin polymer versus discs of polyvinyl chloride polymer with the TEHTM plasticizer. Scanning electron microscopy corroborates this. In addition, proinflammatory cytokine (interleukin 1β [IL-1β] and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]) levels are greater in culture wells containing discs of polyolefin polymer than in those containing discs of polyvinyl chloride polymer with the TEHTM plasticizer, and even more so in storage bags containing polyolefin polymer versus polyvinyl chloride polymer with the TEHTM plasticizer (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8). This study suggests, for the first time, that differential plastic substrate mononuclear cell adhesion may contribute to cytokine release during platelet storage. This may represent an additional variable in the pathophysiology of febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions in patients receiving stored platelet units.
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Tan, Huijing, Xiuhua Zheng, Long Chen, Kang Liu, Wenxi Zhu, and Bairu Xia. "The Self-Degradation Mechanism of Polyvinyl Chloride-Modified Slag/Fly Ash Binder for Geothermal Wells." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 22, 2019): 2821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142821.
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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) releases hydrochloric acid (HCl) during its thermal degradation, and hydrochloric acid can react with hydration products of alkali-activated binders. According to this characteristic of PVC and the temperature change that occurs during the development of a geothermal well, the PVC was added into slag/fly ash binder to develop self-degradable materials. The thermal degradation properties of PVC, compressive strength, hydration products, and microstructure of binders at different stages were tested, in order to study the degradation mechanism of the material. It was found that 20% PVC reduced the compressive strength, decreasing the level of binder from 13.95% to 76.63%. The mechanism of PVC promoting the material degradation mainly includes the following: (1) the thermal degradation of PVC increases the number of multiple damage pores in the material, at a high temperature; (2) HCl generated by the PVC thermal degradation reacts with the binder gels, and breaks them into particles; and (3) HCl also reacts with other substances in the binder, including CaCO3 and NaOH in the pore solution.
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Greenfield, Edward A. "Hybridoma Screening by Antigen Capture: Capture or Sandwich ELISA in 96-Well Plates." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2022, no. 1 (January 2022): pdb.prot103127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot103127.
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In an antigen capture assay for hybridoma screening, the detection method identifies the presence of the antigen. Often this is achieved by labeling the antigen directly. In this assay, the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) wells of a high-binding-capacity ELISA plate are first coated with an affinity-purified rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin and then incubated with hybridoma tissue culture supernatant. Monoclonal antibodies in the supernatant are “captured” on the coated PVC surface and detected by screening with biotin- or histidine (His)–tagged antigen. The antigen can be labeled to a high specific activity and thus very little antigen is required for this procedure.
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Mireles, Joe Robert, Adam Toguchi, and Rasika M. Harshey. "Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Swarming Mutants with Altered Biofilm-Forming Abilities: Surfactin Inhibits Biofilm Formation." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 20 (October 15, 2001): 5848–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.20.5848-5854.2001.
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ABSTRACT Swarming motility plays an important role in surface colonization by several flagellated bacteria. Swarmer cells are specially adapted to rapidly translocate over agar surfaces by virtue of their more numerous flagella, longer cell length, and encasement of slime. The external slime provides the milieu for motility and likely harbors swarming signals. We recently reported the isolation of swarming-defective transposon mutants of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, a large majority of which were defective in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis. Here, we have examined the biofilm-forming abilities of the swarming mutants using a microtiter plate assay. A whole spectrum of efficiencies were observed, with LPS mutants being generally more proficient than wild-type organisms in biofilm formation. Since we have postulated that O-antigen may serve a surfactant function during swarming, we tested the effect of the biosurfactant surfactin on biofilm formation. We report that surfactin inhibits biofilm formation of wild-type S. enterica grown either in polyvinyl chloride microtiter wells or in urethral catheters. Other bio- and chemical surfactants tested had similar effects.
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McDermott, Michael J., Anne L. Robertson, Peter J. Shaw, and Alexander M. Milner. "The hyporheic assemblage of a recently formed stream following deglaciation in Glacier Bay, Alaska, USA." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67, no. 2 (February 2010): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f09-179.
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Many studies focus on the recovery of stream communities following disturbances such as high flows (secondary succession); relatively few examine community composition in streams undergoing primary succession and even fewer detail the hyporheic community in such streams. We examined the composition and temporal distribution of invertebrates in the shallow hyporheic sediments of Stonefly Creek, a recently deglaciated stream in Glacier Bay, Alaska, USA, whose lower reaches became ice free in the late 1970s. We used modified polyvinyl chloride wells at four contrasting sites over two years in this stream and collected data on stream temperature, discharge, and suspended solids. A diverse assemblage of 19 taxa was found, including cyclopoid and harpacticoid Copepoda, Ostracoda, Cladocera, tardigrades, and macroinvertebrates, but the nature and extent of the goods and services provided by the hyporheos of this young stream to the whole river ecosystem are unclear. The hyporheic assemblage differed strongly between sites and years and was significantly more abundant and diverse where there was minimal disturbance by redd-digging salmon. This study gives an insight into the development of the hyporheos in a primary successional context and our findings are also relevant to new streams created during river engineering.
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Deng, Shifan, Siyu Ma, Xiaowen Zhang, and Shiqiang Zhang. "Integrated Detection of a Complex Underground Water Supply Pipeline System in an Old Urban Community in China." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 23, 2020): 1670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041670.
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An underground water supply pipeline system is an integral part of urban infrastructure. The safety, stability, reliability, and efficiency of this water system are critical for the daily work and livelihood of the people dependent on it. However, with the development of cities in China, the water supply systems in urban communities require constant re-building and improvement, which complicates the system. Considering the defects of obsolete design, lack of information, and irregularity of the constructions over the years, the maintenance of underground pipelines in older communities is onerous and arduous. In this work, the older pipeline system at the Taibai campus of Northwest University, Shaanxi Province, was taken as one typical old urban community and investigated by different measures. Detection was performed from the available concentrated water supply wells to surrounding areas combining electromagnetic induction, geophysical method by ground-penetrating radar (GPR), and acoustic detection methods. Applying the integrated detection method and considering known pipeline network designs, the properties and complex relationships of different pipeline materials (cast iron, polyethylene (PE), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)) were determined. In addition, a spatial distribution map of the pipes from wells and the main input water supply pipelines was achieved. The results suggest that the integrated detection scheme combining these three methods provides an effective approach to analyze complex water supply pipelines in older communities, in which each single detection method has more uncertainties. The study provides valuable references for similar communities in many developing countries.
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Godovalov, A. P., M. S. Stepanov, M. V. Yakovlev, E. E. Kobzarenko, and K. A. Batog. "DETERMINATION OF BIOFILM FORMING ACTIVITY OF MICROORGANISMS ON SYNTHETIC POLYMERIC MATERIALS." Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 64, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 758–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2084-2019-64-12-758-761.
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Microorganisms are able to form biofilms on surfaces of biotic and abiotic nature. In turn, in human biotopes there are optimal conditions for the implementation of biofilm-forming activity. Moreover, in medical practice, polymeric materials are often used for drainage or prosthetics, which can also be successfully colonized by bacteria. However, in laboratory practice, the formation of biofilms is usually evaluated on glass or polystyrene. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the methodological features of studying the biofilm-forming activity of microorganisms on the surface of synthetic polymeric materials. We used strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli K-12, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, as well as synthetic polymeric materials - DentLight Flow light-curing composite material (nano-hybrid fluid composite; Russia), glass ionomer chemical curing Fuji 1 (Japan), cement for temporary fixation of orthopedic constructions TempBond NE (USA), acrylic, polyurethane and polyvinyl chloride. The formation of biofilms in flat-bottomed ELISA plates in this study was considered as a control group. If the polymer belonged to cold curing materials, sterile flat-bottomed tablets were used, the bottom of which was filled with a thin layer of plastic. After hardening of the plastic, biofilms were formed in the tablets. In the second series of experiments, hot cured materials cut into equal parts 5×5×1 mm in size were placed in the wells of a plate and again used to determine biofilm formation with subsequent coloring. To extract the dye, the pieces were transferred to a new plate to exclude the amount of film biomass formed on the walls of the plate wells. In both cases, cultivation was carried out at 37° C for 24-48 hours. The biomass of the film was stained with fuchsin. Statistical data processing was performed using t-Student criterion. For the threshold level of significance, the value p <0.05 was taken. It is established that the proposed options for determining biofilm forming ability are available and indicative. It was revealed that the same microorganisms have individual biofilm formation indicators for each polymer material. The light curing dental composite and polyvinyl chloride exhibit the more pronounced antiadhesive properties than cements and polyurethane. Up to date, most of the studies of biofilm formation have been carried out using glass or polystyrene, which, as a rule, are not used for the manufacture of prostheses, catheters, drains, etc., which makes it difficult to assess the true film-forming activity of microorganisms. The proposed methodological approaches, especially the second option for preparing testing samples, solve this problem. In general, the proposed approaches to testing biofilm-forming activity on polymers are very simple to implement and generally available. For an adequate study of the biofilms formation, it will be advisable to use polymer materials, directly used in medicine, rather than polystyrene tablets, the material of which is found exclusively in laboratory practice.
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Djordjevic, D., M. Wiedmann, and L. A. McLandsborough. "Microtiter Plate Assay for Assessment of Listeria monocytogenes Biofilm Formation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 6 (June 2002): 2950–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.6.2950-2958.2002.
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ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes has the ability to form biofilms on food-processing surfaces, potentially leading to food product contamination. The objective of this research was to standardize a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microtiter plate assay to compare the ability of L. monocytogenes strains to form biofilms. A total of 31 coded L. monocytogenes strains were grown in defined medium (modified Welshimer's broth) at 32°C for 20 and 40 h in PVC microtiter plate wells. Biofilm formation was indirectly assessed by staining with 1% crystal violet and measuring crystal violet absorbance, using destaining solution. Cellular growth rates and final cell densities did not correlate with biofilm formation, indicating that differences in biofilm formation under the same environmental conditions were not due to growth rate differences. The mean biofilm production of lineage I strains was significantly greater than that observed for lineage II and lineage III strains. The results from the standardized microtiter plate biofilm assay were also compared to biofilm formation on PVC and stainless steel as assayed by quantitative epifluorescence microscopy. Results showed similar trends for the microscopic and microtiter plate assays, indicating that the PVC microtiter plate assay can be used as a rapid, simple method to screen for differences in biofilm production between strains or growth conditions prior to performing labor-intensive microscopic analyses.
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Lukman Hakim, Farouk Sumarli, Rafit Mahendra, and Siun. "Green Method: The Performance of Biochar in Water Filtration." Aptek 14, no. 2 (July 22, 2022): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30606/aptek.v14i2.1297.
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Abstract: The results of measuring the power of Hydrogen (pH) of 5.5 mg/l and Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) of 3.20 mg/l level of water wells in a village, including in a school of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 5 in Tanjung Medan Rokan Hulu is considered not within permissible limit of World Health Organization (WHO) standards. For that reason, experimental research was conducted by firstly designing and making a water filtration device from Polyvinyl Chloride pipe of 4 inch in diameter, 100cm long, and 1 inch channel in and out. With the green method treatment, the biochar used are Coconut Shell Charcoal (CSC) and Bagasse Charcoal (BC), with additives material such as River Sand (RS), Fiber Palm (FP), and Crushed Gravel (CG). The results of the analysis prove that the best performance of Biochar in Water Filtration (BWF) to increase the content the pH of water to 89.09% is done by Coconut Shell Charcoal (CSC) biochar. While the best for reducing the water TDS level is performed by Bagasse Charcoal (BC) at 64.06%. The performance for pH increases and at the same time decreases the TDS level of water is done by Bagasse Charcoal (BC) biochar with a pH of 7.8 mg/l, and a TDS of 1.15 mg/l. Meanwhile, the filtration combination matrix that produces water according to the WHO standard permissible criteria is (A6+B6+C6+D1+E6), (A6+B6+C2+D2+E6), (A6+B6+C3+D3+E6), (A6+B6+C4+D4+E6), and (A6+B6+C5+D5+E6), as well (A6+B6+C1+D6+E6). So, it can be concluded that Biochar in Water Filtration (BWF) needs to be developed.
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Sandal, Indra, Wenzhou Hong, W. Edward Swords, and Thomas J. Inzana. "Characterization and Comparison of Biofilm Development by Pathogenic and Commensal Isolates of Histophilus somni." Journal of Bacteriology 189, no. 22 (July 20, 2007): 8179–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.00479-07.
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ABSTRACT Histophilus somni (Haemophilus somnus) is an obligate inhabitant of the mucosal surfaces of bovines and sheep and an opportunistic pathogen responsible for respiratory disease, meningoencephalitis, myocarditis, arthritis, and other systemic infections. The identification of an exopolysaccharide produced by H. somni prompted us to evaluate whether the bacterium was capable of forming a biofilm. After growth in polyvinyl chloride wells a biofilm was formed by all strains examined, although most isolates from systemic sites produced more biofilm than commensal isolates from the prepuce. Biofilms of pneumonia isolate strain 2336 and commensal isolate strain 129Pt were grown in flow cells, followed by analysis by confocal laser scanning microscopy and scanning electron microscopy. Both strains formed biofilms that went through stages of attachment, growth, maturation, and detachment. However, strain 2336 produced a mature biofilm that consisted of thick, homogenous mound-shaped microcolonies encased in an amorphous extracellular matrix with profound water channels. In contrast, strain 129Pt formed a biofilm of cell clusters that were tower-shaped or distinct filamentous structures intertwined with each other by strands of extracellular matrix. The biofilm of strain 2336 had a mass and thickness that was 5- to 10-fold greater than that of strain 129Pt and covered 75 to 82% of the surface area, whereas the biofilm of strain 129Pt covered 35 to 40% of the surface area. Since H. somni is an obligate inhabitant of the bovine and ovine host, the formation of a biofilm may be crucial to its persistence in vivo, and our in vitro evidence suggests that formation of a more robust biofilm may provide a selective advantage for strains that cause systemic disease.
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Bayandin, V. V., N. S. Shaglaeva, T. A. Podgorbunskaya, N. D. Lukyanov, N. V. Minaev, and С. С. Makarov. "IR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis of industrial polyvinyl chloride suspension." Proceedings of Universities. Applied Chemistry and Biotechnology 10, no. 3 (October 8, 2020): 529–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.21285/2227-2925-2020-10-3-529-535.
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In terms of the contemporary plastic industry, world production of polyvinyl chloride is second only to polyolefins. Recyclable by almost all known methods, polyvinyl chloride offers high strength, good insulating properties, as well as resistance to acids, oxidising agents and solvents. At the same time, the ability to process polyvinyl chloride into products is limited by its lack of stability at high melt viscosity temperatures, since hydrogen chloride released during its heating catalyses further process of polymer decomposition. Thus, due to the softening temperature of polyvinyl chloride being higher than its decomposition temperature, it cannot be processed in its pure form. Consequently, functional polyvinyl chloride-based materials tend to be composites. By varying the composition of mixtures, plastic masses characterised by either very soft (plastic compounds) or hard (vinyl plastics) structures can be obtained. The properties of polyvinyl chloride-based polymer products are largely determined by the structure and morphology of the polymer. In the present work, the properties of industrial suspension polyvinyl chloride (Sayanskkhimplast JSC, Irkutsk Oblast) were studied in detail for the first time. The molecular weight of the polymer determined by the viscometric method was 1.0 · 106. Thermogravimetric analysis showed that polyvinyl chloride mass loss started to occur at 160 °C. Following the complete IR band assignment of the polymer, the polyvinyl chloride under study was established to contain no foreign substances (impurities of stabilisers, emulsifiers and additives). The diffraction curve of the polymer was established to be qualitatively similar to equivalent partially crystalline polymers. Two amorphous halos were detected at 2θ of 24° 30′ and 39° 30′ below a group of crystalline peaks. The crystallinity degree of polyvinyl chloride was determined and mechanisms for the formation of its regular and irregular structure were proposed.
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LEHNER, ANGELIKA, KATHRIN RIEDEL, LEO EBERL, PIETER BREEUWER, BENJAMIN DIEP, and ROGER STEPHAN. "Biofilm Formation, Extracellular Polysaccharide Production, and Cell-to-Cell Signaling in Various Enterobacter sakazakii Strains: Aspects Promoting Environmental Persistence." Journal of Food Protection 68, no. 11 (November 1, 2005): 2287–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-68.11.2287.
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Enterobacter sakazakii is considered an opportunistic pathogen and has been implicated in food-associated cases of meningitis or enteritis, especially in neonates and infants. The organism has been detected in various types of food and in food production units, but so far only powdered infant formula has been linked to outbreaks of disease. Survival and persistence in such environments requires the ability to adapt to high osmotic potentials and/or dry conditions. Fifty-six E. sakazakii strains were evaluated for several features important for persistence and survival: (i) biofilm formation and the putative production of cellulose as one of the components of the extracellular matrix, (ii) adherence to hydrophilic and hydrophobic surfaces, (iii) the production of extracellular polysaccharides, and (iv) the ability of E. sakazakii to produce cell-to-cell signaling molecules. Pellicle and flock formation was observed in 21 of the strains grown in Luria-Bertani broth and in 44 of the strains grown in brain heart infusion broth. Calcofluor-stained fibrils, observed microscopically in every (fragile or rigid) pellicle, suggested the presence of cellulose as an extracellular compound in this type of biofilm. Twelve isolates did not form any pellicle or flocks under either condition. Twenty-three of the isolates exhibited the potential to adhere to glass surfaces in shaken cultures, and 33 strains showed biofilm formation at the air-solid interface of polyvinyl chloride microtiter wells. Sixteen isolates adhered to both surfaces. Twenty-four of the isolates tested produced a milky, viscous mass, considered as extracellular polysaccharide. High-performance liquid chromatography analysis of the polysaccharide revealed the presence of glucose, galactose, fucose, and glucuronic acid. Thin-layer chromatography analyses performed on ethyl acetate extracts of cell-free supernatants of the 56 strains indicated the presence of two different types of acylated homoserine lactones (3-oxo-C6-HSL and 3-oxo-C8-HSL). These findings illustrate the ability of E. sakazakii to produce cell-to-cell signaling molecules.
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Lieshchova, M. A., V. V. Brygadyrenko, N. M. Tishkina, P. M. Gavrilin, and A. A. Bohomaz. "Impact of polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, and polyethylene on the organism of mice." Regulatory Mechanisms in Biosystems 10, no. 1 (March 17, 2019): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/021908.
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Goods of plastic, due to their durability, universality and economical properties are broadly used in all spheres of life. On the whole, polymers are inert and nontoxic, but in the process of their production, various additives are used, which on contact or introduction into an organism has a negative effect on it. In our study, we determined the impact of some types of plastic (polyvinyl chloride, polysterene and polyethylene) on the organism of laboratory animals according to changes in their body weight, indices of mass of the internal organs, and blood parameters. For the experiment, we formed four groups of white male mice at the age of 3 weeks and average body weight of 50 g. For each group, we used different litter. For group I, the litter was sawdust; and for the other groups we added plastic products in different volumes to the sawdust; for group II finely cut polyvinyl chloride, for group III cut polyethylene, and for group IV granules of polystyrene. Every 3 days, we determined the body weight of the animals, and 32 days later we determined mass of the organs, clinical and biochemical parameters of the blood. Addition of polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene, and polystyrene into the substrate for mice did not have a significant effect on tempi of growth of body weight, and also relative mass of heart and lungs. Polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene have an immune-suppressive effect, and polyvinyl chloride affects both central and peripheral organs, and polystyrene mostly harms the peripheral organs. All used types of plastic cause leukocytopenia, following which neutrophilia of band neutrophils and monocytosis takes place as a result of damage to the biological barriers. We determined the systemic toxic effect of the studied types of plastic on the internal organs, which manifested in increase in their mass (liver, kidneys), steep increase in the activity of liver enzymes (AST, ALT), simultaneous decrease in activity of alkaline phosphatase and content of cholysterol and glucose in the blood serum of the mice. Also polyvinyl chlorine, polyethylene and polystyrene cause degeneration of the epithelium of the uriniferous tubule, which is manifested in reduction of globulins and creatinine in the blood of animals from the experimental groups following increase in relative mass of the kidneys. The results of our research allow us to state that different types of plastic can cause toxic effect on animals, as well as people who are in frequent contact with them.
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Olson, J. R., and D. G. Klapper. "Two major human allergenic sites on ragweed pollen allergen antigen E identified by using monoclonal antibodies." Journal of Immunology 136, no. 6 (March 15, 1986): 2109–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.136.6.2109.
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Abstract Murine monoclonal antibodies specific for antigen E (AgE), the major allergen isolated from short ragweed pollen, have been produced and characterized. These monoclonal antibodies, when coupled to Sepharose and used as immunoadsorbents, specifically bound AgE when a crude pollen extract was passed through the column. Three antigenic sites (A, B, and C) on AgE were identified by using five of these monoclonal antibodies in both inhibition and double-bind solid-phase ELISA. These three antigenic sites appear to be nonoverlapping and nonrepeated, that is, present only once on each AgE molecule. Site C on AgE could readily be bound by the monoclonal antibody specific for that site, but only when AgE was in solution or "presented" by an anti-site A or anti-site B antibody. Site C appears to be only marginally available for binding when AgE is directly adsorbed to polyvinyl chloride microtiter wells. The majority of monoclonal antibodies isolated after immunization of BALB/c mice were specific for site A on AgE. In addition, the binding to AgE of pooled BALB/c polyclonal, hyperimmune antisera against AgE was blocked approximately 80% by a monoclonal antibody directed against site A, but was only blocked approximately 20% by an anti-site B monoclonal antibody. This suggests that site A on AgE is the predominant antigenic site in the BALB/c immune response and that site B represents a less dominant site. The binding of IgE in pooled human serum from ragweed-allergic individuals is blocked approximately 50% by a monoclonal antibody directed to site A on AgE and also approximately 50% by a monoclonal antibody directed against site B. A series of individual human short ragweed allergic antisera also showed significant, although varied, inhibition of IgE binding to AgE by both anti-site A and anti-site B monoclonal antibodies. Simultaneous addition of anti-site A and anti-site B was somewhat additive and inhibited up to 80% of the binding of human IgE specific for AgE. The conclusion from these data is that site A and site B defined by two murine monoclonal antibodies represent two very major allergenic sites in the human response to this molecule.
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Xu, Zhuo, Josh W. Albrecht, Shreyas S. Kolapkar, Stas Zinchik, and Ezra Bar-Ziv. "Chlorine Removal from U.S. Solid Waste Blends through Torrefaction." Applied Sciences 10, no. 9 (May 11, 2020): 3337. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app10093337.
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The amount of solid waste generated annually is increasing around the world. Although the waste has a high calorific value, one major obstacle that may prevent it from becoming a feedstock for power applications is the existence of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), which causes corrosion and emission issues after combustion due to its high chlorine content. Torrefaction is known to release hydrochloric acid; thus, it has been applied in this study for the reduction of chlorine from potential waste feedstocks. Fiber-plastic (60–40%) waste blends, with different chlorine content levels, as well as PVC were used in the current study. Torrefaction was conducted at 400 °C. Chlorine and heat content were measured. Experimental results showed that organically bonded chlorine was reduced during torrefaction as a function of mass loss. The chlorine removal efficiency was only dependent on temperature and residence time, not chlorine level. The heat content of the sample increased with mass loss up to a maximum of ~34 MJ/kg at ~45% mass loss. It was also observed that at ~30% mass loss, the organic chlorine content per unit heat content reduced by ~90%, while the heat content was ~32 MJ/kg, and ~90% energy was retained.
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Čolnik, Maja, Petra Kotnik, Željko Knez, and Mojca Škerget. "Degradation of Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Waste with Supercritical Water." Processes 10, no. 10 (September 26, 2022): 1940. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10101940.
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The chemical degradation of PVC waste in SCW between 400 and 425 °C and reaction times from 30 to 60 min was studied. The PVC waste in SCW decomposed into the gas, oil, water soluble, and solid phases. The highest yield of the gas and oil phases was achieved at the temperature of 425 °C after 60 min. By increasing the reaction time at 400 °C, the yield of chloride ions in the aqueous phase increased and reached the maximum at 60 min. The gas and oil phases contained many valuable compounds similar to crude oil. Alkanes and chloroalkanes; alkenes, alicyclic, and aromatic hydrocarbons; as well as alcohols were the main groups of hydrocarbons in the oil phase, while the gas phase contained only light hydrocarbons (C1–C6), CO2, and small amounts of H2. This confirmed that the largest chlorine content remains in the aqueous phase and does not pass into the gas phase. It can be concluded that SCW presents effective decomposition media for plastic waste.
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Soler, Aurora, Juan Conesa, and Nuria Ortuño. "Application of Subcritical Water to Dechlorinate Polyvinyl Chloride Electric Wires." Energies 11, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 2612. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en11102612.
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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) electric wires were subjected to dechlorination in subcritical water at three different temperatures in a high-pressure reactor. About 2.09, 73.08, and 95.96 wt % of chlorine in PVC wires was removed during dechlorination at 200 °C, 250 °C, and 300 °C, respectively. The solid residues were analyzed and characterized by thermogravimetry, at three different heating rates (5 °C, 10 °C, and 20 °C/min) in inert and oxidizing atmosphere. With the purpose of studying the emission of chlorinated pollutants, pyrolysis experiments at 850 °C were also performed in a laboratory-scale reactor with the dechlorinated materials, as well as with the original PVC electric wire. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) formation increased, but chlorobenzenes (ClBz) and chlorophenols (ClPh) formation decreased as the temperature of dechlorination increased; naphthalene was the most abundant PAH and monochlorobenzene and monochlorinated phenols (3-+4-) were the most abundant chlorinated compounds.
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M M Younes, M. M. Younes, and H. A. Abdel Rahman and E. Hamed H A Abdel Rahman and E Hamed. "Effect of Gamma-Irradiation on Properties of Polymer/Fibrous/Nanomaterials Particleboard Composites." Journal of the chemical society of pakistan 41, no. 6 (2019): 966. http://dx.doi.org/10.52568/000814/jcsp/41.06.2019.
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This investigation aimed to study the role of different contents of nano-slag, as well as various doses of gamma-irradiation on physical and mechanical properties of rice husk-polyvinyl chloride particleboard composites. Equal proportions of rice husk fibers and polyvinyl chloride polymer were used. The treatment of rice husk fibers with silane coupling agent showed a significant improvement in both mechanical and physical properties of the prepared particleboard composites as compared to those containing untreated rice husk fibers. Moreover, the partial replacement of polyvinyl chloride with different percentages of nano-slag namely 5, 10, 15, and 20% by the weight of polymer manifested a good effect on the properties of the resulting particleboard composites precisely at 10%nano-slag. In addition, the effect of different gamma-irradiation doses on the properties of the particleboard composite specimens that contain 10% nano-slag showed an enhancement in the physical (thickness swelling %) and mechanical (flexural strength, and hardness) properties. In addition, the results elaborated that the irradiated particleboard composites had a good thermal stability.
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Parker, Louise V., and Thomas F. Jenkins. "Suitability of Polyvinyl Chloride Well Casings for Monitoring Munitions in Ground Water." Groundwater Monitoring & Remediation 6, no. 3 (September 1986): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1986.tb00955.x.
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Riyanto, Riyanto, Mohamed Rozali Othman, and Jumat Salimon. "ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION OF ETHANOL USING Ni-Co-PVC COMPOSITE ELECTRODE." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 11, no. 1 (July 12, 2011): 75–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21424.
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The morphological characteristics and electrochemical behavior of nickel metal foil (Ni), nickel-polyvinyl chloride (Ni-PVC) and nickel-cobalt-polyvinyl chloride (Ni-Co-PVC) electrodes in alkaline solution has been investigated. The morphological characteristics of the electrode surface were studied using SEM and EDS, while the electrochemical behavior of the electrodes was studied using cyclic voltammetry (CV). It was found that composite electrodes (Ni-PVC and Ni-Co-PVC) have a porous, irregular and rough surface. In situ studies using electrochemical technique using those three electrodes exhibited electrochemical activity for redox system, as well as selectivity in the electrooxidation of ethanol to acetic acid. The studies also found that an electrokinetics and electrocatalytic activity behaviors of the electrodes prepared were Ni metal foil
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Ramle, Mohd Syazwan, Ahmad Zafir Romli, and M. H. Abidin. "Tensile Properties of Aminosilane Treated Rice Husk/ Recycled PVC Composite." Advanced Materials Research 812 (September 2013): 151–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.812.151.
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Rice husk is an agricultural waste produced in bulk quantity as a part of rice milling. There have been many approaches in utilizing rice husk as fillers in polymer composite. However, recycled PVC has not been reported to be used in PVC/rice husk composites yet. In this research, a good interfacial interaction between rice husk and recycled polyvinylchloride has been achieved by incorporation of aminosilane as coupling agent. The aminosilane treated recycled polyvinyl chloride was mixed with rice husk and then fabricated by using hot compression moulding. Three different ratio of rice husk to recycled polyvinyl chloride were used which is 65/35, 55/45 and 45/55 as shown in Table 1. The positive effect of rice husk reinforcement as well as surface treatment has been reflected in the improved tensile properties of the resulting polyvinyl chloride based composite. However, flexural stress of the treated composite drops with increasing filler percentage. The incorporation of aminosilane as coupling agent increases the tensile stress of 45 wt% of rice husk significantly. Scanning electron microscopy has been used to understand the failure mechanisms of aminosilane modified rice husk filled recycled polyvinylchloride composites. The findings can be used to increase the effort in recycling rice husk and PVC.
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Cheng, Huan Xin, Zhuo Lin Miao, and Peng Li. "Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Production Plant Control System Optimization." Advanced Materials Research 655-657 (January 2013): 1435–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.655-657.1435.
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In the industrial production of polyvinyl chloride (PVC), large number of loops and low self-control rate can cause a few problems, such as poor loop tuning of PID regulator parameters, poor maneuverability of automation, big device fluctuations, lots of alarms as well as the lack of stability. Thus, control procedure optimizing and PID algorithm are adopted to control the system. Firstly, operating point without automation before is to put into automation now. It aims to improve the operational stability and reach the device self-control rate to more than 95%. Then, advanced control theory is adopted to optimize the controller form and tuning PID parameters to achieve fast response, strong anti-jamming, device control stability effect.
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Tataeva, S. D., R. Z. Zeynalov, and K. E. Magomedov. "Potentiometric sensor for lead ions determination." Аналитика и контроль 25, no. 3 (2021): 205–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15826/analitika.2021.25.3.002.
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One of the sensitive and inexpensive methods used for the analysis of water bodies is the ionometry, the development of which is associated with the introduction of new ion-selective electrodes into the practice of potentiometric analysis. An optimized composition of the membrane for the manufacturing of a zinc-selective electrode based on polyvinyl chloride modified with 2-mercaptobenzthiazole (MPVC) is proposed with the following ratio of ingredients (in wt. %): Polyvinyl chloride - 31.7; dioctyl sebacate - 66.3; potassium tetra-p-chlorophenylborate - 0.5; MPVH - 1.5. The working range of pH was established with a minimum potential drift, which was 1.5 - 3. The slope of the electrode function was calculated as 30.1 ± 0.3 mV. According to the dependence of the electrode potential for the selected composition of the membrane on the logarithm of the zinc ion concentration, it was found that the proposed model of the electrode operates in the concentration range of 1∙10-5 - 1∙10-1 mol / L, with a detection limit of 0.65 mg / l. The stabilization time of the potential within 1 mV was 15 - 20 s. The potentiometric coefficients of the selectivity of the zinc selective electrode with respect to various ions have been determined. The conditions for the determination of zinc using the obtained sensor in alloys and wastewater were proposed. The electrode with the membrane based on polyvinyl chloride modified with 2-mercaptobenzthiazole can be used as an alternative to the industrial electrode XC-Zn-001 for the determination of zinc ions in various objects. The obtained experimental data was close in accuracy to the results obtained by the atomic absorption methods, as well as the ionometry using the industrial electrode. In conclusion, the electrode with the membrane based on polyvinyl chloride modified with 2-mercaptobenzthiazole can be used as an alternative to XC-Zn-001.
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Abdrahman, Mohd Firdaus, and E. S. Zainudin. "Properties of Kenaf Filled Unplasticized Polyvinyl Chloride Composites." Key Engineering Materials 471-472 (February 2011): 507–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.471-472.507.
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Combination of lignocellulosic fiber with thermoplastic is leading to the new areas of research in plastic composite field. Due to the problem of petroleum shortages and encouragement for reducing the dependence on fossil fuel products, thus increased the people interest in maximizing the utilize of renewable materials like kenaf fiber. By adding optimum natural fiber to thermoplastics could provide some cost reduction to the world of plastic industry as well as to dominance the agro-based industry. With a view to identifying the effect of fiber content and effect of coupling agent in kenaf fiber reinforced unplasticized poly (vinyl chloride) (UPVC) composite on the mechanical properties, the fiber and matrix mixture were mixed with poly [methylene poly (phenyl isocyanate)] (PMPPIC) using thermal mixing process followed by compression molding technique for the composite preparation that required for tensile characteristic (ASTM D638). The fiber loading were 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% in weight. Since the kenaf fiber and UPVC are chemically different, the compatibility and dispersability of kenaf fiber in UPVC can be improved by lowering the surface energy of the fiber to make it less polar, consequently more similar to the plastic matrix. Generally, PMPPIC act as a bonding agent that facilitates the optimum stress transfer at the interface between fiber and matrix which gives an optimal mechanical performance of kenaf fiber reinforced UPVC composites. Meanwhile, the addition of 30% fiber contents with PMPPIC was successful to enhance the tensile properties and the efficiency of PMPPIC was verified using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR) spectroscopy.
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Srinivas, Somashekhar, Amit Agrawal, Yashawant Sandeep, and Ninad Shrikhande. "Massive Penetrating Craniofacial Trauma due to Polyvinyl Chloride Pipe." Indian Journal of Neurosurgery 07, no. 02 (April 18, 2017): 142–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0037-1599790.
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AbstractPenetrating craniofacial trauma can lead to massive injury to the facial tissue and craniofacial skeleton with retained bone as well as foreign body. We present a case of 45-year-old man who sustained massive penetrating craniofacial injuries due to polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe. CT scan with bone window of the brain and craniofacial region showed in driven fragment of PVC pipe into the nasal cavity with multiple fractures and soft tissue swelling. CT brain showed compound and comminuted depressed fracture of the right frontal bone with underlying contusion of the brain and specks of pneumocephalus. However, detailed examination of the CT scan showed that there was no breach in the anterior cranial fossa and that both the injuries were caused by separate pipe fragments. The wound was debrided; all loose bone fragments, necrotic brain matter, and broken pipe fragments were removed. The patient recovered well after surgical procedure. The approach is aimed to protect the airway, maintain vital parameters followed by remove all the foreign body and necrotic tissue, and restore the functioning and aesthetics. A careful evaluation of the CT scan is mandatory to rule out breach in the skull base, and if the skull base is intact, a limited craniotomy will save the time and associated morbidity.
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Shrestha, Ankit, Sudan Neupane, and Lekhnath Aryal. "Un-Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride and its Growth on Nepalese Market." Journal of Innovations in Engineering Education 3, no. 1 (March 31, 2020): 29–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/jiee.v3i1.34322.
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The paper presents an overview of some marketing strategies that are strongly influencing on the Nepalese un-plasticized poly vinyl chloride door and windows market. The result of the study reveals that product quality improvement is one of the important products related marketing strategies in the doors and windows market of Nepal and addition of new features. The study also reveals that advertisements and exhibitions/meets are two important promotional strategies influencing the consumers in their purchase. This study followed a judgmental sampling technique. The study shows that there is enough evidence to indicate that the brand preference is dependent on market segment in un-plasticized poly vinyl chloride windows in Kathmandu Valley market. Upon the analysis of the product delivery report of the past five years the market seems to be growing at an average rate of 25% annually. Un-plasticized poly vinyl chloride has comparative advantage over wood and aluminum profiles on technical, physical as well as overall performance comparison hence proving to be a better material for doors and windows.
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Esterhuizen, Maranda, and Young Jun Kim. "Effects of polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyethylene terephthalate, polyurethane, high-density polyethylene, and polystyrene microplastic on Nelumbo nucifera (Lotus) in water and sediment." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 29, no. 12 (October 20, 2021): 17580–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-17033-0.
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AbstractPlastic waste is recognised as hazardous, with the risk increasing as the polymers break down in nature to secondary microplastics or even nanoplastics. The number of studies reporting on the prevalence of microplastic in every perceivable niche and bioavailable to biota is dramatically increasing. Knowledge of the ecotoxicology of microplastic is advancing as well; however, information regarding plants, specifically aquatic macrophytes, is still lacking. The present study aimed to gain more information on the ecotoxicological effects of six different polymer types as 4 mm microplastic on the morphology (germination and growth) and the physiology (catalase and glutathione S-transferase activity) of the rooted aquatic macrophyte, Nelumbo nucifera. The role of sediment was also considered by conducting all exposure both in a sediment-containing and sediment-free exposure system. Polyvinyl chloride and polyurethane exposures caused the highest inhibition of germination and growth compared to the control. However, the presence of sediment significantly decreased the adverse effects. Catalase activity was increased with exposure to polyvinyl chloride, polyurethane, and polystyrene, both in the presence and absence of sediment but more so in the sediment-free system. Glutathione S-transferase activity was significantly increased with exposure to polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and polyethylene terephthalate in the sediment-free system and exposure to polyethylene terephthalate and polyurethane in the absence of sediment. There was no clear correlation between the morphological and physiological effects observed. Further studies are required to understand the underlying toxicity mechanism of microplastics.
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Чернушевич, Е. В., П. В. Ширинкин, and Ю. Н. Безбородов. "STUDY OF THERMAL destruction OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE FLOORING." Южно-Сибирский научный вестник, no. 3(37) (June 30, 2021): 109–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.25699/sssb.2021.37.3.004.
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В существующей системе оценки безопасности строительных материалов не учитываются параметры термической деструкции материалов при воздействии температур, значения которых ниже температуры их тления, что не позволяет в полной мере оценить опасность строительных материалов и их влияние на здоровье человека; степень участия строительных материалов в формировании опасных факторов пожара, а также их влияние на динамику пожара. Целью работы является экспериментальное исследование термической деструкции напольных покрытий из поливинилхлорида на различной основе и оценка опасности данного процесса. Изучение деструкции и её динамики заключалось в определении потери массы образцов и расчете скорости деструкции, а оценка опасности – в отборе газовоздушной среды, образующейся в результате термической деструкции образцов, и проведении её анализа. Изучение деструкции осуществлялось с помощью метода изотермического термогравиметрического анализа, а оценка опасности – с помощью метода анализа выделяющихся газов. По результатам экспериментального исследования получены значения потери массы образцов в результате термической деструкции, установлено влияние времени и температуры на динамику термической деструкции, проведена оценка опасности термической деструкции исследуемых материалов. Установлено, что напольные покрытия из ПВХ являются пожароопасными и склонными к термической деструкции при температурах, значения которых ниже температуры их тления. При воздействии температуры напольные покрытия из ПВХ разрушаются с образованием пожароопасных веществ, что необходимо учитывать при: оценке пожарной опасности материалов; нормировании применения отделочных материалов в зданиях различного функционального назначения; моделировании динамики развития пожара и расчете времени достижения предельно допустимых значений концентраций токсичных газообразных продуктов на путях эвакуации. The existing system of hazardous building materials assessment does not take into account the materials thermal destruction parameters within temperature range below its smoldering phase. This fact does not fully allow to assess the impact of hazardous building materials on human health, the extent of building materials’ effect in the fire hazards formation, as well as its influence on the fire propagation. The aim of the work is the experimental studying of different type polyvinyl chloride floorings’ thermal destruction and assessing the hazards of this process. The study of destruction process and its’ development consisted in samples’ weight loss determining and the destruction rate calculating. The destruction hazards assessment lied in analyzing the gas-air environmental samples being emitted due to materials’ thermal destruction. The thermal destruction research was carried out using isothermal thermogravimetric analysis method. The hazardous destruction assessment was performed using the evolved gases analysis method. The experiment resulted in acquiring the samples’ mass loss data in case of thermal destruction, defining the impact of duration and temperature on thermal destruction development, and assessing studied materials’ thermal destruction hazards. It has been established that PVC floorings are fire hazardous materials, which are prone to thermal degradation at temperatures below their smoldering temperature. When being heated PVC floorings are degradating, what is accompanied by fire hazardous substances emitting. This should be taken into consideration for hazardous materials type assessment; standardization of furnishing materials usage in various purposes buildings; fire development model construction, and time calculation of reaching toxic combustion products’ maximum permissible concentration along the escape routes.
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Allouche, Mohamed, Sahar Ishak, Ahmed Nasri, Amor Hedfi, Manel Ben Ali, Bander Albogami, Mohammed Almalki, Octavian Pacioglu, and Fehmi Boufahja. "What Is the Impact of Microplastics and Lipid Regulators on Marine Meiofauna? Case Study of Polyvinyl Chloride, Atorvastatin, and Simvastatin." Sustainability 13, no. 23 (November 29, 2021): 13190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su132313190.
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A microcosm experiment was carried out to provide a deeper insight into the toxic mechanisms exerted by two lipid regulator agents, as well as their interactions with the polyvinyl chloride microplastic on marine meiofauna. Two concentrations of Atorvastatin “A” and of Simvastatin “S”, (i.e., 0.6 mg.kg−1 and 6 mg.kg−1), as well as a single dosage of polyvinyl chloride microplastics “P” at 20 mg.kg−1, separately and their combined mixtures (“AP” and “SP”) were used on coastline dwelling marine meiofauna, with a main focus on nematodes. The results showed a significant reduction in meiofauna abundance in treatments compared to control. SIMPER analysis highlighted a significant decrease in the abundance of epigrowth feeders (2A), which possess conical (co) tails, and indistinct (id) amphideal foveas compared to control microcosms, reflected mainly in the decrease in abundance of the species Prochromadorella longicaudata. Furthermore, the contamination with microplastic affected only the omnivores-carnivores guild. Another finding of the current experiment is that the mixtures of microplastic with drugs lead to synergic interactions that increased their toxic effects on marine nematode communities.
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Filonovich, A. V., E. A. Filatov, V. N. Gadalov, and I. A. Makarova. "Metal-polymer composites with ultra-and nanodisperse particles." Glavnyj mekhanik (Chief Mechanic), no. 9 (September 1, 2020): 30–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/pro-2-2009-04.
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The results of studies of the structure, mechanical and tribological properties of composite materials based on polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) and simple (Al2 O3, Cr2 O3, ZrO2) and complex (spinels CoAl2 O3 and MgAl2 O4, and cordierite 2MgO · 2Al2 O3 · 5SiO2) oxide nanopowders, as well as amorphous polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with heat stabilizers and elastomeric additives, are presented.
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Allam, Eman M., Taysser A. Lashen, Saeyda A. Abou El-Enein, Mohamed A. Hassanin, Ahmed K. Sakr, Mohamed Y. Hanfi, M. I. Sayyed, Jamelah S. Al-Otaibi, and Mohamed F. Cheira. "Cetylpyridinium Bromide/Polyvinyl Chloride for Substantially Efficient Capture of Rare Earth Elements from Chloride Solution." Polymers 14, no. 5 (February 27, 2022): 954. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14050954.
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A new sorbent cetylpyridinium bromide/polyvinylchloride (CPB/PVC) was prepared and tested to extract rare earth elements (REEs) from their chloride solutions. It was identified by FTIR, TGA, SEM, EDX, and XRD. The impact of various factors such as pH, RE ion initial concentration, contacting time, and dose amount via sorption process was inspected. The optimum pH was 6.0, and the equilibrium contact time was reached at 60 min at 25 °C. The prepared adsorbent (CPB/PVC) uptake capacity was 182.6 mg/g. The adsorption of RE ions onto the CPB/PVC sorbent was found to fit the Langmuir isotherm as well as pseudo-second-order models well. In addition, the thermodynamic parameters of RE ion sorption were found to be exothermic and spontaneous. The desorption of RE ions from the loaded CPB/PVC sorbent was investigated. It was observed that the optimum desorption was achieved at 1.0 M HCl for 60 min contact time at ambient room temperature and a 1:60 solid: liquid phase ratio (S:L). As a result, the prepared CPB/PVC sorbent was recognized as a competitor sorbent for REEs.
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Papciak, Dorota, Barbara Tchórzewska-Cieślak, Andżelika Domoń, Anna Wojtuś, Jakub Żywiec, and Janusz Konkol. "The Impact of the Quality of Tap Water and the Properties of Installation Materials on the Formation of Biofilms." Water 11, no. 9 (September 12, 2019): 1903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11091903.
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The article presents changes in the quality of tap water depending on time spent in installation and its impact on the creation of biofilms on various materials (polyethylene (PE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chrome-nickel steel and galvanized steel). For the first time, quantitative analyses of biofilm were performed using methods such as: Adenosine 5’-triphosphate (ATP) measurement, flow cytometry, heterotrophic plate count and using fractographical parameters. In the water, after leaving the experimental installation, the increase of turbidity, content of organic compounds, nitrites and nitrates was found, as well as the decrease in the content of chlorine compounds, dissolved oxygen and phosphorus compounds. There was an increase in the number of mesophilic and psychrophilic bacteria. In addition, the presence of Escherichia coli was also found. The analysis of the quantitative determination of microorganisms in a biofilm indicates that galvanized steel is the most susceptible material for the adhesion of microorganisms. These results were also confirmed by the analysis of the biofilm morphology. The roughness profile, the thickness of the biofilm layer can be estimated at about 300 μm on galvanized steel.
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Yang, Yun-Ya, and Gurpal S. Toor. "Contaminants in the Urban Environment: Dioxins." EDIS 2015, no. 5 (August 5, 2015): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.32473/edis-ss642-2015.
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Dioxins are among the most toxic chemicals on the earth. They are by-products of a number of human activities such as combustion of fuels and wastes containing polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorine bleaching of paper products, and selected industrial processes. Current releases of dioxins by humans are due to the combustion of fuels and burning of household trash. The good news is that levels of dioxins in the environment have decreased in the United States throughout the past 30 years due to the improved emission controls and regulatory activities. But dioxins break down slowly, so they remain in the environment for a long time and accumulate in the food chain. Long-term exposure to dioxins can harm immune system, nervous system, endocrine system, and reproductive functions. This 7-page fact sheet discusses the sources, emission trends, and impacts of dioxins as well as the ways to minimize exposure to dioxins. Written by Yun-Ya Yang and Gurpal S. Toor, and published by the UF Department of Soil and Water Science, July 2015.
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Nevinsky, А. G., and V. A. Chvyr. "COMPOSITES BASED ON SECONDARY POLYVINYL CHLORIDE RAW AND WOOD WASTE." Modern construction and architecture, no. 1 (September 29, 2022): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.31650/2786-6696-2022-1-70-76.
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A solution to the problem of rational use of secondary polymeric raw materials and wood waste is presented by creating composite materials for structural and decorative purposes on their basis. Wood-polymer composites (WPC) are modern materials made from a mixture of an organic thermoplastic polymer and a plant-based filler. To obtain WPC, various fillers and thermoplastic binders are used. Work in this direction is being actively carried out and the production of WPC (molded, sheet, complex profile) is widely mastered in the world. In order to significantly reduce the cost of composites while maintaining their physical, mechanical and operational characteristics, studies were carried out on the use of secondary raw materials as the main raw material. The object of the study was the most large-tonnage types of waste polymeric thermoplastic materials, in particular, polyvinyl chloride, which is formed both in the process of its industrial production, and in the field of industrial and domestic consumption, as well as soft waste from sawmilling and woodworking (sawdust, shavings). In the studies, the direct extrusion method was used. Based on the results of a complex of studies, the optimal technological parameters of the extrusion processing mode of the developed press compositions were determined, which have sufficient manufacturability and ensure high physical, mechanical and operational performance of the created composites at their minimum cost. The optimal content of the modified polymer component in the press composition should be in the range of 40–50% wt., depending on the purpose of products from this composite. From a wide range of additives, only the most, in our opinion, significant and affordable additives were used: calcium stearate (stabilizer and lubricant), dioctyl phthalate (plasticizer). These additives provide the necessary thermal stability and fluidity of the press composition during extrusion, as well as a certain light and thermal stability during product operation. The best performance is for a composite based on wood particles of medium fraction (l = 2.0…8.0 mm), which is characterized by an optimal structure of reinforcing particles and uniform distribution of the binder. Comprehensive evaluation tests (physical-mechanical, technological, operational, sanitary and hygienic) of WPC based on polyvinyl chloride waste and soft wood waste showed the practical possibility and expediency of creating and mastering the production of structural and decorative and finishing profile elements that are not inferior in basic properties to coniferous wood products rocks or polymers. On an industrial scale, on the basis of domestic equipment, in particular, the WP 90×25 extruder with modified working bodies, a wide range of products has been launched (for example: flooring profiles for civil and industrial construction, finishing boards, platbands, plinths, etc.).
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Jiang, Liangpeng, Jingjing Fu, and Lihong Liu. "Seawater degradation resistance of straw fiber-reinforced polyvinyl chloride composites." BioResources 15, no. 3 (May 20, 2020): 5305–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.15376/biores.15.3.5305-5315.
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To investigate the effect of seawater degradation on the mechanical, wear, and thermal properties of plant fiber-reinforced polymer composites, the seawater immersion test was performed on four types of straw fiber (wheat straw (WS), rice straw (RS), corn straw (CS), and sorghum straw (SS))-reinforced polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composites. The results revealed that seawater immersion would result in poor mechanical, wear, and thermal properties, and lower two-phase bonding quality, thermal mass loss, and thermal residual mass, as well as more serious abrasive wear. The SS/PVC and CS/PVC composites had the highest and lowest seawater degradation resistance, respectively. After 12 d seawater immersion, the tensile strength of the SS/PVC and CS/PVC composites decreased from 17.3 to 9.7 MPa and from 12.3 to 7.2 MPa, respectively; and the flexural strength of the SS/PVC and CS/PVC composites decreased from 34.2 to 20.1 MPa and from 28.0 to 15.3 MPa, respectively. However, the friction coefficient of the SS/PVC and CS/PVC composites increased from 0.21 to 0.27 and from 0.24 to 0.30, respectively; and the specific wear rate of the SS/PVC and CS/PVC composites increased from 0.73 × 10-5 mm3/N·m to 21.7 × 10-5 mm3/N·m and from 1.77 × 10-5 to 28.3 × 10-5 mm3/N·m.
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Kulentsan, Anton L., and Natalia A. Marchuk. "ANALYSIS OF THE MAIN TYPES OF CHEMICAL PRODUCTS." IZVESTIYA VYSSHIKH UCHEBNYKH ZAVEDENII KHIMIYA KHIMICHESKAYA TEKHNOLOGIYA 62, no. 11 (November 20, 2019): 156–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.6060/ivkkt.20196211.6106.
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This article considers the possibility of studying the main types of products of chemical production (ethylene, benzene, styrene and ethylene polymers in primary forms, styrene in primary forms, vinyl chloride in primary forms and propylene in primary forms, as well as methanol-synthetic poison, methanol-rectification technical forest chemical, methanol raw in terms of rectification) in thousand tons. The purpose of this work was to analyze the volume of the main types of chemical products. The objectives of the study were to determine the volume of production of chemical production, calculation of the seasonality index and forecasting the volume of the main types of products of chemical production. The results showed that the largest decrease in production was observed in 2012 for ethylene and benzene (93.2% and 97.2%), compared to 2011, respectively. For methanol production, on the contrary, in 2012, compared to 2011, there was an increase in production volumes (90.7%). The obtained calculations of the seasonality index showed that the lowest volume of production of benzene, methanol, polyethylene, polystyrene and ethylene was observed in January, styrene, polyvinyl chloride, polypropylene-in October, and the highest in August, except for the production of polyvinyl chloride. The forecast of volumes of production of the main types of production of chemicals for the period: january – december 2020 is constructed. The results obtained indicate that there will be an increase in production volumes.
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Tian, Weiliang, Zhong Li, Kewei Zhang, and Zhenhong Ge. "Facile synthesis of exfoliated vermiculite nanosheets as a thermal stabilizer in polyvinyl chloride resin." RSC Advances 9, no. 34 (2019): 19675–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ra02134e.
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Well-defined vermiculite nanosheets are exfoliated by a facile water-assisted anion-exchange approach. As its negatively charged laminates can stabilize hydrogen chloride, the VMT nanosheets show excellent thermal stability for PVC resin.
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Бодиенкова, Галина, and Galina Bodienkova. "Problems and Prospects of Production of Vinyl Chloride, and Its Toxicity (Review)." Safety in Technosphere 6, no. 5 (February 21, 2018): 68–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/article_5a855af6a30e90.64753274.
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The paper gives an overview of the literature data reflecting the issue’s current state and prospects for vinyl chloride production in Russia and abroad. A brief analysis of topical questions on vinyl chloride toxicity and its influence on workers’ body functional systems have been presented. According to international experts’ estimation more than 2 million people are involved in vinyl chloride and polyvinylchloride production. Vinyl chloride is a feedstock for the production of polyvinyl chloride resin and various polymer materials based on it — finishing and building materials, packaging containers for food, pipes for household and drinking water supply, technical equipment, household items, artificial leather and goods based on it. Vinyl chloride consumption is growing every year. It has been included in the lists of the most dangerous and toxic substances. Experimental and clinical studies have shown its complex toxic effect on the body, characterized by damage to the central and peripheral nervous systems, liver, bone system, connective tissue, manifestation of carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic effects. Main sources of industrial hazards remain vinyl chloride and ethylene dichloride — chemicals of 1 to 2 classes of danger, which in modern conditions, as a rule, do not exceed, or only slightly exceed hygienic standards. In accordance with this, cases of occupational intoxication are the rare ones (mainly when the production technology and safety precautions are violated), and are most often not clearly expressed. At the same time, workers’ labor conditions in vinyl chloride and polyvinyl chloride production facilities are classified as harmful, which is facilitated, in addition to a chemical factor, by unfavorable microclimatic conditions and production noise. In this connection, at a number of enterprises there is an increase in the number of diseases related to the circulatory and nervous systems, as well as mental disorders. At healthy and trained workers which are in contact with vinyl chloride, have been revealed changes in the immune system, characterized by imbalance of cytokines and violation of autoimmune regulation. In this regard, it is advisable to improve the methodology for assessing of occupational risk taking into account specific labor conditions, including highly informative indicators of early changes in the workers’ health status.
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Xu, Xin, and Quan Jiang. "Brief Analysis on Application of PVC Foam Materials in Building Material Industry." Materials Science Forum 944 (January 2019): 729–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.944.729.
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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) foam materials are good materials that take the place of wood and are widely used in building material industry. This paper analyzes and summarizes the application of PVC foam materials in fields such as thermal insulation materials, concrete-form and resilient flooring and explores the characteristics of PVC foam materials concerned by different fields as well as the key future research & development directions, so as to promote the healthy development and application in building industry.
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Hashem, MA, AC Paul, S. Hosen, and A. Hasan. "Renewable energy from the waste soles through thermal pyrolysis-A novel approach." Bangladesh Journal of Scientific and Industrial Research 52, no. 2 (June 13, 2017): 141–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjsir.v52i2.32938.
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Footwear is a booming sector in Bangladesh. Disposing of process residues from the footwear industries, especially production waste of thermoplastic rubber and polyvinyl chloride soles as well as human used soles is a big concern due to its non-biodegradability. In this work, waste thermoplastic rubber (TPR) and polyvinylchloride (PVC) soles were used as an energy source through the fixed-bed-fire-tube heating pyrolysis to reduce the pollution load. The experiments were performed at varying temperature within the range of 250°C to 450°C at every 100°C interval for each case. In pyrolysis oil, char and gas were produced from the both TPR and PVC soles; temperature increment was created more percentage of oil from the both soles. At same condition TPR sole was produced 12.3% more oil than PVC sole. The pyrolytic oils were made fractional distillation; obtained liquids were relatively greater in volume and low boiling range. The obtained liquids from the fractional distillation were exhibited more light fractions present in the pyrolytic polyvinyl chloride oil (PPVCO) than pyrolytic thermoplastic rubber oil (PTPRO). The process could be optimized for the large scale, which will offer advantages to reduce the environmental impact as well as the production of new product from the waste soles.Bangladesh J. Sci. Ind. Res. 52(2), 141-146, 2017
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Khristoforova, I., and A. Khristoforov. "Modeling the properties of lightweight polymer concrete produced from polyvinyl chloride and combined heat and power plant waste." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 2131, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 042036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/2131/4/042036.
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Abstract Although concrete based on mineral binders is most commonly used in construction, polymer concrete is on the rise lately. This is due to the fact that polymer concrete allows to expand concrete usage in civil and industrial construction thanks to its properties. However, there is extensive research on including thermoplastic polymer. Construction polymer concrete materials have high compressive strength, as well as atmospheric, cold and chemical resistance, thus resulting in long term lifetime. This paper suggests a technological process of producing concrete based on polyvinyl chloride and lightweight porous aggregate, e. g. fly ash that comes from Vladimir combined heat and power plant (used to run on coal). There are up to 80 thousand tons of this aggregate in stock. It turns out that technological parameters of this process are strongly intertwined with compound. Research indicates that lightweight polymer concrete based on polyvinyl chloride and fly ash can be achieved under certain technological parameters. A new polymer concrete was created as a result of this research having the following properties: density - 800-830 kg/m3, compressive strength - 12-13 MPa, impact strength -16-18 kg/m2, coefficient of thermal conductivity - 0.16-0.18 Wt/m.K, frost resistance - at least a 100 cycles.
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Velazquez, Samantha, Chenyang Bi, Jeff Kline, Susie Nunez, Rich Corsi, Ying Xu, and Suzanne L. Ishaq. "Accumulation of di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate from polyvinyl chloride flooring into settled house dust and the effect on the bacterial community." PeerJ 7 (November 22, 2019): e8147. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.8147.
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Di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) is a plasticizer used in consumer products and building materials, including polyvinyl chloride flooring material. DEHP adsorbs from material and leaches into soil, water, or dust and presents an exposure risk to building occupants by inhalation, ingestion, or absorption. A number of bacterial isolates are demonstrated to degrade DEHP in culture, but bacteria may be susceptible to it as well, thus this study examined the relation of DEHP to bacterial communities in dust. Polyvinyl chloride flooring was seeded with homogenized house dust and incubated for up to 14 days, and bacterial communities in dust were identified at days 1, 7, and 14 using the V3–V4 regions of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene. DEHP concentration in dust increased over time, as expected, and bacterial richness and Shannon diversity were negatively correlated with DEHP concentration. Some sequence variants of Bacillus, Corynebacterium jeddahense, Streptococcus, and Peptoniphilus were relatively more abundant at low concentrations of DEHP, while some Sphingomonas, Chryseobacterium, and a member of the Enterobacteriaceae family were relatively more abundant at higher concentrations. The built environment is known to host lower microbial diversity and biomass than natural environments, and DEHP or other chemicals indoors may contribute to this paucity.
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Ivanova, Bojidarka, Atanas Tchapkanov, Michail Arnaudov, and Ivan Petkov. "IR-spectral study of photoinduced tautomerization in 1,3-diphenyl-pyrazol-5-one." Open Chemistry 1, no. 4 (December 1, 2003): 356–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bf02475222.
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AbstractThe UV-photoinduced prototropic isomerization of 1,3-diphenyl pyrazol-5-one (DPhP) embedded in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) film is studied by means of difference in IR spectral analysis. The initially existing CH-form in non-irradiated compound is transformed to NH-form, and a hydrochloride salt is stabilized because of the photodegradation of the PVC. An additional comparative IR spectral study of DPhP in different solutions as well as of its hydrochloride salts in solid state is also carried out.
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Ambroziak, Andrzej, and Paweł Kłosowski. "Mechanical properties of Precontraint 1202 S2 based on uniaxial tensile and creep tests." Journal of Reinforced Plastics and Composites 36, no. 4 (December 13, 2016): 254–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0731684416682604.
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The purpose of the paper is the estimation of the polyvinyl chloride – polyester-coated fabric (Precontraint 1202 S2) mechanical properties under uniaxial tensile tests as well as short- and long-time creep tests. The uniaxial tests are the basis of non-linear elastic description while the creep tests are used for the evaluation of the stiffness parameters in time and for the identification of the standard viscoelastic model. The paper also includes a short survey of literature concerning the coated woven fabric description.
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Luche, Jocelyn, Thomas Rogaume, and Eric Guillaume. "Characterization of polyvinyl chloride–based floor covering thermal decomposition parameters in a cone calorimeter." Journal of Fire Sciences 38, no. 5 (August 3, 2020): 433–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904120944340.
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In an ISO 5660 Cone Calorimeter, heat fluxes were applied to a polyvinyl chloride–based floor covering to characterize their influence on the thermal decomposition parameters as well as on the concentrations of species emitted during the combustion process. Gas concentrations were quantified for identifying the fire behaviour and the decomposition chemistry. Thus, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, water, hydrogen chloride and oxygen with concentrations and emission yields of high consistency were encountered at all heat fluxes considered. Moreover, nitrogen monoxide, sulphur dioxide, hydrogen cyanide and lightweight hydrocarbons were observed with low concentrations and emission yields. Other species can be considered as negligible due to their concentrations close to zero at all heat fluxes studied. Furthermore, using the oxygen consumption method, heat release rate, total heat release and effective heat of combustion were also calculated for each irradiance level and were compared with data found in the literature.
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Kudryashova, I. A., E. A. Kharlampenkov, and N. V. Zakharova. "Ecological and economic aspects of vinyl chloride production based on the use of raw materials of coking plant." Izvestiya Visshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Chernaya Metallurgiya = Izvestiya. Ferrous Metallurgy 61, no. 11 (December 24, 2018): 914–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.17073/0368-0797-2018-11-914-919.
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Ecological and economic aspects of vinyl chloride production are considered as the main resource for production of polyvinyl chloride using by-products of coking enterprise, including low-grade coke, as well as coke gas. Implementation of this project is possible based on carbon technologies and technology of conversion of methane contained in coke gas into acetylene using hydrogen-arc pyrolysis. It is proposed to include cryogenic separation of coke gas into methane and hydrogen, needed for implementation of this technology and production of hydrogen chloride as a component for production of vinyl chloride in process of raw material preparation. Rational use of resources of two Kemerovo enterprises - “Cock” PJSC and “Khimprom” PJSC for this product manufacturing allows optimization of added value chain. Currently, “Coke” PJSC has inoperative volumes of coke gas, which can be used as a raw material for vinyl chloride production. Carbon technology of PVC production, as international practice has shown, is economically advantageous if cost of coal raw materials and waste coke production is 40% lower than cost of oil or natural gas. Analysis of economic expenditures and cost of vinyl chloride production based on added value chains have identified the most “narrow” elements of technological process, requiring innovative solutions to reduce costs and environmental impact of production.
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Moutsoglou, A., and Y. Han. "A study on dental vacuum system losses." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part H: Journal of Engineering in Medicine 214, no. 2 (February 1, 2000): 203–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1243/0954411001535363.
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An experimental study was conducted to document system head losses for dental vacuum systems. Experiments were performed to estimate pressure losses and pressure loss coefficients for pertinent dental treatment room hoses and fittings in high-volume evacuation systems. Pressure losses for some polyvinyl chloride (PVC) elbows used in dental plumbing systems were also measured and presented. Friction head losses in straight PVC piping are calculated and documented in graphical form. Calculated values for friction losses are found to correlate exceptionally well with measured experimental data.
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Park, S. J., S. Bhargava, E. T. Bender, G. G. Chase, and R. D. Ramsier. "Palladium nanoparticles supported by alumina nanofibers synthesized by electrospinning." Journal of Materials Research 23, no. 5 (May 2008): 1193–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2008.0173.
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Palladium nanoparticles supported by alumina nanofibers have been successfully synthesized by electrospinning using palladium chloride incorporated into a solution of polyvinyl pyrrolidone and aluminum acetate. Palladium agglomerate sizes and the surface morphology of the electrospun nanofibers were determined by transmission electron microscopy. Palladium nanoparticles appeared to be well dispersed within the electrospun nanofiber structure. X-ray diffraction, x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman scattering spectroscopy techniques were used to identify the crystalline form and distinguish between oxidized and metallic palladium particles after heating and hydrogenation.
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Ismayil, KM Muhammad, Arun Varghese, and Rosy Antony. "Silver-doped polyaniline–polyvinyl chloride nanocomposite films for photocatalytic and antibacterial applications." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 52, no. 2 (February 3, 2019): 103–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0095244318819238.
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Silver-doped polyaniline–polyvinyl chloride (PVC) nanocomposite films (Ag.PANI–PVC) were synthesized by non-solvent-induced phase inversion method. The nanomaterials were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, ultraviolet, and field emission scanning electron microscopy analysis. Thermal stability and tensile strength of the Ag-doped and undoped PANI–PVC films were studied. The photocatalytic activity of the nanocomposites on methylene blue dye under visible light was evaluated at different initial concentrations of the dye. Silver-doped nanocomposites exhibited excellent photodegradation efficiency. The kinetics of photocatalysis fit well to the pseudo first-order model. Antibacterial performance of the samples was tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli bacteria by agar disc diffusion method. It was observed that Ag.PANI–PVC and Ag.PANI have antagonistic effects against the growth of gram-positive bacteria ( S. aureus) and gram-negative bacteria ( E. coli) with inhibition zones in the range of 10–35 mm.