Academic literature on the topic 'Polyvinyl chloride wells'
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Journal articles on the topic "Polyvinyl chloride wells"
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Yang, Ruiyue, Zhongwei Huang, Gensheng Li, Kamy Sepehrnoori, Qing Lin, and Chengzheng Cai. "Integrity Testing of a Polyvinyl Chloride Slotted Liner for Horizontal Coalbed-Methane Wells." SPE Drilling & Completion 32, no. 02 (June 1, 2017): 086–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/185958-pa.
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ElKattan, Ikbal, James Anderson, J. K. Yun, E. Colton, and Roslyn Yomtovian. "Correlation of Cytokine Elaboration with Mononuclear Cell Adhesion to Platelet Storage Bag Plastic Polymers: a Pilot Study." Clinical Diagnostic Laboratory Immunology 6, no. 4 (July 1, 1999): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cdli.6.4.509-513.1999.
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ABSTRACT The basis for many febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions associated with platelet transfusion therapy is cytokine elaboration and accumulation in the storage bag, which correlate with the leukocyte content and the length of platelet storage. We propose that a possible additional variable in the elaboration and accumulation of cytokines is the differential adhesion of mononuclear cells to the plastic substrate of the platelet storage bag. We hypothesize that mononuclear cell adhesion-induced cytokine release is greater in random-donor platelet bags composed of the polyolefin polymer compared to the single-donor apheresis platelet bags composed of the polyvinyl chloride polymer with the tri-(2-ethylhexyl) trimellitate (TEHTM) plasticizer. For four blood donors, we demonstrate preferential mononuclear cell adhesion, in vitro, to discs of polyolefin polymer versus discs of polyvinyl chloride polymer with the TEHTM plasticizer. Scanning electron microscopy corroborates this. In addition, proinflammatory cytokine (interleukin 1β [IL-1β] and tumor necrosis factor alpha [TNF-α]) levels are greater in culture wells containing discs of polyolefin polymer than in those containing discs of polyvinyl chloride polymer with the TEHTM plasticizer, and even more so in storage bags containing polyolefin polymer versus polyvinyl chloride polymer with the TEHTM plasticizer (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8). This study suggests, for the first time, that differential plastic substrate mononuclear cell adhesion may contribute to cytokine release during platelet storage. This may represent an additional variable in the pathophysiology of febrile nonhemolytic transfusion reactions in patients receiving stored platelet units.
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Tan, Huijing, Xiuhua Zheng, Long Chen, Kang Liu, Wenxi Zhu, and Bairu Xia. "The Self-Degradation Mechanism of Polyvinyl Chloride-Modified Slag/Fly Ash Binder for Geothermal Wells." Energies 12, no. 14 (July 22, 2019): 2821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en12142821.
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Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) releases hydrochloric acid (HCl) during its thermal degradation, and hydrochloric acid can react with hydration products of alkali-activated binders. According to this characteristic of PVC and the temperature change that occurs during the development of a geothermal well, the PVC was added into slag/fly ash binder to develop self-degradable materials. The thermal degradation properties of PVC, compressive strength, hydration products, and microstructure of binders at different stages were tested, in order to study the degradation mechanism of the material. It was found that 20% PVC reduced the compressive strength, decreasing the level of binder from 13.95% to 76.63%. The mechanism of PVC promoting the material degradation mainly includes the following: (1) the thermal degradation of PVC increases the number of multiple damage pores in the material, at a high temperature; (2) HCl generated by the PVC thermal degradation reacts with the binder gels, and breaks them into particles; and (3) HCl also reacts with other substances in the binder, including CaCO3 and NaOH in the pore solution.
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Greenfield, Edward A. "Hybridoma Screening by Antigen Capture: Capture or Sandwich ELISA in 96-Well Plates." Cold Spring Harbor Protocols 2022, no. 1 (January 2022): pdb.prot103127. http://dx.doi.org/10.1101/pdb.prot103127.
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In an antigen capture assay for hybridoma screening, the detection method identifies the presence of the antigen. Often this is achieved by labeling the antigen directly. In this assay, the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) wells of a high-binding-capacity ELISA plate are first coated with an affinity-purified rabbit anti-mouse immunoglobulin and then incubated with hybridoma tissue culture supernatant. Monoclonal antibodies in the supernatant are “captured” on the coated PVC surface and detected by screening with biotin- or histidine (His)–tagged antigen. The antigen can be labeled to a high specific activity and thus very little antigen is required for this procedure.
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Mireles, Joe Robert, Adam Toguchi, and Rasika M. Harshey. "Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Swarming Mutants with Altered Biofilm-Forming Abilities: Surfactin Inhibits Biofilm Formation." Journal of Bacteriology 183, no. 20 (October 15, 2001): 5848–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jb.183.20.5848-5854.2001.
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ABSTRACT Swarming motility plays an important role in surface colonization by several flagellated bacteria. Swarmer cells are specially adapted to rapidly translocate over agar surfaces by virtue of their more numerous flagella, longer cell length, and encasement of slime. The external slime provides the milieu for motility and likely harbors swarming signals. We recently reported the isolation of swarming-defective transposon mutants of Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, a large majority of which were defective in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) synthesis. Here, we have examined the biofilm-forming abilities of the swarming mutants using a microtiter plate assay. A whole spectrum of efficiencies were observed, with LPS mutants being generally more proficient than wild-type organisms in biofilm formation. Since we have postulated that O-antigen may serve a surfactant function during swarming, we tested the effect of the biosurfactant surfactin on biofilm formation. We report that surfactin inhibits biofilm formation of wild-type S. enterica grown either in polyvinyl chloride microtiter wells or in urethral catheters. Other bio- and chemical surfactants tested had similar effects.
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McDermott, Michael J., Anne L. Robertson, Peter J. Shaw, and Alexander M. Milner. "The hyporheic assemblage of a recently formed stream following deglaciation in Glacier Bay, Alaska, USA." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 67, no. 2 (February 2010): 304–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f09-179.
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Many studies focus on the recovery of stream communities following disturbances such as high flows (secondary succession); relatively few examine community composition in streams undergoing primary succession and even fewer detail the hyporheic community in such streams. We examined the composition and temporal distribution of invertebrates in the shallow hyporheic sediments of Stonefly Creek, a recently deglaciated stream in Glacier Bay, Alaska, USA, whose lower reaches became ice free in the late 1970s. We used modified polyvinyl chloride wells at four contrasting sites over two years in this stream and collected data on stream temperature, discharge, and suspended solids. A diverse assemblage of 19 taxa was found, including cyclopoid and harpacticoid Copepoda, Ostracoda, Cladocera, tardigrades, and macroinvertebrates, but the nature and extent of the goods and services provided by the hyporheos of this young stream to the whole river ecosystem are unclear. The hyporheic assemblage differed strongly between sites and years and was significantly more abundant and diverse where there was minimal disturbance by redd-digging salmon. This study gives an insight into the development of the hyporheos in a primary successional context and our findings are also relevant to new streams created during river engineering.
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Deng, Shifan, Siyu Ma, Xiaowen Zhang, and Shiqiang Zhang. "Integrated Detection of a Complex Underground Water Supply Pipeline System in an Old Urban Community in China." Sustainability 12, no. 4 (February 23, 2020): 1670. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12041670.
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An underground water supply pipeline system is an integral part of urban infrastructure. The safety, stability, reliability, and efficiency of this water system are critical for the daily work and livelihood of the people dependent on it. However, with the development of cities in China, the water supply systems in urban communities require constant re-building and improvement, which complicates the system. Considering the defects of obsolete design, lack of information, and irregularity of the constructions over the years, the maintenance of underground pipelines in older communities is onerous and arduous. In this work, the older pipeline system at the Taibai campus of Northwest University, Shaanxi Province, was taken as one typical old urban community and investigated by different measures. Detection was performed from the available concentrated water supply wells to surrounding areas combining electromagnetic induction, geophysical method by ground-penetrating radar (GPR), and acoustic detection methods. Applying the integrated detection method and considering known pipeline network designs, the properties and complex relationships of different pipeline materials (cast iron, polyethylene (PE), and polyvinyl chloride (PVC)) were determined. In addition, a spatial distribution map of the pipes from wells and the main input water supply pipelines was achieved. The results suggest that the integrated detection scheme combining these three methods provides an effective approach to analyze complex water supply pipelines in older communities, in which each single detection method has more uncertainties. The study provides valuable references for similar communities in many developing countries.
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Godovalov, A. P., M. S. Stepanov, M. V. Yakovlev, E. E. Kobzarenko, and K. A. Batog. "DETERMINATION OF BIOFILM FORMING ACTIVITY OF MICROORGANISMS ON SYNTHETIC POLYMERIC MATERIALS." Russian Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics 64, no. 12 (December 15, 2019): 758–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0869-2084-2019-64-12-758-761.
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Microorganisms are able to form biofilms on surfaces of biotic and abiotic nature. In turn, in human biotopes there are optimal conditions for the implementation of biofilm-forming activity. Moreover, in medical practice, polymeric materials are often used for drainage or prosthetics, which can also be successfully colonized by bacteria. However, in laboratory practice, the formation of biofilms is usually evaluated on glass or polystyrene. The purpose of the study is to evaluate the methodological features of studying the biofilm-forming activity of microorganisms on the surface of synthetic polymeric materials. We used strains of Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923, Escherichia coli K-12, Candida albicans ATCC 10231, as well as synthetic polymeric materials - DentLight Flow light-curing composite material (nano-hybrid fluid composite; Russia), glass ionomer chemical curing Fuji 1 (Japan), cement for temporary fixation of orthopedic constructions TempBond NE (USA), acrylic, polyurethane and polyvinyl chloride. The formation of biofilms in flat-bottomed ELISA plates in this study was considered as a control group. If the polymer belonged to cold curing materials, sterile flat-bottomed tablets were used, the bottom of which was filled with a thin layer of plastic. After hardening of the plastic, biofilms were formed in the tablets. In the second series of experiments, hot cured materials cut into equal parts 5×5×1 mm in size were placed in the wells of a plate and again used to determine biofilm formation with subsequent coloring. To extract the dye, the pieces were transferred to a new plate to exclude the amount of film biomass formed on the walls of the plate wells. In both cases, cultivation was carried out at 37° C for 24-48 hours. The biomass of the film was stained with fuchsin. Statistical data processing was performed using t-Student criterion. For the threshold level of significance, the value p <0.05 was taken. It is established that the proposed options for determining biofilm forming ability are available and indicative. It was revealed that the same microorganisms have individual biofilm formation indicators for each polymer material. The light curing dental composite and polyvinyl chloride exhibit the more pronounced antiadhesive properties than cements and polyurethane. Up to date, most of the studies of biofilm formation have been carried out using glass or polystyrene, which, as a rule, are not used for the manufacture of prostheses, catheters, drains, etc., which makes it difficult to assess the true film-forming activity of microorganisms. The proposed methodological approaches, especially the second option for preparing testing samples, solve this problem. In general, the proposed approaches to testing biofilm-forming activity on polymers are very simple to implement and generally available. For an adequate study of the biofilms formation, it will be advisable to use polymer materials, directly used in medicine, rather than polystyrene tablets, the material of which is found exclusively in laboratory practice.
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Djordjevic, D., M. Wiedmann, and L. A. McLandsborough. "Microtiter Plate Assay for Assessment of Listeria monocytogenes Biofilm Formation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 6 (June 2002): 2950–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.6.2950-2958.2002.
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ABSTRACT Listeria monocytogenes has the ability to form biofilms on food-processing surfaces, potentially leading to food product contamination. The objective of this research was to standardize a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) microtiter plate assay to compare the ability of L. monocytogenes strains to form biofilms. A total of 31 coded L. monocytogenes strains were grown in defined medium (modified Welshimer's broth) at 32°C for 20 and 40 h in PVC microtiter plate wells. Biofilm formation was indirectly assessed by staining with 1% crystal violet and measuring crystal violet absorbance, using destaining solution. Cellular growth rates and final cell densities did not correlate with biofilm formation, indicating that differences in biofilm formation under the same environmental conditions were not due to growth rate differences. The mean biofilm production of lineage I strains was significantly greater than that observed for lineage II and lineage III strains. The results from the standardized microtiter plate biofilm assay were also compared to biofilm formation on PVC and stainless steel as assayed by quantitative epifluorescence microscopy. Results showed similar trends for the microscopic and microtiter plate assays, indicating that the PVC microtiter plate assay can be used as a rapid, simple method to screen for differences in biofilm production between strains or growth conditions prior to performing labor-intensive microscopic analyses.
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Lukman Hakim, Farouk Sumarli, Rafit Mahendra, and Siun. "Green Method: The Performance of Biochar in Water Filtration." Aptek 14, no. 2 (July 22, 2022): 103–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30606/aptek.v14i2.1297.
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Abstract: The results of measuring the power of Hydrogen (pH) of 5.5 mg/l and Total Dissolved Solid (TDS) of 3.20 mg/l level of water wells in a village, including in a school of Madrasah Tsanawiyah Negeri 5 in Tanjung Medan Rokan Hulu is considered not within permissible limit of World Health Organization (WHO) standards. For that reason, experimental research was conducted by firstly designing and making a water filtration device from Polyvinyl Chloride pipe of 4 inch in diameter, 100cm long, and 1 inch channel in and out. With the green method treatment, the biochar used are Coconut Shell Charcoal (CSC) and Bagasse Charcoal (BC), with additives material such as River Sand (RS), Fiber Palm (FP), and Crushed Gravel (CG). The results of the analysis prove that the best performance of Biochar in Water Filtration (BWF) to increase the content the pH of water to 89.09% is done by Coconut Shell Charcoal (CSC) biochar. While the best for reducing the water TDS level is performed by Bagasse Charcoal (BC) at 64.06%. The performance for pH increases and at the same time decreases the TDS level of water is done by Bagasse Charcoal (BC) biochar with a pH of 7.8 mg/l, and a TDS of 1.15 mg/l. Meanwhile, the filtration combination matrix that produces water according to the WHO standard permissible criteria is (A6+B6+C6+D1+E6), (A6+B6+C2+D2+E6), (A6+B6+C3+D3+E6), (A6+B6+C4+D4+E6), and (A6+B6+C5+D5+E6), as well (A6+B6+C1+D6+E6). So, it can be concluded that Biochar in Water Filtration (BWF) needs to be developed.
Books on the topic "Polyvinyl chloride wells"
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Swihart, Jay. Mechanical properties of PVC well screen and casing. Denver, Colo: Applied Sciences Branch, Research and Laboratory Services Division, Denver Office, U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Reclamation, 1989.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Polyvinyl chloride wells"
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Karam Sefi, Shixaliyev. "Obtaining a Composition Based on Polyvinyl Chloride and Butadiene-Nitrile Rubbers." In Advanced Rheology and Its Applications [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.106411.
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In this work, compositions based on polyvinyl chloride (PVC), nitrile rubber (SKN-26), and dolomite (a nanoparticle with a size of 56 nm) were studied, and the optimal working receptor based on them was determined. In the future, the physical and mechanical properties of the resulting composition were investigated. The compositions were obtained in various combinations of initial components at a temperature of 150–175°C for 8–10 minutes. The purpose of the study was to investigate the process of modifying PVC with SKN-26 using nanoparticles. The resulting optimal composition was recommended for packaging plastic windows, as well as for the production of linoleum.
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"Marine Artificial Reef Research and Development: Integrating Fisheries Management Objectives." In Marine Artificial Reef Research and Development: Integrating Fisheries Management Objectives, edited by Ahmad Ali, Nur Iskandar Tajudin, and Rafezi Hazizi. American Fisheries Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.47886/9781934874516.ch18.
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<em>Abstract</em>.—Research and development (R&D) on the design and construction of artificial reefs in Malaysia was initiated by researchers from the Fisheries Research Institute, Department of Fisheries Malaysia (DoFM) based in Penang in 1975. Initially, R&D only focused on simple designs and construction using discarded tires, wooden fishing boats, polyvinyl chloride (PVC) pipe, reinforced concrete, and ceramic sewerage pipe. These reefs were used in fisheries management to maximize resource enhancement, resource conservation, and habitat rehabilitation and mitigation, as well as being an aid to alleviate the problem of depleting fish resources in coastal waters. However, in 2006, the DoFM made a major policy change in the design and construction materials of artificial reefs in the country. The focus was to construct large, heavy, and robust artificial reefs using durable materials such as reinforced concrete and steel to deter the encroachment of destructive fishing gears, especially trawlers, along the coastal and in marine protected areas. These new artificial reefs addressed several issues, such as fish behavior, target species, physical oceanography, and marine engineering, in their design. The reinforced concrete artificial reefs were built according to the British Standard 8110 under the supervision of officers from the Engineering Division and Research Division of the DoFM. Presently, the DoFM has designed 21 types of artificial reefs that have been deployed at 130 selected locations in Malaysia. This paper reviews the progress of R&D on the design and construction of artificial reefs using tires, wooden fishing boats, reinforced concrete, PVC pipe, ceramic materials, and steel in Malaysia between 1975 and 2017.
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Tammemagi, Hans. "Containment, Encapsulation, and Treatment." In The Waste Crisis. Oxford University Press, 2000. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195128987.003.0013.
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Just as a chain is only as strong as its weakest link, a landfill will only function as well as its weakest component. The most important “links” of a landfill are the cover and bottom liner that provide watertightness. Because of their critical significance, this chapter is devoted to studying the materials from which these barriers are constructed and how they are emplaced. We also look at ways in which the wastes themselves can be converted to forms that are more suitable for long-term disposal. Polymeric membranes, more commonly known as geomembranes or flexible membrane liners, are widely used in both the cover and the bottom liner systems. These synthetic materials have gained acceptance as barriers at landfills because they exhibit very low permeabilities, they are resistant to many chemicals, and they can often be installed for less cost than comparable clay liners. The polymeric membranes used in landfills consist of synthetic plastic or rubber sheets that are joined together in the field using solvents, adhesives, or welding processes to form continuous liners. There are several polymers and compounds that are used, and these have a wide range of material properties. The most common materials are high-density polyethylene (HDPE), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), chlorinated polyethyle , and butyl rubber. Of these, HDPE is most commonly used for landfills, in part because of its documented resistance to a wide range of chemicals. Its thickness ranges from about 0.75 to 3 millimeters (30 to 120 mils). Many polymers can be made in either vulcanized form (treated with sulphur and heat to give strength by building crosslinks between the rubber polymer molecules) or unvulcanized (thermoplastic) form. Vulcanized liners tend to be stronger and more chemically resistant, but thermoplastic versions of compounds like chlorinated polyethylene are more commonly used because they are easier to seam and repair in the field. A number of additives can be introduced to improve characteristics such as stiffness or flexibility, resistance to fungicides and biocides, and resistance to ultraviolet light and ozone.
Conference papers on the topic "Polyvinyl chloride wells"
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Wham, Brad P., Christina Argyrou, Thomas D. O’Rourke, Harry E. Stewart, and Timothy K. Bond. "PVCO Pipeline Performance Under Large Ground Deformation." In ASME 2015 International Pipeline Geotechnical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ipg2015-8508.
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Technological advances have improved pipeline capacity to accommodate large ground deformation associated with earthquakes, floods, landslides, tunneling, deep excavations, mining, and subsidence. The fabrication of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) piping, for example, can be modified by expanding PVC pipe stock to approximately twice its original diameter, thus causing PVC molecular chains to realign in the circumferential direction. This process yields biaxially oriented polyvinyl chloride (PVCO) pipe with increased circumferential strength, reduced pipe wall thickness, and enhanced cross-sectional flexibility. This paper reports on experiments performed at the Cornell University Large-Scale Lifelines Testing Facility characterizing PVCO pipeline performance in response to large ground deformation. The evaluation was performed on 150-mm (6-in.)-diameter PVCO pipelines with bell-and-spigot joints. The testing procedure included determination of fundamental PVCO material properties, axial joint tension and compression tests, four-point bending tests, and a full-scale fault rupture simulation. The test results show the performance of segmental PVCO pipelines under large ground deformation is strongly influenced by the axial pullout and compressive load capacity of the joints, as well as their ability to accommodate deflection and joint rotation. The PVCO pipeline performance is quantified in terms of its capacity to accommodate horizontal ground strain, and compared with a statistical characterization of lateral ground strains caused by soil liquefaction during the Canterbury earthquake sequence in New Zealand.
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Al Qubali, Abdulaziz Kamal. "Global Demand of Nonmetallic Applications in Construction." In SPE EuropEC - Europe Energy Conference featured at the 83rd EAGE Annual Conference & Exhibition. SPE, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/209693-ms.
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Abstract The global market in construction is forecasts a demand growth for nonmetallic applications to replace conventional metallic materials. of the current produced plastic, around 367 million tons, 20.4% of this demand is utilized in building and construction. According to research on European demand, these numbers will continue to grow over the next decade, especially for polyethylene, polypropylene and polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Different applications have already proven their efficiency in terms of OPEX and sometimes CAPEX as well. This dramatic growth in the plastic market will lead to supplying these materials to different markets, which will result in more nonmetallic applications for the construction sector.
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Бондарь, К. Е., С. П. Иванов, С. В. Лапонов, Д. Ф. Сулейманов, and Н. С. Шулаев. "INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE FIELDS ON INSULATION POLYMERIC COATING ADHESION." In «АКТУАЛЬНЫЕ ВОПРОСЫ СОВРЕМЕННОЙ НАУКИ: ТЕОРИЯ, ТЕХНОЛОГИЯ, МЕТОДОЛОГИЯ И ПРАКТИКА». Международная научно-практическая онлайн-конференция, приуроченная к 60-ти летию член-корреспондента Академии наук ЧР, доктора технических наук, профессора Сайд-Альви Юсуповича Муртазаева. Crossref, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.34708/gstou.conf..2021.37.75.025.
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В статье приведены результаты исследования воздействия электромагнитного излучения сверхвысокочастотного диапазона на изоляционные полимерные материалы трубопроводов изготовленных на основе поливинилхлорида и прогнозирование влияния излучения на адгезионные свойства. Показано улучшение эксплуатационных характеристик материалов, приводящее к увеличению срока службы и надежности трубопроводных систем. Разработан метод расчета изменения и распределения температур по поверхности изолируемого материала, вызванных микроволновым излучением, необходимый для определены оптимальных режимов обработки полимера. The article provides the results of the research into the high-frequency electromagnetic radiation influence on polyvinyl chloride based polymeric piping coatings as well as forecasting how radiation can affect adhesion. It also exhibits the improvement of materials efficiency leading to longer service and higher reliability of piping systems. A calculation method for temperature changes and distribution across the coated material under the influence of microwave radiation has been developed which is required to establish the most appropriate polymer treatment techniques.
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Asmatulu, R., S. Davluri, and W. Khan. "Fabrications of CNT Based Nanocomposite Fibers From the Recycled Plastics." In ASME 2009 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2009-12338.
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Electrospinning is a viable technique that spins fibers at different diameters starting from 3 nm to several micron meters. This technique allows the fabrication of random and aligned fibers of diverse structures, such as ribbon or cylindrical shapes. In this work, the spinning solution is prepared by dissolving recycled polystyrene and the mixture of polystyrene and polyvinyl chloride along with carbon nanotubes in dimethyl acetamide (DMAc). The dispersions were then electrospun at various DC voltage, pump speed, concentration and distance. The general morphology of the fibers has been studied by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The test results confirmed that fiber diameter and surface roughness were increased by increasing the CNTs, which may be because of the viscosity increase of the spinning solution. Addition of carbon nanotubes in the polymer solution also improves the thermal and electrical conductivity, as well as toughness, stiffness and other properties.
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Ciechanowski, Ata. "NSF/ANSI 14: Third Party Certification for High Density Polyethylene (HDPE) Pipe." In ASME 2012 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2012-78080.
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NSF/ANSI Standard 14 (NSF 14) was developed in 1965 to establish a standard for the testing and certification of plastic materials for both toxicological health effects as well as performance. At the time of introduction, NSF 14 covered pipe and fittings for only potable water applications and a small number of plastic materials, i.e. polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylonitrile-butadiene-Styrene (ABS) and polyethylene (PE). Over the 46 years since its development and introduction, NSF 14 has evolved into a plastic standard that is no longer restricted to potable water. It now covers a wide variety of applications such as DWV (drain, waste and vent), sewer, natural gas, industrial applications and reclaimed water. In addition, it covers a wide variety of materials such as polypropylene (PP), HDPE, Polyamide (PA), cross-linked polyethylene (PEX) and polysulfone (PPSU). This paper will specifically cover third party certification for HDPE pipe. It will address material, performance and quality control requirements.
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Ceylan, M., K. Nilsen, H. Misak, and R. Asmatulu. "Development of Low Pressure Filter Testing Vessel and Analysis of Electrospun Nanofiber Membranes for Water Treatment." In ASME 2011 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2011-62765.
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A low-pressure filtration unit incorporated with polymeric electrospun polyvinyl chloride (PVC) fiber membranes was designed and fabricated for the treatment of waste water in order to improve its quality. This custom-made pressure filter was designed according to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code (BPVC). A scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to characterize the electrospun membranes. In order to increase the hydrophilicity and filtration rates of PVC membranes, a lower dosage of poly (ethylene oxide) was added to the PVC solution prior to the electrospinning process. The filter was found to be well suited for the reduction of larger suspended solids, turbidity, and odor. It was demonstrated that this type of filtration membrane could be manufactured at a lower cost and not require electricity or any other external power source to achieve high flow rates. This technology could even be used to enhance the quality of tap water in many places, such as Africa. Another application could be a pre-filtration of reverse osmosis (RO) or other ultrafine filtration systems, to increase the life of the primary filter while decreasing fouling and maintenance.
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Gupta, A. K., E. Ilanchezhian, and E. L. Keating. "Influence of PVC on the Product Composition of Solid Waste During Thermal Destruction." In ASME 1994 International Computers in Engineering Conference and Exhibition and the ASME 1994 8th Annual Database Symposium collocated with the ASME 1994 Design Technical Conferences. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/cie1994-0457.
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Abstract Equilibrium thermochemical calculations of a mixture of non-plastic and plastic surrogate solid waste are presented here under conditions of pyrolysis and combustion. The non-plastic waste is assumed to be cellulose while the plastic waste constituents contained the following different kinds of materials: polyethylene, polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene, polypropylene, polyethylene tetraphthalic, nylon, latex in the form of rubber, polyurethane, acetate and cellophane. The cellulose represents organic portion of the waste such as paper and cardboard. The mole fractions of different stable and unstable compounds formed during pyrolysis are significantly affected by the chemical properties of the waste. In general the amount of CO and H2O was found to remain very high at temperatures up to 2000K. while the CO2, H2O and CH4 decreased with the increase in temperature. The general trend with combustion at different mole fractions of oxygen was to achieve an increase of CO2, H2O, NO and NO2 while the concentrations of CH4, H2, CO and HCl showed a systematic decrease. The concentration and amount to different compounds formed were significantly affected with the amount of air and the chemical nature of the waste. The adiabatic flame temperature is significantly affected by the chemical composition of the plastic under conditions of combustion in air. Plastics yield significantly higher temperatures than the mixture of plastic and non-plastic waste. Experimental results showed good trend with the calculated results. Pyrolysis of waste at higher temperatures followed by combustion of resulting gases yield higher flame temperature and provides excess enthalpy of flames. The results show significant effect of controlled combustion on the amount and nature of chemical species formed as well as the subsequent flame temperature. This information can assist in developing strategies in the design and operation of facilities being used for the permanent disposal of wastes containing varying amounts of plastics.
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Fullerton, Anne M., Thomas C. Fu, and Edward S. Ammeen. "Distribution of Wave Impact Forces From Breaking and Non-Breaking Waves." In ASME 2009 28th International Conference on Ocean, Offshore and Arctic Engineering. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/omae2009-79978.
Full textAbstract:
Impact loads from waves on vessels and coastal structures are highly complex and may involve wave breaking, making these changes difficult to estimate numerically or empirically. Results from previous experiments have shown a wide range of forces and pressures measured from breaking and non-breaking waves, with no clear trend between wave characteristics and the localized forces and pressures that they generate. In 2008, a canonical breaking wave impact data set was obtained at the Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division, by measuring the distribution of impact pressures of incident non-breaking and breaking waves on one face of a cube. The effects of wave height, wavelength, face orientation, face angle, and submergence depth were investigated. A limited number of runs were made at low forward speeds, ranging from about 0.5 to 2 knots (0.26 to 1.03 m/s). The measurement cube was outfitted with a removable instrumented plate measuring 1 ft2 (0.09 m2), and the wave heights tested ranged from 8–14 inches (20.3 to 35.6 cm). The instrumented plate had 9 slam panels of varying sizes made from polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and 11 pressure gages; this data was collected at 5 kHz to capture the dynamic response of the gages and panels and fully resolve the shapes of the impacts. A Kistler gage was used to measure the total force averaged over the cube face. A bottom mounted acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) was used to obtain measurements of velocity through the water column to provide incoming velocity boundary conditions. A Light Detecting and Ranging (LiDAR) system was also used above the basin to obtain a surface mapping of the free surface over a distance of approximately 15 feet (4.6 m). Additional point measurements of the free surface were made using acoustic distance sensors. Standard and high-speed video cameras were used to capture a qualitative assessment of the impacts. Impact loads on the plate tend to increase with wave height, as well as with plate inclination toward incoming waves. Further trends of the pressures and forces with wave characteristics, cube orientation, draft and face angle are investigated and presented in this paper, and are also compared with previous test results.