Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polyvinyl chloride Thermal properties'

My work focuses on taking waste wire-grade PVC = poly(vinyl chloride) and waste XLPE = cross-linked polyethylene and recycle them into small wire/cable spool technology in order to reduce waste cost and reduce cost of spool production. The PVC and XLPE were provided by Encore Wire Corp. of McKinney, TX; they have also defined the standard to which I am comparing my results. The end goal is to incorporate as much PVC and XLPE into the spools while maintaining material toughness, impact resistance, as well as cost-effectiveness in the implementation of the waste materials. The work has been divided into two primary sections, the first is focused on improving material strength through the addition of ceramic fillers. The second section is focused on adding PVC and XLPE into a stronger and highly cohesive polymer matrix and optimizing the concentration of the waste products. Since XLPE is non-polar while PVC is strongly polar, compatibilizers such as CPE (chlorinated polyethylene) and MA-DCP (maleic anhydride with dicumyl peroxide) were used to improve interactions between polar and non-polar constituents. Testing involved the tensile mechanical properties, tribology and thermal properties, namely dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and evaluation of thermal degradation by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Combining PVC and XLPE together is not economically feasible with current compatiblizers. At the same time, introduction of PVC waste or XLPE waste with sufficient properties of the resulting composites is doable.

Mogućnost primene polivinilhloridnih (PVC) podnih obloga je određena krajnjim svojstvima koja zavise od sastava obloge i načina proizvodnje. Zbog složenog sastava i različitih načina pripreme PVC podnih obloga, veoma je teško tačno proceniti uticaj pojedinačnog procesnog parametara na svojstva dobijenog proizvoda. U ovom radu, da bi se ispitao uticaj sastava polivinilhloridnih smeša na svojstva PVC podnih obloga pripremljeno je 27 receptura u kojima su varirane: koncentracije kalcijumkarbonata (40, 70 i 100 phr), koncentracije sredstva za ekspanziju, azodikarbonamida ADC (0,8, 1,0 i 1,2 mas. % u odnosu na ukupnu masu) kao i odnos „kikeraˮ i sredstva za ekspanziju, ZnO/ADC (0,33; 0,50 i 0,67). Da bi se proučio uticaj procesnih parametara na svojstva PVC podnih obloga menjani su tehnološki uslovi proizvodnje: temperatura (180, 184, 188, 192 i 196 °C) i vreme (90, 120 i 150 sekundi) ekspanzije poleđinskog sloja PVC podne obloge. Na taj način je od svake PVC paste dobijeno 15 uzoraka. Za svaki uzorak određena su sledeća svojstva: stepen ekspanzije, zatezna sila pri kidanju, prekidna sila kidanja, zatezno i prekidno izduženje, početni otpor cepanju, otpor cepanju, ukupna deformacija, zaostala deformacija, povratna elastičnost, gustina pene i indeks žućenja. S obzirom na ovako veliki broj podataka urađena je statistička obrada dobijenih eksperimentalnih podataka metodom višestruke linearne regresione analize, kako bi procenili uticaji pojedinačnih procesnih parametara na ispitivana svojstva. Napisan je originalni programski kod primenom Garson-ovog i Yoon-ovog modela u programu Matlab koji omogućava formiranje neuronske mreže i njenu upotrebu u cilju fitovanja eksperimentalnih podataka. Rezultati dobijeni primenom modela po Garson-u nisu pogodni za određivanje uticaja sastava PVC smeše i uslova prerade na konačna svojstva proizvoda, jer ne pokazuju pravac uticaja. Dok je veštačka neuronska mreža koja se zasniva na Yoon-ovom modelu uspešno primenjena u razvoju novih i poboljšanju postojećih svojstava heterogenih PVC proizvoda. Ispitan je i uticaj veličine čestice ZnO koji je upotrebljen kao „kikerˮ (sredstvo koje utiče na smanjenje temperature raspada ADC) na svojstva penastih podnih obloga. Napravljene su dve PVC paste, jedna sa komercijalnim ZnO, a druga sa nano ZnO, pri čemu je sastav ostalih komponenti bio identičan. Na osnovu dobijenih eksperimentalnih podatka može se zaključiti da kod uzoraka u kojima je upotrebljen nano ZnO dolazi do intenzivnijeg „curenjaˮ gasa nastalog raspadom ADC i međusobnog povezivanja pora. Kao posledica ovakve strukture pora uzorci sa nano ZnO imaju lošija mehanička svojstva. Na osnovu dobijenih karakterističnih temperatura na TG krivama nije uočen uticaj veličine čestica ZnO na termičku stabilnost ispitivanih uzoraka.
The application of PVC floor coverings is strongly connected with their end-use properties which depend on the composition and processing conditions. It is very difficult to estimate the proper influence of production parameters on the characteristics of PVC floor coverings due to their complex composition and various preparation procedures. In this paper, in order to investigate the effect of the PVC mixture composition on the properties of PVC floor coverings, 27 formulations are prepared varying concentration of calcium carbonate (40, 70 and 100 phr), concentration of blowing agent, azodicarbonamide ADC (0.8, 1.0 and 1.2 wt. % relative to the total weight) and the ratio of "kicker" and blowing agent, ZnO/ADC (0.33; 0.50 and 0.67). To study the influence of process parameters on the properties of PVC floor coverings technological production conditions are varied: expansion temperature (180, 184, 188, 192 and 196 °C) and expansion time (90, 120 and 150 seconds) of the PVC floor covering back layer. In this way, 15 samples are made of each PVC paste. The following properties are determined for each sample: expansion ratio, tensile strength, braking strength, tensile extension, breaking extension, initial resistance to tearing, tearing resistance, identation, residual identation, elasticity, density foam and yellowing index. Having such a large amount of data, statistical analysis of experimental data are made with multiple linear regression analysis in order to assess the effects of process parameters on investigated properties. The original program code is written using the Garson's and Yoon's models in the Matlab programme that allows the formation of neural networks and its use for the purpose of fitting the experimental data. Results obtained by using the Garson model are not suitable for determining the influence of composition of the PVC mixture and processing conditions on the properties of the final product because it does not show the direction of impact. While the artificial neural network based on Yoon's model is successfully applied to the development of new as well as to the improvement of the existing properties of the heterogeneous PVC products. The influence of ZnO particle size, used as a“kicker“ (this material reduces the decomposition temperature of ADC) is examined on the properties of the foam flooring. Two PVC pastes are made, one with commercial ZnO and the other with nano ZnO, with the other components of the compositions identical. Based on the obtained experimental data, it can be concluded that there is more intensive gas „leak“ resulting from disintegration of the ADC and also more intensive interconnection of pores in the samples where nano ZnO is used. As a result of this structure of pores, samples with nano ZnO have inferior mechanical properties. Based on the characteristic temperature obtained on TG curves, the influence of ZnO particle size on the thermal stability of the investigated samples is not observed.

The thermal decomposition of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) systems has been investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (PyGC/MS) techniques. The influence on the thermal decomposition of CPVC of atmosphere, heating rate, stabiliser, lubricant, dioctyl phthalate (DOP), alkyl diaryl phosphate (Santiciser 2148) and triaryl phosphate (Refos 50) plasticisers and also the smoke-suppressing u-on(III) compound basic iron oxide (FeOOH) in these polymer systems has been studied.

The thermal stability of two distinct blended polymer systems was examined. A model for polyethylene was used to investigate the vulnerability of polyethylene to premature crosslinking in industrial crosslinking conditions. Careful experiments were conducted to gather evidence of the interaction between a peroxide crosslinking agent and a specific antioxidant additive. Multiple lines of evidence were combined to propose a complete mechanism of interaction between the two species. The mechanism was further tested and a hypothesis was proposed for the reduction in premature crosslinking exhibited when the two species are present in polyethylene blends. A specific aspect of the proposed mechanism warranted further investigation on its own. The acid-catalyzed degradation of the peroxide initiator was thoroughly investigated. The thermal degradation of polyvinyl chloride was also studied. Model compounds were reacted with carboxylates to determine the relative rates of stabilization at various polymer defect sites. These model studies were combined with weight loss and color change investigations of bulk polymer systems. The knowledge gained from the model and polymer studies allowed for the proposal and examination of two novel stabilizing salt systems. The efficacy of the new stabilizers is presented.

The thermal decompositions of a series of amide complexes of nickel(II) chloride have been studied. Thermochemical, kinetic, structure and solid-state stability correlations have been investigated. Complexes containing homologous amide ligands (L) of the form NiLCℓ₂, Ni₃L₂Cℓ₆, Ni₃LCℓ₆, NiL₂Cℓ₂(2H₂0) and ML₂Cℓ₂ (where M = Ni(II), Co(II) or Cu(II)) have been prepared. Chemical analysis, spectral and thermogravimetric measurements were used to characterize the complexes and their decomposition stoichiometries. Three sets of reactions were identified as yielding stable products in a single step: (i) NiLCℓ₂ (s) → NiCℓ₂ (s) + L (g) (ii) Ni₃LCℓ₆ (s) → 3NiCℓ₂ (s) + 2L (g) (iii) Ni₃LCℓ₆ (s) → 3NiCℓ₂ (s) + L (g) Characterization of the processes in the ML₂Cℓ₂ and NiL₂Cℓ₂(2H₂0) complexes was not straightforward. Reaction enthalpies (ΔH) were determined using DSC. The orders of the reaction onset temperatures (Tc), peak temperatures (Tmax) and ΔHL values for the NiCℓ₂ system were: N-methylacetamide < acetamide < N-methylformamide, suggesting the importance of steric hindrance of the methyl-substituent groups in the amide skeleton. In the Ni₃LCℓ₆, NiL₂Cℓ₂(2H₂0) and ML₂Cℓ₂ systems no simple orders could be deduced. The Te and Tmax sequences obtained from analogous metal(II) chloride complexes indicated that the copper(II) complexes were the least stable. The kinetics of the loss of L from NiLCℓ₂ complexes were investigated using isothermal TG, non-isothermal TG and DSC measurements. The contracting geometry models described the course of the decompositions in the most satisfactory manner. Apparent activation energies ( Ea) were estimated from Arrhenius plots of rate coefficients from: (i) an approximate zero-order relationship, (ii) the contracting-area (R2) and contracting-volume (R3) equations, (iii) a new empirical (B2) expression, (iv) the half-life ( 1/t₀.₅) and (v) the characteristic feature of the rate-time curve ( 1/tmax/2 ). The non-dependence of Ea on the rate equation used supports the reliability of the kinetic parameters. Non-isothermal experiments were analyzed by the Coats-Redfern, the modified BorchardtDaniels and the Kissinger methods. Arrhenius parameters were in keeping with results from the isothermal kinetic measurements. The values of Ea obtained for the NiLCℓ₂ system increased with an increase in basicity of the amide ligands. No straightforward correlation was found between Ea and Te, Tmax, ΔHL or spectral properties.

The activation parameters for the temperature dependent irreversible loss of surface-enhanced Raman scattered (SERS) intensity from pyridine and chloride adsorbed at silver surfaces in an electrochemical environment have been determined. Laser-induced heating is introduced as a probe of the chemical nature of SERS-active sites. Surface temperatures are calculated from spectroscopic data. The activation energies associated with the destruction of SERS-active sites at a surface roughened by an illuminated oxidation-reduction cycle (ORC) are 12.8 ± 3.2 kcal/mole and 27.7 ± 3.1 kcal/mole for pyridine at two different types of sites on the Ag surface. Similarly, values for coadsorbed chloride are found to be 11.1 ± 2.4 kcal/mole and 24.5 ± 3.8 kcal/mole. An activation energy of 27.4 ± 1.9 kcal/mole is obtained for pyridine on a silver surface roughened by a nonilluminated ORC. Evidence for the desorption of pyridine and chloride is presented.

Poly(vinyl chloride)(PVC) wire and cable insulation has poor thermal stability, causing the plasticizer to separate from the PVC chain and produce an oily residue, lowering the tensile elongation at break and thus increasing brittleness. We have added 4 wt.% of three different types of cross-linking agents and antioxidants, as well as mixtures of both, to improve the thermal stability of the plasticizer and tensile properties of PVC after thermal exposure. We performed tensile tests, tribological tests, profilometry, scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and water absorption determination before and after thermal exposure at 136 ℃ for 1 week. After adding the agents, elongation at break increased by 10 to 20 % while the wear rate and water absorption were lower than for the control sample. Less voids are seen in the SEM images after adding these two kinds of agents. The thermal resistance of the PVC cable insulation is best enhanced by combinations of cross-linking agents and antioxidants.

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A pesquisa que deu origem a esta dissertação foi realizada a partir de dados de propriedades mecânicas obtidos de testes e ensaios de inspeção, performance e controle de qualidade, executados em tubos fabricados em material polimérico, com e sem orientação molecular. Foram eles: Resistência ao Impacto, Resistência à Pressão Hidrostática Interna, Grau de Gelificação e Resistência ao Cloreto de Metileno, Resistência à Compressão Diametral, Estabilidade Dimensional, Classe de Rigidez e Resistência ao Achatamento, Resistência o Prolongamento da Fissura e Grau de Orientação Molecular. Para obtenção dos dados, os materiais foram testados em condições reais e extremas de operação, em sistemas, equipamentos, instrumentos, “softwares” e acessórios especificados, montados e calibrados em laboratório e instalações fabris, conforme normativos técnicos. Para registros dos dados foram utilizados sistemas informatizados acessórios aos equipamentos, assim como planilhas eletrônicas e “softwares” de controle estatístico e descritivo e para parametrização de ensaios mecânicos. Os dados e resultados foram analisados segundo parâmetros e critérios de estabilidade dimensional, tenacidade e rigidez, resistência à pressão hidrostática interna, ao impacto, ao cloreto de metileno, à compressão diametral e ao prolongamento de fissura, associados ao seu grau de orientação molecular, baseados em bibliografias e normas técnicas referentes às análises, ensaios e materiais empregados. Estes critérios abrangem o dimensionamento, cálculo e comparação de parâmetros, quando do material aplicado ao projeto de tubos. Foram avaliados os efeitos resultantes da orientação molecular nas propriedades mecânicas finais dos produtos acabados. Foi observado que o processo de orientação molecular proporcionou ao material maior tenacidade, maior resistência à transmissão da fissura, bem como maiores resistências a fadiga, impacto, tração, compressão e deformação, maior módulo de elasticidade, e consequente diminuição de coeficientes de segurança aplicados ao projeto.
The research that led to this work was made from data obtained mechanical properties testing and inspection testing, performance and quality control, performed in tubes made of polymer material, with or without molecular orientation. They were: Impact Resistance, Resistance Pressure Internal Hydro, Grade Gelling and resistance Methylene Chloride, Resistance Diametral compression, dimensional stability, Class of stiffness and resistance to flattening, resistance to extension of the fissure and Molecular Orientation degree. To obtain the data, the materials have been tested in real and extreme operating conditions, systems, equipment, instruments, “software” and accessories specified, assembled and calibrated in laboratory and manufacturing facilities, as technical regulations. For data records were used computer accessories systems for equipment, as well as spreadsheets and statistical and descriptive control “software” for parameter setting and mechanical tests. The data and results were analyzed according to parameters and dimensional stability criteria, toughness and rigidity, resistance to internal hydrostatic pressure, impact, methylene chloride, diametral compression and extension cleft associated to the degree of molecular orientation, based in technical bibliographies and rules regarding analyzes, testing and materials used. These criteria cover the design, calculation and parameters comparison, when the material applied to the pipe design. The effects resulting from the molecular orientation in the final mechanical properties of finished products. It was observed that the molecular orientation process provided the material greater toughness, greater resistance to the transmission of the crack, as well as higher resistance to fatigue, impact, tensile, compression and creep, higher modulus, and thus reduce safety coefficients applied to project.

Green chemistry principles served as a guide for three industrially-relevant projects. In the first project, silylamines were applied as reversible ionic liquids for carbon dioxide capture from post-combustion flue gas streams. The effect of silylamine structure was thoroughly researched to develop a comprehensive library of silylamines and an accompanying set of structure-property relationships. The proposed solvent systems have the potential to present significant energy savings, as design has focused on their use in a non-aqueous, solvent-free environment. The second project also dealt extensively with carbon dioxide capture, as a reversible, in-situ protecting group for amines. Three strategies for the reversible protection of amines using carbon dioxide were developed and evaluated. Further, a chemoselective reaction was performed using carbon dioxide to protect a reactive amine and consequentially direct reactivity elsewhere within the same molecule. The carbon dioxide-protection technology developed has significant impact in multi-step industrial syntheses, as reversible, in-situ protection with carbon dioxide could eliminate the need for separate protection and deprotection unit operations. Lastly, a study was performed on the thermal degradation and stabilization of PVC in the presence of both plasticizers and thermal stabilizers. The study combined both model compound experiments as well as work with bulk PVC blends to gain a holistic understanding of the processes that take place during the degradation and stabilization of PVC. A bio-based plasticizer was investigated as a replacement for petroleum-based phthalate plasticizers. Additionally, two novel thermal stabilizers for PVC were presented and evaluated.

Cette these presente la mise en uvre, la caracterisation microstructurale et l'etude des proprietes mecaniques d'un nouveau nanocomposite a matrice pvc plastifie renforce par des whiskers de cellulose. Ces renforts ont un facteur de forme eleve et un diametre nanometrique (surface d'interface matri-cerenfort de 150m#2/g). Le renforcement est particulierement important au passage de tg. Les modeles prenant en compte le facteur de forme et l'anisotropie des proprietes mecaniques des whiskers sur-estiment fortement la chute de module. L'hypothese d'une fraction de matrice immobilisee au voisinage de l'interface matrice-renfort et l'utilisation en deux etapes de l'equation d'halpin-kardos permettent neanmoins de la decrire correctement. Cette derniere description est egalement performante pour modeliser les courbes maitresses des composites. Ces courbes ne montrent pas de modification de la mobilite moleculaire de la matrice en presence de renforts, dans la fenetre temps-temperature etudiee. Le couplage mecanique et l'approche moleculaire de perez et al. Offrent alors une description complete du module viscoelastique des composites en fonction du taux de renfort, de la temperature ou de la frequence. L'approche moleculaire etendue au domaine non-lineaire predit le comportement plastique de la matrice dans le domaine vitreux. Un modele incremental base sur les resultats d'analyse mecanique dynamique, et la prise en compte de l'endommagement et des concentrations de contrainte rendent alors possible la modelisation du composite. Les essais de traction au dessus de tg montrent la encore un renforcement important du materiau par les whiskers. L'etude de l'endommagement en terme energetique et l'hypothese d'une adsoption des chaines pvc a la surface des whiskers offrent une description coherente de ce comportement via l'utilisation de la theorie de l'elasticite entropique. L'ensemble de ce travail met l'accent sur le lien entre comportement mecanique, microstructure, dynamique moleculaire et endommagement. La prise en compte de ces differents aspects permet une description (voire une prediction) globale du comportement mecanique des composites. De plus, l'etude du pvc plastifie est une contribution non negligeable a la comprehension de ce materiau.

M.Sc. (Chemistry)
The fabrication of multiwalled carbon nanotube/polyvinyl chloride (PVC) composites and a study of their thermal, fire retardancy and mechanical properties are reported. Triphenylphosphine linked - multiwalled carbon nanotube (TPP-MWCNT) and pristine MWCNT were used. The MWCNT were embedded in the polymer matrix through melt blending and solvent casting. The phosphorylation of the MWCNT and their dispersion in the PVC matrix was characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy. Thermal analysis of the nanocomposites by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) in both solvent casting and melt bending processes, showed different results when compared with the neat PVC. The modulus of the MWCNTs / PVC nanocomposites synthesized via melt blending increased, whilst there was a reduction in their tensile strength, indicating a decrease in polymer toughness. The tensile modulus and strength of MWCNTs / PVC nanocomposite synthesized via Solvent casting decreased whilst there was an increase in Tpp-MWCNT/PVC nanocomposite when compared with its counterpart MWCNTs / PVC nanocomposite, indicating an increase in stiffness and strength. The limited oxygen index (LOI) fire retardant tests of all the neat PVC and its nanocomposites showed no value difference.

M.Sc.
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been of utmost scientific interest since their discovery in 1991 by a Japanese physicist - Sumio Iijima. This is due to their extraordinary properties which make them one of the most promising options for the design of novel ultrahigh strength polymer nanocomposites. It is believed that the high aspect ratio, mechanical strength, and high electrical and thermal conductivity of these CNTs will enhance the performance of many polymer / CNT nanocomposites and open up new applications. However, poor dispersibility and lack of interfacial adhesion of the CNTs in the polymer matrix have remained a challenge towards fabrication of these nanocomposites. This has been due to the atomically smooth surface of the nanotubes and their intrinsic van der Waals forces which make them chemically inert. This study was aimed at exploring this concept by using novel phosphorylated multiwalled carbon nanotubes (p-MWCNTs) and polyvinyl chloride (PVC) polymer. Phosphorylation of MWCNTs has been successfully achieved in our laboratories, with the p-MWCNTs showing improvement in thermal stability. PVC on the other hand, is the world’s second largest thermoplastic material and has physical properties that are key technical advantages for its use in various and diverse fields such as building and construction, electronics, food packaging and in medical applications. A novel solvent-free method was used to synthesize p-MWCNTs / PVC nanocomposites. MWCNTs were synthesized by nebulized spray pyrolysis, a modification of catalytic vapour deposition and purified by soxhlet extraction using toluene. This method proved to be convenient and economical, producing a high yield of carbon nanotubes. The MWCNTs were phosphorylated with alkylazido phosphonate compounds through a 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition reaction between the phosphonate azides and the C=C bonds of the MWCNTs, with nitrogen loss occurring upon thermolysis. These p-MWCNTs were then melt compounded with PVC to form the p-MWCNTs / PVC nanocomposites. vii The phosphorylation of the MWCNTs and their dispersion in the PVC matrix were characterized by FTIR, SEM, TEM and Raman spectroscopy. Thermal analysis of the nanocomposites by TGA and DSC showed an enhanced thermal stability when comparing the nanocomposites with neat PVC. The modulus of the MWCNTs / PVC nanocomposites increased whilst there was a reduction in their tensile strength, indicating a decrease in polymer toughness.

The UV-Visible spectra of a-C composites and nano composites have provided a very useful information about the electronic states and band structure. The UV-Visible spectra of a-C as well as nanoparticle are qualitatively similar. They do not show any absorption cutoff in wavelength (_max). In fact they are good absorbers of UV-Visible light in whole range. Composites show some absorptions which could be the combined effect of filler as we as host matrix. Since there is no _max, hence it is very unlikely to define any optical band gap. The nanoparticle is a good absorber in midinfrared compared to a-C. That may be due to presence of complicated kind of vibrational modes of carbon cased nanoparticle.Besides Fe3C also produces some additional modes. With kind of spectrum we have it is difficult to identify the different modes unambiguously for nanoparticle. The combined effects of filler as well as host polymer are reflected in both sets of composites. A new absorption is observed in a-C as well as in nanoparticle composites at 2370 cm−1 and 3462 cm−1 respectively. This peak may arise in composites due to interaction between filler and host matrix. The thermo gravimetric analysis is a useful characterization techniques for polymer and composites. It gives the information about the stability, phase change, degradation, chemical reaction and many more. The a-C composites as well as nano composites are stable up to 200_ C. These composites can be safely used for any practical purpose below this temperature. During the synthesis of composites the filler does not take part in any reaction. This fact is reflected in the DTG curve. The composites degrade in the way host polymer degrades.

碩士
國立高雄科技大學
土木工程系
107
The research objective was to assess the mechanical properties, shrinkage, thermal expansion and conductivity, and chloride penetration of concrete containing reclaimed asphalt pavement materials. Rich and lean concrete mixtures were blended by water to cementitious materials (w/c) ratio of 0.5 and the RAP materials were replacing both coarse and fine aggregates by 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100-%. The concrete cylinders and specimens were cast and cured in the water tank for 7, 28, 56, and 90 days. The test results demonstrate as follows: the mixing temperatures of all concrete mixtures increased among 24.5 and 26.8, from 20-°C; the unit weight, compressive strength, pulse velocity, and shrinkage decreased, when more percentage of RAP were incorporated; thermal conductivity increased when more percentage of RAP were added. However, thermal conductivity decreased when longer curing time of concrete were given; thermal expansion also increased when more percentage of RAP were blended; lastly, the coulombs or charge pass indicating the chloride penetration increased on 90-day moisture-cured concrete specimens, when more RAP were replaced.

No
Methods of recycling unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (uPVC) window frame waste were investigated. The quality of untreated granular waste was compared to that of waste treated by a range of contaminant removal processes including melt filtration and dissolution. Processability of each recyclate was evaluated by using a highly instrumented single screw extruder that enabled melt viscosity and process variation to be monitored in real time. Product quality measurements such as mechanical properties and surface defects were made on extruded strip, and the nature of the stabilizers present was determined. The mechanical properties of recyclates were found to be comparable to or better than those of virgin material in all cases and conformed to industry standards for window profile. Contaminant removal stages significantly reduced the amount of large surface defects detected in extrudate. Processability was comparable to that of virgin compounds, but melt viscosity varied among different batches of recyclate, depending on the source and composition of the original PVC formulation.