Journal articles: 'Polyvinyl Chloride-Optical Properties'

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Rasmagin, S. I., and V. I. Kryshtob. "Electrical and Optical Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride–Polyacetylene Copolymer." Technical Physics 65, no. 6 (June 2020): 909–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063784220060249.

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Banerjee, M., Amit Jain, and G. S. Mukherjee. "Microstructural and optical properties of polyvinyl alcohol/manganese chloride composite film." Polymer Composites 40, S1 (October 16, 2018): E765—E775. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.25017.

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El Sayed, A. M., and W. M. Morsi. "Dielectric relaxation and optical properties of polyvinyl chloride/lead monoxide nanocomposites." Polymer Composites 34, no. 12 (August 7, 2013): 2031–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.22611.

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Abdullah, Omed Ghareb, and Dlear Rafiq Saber. "Optical Absorption of Polyvinyl Alcohol Films Doped with Nickel Chloride." Applied Mechanics and Materials 110-116 (October 2011): 177–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.110-116.177.

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Films of pure and doped Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with different concentration of Nickel Chloride (NiCl2) were prepared using the casting technique, in order to investigate the effect of NiCl2 additions on the optical properties of PVA host. The dispersion studies of pure PVA film and PVA films doped with NiCl2 were studied using complex refractive index in the wavelength range 190-1100 nm. The absorption spectral analysis showed that the optical energy band is due to the direct and indirect allowed optical transitions. The optical energy band gap Egopt of the films decreases with increasing NiCl2 contents, while the Urbach energy ∆Et called the width of localized states in the optical band gap decreases from 0.7414 to 0.1891 eV. The reductions of optical energy band gap were observed for all samples after annealing at temperatures 70oC for three hours.

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Abdel-Baset, T., M. Elzayat, and S. Mahrous. "Characterization and Optical and Dielectric Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride/Silica Nanocomposites Films." International Journal of Polymer Science 2016 (2016): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/1707018.

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Silica nanoparticles were synthesized by a sol-gel method and mixed with different amounts of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) to get nanocomposite films. The samples were characterized by XRD, HR-TEM, SEM, and FTIR. High resolution transmission electron microscopy (HR-TEM) proved that the average particle size of the nanosilica is 15 nm. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed that the nanosilica was well dispersed on the surface of the PVC films. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectra for nanocomposite films intimate a significant change in the intensity of the characteristic peaks of the functional group with addition of nanosilica. The optical band gap was found to decrease with the addition of nanosilica while the refractive index increased. The dielectric constantε′, the dielectric loss modulusM′′, and AC conductivity(σAC)were also studied. It was found thatε′increases with temperature for all samples, clear dielectricα-relaxation observed from dielectric lossM′′around the glass temperature (Tg), and this could be related to micro-Brownian motion of the main PVC chain. The activation energy was calculated, and the AC conductivity could be a hopping one. The results of this work are discussed and compared with previously obtained data.

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Ahmed, Dina S., Mohammed Kadhom, Angham G. Hadi, Muna Bufaroosha, Nadia Salih, Wedad H. Al-Dahhan, and Emad Yousif. "Tetra Schiff Bases as Polyvinyl Chloride Thermal Stabilizers." Chemistry 3, no. 1 (February 17, 2021): 288–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemistry3010021.

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Tetra Schiff bases were used as thermal stabilizers to enhance the properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) when operated at high temperatures. The thermal stability of PVC films doped with Schiff bases was tested by the weight-loss method, Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, thermal aging test, optical microscope, and atomic force microscope (AFM). Results showed that embedding these additives increased the stability time of the polymer, which decreased the degradation reaction tendency. Furthermore, the primary color of PVC was improved by adding the Schiff bases using oven-aging. In addition, these Schiff bases resulted in a significant reduction in PVC’s conjugated double bonds and, hence, the weight loss.

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Hamdalla, Taymour A., Taha A. Hanafy, and Ashraf E. Bekheet. "Influence of Erbium Ions on the Optical and Structural Properties of Polyvinyl Alcohol." Journal of Spectroscopy 2015 (2015): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/204867.

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Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films doped with erbium chloride (ErCl3) have been prepared by casting from their aqueous solutions. The structure of the doped samples as well as the interactions between the host PVA and Er+3was investigated using FTIR spectroscopy. The optical measurement was recorded at room temperature in the range from 200 nm to 2000 nm. FTIR measurements revealed that Er+3forms complex configuration within the PVA structure. PVA doped with 9 wt% of ErCl3exhibits energy gap and refractive index of 5.1 eV and 1.72, respectively. The effect of the doping increment of ErCl3on the optical parameters has been discussed.

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El Sayed, A. M., S. El-Sayed, W. M. Morsi, S. Mahrous, and A. Hassen. "Synthesis, characterization, optical, and dielectric properties of polyvinyl chloride/cadmium oxide nanocomposite films." Polymer Composites 35, no. 9 (January 13, 2014): 1842–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pc.22839.

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Salman, Sabah A., Nabeel A. Bakr, and Marwa R. Jwameer. "Effect of Annealing on the Optical Properties of (PVA-CuCl) Composites." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 63 (January 2016): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.63.98.

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Films of polymer (polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)) doped with CuCl salt at different concentrations (2 and 10) wt% were prepared using casting technique. The optical properties of the films were studied after annealing. The transmission and absorption spectra have been recorded in the wavelength range of (300-1100) nm. The effect of annealing on the optical properties for (PVA-CuCl) films with different concentrations (2 and 10) wt% of copper chloride salt shows that the transmittance decreased after annealing for all the films. The optical constants (absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant) for all the films are affected by annealing. The energy gap (Eg) of all the films decreased after annealing.

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Salman, Sabah A., Nabeel A. Bakr, and Marwa R. Jwameer. "Effect of Annealing on the Optical Properties of (PVA-CuCl) Composites." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 63 (January 4, 2016): 98–105. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-3ua911.

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Films of polymer (polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)) doped with CuCl salt at different concentrations (2 and 10) wt% were prepared using casting technique. The optical properties of the films were studied after annealing. The transmission and absorption spectra have been recorded in the wavelength range of (300-1100) nm. The effect of annealing on the optical properties for (PVA-CuCl) films with different concentrations (2 and 10) wt% of copper chloride salt shows that the transmittance decreased after annealing for all the films. The optical constants (absorption coefficient, refractive index, extinction coefficient, real and imaginary parts of dielectric constant) for all the films are affected by annealing. The energy gap (Eg) of all the films decreased after annealing.

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Ali, Hussein, Mahasin F. Hadi Al- Kadhemy, and Asrar Abdulmunem Saeed. "Physical Properties and Transmitted Sunlight of Polyvinyl Chloride/ZnO Nanocomposites Films." Journal of Kufa-Physics 14, no. 02 (December 17, 2022): 16–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.31257/2018/jkp/2022/140203.

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The optical properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and PVC/Zinc Oxide (ZnO) films were considered with different amounts of ZnONPs (0.001, 0.002, 0.003, 0.004 and 0.005) g. Using a Tetrahydrofuran (THF) solution all films be prepared by casting method. XRD results showed the amorphous structure of PVC film and Hexagonal crystalline structure of ZnO NPs, PVC/ZnO nanocomposites appear as pattern of PVC films so the peaks of ZnO don’t appear in it. FESEM image of PVC, ZnO and structure of PVC/ZnO nanocomposites seems to have cluster aggregates in different size. FTIR spectra revealed that ZnONPs had no effect on the polymer structure as there are no covalent bonds between PVC and ZnO NPs. Increasing the amounts of ZnONPs was seen to improve the optical properties (Absorbance, absorption coefficient and extinction coefficient) for PVC polymer. PVC polymer transmittance and energy gap decreased from 5.25 eV to 4.98 eV with increasing the amounts of ZnO NPs in nanocomposites. The solar radiation intensity in Baghdad was measured at a rate of 1 hour for the pure PVC films and PVC/ZnONPs for seven consecutive days in a rate from 6 A.M. to 6 P.M. (13 h). As can be observed, all films have the same ratio of transmitted radiation strength to sunlight intensity for all hours and days.

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Hamad, Tagreed K., Rahimi M. Yusop, Wasan A. Al-Taa’y, Bashar Abdullah, and Emad Yousif. "Laser Induced Modification of the Optical Properties of Nano-ZnO Doped PVC Films." International Journal of Polymer Science 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/787595.

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The effect of continuous CO2laser radiation on the optical properties of pure polyvinyl chloride and doped of ZnO nanoparticles with two different concentrations (10, 15%) has been investigated. All samples were prepared using casting method at room temperature. Optical properties (absorption, transmission, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, refractive index, and optical conductivity) of all films after CO2laser irradiated have been studied as a function of the wavelength in the range (200–800) nm for three energies (300, 400 and 500 mJ). It has been found that the transmission, energy gap, and refractive index increase with increasing laser energy. The values of absorption, Urbach energy, absorption coefficient, extinction coefficient, and optical conductivity were decreased.

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XIONG, Chang-Wei, Si-Li FAN, and Ching-Yen HO. "Analytical Study on Pulsed-Laser Processing for Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/ PolyVinyl Chloride." Materials Science 26, no. 1 (November 8, 2019): 77–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.5755/j01.ms.26.1.20310.

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This study developed a model involving the energy balance and decomposition at the ablated interface due to the heat transport, optical decomposition and activation energy in Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene/PolyVinyl Chloride (ABS/PVC). The prediction for ablation depth obtained from this study is compared with the available experimental data. The predicted results agree with the measured data. The effects of laser processing parameters, optical and thermal properties of ABS/PVC on the variation of the laser-ablated depth with the laser fluences are also discussed. The results validate that the pulsed-laser ablation rate at the initial short period is dominated by optical penetration absorption for laser and is linearly proportional to the logarithm of the laser fluence by a ratio factor “optical absorption length” (i.e., the ablation rate follows Beer’s law at the initial short period).

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Ashurov, N. SH, S. SH Shahobutdinov, N. D. Kareva, S. M. Yugay, А. А. Atakhanov, and S. SH RASHIDOVA. "Investigation of structure and properties of nanostructured polymer mixtures based on polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride." Plasticheskie massy, no. 3-4 (May 31, 2020): 8–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.35164/0554-2901-2020-3-4-8-11.

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The structure, morphology, and physical and mechanical properties of nanostructured polymer-polymer mixtures based on polyethylene and polyvinyl chloride have been studied using IR-spectroscopy, X-ray diﬀ raction analysis, optical and atomic force microscopy. The inﬂ uence of the production method and the PE/PVC ratio on the elastic-strength properties of the composition is studied. It was found that the inclusion of a compatibilizer (block copolymer of PE with PVC) in the composition improves the compatibility of constituent components and the properties of the resulting compositions.

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Banerjee, M., Amit Jain, and G. S. Mukherjee. "Spectroscopic Evaluation of Optical Parameters of a Transition Metal Salt Filled Polymer Material." Defence Science Journal 68, no. 2 (March 13, 2018): 225. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.68.12331.

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Transition metal salt, manganese chloride was incorporated into polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) to prepare metal salt filled polymer material (M-PVA) and their optical properties were evaluated. XRD, UV-vis, and FTIR analyses reveal that there is strong interaction between PVA and the manganese chloride salt. From XRD analysis, the inter-chain separation in pristine PVA and M-PVA was found to be 5.62 Ǻ and 4.70 Ǻ, respectively; thus indicating that the packing of polymer chains is more compact under the influence of manganese chloride. Optical band gap of PVA was found as 5.06 eV but such band gap was reduced on incorporation of manganese chloride into the PVA matrix system with corresponding increase in optical conductivity. Spectral evaluation indicates that refractive index of M-PVA decreases faster than that of PVA in the visible range. Abbe Number was found to have decreased on incorporation of manganese chloride into the PVA matrix system indicating increase in optical dispersion in conformity with the trend of increase in dispersion energy (Ed). The average interband oscillator wavelength was found close to the respective values of absorption edges.

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16

Burke, Dennis Michael. "Processability and optical properties of impact-modified polyvinyl chloride and methyl methacrylate copolymer blends." Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 2, no. 3 (September 1996): 207–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.10126.

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17

Trepanier, François, Gurusamy Manivannan, Rupak Changkakoti, and Roger A. Lessard. "Polymer waveguides: characterization through prism–film coupler method." Canadian Journal of Physics 71, no. 9-10 (September 1, 1993): 423–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/p93-066.

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Cr(VI) and Fe(III) doped polyvinyl alcohol) and poly(acrylic acid) polymers have been used as real-time holographic recording media as well as materials to fabricate planar waveguides. Planar wave guides were made of these metal ion doped polymer thin films. Changes in the absorption spectra of these polymer films due to irradiation with an intense illumination of 468 nm light were observed. Modifications in optical properties of dichromated poly(vinyl alcohol) (DCPVA), dichromated poly(acrylic acid) (DCPAA), and ferric chloride doped polyvinyl alcohol) (FePVA) were experimentally determined by the prism–film coupler (PFC) method for the first time. Changes in the refractive index at 632.8 nm were monitored for different exposure energies. Modification of the modal properties was observed and the refractive index of these films was also determined from the angular position of the guided modes. Optical losses in both exposed and unexposed films of DCPVA, DCPAA, and FePVA were measured employing a coupling set-up with two prisms. Observed results suggest that these materials can find successful applications in promising areas like integrated optics and planar optical interconnects.

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Hassena, A., S. El-Sayeda, W. M. Morsic, and A. M. El Sayedb. "PREPARATION, DIELECTRIC AND OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF Cr2O3 /PVC NANOCOMPOSITE FILMS." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 4, no. 3 (June 26, 2014): 571–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v4i3.1983.

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Chromium oxide (Cr2O3) nanoparticles were synthesized using a sol-gel method and mixed with polyvinyl chloride (PVC). Rietveld refinement of X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) patterns of the samples revealed that the crystal structure of Cr2O3 is rhombohedral with space symmetry group. Scanning electron microscopy images showed that the Cr2O3 nanoparticles are well dispersed on the surface of the PVC films. The dielectric permittivity (e'), and ac conductivity (Ïƒac) of pure PVC increased with adding Cr2O3 due to the formation of conductive three-dimensional networks throughout the nanocomposite films and interfacial polarizations. The optical energy band gap (Eg) of the films decreases with increasing Cr2O3 content. The refractive index dispersion of the nanocomposite films obeys the single oscillator model. The dispersion parameters are changed by incorporation of Cr2O3. The optical properties of PVC are influenced by addition of Cr2O3 nanoparticles.

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Ahmed Ali Ahmed, Abdullah, Abdullah Mohammed Al-Hussam, Abdu Mohammed Abdulwahab, and Ahmed Nasser Ahmed Ali Ahmed. "The impact of sodium chloride as dopant on optical and electrical properties of polyvinyl alcohol." AIMS Materials Science 5, no. 3 (2018): 533–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3934/matersci.2018.3.533.

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Farman, Naima, Muhammad Mumtaz, M. Ahsan Mahmood, Sabih D. Khan, M. Aslam Zia, Muhammad Raffi, Mushtaq Ahmed, and Izhar Ahmad. "Investigation of optical and dielectric properties of polyvinyl chloride and polystyrene blends in terahertz regime." Optical Materials 99 (January 2020): 109534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.optmat.2019.109534.

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Abou Taleb, W. M., N. K. Madi, M. E. Kassem, and A. M. El-Khatib. "Fast neutron irradiation induced changes in the optical and thermal properties of modified polyvinyl chloride." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 47, no. 5 (May 1996): 709–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-806x(95)00171-s.

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Nasrallah, D. A., M. A. Morsi, F. El-Sayed, and R. A. Metwally. "Structural, optical and electrical properties of copper chloride filled polyvinyl chloride/polystyrene blend and its antifungal properties against Aspergillus avenaceus and Aspergillus terreus." Composites Communications 22 (December 2020): 100451. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.coco.2020.100451.

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Guedri, Aimane, Mourad Zaabat, Boubekeur‏ Boudine, and Abdelkader Hafdallah. "Synthesis, Characterization, Structural, and Optical Properties of Polyvinyl Chloride/Zinc Oxide Nanocomposite Films for Photocatalysis Application." Journal of Inorganic and Organometallic Polymers and Materials 30, no. 12 (May 25, 2020): 4884–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10904-020-01604-8.

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EL-ZAIDIA, E. F. M., SALEEM I. QASHOU, A. A. A. DARWISH, and T. A. HANAFY. "STRUCTURAL, OPTICAL, ELECTRICAL AND DIELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF PVA-YCl3 FILMS." Surface Review and Letters 26, no. 02 (February 2019): 1850149. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x18501494.

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Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) films doped with 10[Formula: see text]wt.% of yttrium chloride (YCl[Formula: see text] have been made by casting from their aqueous solutions. The structure of un-annealed and annealed PVA-YCl3 films was studied using X-ray diffraction (XRD) patterns and Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Both FTIR and XRD revealed that the crystalline ratio of the studied samples increased due to the effect of annealing. The effect of annealing on the optical properties has been studied. Dispersion of the refractive index was described using the single oscillator model. The single oscillator energy and the dispersion energy were estimated. The calculated optical band gap of all PVA-YCl3 films was 5.0[Formula: see text]eV. The behavior of ac conductivity showed that the conduction mechanism of PVA-YCl3 films was correlated barrier hopping model. The dielectric constant and dielectric loss index were decreased with the increase of the field frequency. The electric modulus granted a straightforward technique for assessing the dielectric relaxation time. The calculated activation energy obtained from the electric modulus mechanism was 0.172[Formula: see text]eV.

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Ali, H. El Hosiny, Y. Khairy, I. S. Yahia, and D. A. Nasrallah. "Vanadium Chloride Impregnated Polyvinyl Alcohol Composite as Efficient Linear, Non-Linear, and Limiting Optical Applications: Microstructure, Electrical, and Optical Properties." Physics of the Solid State 63, no. 1 (January 2021): 165–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1063783421010091.

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Spirou, Gloria M., Andreas Mandelis, I. Alex Vitkin, and William M. Whelan. "Frequency domain photothermoacoustic signal amplitude dependence on the optical properties of water: turbid polyvinyl chloride-plastisol system." Applied Optics 47, no. 14 (May 2, 2008): 2564. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/ao.47.002564.

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Amar, Abdurazaq, and Alfio V. Parisi. "Optical properties of a long dynamic range chemical UV dosimeter based on solvent cast polyvinyl chloride (PVC)." Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B: Biology 128 (November 2013): 92–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2013.09.001.

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Wróbel, M. S., A. P. Popov, A. V. Bykov, M. Kinnunen, M. Jędrzejewska-Szczerska, and V. V. Tuchin. "Multi-layered tissue head phantoms for noninvasive optical diagnostics." Journal of Innovative Optical Health Sciences 08, no. 03 (May 2015): 1541005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793545815410059.

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Extensive research in the area of optical sensing for medical diagnostics requires development of tissue phantoms with optical properties similar to those of living human tissues. Development and improvement of in vivo optical measurement systems requires the use of stable tissue phantoms with known characteristics, which are mainly used for calibration of such systems and testing their performance over time. Optical and mechanical properties of phantoms depend on their purpose. Nevertheless, they must accurately simulate specific tissues they are supposed to mimic. Many tissues and organs including head possess a multi-layered structure, with specific optical properties of each layer. However, such a structure is not always addressed in the present-day phantoms. In this paper, we focus on the development of a plain-parallel multi-layered phantom with optical properties (reduced scattering coefficient [Formula: see text] and absorption coefficient μa) corresponding to the human head layers, such as skin, skull, and gray and white matter of the brain tissue. The phantom is intended for use in noninvasive diffuse near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) of human brain. Optical parameters of the fabricated phantoms are reconstructed using spectrophotometry and inverse adding-doubling calculation method. The results show that polyvinyl chloride-plastisol (PVCP) and zinc oxide ( ZnO ) nanoparticles are suitable materials for fabrication of tissue mimicking phantoms with controlled scattering properties. Good matching was found between optical properties of phantoms and the corresponding values found in the literature.

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Muratov, Iskander, Ruslan Garipov, Anna Efremova, and Azat Khasanov. "The Effect of Surface Treatment of PET Films on Adhesive Properties." Key Engineering Materials 869 (October 2020): 394–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.869.394.

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In this work we studied the effect of surface treatment of PET films, which are widely used in food packaging, on the adhesion value of ink layers based on polyvinyl chloride. To give high barrier properties to packaging laminates, the films used in their structure are coated with a nanolayer of aluminum oxide (AlOx). However, these films have a disadvantage associated with the low adhesion of adhesive and ink layers to the AlOx nanolayer. To eliminate this disadvantage, aluminium oxide nanolayer is additionally coated with various polymer coatings. In this work we studied the effect of a polyacrylic coating applied on top of an AlOx layer on improving the adhesion of ink layers. For PET films used in food packaging, optical and surface properties are also important. In this regard, additionally we measured surface free energy, coefficient of friction, and optical properties of the studied PET films. We also highlight the relationship of contact angles of wetting and the work of adhesion for the printing ink with the measured adhesion of ink layers.

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Eibner, S., R. A. O. Jaime, B. Lamien, R. L. Q. Basto, H. R. B. Orlande, and O. Fudym. "NEAR INFRARED LIGHT HEATING OF SOFT TISSUE PHANTOMS CONTAINING NANOPARTICLES." Revista de Engenharia Térmica 13, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5380/reterm.v13i1.62059.

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The objective of this paper is to investigate the effect of the addition of nanoparticles to soft tissue phantoms, aiming at the enhancement of photothermal therapy for cancer. The phantoms were made of Polyvinyl chloride-plastisol (PVC-P), with two different nanoparticles, namely, titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2) and silica nanoparticles (SiO2). A phantom without nanoparticles and a phantom containing a thermal paste were also manufactured for comparison purposes. The PVC-P phantom is transparent to the near infrared laser light, whereas the addition of titanium dioxide nanoparticles modified the optical properties enhancing the local heating, as demonstrated through experiments with a laser-diode and an infrared camera.

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Abdelghany, A. M., M. S. Meikhail, S. I. Badr, and A. S. Momen. "Effect of MWCNT doping on the structural and optical properties of PVC/PVDF polymer blend." JOURNAL OF ADVANCES IN PHYSICS 13, no. 2 (March 16, 2017): 4640–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.24297/jap.v13i2.5702.

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Thin film samples of pristine polyvinyl chloride (PVC), poly vinyldine fluoride (PVDF) in combination with their blend in addition to samples containing factorial mass fraction of multi wall carbon nano-tubes (MWCNTs) in the dopant level were prepared via routine casting technique using tetrahydrofurane (THF) as a common solvent. X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) depict the nano-scale (15-25 nm) of functionalized MWCNTs with no surface damage results from functionalization process.X-ray diffraction (XRD) shows a semi-crystalline nature of PVDF with evidence for more than one phase namely a and b phases. The fraction of b phase was calculated and correlated to the dopant content. FTIR optical absorption spectra revels a preservation of the main vibrational bands before and after addition of MWCNTs in the doping level with a presence of new small band 1151 cm-1 assigned for the interaction and complexation between constituents.

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Ramazanov, M. A., A. M. Rahimli, and F. V. Hajiyeva. "The influence of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles on the structure, optical and dielectric properties of polyvinyl chloride (PVC)." Modern Physics Letters B 34, no. 28 (June 10, 2020): 2050310. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0217984920503108.

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The tendency to improve the properties of insulating materials by incorporating inorganic nanoparticles has become necessary in order to design new insulation systems. In this study, PVC/TiO2-based nanocomposites with different loadings (3, 5 and 10 wt.%) of TiO2 nanoparticles were prepared by the solution mixing method. The morphology of the prepared nanocomposites was studied by Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). Experimentally, it was found that as the concentration increases, the size of the surface structural elements and particle size increases. Photoluminescence (PL) analysis of samples shows improvement compared to the pristine polymer. Furthermore, PL intensity for nanocomposites increases depending on the concentration and saturation occurs at a certain amount of titanium dioxide nanoparticles. The increase in luminescence intensity till a certain nanoparticle content is due to the growth of the luminescent surface area. Further saturation is explained by the increase in particle size with no increase or a slight reduction in surface area. Dielectric properties of nanocomposites were studied. It was found that dielectric permittivity of the materials increases as the nanoparticle volume content increases and it reaches at its highest value for the nanocomposites with 3% nanoparticle content. The optical properties of the polymer and nanocomposite films were studied in the region 200 nm to 600 nm. It was found that the PVC/TiO2 nanocomposites showed enhancement in the absorbance intensities which was more significant for the nanocomposites with higher nanoparticle content compared to the pristine polymer. Furthermore, absorption spectra were used to calculate the optical bandgap of the prepared nanocomposite films and redshift observed in the calculated values of bandgap for nanocomposites. Consequently, it was proved that by incorporating TiO2 nanoparticles into the polymer matrix, the spectral region of the samples can be expanded resulting in broadened application of such systems in various fields of science and technology.

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Hashmi, Syed Usama Mauood, Muhammad Aamir Iqbal, Maria Malik, Muhammad Tariq Qamar, Maham Khan, Abu Zahid, Md Rasidul Islam, Mohammed Al-Bahrani, Kareem Morsy, and Wen-Cheng Lai. "Synthesis and Characterization of Polyvinyl Chloride Matrix Composites with Modified Scrap Iron for Advanced Electronic, Photonic, and Optical Systems." Nanomaterials 12, no. 18 (September 11, 2022): 3147. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12183147.

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In this study, Fe2O3 powder was synthesized using the co-precipitation method from scrap iron, which was then treated with varying concentrations of copper. Afterwards, the modified Fe2O3 was reinforced in the PVC matrix by using the solution-casting method to synthesize PVC composite films, which were subjected to a UV-visible spectrophotometer, a Fourier transform infrared spectrophotometer, an X-ray diffractometer, and a thermal gravimetric analyzer to evaluate the optical, chemical, structural, and thermal properties. FTIR analysis reveals the formation of the composite through vibrational bands pertaining to both components present, whereas no significant changes in the XRD patterns of PVC were observed after the doping of modified iron oxide, which reveals the compatibility of fillers with the PVC matrix. The optical properties of the copper-doped iron oxide-PVC composites, including absorbance, refractive index, urbach energy, and optical as well as electrical conductivity are measured, and show an increase in optical activity when compared to the pure PVC compound. Moreover, the increased thermal stability of the synthesized composite was also observed and compared with conventional compounds, which, in accordance with all the other mentioned properties, makes the copper-dopped iron oxide-PVC composite an effective material for electronic, photonic, and optical device applications.

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Salaoru, Iulia, and Shashi Paul. "Electrically Re-Writable Non-Volatile Memory Device - Using a Blend of Sea Salt and Polymer." Advances in Science and Technology 54 (September 2008): 486–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ast.54.486.

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Intensive research is currently underway to exploit the highly interesting properties of nano-sized particles and organic molecules for optical, electronic and other applications. Recently, it has been shown that nano-sized particles and small organic molecules embedded in polymer matrices can be used to realise memory devices. Such memory devices are simple to fabricate via the spin-on technique. This work presents an attempt to use sea salt, embedded in polyvinyl acetate, in the making of the memory devices. A polymer blend of polyvinyl acetate and sodium chloride (NaCl) was prepared in methanol and spin coated onto a glass substrate marked with thin Al tracks and a top contact was evaporated onto the blend after drying - this resulted in a metal-organic-metal (MOM) structure. The current-voltage (I-V) behaviour of MOM devices shows that the devices can be switched from a high conductivity state to a low conductivity state, by applying an external electric field - this property can be exploited to store data bits. The possible charging mechanism, based on the electric dipole formation, is presented in this work. Polymer blends of polyvinyl acetate with nano-particles of BaTiO3 are also investigated to further our understanding of charging mechanism(s).

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Rivero, Pedro J., Iker Rosagaray, Juan P. Fuertes, José F. Palacio, and Rafael J. Rodríguez. "Designing Multifunctional Protective PVC Electrospun Fibers with Tunable Properties." Polymers 12, no. 9 (September 14, 2020): 2086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12092086.

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In this work, the electrospinning technique is used for the fabrication of electrospun functional fibers with desired properties in order to show a superhydrophobic behavior. With the aim to obtain a coating with the best properties, a design of experiments (DoE) has been performed by controlling several inputs operating parameters, such as applied voltage, flow rate, and precursor polymeric concentration. In this work, the reference substrate to be coated is the aluminum alloy (60661T6), whereas the polymeric precursor is the polyvinyl chloride (PVC) which presents an intrinsic hydrophobic nature. Finally, in order to evaluate the coating morphology for the better performance, the following parameters—such as fiber diameter, surface roughness (Ra, Rq), optical properties, corrosion behavior, and wettability—have been deeply analyzed. To sum up, this is the first time that DoE has been used for the optimization of superhydrophobic or anticorrosive surfaces by using PVC precursor for the prediction of an adequate surface morphology as a function of the input operational parameters derived from electrospinning process with the aim to validate better performance.

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Hong, Ter-Ki, Beom-Seok Roh, and Seul-Hyun Park. "Measurements of Optical Properties of Smoke Particulates Produced from Burning Polymers and Their Implications." Energies 13, no. 9 (May 6, 2020): 2299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en13092299.

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A series of cone calorimetry experiments and simultaneous gravimetric sampling and light extinction (GSLE) measurements were performed to determine the optical properties (light obscuration and extinction characteristics) of smoke particulates produced from burning polymers. The polymer selected in the present study was acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene (ABS), which has a moderate smoke yield during combustion, and unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (UPVC), which has a lower smoke yield than ABS. The experiments show that the measured light obscuration for UPVC smoke particles is much lower than that for ABS smoke particles because of the low rate of smoke production during combustion. Results from the simultaneous GSLE measurements demonstrate more clearly that UPVC smoke particles represent a lower efficiency of light obscuration on a per-unit smoke mass basis, resulting in a 41.3% reduction in a mass specific extinction coefficient compared to the ABS smoke particles. Numerical analysis was performed to further elucidate the effect of optical properties on the smoke behavior using the Fire Dynamics Simulator (FDS) (Version 6.7.1, National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Gaithersburg, MD, USA). The numerical results clearly demonstrated that the UPVC combustion, with its relatively low heat release rate and mass specific extinction coefficient, caused a significant delay in detecting a fire with a smoke detector compared to ABS combustion.

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Zhang, Yihan, Lei Jiang, Haibing Zhang, Qingyin Li, Ning Ma, Xinyue Zhang, and Li Ma. "High-Strength Double-Network Conductive Hydrogels Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol and Polymerizable Deep Eutectic Solvent." Molecules 28, no. 12 (June 10, 2023): 4690. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28124690.

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Conductive hydrogels feature the flexibility of soft materials plus conductive properties providing functionality for effectively sticking to the epidermis and detecting human activity signals. Their stable electrical conductivity also effectively avoids the problem of uneven distribution of solid conductive fillers inside traditional conductive hydrogels. However, the simultaneous integration of high mechanical strength, stretchability, and transparency through a simple and green fabrication method remains a great challenge. Herein, a polymerizable deep eutectic solvent (PDES) composed of choline chloride and acrylic acid was added to a biocompatible PVA matrix. The double-network hydrogels were then simply prepared by thermal polymerization and one freeze-thaw method. The introduction of the PDES significantly improved the tensile properties (1.1 MPa), ionic conductivity (2.1 S/m), and optical transparency (90%) of the PVA hydrogels. When the gel sensor was fixed to human skin, real-time monitoring of a variety of human activities could be implemented with accuracy and durability. Such a simple preparation method performed by combining a deep eutectic solvent with traditional hydrogels offers a new avenue to construct multifunctional conductive hydrogel sensors with excellent performance.

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Shahrizan M.Z., A., Anika Zafiah M. Rus, Nur Munirah A., M. Zulkhairi J., N. Afiqah Sufian, N. Saddam Kamarudin, N. Marsi, Siti Aida Ibrahim, Farhana Hazwanee M.J., and M. F.L. Abdullah. "Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis of Wood Polymer Composite Endurance to Prolonged Ultra Violet Irradiation Exposure." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 4.34 (December 13, 2018): 441. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i4.34.26908.

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This study was constructed to examine the viscoelastic properties and the microstructure of wood-plastic composites (WPCs) before and after being subjected to UV irradiation. The pellet of the wood polymer composites consists of polypropylene as the matrix and rice-husk flour as the reinforcing filler. The samples were UV irradiated from 5000 hours to 20,000 hours with the increment of 5000 hours to study the effect of weathering on the viscoelastic properties of the WPCs. The microstructures of the surface of the samples were examined using Optical Microscopy (OM). The mechanical properties of WPCs through dynamic mechanical analysis test were assessed for both polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and polypropylene (PP) samples. The value of storage modulus (E’) decreases when been exposed in the ultra violet irradiation, in both glassy and rubbery states. Moreover, the density of the WPC samples is closed to light weight and result is comparable. As for morphological properties test, the surface of cracked, voids appeared at the surface of the WPC samples of both PVC and PP interface and the density of composite decreased.

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Spirou, Gloria M., Alexander A. Oraevsky, I. Alex Vitkin, and William M. Whelan. "Optical and acoustic properties at 1064 nm of polyvinyl chloride-plastisol for use as a tissue phantom in biomedical optoacoustics." Physics in Medicine and Biology 50, no. 14 (June 28, 2005): N141—N153. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0031-9155/50/14/n01.

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40

Hameed, Awham M. "Using the plastic wastes in fabrication of composite materials for different applications." Iraqi Journal of Physics (IJP) 16, no. 36 (October 1, 2018): 123–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.30723/ijp.v16i36.37.

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This study suggests using the recycled plastic waste to prepare the polymer matrix composite (PMCs) to use in different applications. Composite materials were prepared by mixing the polyester resin (UP) with plastic waste, two types of plastic waste were used in this work included polyethylene-terephthalate (PET) and Polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with varies weight fractions (0, 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 %) added as a filler in flakes form. Charpy impact test was performed on the prepared samples to calculate the values of impact strength (I.S). Flexural and hardness tests were carried out to calculate the values of flexural strength and hardness. Acoustic insulation and optical microscope tests were carried out. In general, it is found that UP/PVC composite exhibit the optimum values compared to UP/PET composite in all properties under test. From the experimental results, it can be concluded that the prepared composites from the waste could be utilized as precast or partitions inside the buildings with improved mechanical properties

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Junaidi, Junaidi, Agus Riyanto, Kuwat Triyana, and Khairurrijal Khairurrijal. "Silver Nanorods Layer Based on Polyvinyl Alcohol on Glass Substrates by Dip-Coating Method." Jurnal Penelitian Fisika dan Aplikasinya (JPFA) 9, no. 1 (June 30, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jpfa.v9n1.p1-9.

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This research reports the investigation of the performance of a thin layer based on silver nanorods using the dip-coating method. The synthesis was conducted by polyol method at an oil bath temperature of 140 °C. In the synthesis of silver nanorods, materials used were silver nitrate (AgNO3) as the main raw material, ethylene glycol (EG) as the solvent, and a small amount of sodium chloride (NaCl) as a mediated-agent (precursor). Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) used as a capping agent and stabilizer in this process. Diameter and length of silver nanorods were 800 nm and 15 µm, respectively. Furthermore, the silver nanorods suspension was deposition onto a glass substrate with a variety of dipping cycles. The result showed the thickness of the thin layer is linear with a number of dipping cycles. Electrical and optical properties of thin layer show that sheet resistance about of 30 Ω sq-1 by transmittance above of 80%. The silver nanorods thin film can be used as a conductive and transparent electrode for various optoelectronic applications.

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Bekkara, Mohammed Fethi, Lucien Dascalescu, Youcef Benmimoun, Thami Zeghloul, Amar Tilmatine, and Noureddine Zouzou. "Modification of surface characteristic and tribo-electric properties of polymers by DBD plasma in atmospheric air." European Physical Journal Applied Physics 81, no. 1 (January 2018): 10801. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/epjap/2017170149.

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The aim of this paper is to quantify the effects of dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) exposure on the physico-chemical and tribo-electric properties of polymers. The study was conducted in atmospheric air on polypropylene, polyethylene and polyvinyl-chloride. These three types of polymers are widely used in industry. The polymers were characterized by means of an optical profilometer, a fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectrometer and an electric charge measurement system. The latter is composed of a Faraday pail connected to an electrometer. The profilometer analyses showed that the DBD plasma treatment has increased the surface roughness of the three polymers. FTIR revealed that oxygen atoms and polar groups were grafted on their surfaces, thereby conferring them a hydrophilic character. The short (2 sec) DBD plasma treatment has considerably improved the electrostatic charge acquired by the polymers during electrostatic tribo-charging, while longer exposures conferred the polymer anti-static properties and decreased its tribo-charging capability. The correlation between the results of the physico-chemical analyses and the tribo-electric behavior has been discussed.

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Zal, Vahid, Hassan Moslemi Naeini, Ahmad Reza Bahramian, and Hadi Abdollahi. "Evaluation of the effect of aluminum surface treatment on mechanical and dynamic properties of PVC/aluminum/fiber glass fiber metal laminates." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 231, no. 6 (June 29, 2016): 1197–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408916657371.

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A study on new materials usage to produce fiber metal laminates is presented in this work. Amorphous polyvinyl chloride thermoplastic and aluminum 3550 sheets are used to fabricate the fiber metal laminates. Different surface treatments were carried out on the aluminum sheets and the fiber metal laminates were produced using the film stacking procedure. Flexural strength and modulus of the products and also shear strength of bonding were measured using three-point bending test, and their failure mechanisms were evaluated using optical microscope images. Also, the effects of aluminum layer and aluminum/composite laminates bonding on the dynamic properties of the fiber metal laminates were studied using Dynamic Mechanical Thermal Analysis. It was concluded that mechanical roughening of the aluminum sheet has the maximum effect on the aluminum/matrix bonding strength such that simultaneous fracture of composite laminates and aluminum layer in the bending condition was observed in the produced fiber metal laminates without any delamination.

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Purcar, Violeta, Valentin Rădițoiu, Alina Rădițoiu, Raluca Manea, Florentina Monica Raduly, Georgiana Cornelia Ispas, Adriana Nicoleta Frone, et al. "Preparation and Characterization of Some Sol-Gel Modified Silica Coatings Deposited on Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC) Substrates." Coatings 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2020): 11. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings11010011.

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Transparent and antireflective coatings were prepared by deposition of modified silica materials onto polyvinyl chloride (PVC) substrates. These materials were obtained by the sol-gel route in acidic medium, at room temperature (25 °C), using different alkoxysilanes with various functional groups (methyl, vinyl, octyl or hexadecyl). Physicochemical and microstructural properties of resulted silica materials and of thin coatings were investigated through Fourier Transforms Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), UV-Vis spectroscopy, Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Dynamic Mechanical Analysis (DMA), Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) and ellipsometric measurements. Wetting behaviors of the silica coatings were evaluated by measurement of static contact angle against water. FTIR spectra of materials confirmed the high degree of cross-linking that result from the formation of the inorganic backbone through the hydrolysis and polycondensation reactions together with the formation of the organic network. These sol-gel silica coatings showed a reduction in the reflectance (10%) compared with uncoated PVC substrate. AFM reveals that the films are uniform, and adherent to the substrate, but their morphology is strongly influenced by the chemical composition of the coating matrices. These silica coatings can be useful for potential electronic and optical devices.

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Fang, Jingkang, Mengsheng Xia, Yule Li, and Junkai Gao. "Preparation of flower-like hydrogel and its application in sea water desalination." E3S Web of Conferences 385 (2023): 04011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202338504011.

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The situation of global water crisis is becoming more and more serious[1]. Due to the inconvenience of fresh water carrying or long-term storage and deterioration, the personnel and equipment of oceangoing ships are in urgent need of fresh water resources[2]. However, the traditional seawater desalination technology will consume fossil energy or its economy is not high. Under the background of a series of green ship development plans, people focus on green clean energy to solve the problem of fresh water shortage[3]. Interfacial photoevaporation is an effective strategy to promote seawater desalination and pollutant treatment. Photothermal conversion materials and evaporators have shown their good performance in improving seawater desalination efficiency. In this paper, the photohot water gel prepared by calcium chloride, polyvinyl alcohol, sodium citrate, tannic acid and ferric chloride was used as the photothermal conversion material[4]. The properties of photoevaporative seawater desalination materials were studied by a series of instruments such as optical microscope and contact Angle measuring instrument. The experimental results show that the flower-like hydrogel has high photothermal conversion efficiency and has a good application prospect in green Marine desalination field.

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Ciganas, Justas, Paulius Griskevicius, Arvydas Palevicius, Sigita Urbaite, and Giedrius Janusas. "Development of Finite Element Models of PP, PETG, PVC and SAN Polymers for Thermal Imprint Prediction of High-Aspect-Ratio Microfluidics." Micromachines 13, no. 10 (September 30, 2022): 1655. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101655.

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Polymeric microstructures and microchannels are widely used in biomedical devices, optics, microfluidics and fiber optics. The quality, the shape, the spacing and the curvature of microstructure gratings are influenced by different mechanisms and fabrication techniques used. This paper demonstrates a cost-effective way for patterning high-aspect-ratio thermoplastic microstructures using thermal imprint technology and finite element modeling. Polymeric materials polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate glycol (PETG), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) and styrene-acrylonitrile (SAN) were chosen for the experimental investigations. A finite element model was constructed to define the most suitable parameters (time, heating temperature, pressure, etc.) for the formation of microstructures using the thermal imprint procedure. To confirm the relevance of the finite element model, different types of PP, PETG, PVC and SAN microstructures were fabricated using theoretically defined parameters. Experimental investigations of imprinted microstructures’ morphological and optical properties were performed using scanning electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy and a diffractometer. Obtained results confirmed the relevance of the created finite element model which was applied in the formation of high-aspect-ratio microstructures. Application of this model in thermal imprint would not only reduce the fabrication time, but also would highly increase the surface quality and optical properties of the formed structures.

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Iribarren, Alvaro, Pedro Rivero, Carlos Berlanga, Silvia Larumbe, Adrian Miguel, Jose Palacio, and Rafael Rodriguez. "Multifunctional Protective PVC-ZnO Nanocomposite Coatings Deposited on Aluminum Alloys by Electrospinning." Coatings 9, no. 4 (March 27, 2019): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings9040216.

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This paper reports the use of the electrospinning technique for the synthesis of nanocomposite micro/nanofibers by combining a polymeric precursor with hydrophobic behavior like polyvinyl chloride (PVC) with nanoparticles of a corrosion inhibitor like ZnO. These electrospun fibers were deposited on substrates of the aluminum alloy 6061T6 until forming a coating around 100 μm. The effect of varying the different electrospinning deposition parameters (mostly applied voltage and flow-rate) was exhaustively analyzed in order to optimize the coating properties. Several microscopy and analysis techniques have been employed, including optical microscopy (OM), field emission scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), atomic force microscopy (AFM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Water contact angle (WCA) measurements have been carried out in order to corroborate the coating hydrophobicity. Finally, their corrosion behavior has been evaluated by electrochemical tests (Tafel curves and pitting potential measurements), showing a relevant improvement in the resultant corrosion resistance of the coated aluminum alloys.

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Fontaine, Gaëlle, Véronique Marchetti, and Serge Bourbigot. "Effects of accelerated and natural weathering on fire-retarded industrial wood composite." Journal of Fire Sciences 40, no. 5 (August 27, 2022): 385–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/07349041221102059.

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This study shows the impact of aging on the fire behavior of a fire-retarded polyvinyl chloride wood composite cladding intended for outdoor use. Two sets of composite wood cladding elements were examined: one aged naturally under exposed outdoors conditions for 1 year and the second, which underwent artificial accelerated aging. Optical microscopy, electron probe micro-analysis, and solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance of 27Al were used to investigate changes in the material properties after aging, distribution of chemical compounds, and aluminum environment. This study reveals the impact of different aging procedures on the physicochemical modifications of the composite material. In addition, after aging, the fire behavior of the two sets of composites as a function of fire exposure time was evaluated by cone calorimetry. Then, the natural aged composite was evaluated on a larger scale with the single burning item. The results surprisingly demonstrate that whatever the aging, the fire behavior of these wood composite was not affected.

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Abbas, Nada K., Majeed Ali Habeeb, and Alaa J. Kadham Algidsawi. "Preparation of Chloro Penta Amine Cobalt(III) Chloride and Study of Its Influence on the Structural and Some Optical Properties of Polyvinyl Acetate." International Journal of Polymer Science 2015 (2015): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/926789.

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Chloro penta amine cobalt(III) cloride [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2was prepared and then characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction. The obtained results indicated the formation of orthorhombic [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2nanoparticles of ≈28.75 nm size. Polymeric films based on polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) doped with chloro penta amine cobalt(III) cloride [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2in different weight percent ratios were prepared using the solvent cast technique. The complexation of the additive with the polymer was confirmed by FTIR and SEM studies. The XRD pattern revealed that the amorphousicity of PVAc polymer matrix increased with raising the [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2content. Parameters such as extinction coefficient, refractive index, real and imaginary parts, and optical conductivity were studied by using the absorbance and measurements from computerized UV-visible spectrophotometer in the spectral range 190–800 nm. This study showed that the optical properties of PVAc were affected by the doping of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2where the absorption increased by leveling up [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2concentration. The nature of electronic transition from valence band to conduction band was determined and the energy band gaps of the composite films samples were estimated by UV-visible spectrum. It was observed that the optical conductivity increased with photon energy and with the increase of [Co(NH3)5Cl]Cl2concentration.

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Maraveas, Chrysanthos. "Environmental Sustainability of Greenhouse Covering Materials." Sustainability 11, no. 21 (November 3, 2019): 6129. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11216129.

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The fundamental objective of the review article was to explore the ecological sustainability of greenhouse covering material based on the following themes; considerations for greenhouse materials, properties of polymers and glass, additives, fillers, stabilizers and reinforcements, performance, Ultraviolet (UV) transmittance, phase change materials (PCMs), and environmental sustainability. A comparison of various polymers (polyvinyl chloride (PVC), acrylic, D-polymer, Linear low-density polyethylene (LLDPE), polyolefins), and silica glasses illustrated that each type of greenhouse cladding material has its unique merits and limitations. The performance of silica glasses, PVC, polyolefins was influenced by weather, greenhouse design, plant under cultivation, percentage UV transmittance, incorporation of additives and stabilizers, reinforcements, and integration of photovoltaic panels into the greenhouse roof among other factors. Polymers can be customized to achieve 0%UV transmittance, slow-insecticide release, and anti-microbial properties. In contrast, glass materials are preferred based on suitable photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) transmittance and near-infrared (NIR) reflection and less risk of photo-oxidation. From an ecological perspective, polymers can be recycled via mechanical and chemical recycling, closed-loop cycling, and polymerization of bio-based feedstock. However, post-consumer plastic films do not possess the same optical and energy properties as virgin polymers. The combined benefits of different polymers suggest that these materials could be adopted on a large scale over the long-term.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Polyvinyl Chloride-Optical Properties'

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