Relevant bibliographies by topics / Polyvinyl chloride

Academic literature on the topic 'Polyvinyl chloride'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 30 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Polyvinyl chloride"

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KUROSE, KEISUKE, TETSUJI OKUDA, SATOSHI NAKAI, TSUNG-YUEH TSAI, WATARU NISHIJIMA, and MITSUMASA OKADA. "HYDROPHILIZATION OF POLYVINYL CHLORIDE SURFACE BY OZONATION." Surface Review and Letters 15, no. 06 (December 2008): 711–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0218625x08011986.

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The surface modification mechanism of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) by ozonation was investigated to study the selective hydrophilization of PVC surface among other plastics. Infrared analysis confirmed the increase of hydrophilic groups. XPS analysis revealed that the increase was due to the structural change in chlorine group in PVC to hydroxylic acid, ketone, and carboxylic groups by ozonation. This chemical reaction by ozone could occur only for polymers with chlorides in its structure and resulted in the selective hydrophilization of PVC among various polymers.
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SAKAI, Yasushi. "Polyvinyl Chloride." NIPPON GOMU KYOKAISHI 80, no. 8 (2007): 309–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2324/gomu.80.309.

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Horikawa, Sanae, Yoshifumi Takai, Hiroichi Ukei, Naoto Azuma, and Akifumi Ueno. "Chlorine gas recovery from polyvinyl chloride." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 51, no. 1-2 (July 1999): 167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2370(99)00015-7.

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Nizamov, Rashit, and Lyailya Abdullovna Abdrakhmanova. "Influence of Fillers on Polyvinyl Chloride Materials Thermal Resistance." Materials Science Forum 871 (September 2016): 84–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.871.84.

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Innovative materials and structures are analyzed in this paper. Multicomponent formulation of polyvinyl chloride materials containing various functional additives requires assessment of their influence on polymer stability while processing and operating. According to the nature, particulate fillers widely used in plasticized and liquid compositions based on polyvinyl chloride may have different impact on thermal resistance of materials. This paper presents the study of organic and nonorganic dispersed waist as filler in polyvinyl chloride formulation and determines key parameters of their influence on thermal resistance of composition. Polyvinyl chloride stabilization course by means of polyfunctional fillers-modifiers in different mechanisms, such as: chemical stabilization – chloride hydride acceptance, replacement of chlorine labile atom in polymer macromolecule, adjoining conjugated defective ethylenic bonds, recombination macroradicals and physical stabilization – chloride hydride sorbing, reduction of mechanical destruction by oiling, etc. have been considered. Contribution into stabilization course in various mechanisms depending on chemical nature, dispersion rate and mineral content of fillers is evaluated.
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Shaglaeva, N. S., V. V. Bayandin, R. G. Sultangareev, G. F. Prozorova, T. I. Vakul’skaya, and S. S. Khutsishvili. "Sulfurization polyvinyl chloride." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 86, no. 4 (April 2013): 611–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070427213040290.

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Park, Geoffrey S. "Polyvinyl chloride degradation." Polymer Degradation and Stability 15, no. 3 (January 1986): 281–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-3910(86)90056-x.

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Gilbert, M. "Polyvinyl chloride degradation." Chemical Engineering Journal 34, no. 2 (February 1987): 109–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0300-9467(87)87008-9.

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Hay, J. N. "Polyvinyl chloride degradation." Polymer 28, no. 7 (June 1987): 1236. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(87)90279-5.

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Allen, N. S. "Polyvinyl chloride degradation." Polymer Photochemistry 7, no. 5 (January 1986): 419–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0144-2880(86)90010-2.

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Fadhil, Marwa, Emad Yousif, Dina S. Ahmed, Alaa Mohammed, Hassan Hashim, Ahmed Ahmed, Benson M. Kariuki, and Gamal A. El-Hiti. "Synthesis of New Norfloxacin–Tin Complexes to Mitigate the Effect of Ultraviolet-Visible Irradiation in Polyvinyl Chloride Films." Polymers 14, no. 14 (July 10, 2022): 2812. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142812.

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Polyvinyl chloride is used in the manufacturing of a wide range of products, but it is susceptible to degradation if exposed to high temperatures and sunlight. There is therefore a need to continuously explore the design, synthesis, and application of new and improved additives to reduce the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride in harsh environments and for outdoor applications. This research investigates the use of new norfloxacin–tin complexes as additives to inhibit the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride to make it last longer. Reactions between norfloxacin and substituted tin chlorides, in different molar ratios and in methanol under reflux conditions, gave the corresponding organotin complexes in high yields. The chemical structures of the synthesized complexes were established, and their effect on the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride due to ultraviolet-visible irradiation was investigated. Norfloxacin–tin complexes were added to polyvinyl chloride at very low concentrations and homogenous thin films were made. The films were irradiated for a period of up to 300 h, and the damage that occurred was assessed using infrared spectroscopy, polymeric materials weight loss, depression in molecular weight, and surface inspection. The degree of photodegradation in the polymeric materials was much less in the blends containing norfloxacin–tin complexes compared to the case where no additives were used. The use of the additives leads to a reduction in photodegradation (e.g., a reduction in the formation of short-chain polymeric fragments, weight loss, average molecular weight depletion, and roughness factor) of irradiated polyvinyl chloride. The norfloxacin–tin complexes contain aromatic moieties (aryl and heterocycle), heteroatoms (nitrogen, oxygen, and fluorine), and an acidic center (tin atom). Therefore, they act as efficient photostabilizers by absorbing the ultraviolet radiation and scavenging hydrogen chloride, peroxides, and radical species, thereby slowing the photodegradation of polyvinyl chloride.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polyvinyl chloride"

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El-Akesh, Esmail Omar. "Thermal decomposition of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride systems." Thesis, University of Salford, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.492419.

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The thermal decomposition of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride (CPVC) systems has been investigated using thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and pyrolysis-gas chromatography mass spectroscopy (PyGC/MS) techniques. The influence on the thermal decomposition of CPVC of atmosphere, heating rate, stabiliser, lubricant, dioctyl phthalate (DOP), alkyl diaryl phosphate (Santiciser 2148) and triaryl phosphate (Refos 50) plasticisers and also the smoke-suppressing u-on(III) compound basic iron oxide (FeOOH) in these polymer systems has been studied.
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Perry, Katherine Louise. "The diffusion of acetone into polyvinyl chloride." Thesis, University of Surrey, 1994. http://epubs.surrey.ac.uk/844641/.

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The diffusion of small molecules into glassy polymers is often observed to be of the anomalous Case II type. This thesis describes the first comprehensive study of acetone vapour penetrating into PVC. It has been shown that this diffusion process is of the Case II type. The initial stages of the diffusion process have been studied using ion beam nuclear reaction analysis (NRA) whilst long range diffusion has been studied using broadline nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) imaging techniques. This is the first time that short and long term behaviour has been studied in the same system and has permitted a test of the Thomas and Windle theory covering both regimes. It is also the first time that broadline NMR imaging has been used to study Case II diffusion and this has permitted a study of the polymer as well as the penetrant. A new NMR technique has been developed for this. Characteristic parameters of the diffusion process have been determined. The velocity of the diffusion front advance is typically 0.042 mmhr-1 and the diffusion coefficient is 7 x10-11 cm2s-1 at room temperature. The effects of variation of exposure temperature and the activity of the vapour on the diffusion dynamics have been investigated. The NMR profiles have shown an unexpectedly long Fickian precursor extending into the inner glassy core of the samples. To complement the NMR imaging results, the NMR spin spin relaxation times of samples have been measured, and high resolution 13C NMR spectroscopy has been performed on the samples. Evidence has been found for continued disentanglement of the polymer chains long after mass equilibration of the region of the PVC swollen by acetone vapour. This disentanglement has been shown to be strongly dependent on the exposure temperature.
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Gong, ShiYi 1970. "Hydrodechlorination of polyvinyl chloride in sub-critical water." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=98711.

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Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC), a plastic polymer composed of ∼43% hydrocarbon by weight and ~57% chlorine has become extensively used in our daily lives. However, the disposal of waste PVC plastics presents serious problems. The increased awareness of these problems requires the development of a reliable technique to dispose of these wastes in a safe and environmentally benign way that is devoid of the formation/release of organo-chlorine compounds. Chemical degradation of PVC is a technology that transforms PVC waste into completely new chemical products that don't contain chlorine. Sub-critical water (SCW) treatment is one of the most reliable technologies since SCW as a chemical reaction medium having adjustable physico-chemical properties. Hydrodechlorination (HDC), a reaction that replaces organically bound chlorine by hydrogen, can be accelerated by the presence of metal oxide catalysts (alumina supported palladium, Pd0/Al2O3) or raney nickel. When combined with SCW treatment, HDC offers a disposal process that is free from unwanted by-products. The rate of borohydride decomposition is accelerated by raney nickel. The HDC efficiency of virgin and formulated PVC in SCW under various reaction conditions of time and temperature was evaluated systematically. The time of reaction was varied from 1 to 4.5 hours and the temperature was varied from 150 to 280°C in the presence of palladium on alumina (Pd/Al2O3) or raney nickel. The efficiency of HDC varied from ~3% up to a completed dechlorination. Thus, organically bound chlorine in PVC in a water phase can be converted, virtually quantitatively, to chloride ion.
Response surface methodology (RSM) was used for experimental design and data analysis. The computer output from the Design-Expert software was used to optimize a model for the dechlorination as a function of time and temperature. A subsequent analysis of variance associated with the fitted model indicated a good fit between observed and predicted HDC efficiencies.
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Dib, Shelby A. "Stability of Phenylephrine Hydrochloride in Polyvinyl Chloride Bags." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1562926540976767.

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Lee, David W. "Thermal degradation of polymer blends containing poly(vinyl chloride) /." Online version of thesis, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/1850/10287.

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Matuana-Malanda, Laurent. "Wood fiber/polyvinyl chloride composites and their microcellular foams." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/tape16/PQDD_0002/NQ27693.pdf.

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Santamaria, Estibaliz. "The performance and mechanism of a novel stabiliser for PVC." Thesis, Manchester Metropolitan University, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.248378.

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Elraghi, Somia. "Polyblending of rigid PVC with kraft lignin application to the building exterior facade /." Thesis, Connect to online version, 1993. http://0-wwwlib.umi.com.mercury.concordia.ca/cr/concordia/fullcit?pMM87260.

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Do, Tuyet-Trinh. "Thermal degradation of polyvinyl chloride blends / by Tuyet-Trinh Do." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2000.

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Erdoğdu, Cem Aykut Balköse Devrim. "The development of synergistic heat stabilizers for PVC from Zinc Borate-Zinc Phosphate/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2004. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/kimyamuh/T000509.pdf.

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Books on the topic "Polyvinyl chloride"

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Weizer, William P., and Margaret K. Strekal. Polyvinyl chloride. Cleveland, Ohio: Freedonia Group, 1998.

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Wypych, Jerzy. Polyvinyl chloride stabilization. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1986.

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Ita, Paul A., and Pam Safarek. World polyvinyl chloride. Cleveland, Ohio: Freedonia Group, 1997.

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Wypych, Jerzy. Polyvinyl chloride degradation. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1985.

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1920-, Wickson Edward J., ed. Handbook of polyvinyl chloride formulating. New York: Wiley, 1993.

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Misurelli, Denby L. Polyvinyl chloride resins in primary forms. Washington, DC: Office of Industries, U.S. International Trade Commission, 1995.

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Misurelli, Denby L. Polyvinyl chloride resins in primary forms. Washington, DC: Office of Industries, U.S. International Trade Commission, 1995.

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Misurelli, Denby L. Polyvinyl chloride resins in primary forms. Washington, DC: Office of Industries, U.S. International Trade Commission, 1995.

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1956-, Smith Elizabeth M., ed. A man of ideas: The biography of Dr. Waldo Lonsbury Semon, inventor of plasticized polyvinyl chloride. Cleveland, Ohio (6100 Oak Tree Blvd., Cleveland 44131): Geon Co., 1993.

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Grossman, Richard F. Handbook of vinyl formulating. 2nd ed. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley, 2008.

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Book chapters on the topic "Polyvinyl chloride"

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Bährle-Rapp, Marina. "Polyvinyl Chloride." In Springer Lexikon Kosmetik und Körperpflege, 441. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-71095-0_8225.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Polyvinyl Chloride." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 576. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9259.

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Peacock, Andrew J., and Allison Calhoun. "Polyvinyl Chloride." In Polymer Chemistry, 325–38. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9783446433434.022.

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Mishra, Munmaya, and Biao Duan. "Polyvinyl Chloride." In The Essential Handbook of Polymer Terms and Attributes, 188–89. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003161318-183.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Chlorinated Polyvinyl Chloride." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 140. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_2316.

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Bashford, David. "Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC)." In Thermoplastics, 227–34. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-1531-2_35.

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Whelan, Tony, and John Goff. "Unplasticised Polyvinyl Chloride." In Injection Molding of Thermoplastic Materials - 2, 142–55. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5502-2_10.

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Whelan, Tony, and John Goff. "Plasticized Polyvinyl Chloride." In Injection Molding of Thermoplastic Materials - 2, 126–41. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-5502-2_9.

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Stringer, Ruth, and Paul Johnston. "PVC (polyvinyl chloride)." In Chlorine and the Environment, 79–106. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-9813-2_4.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Polyvinyl Chloride Acetate." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 576. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_9260.

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Conference papers on the topic "Polyvinyl chloride"

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Hensel, Steve J., Lucas L. Kyriazidis, Eric J. Skidmore, and Neal M. Askew. "Evaluation of Polyvinyl Chloride Bags During Plutonium Storage." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63024.

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This evaluation considers the storage of plutonium materials in 9975 shipping packages at the Savannah River Site (SRS) K-Area Complex (KAC). The materials are packaged in a can – bag – can configuration where the outer can is a screw lid filtered can and the inner can is a slip lid filtered can (filters for both cans are located in the can lid). The inner slip lid can is secured using polyvinyl chloride tape. A filtered plasticized polyvinyl chloride (pPVC) bag is used to bag out the slip lid can from the glove box where the plutonium oxide is packaged. The filtered bag and slip lid can are placed into the outer screw lid can outside the glove box. This can – bag – can configuration is packaged into a 9975 shipping package for storage. An empty “dummy” tin plated carbon steel can (with a hole in the lid) is packaged on top of the screw lid can inside the 9975 Primary Containment Vessel (PCV). The threshold heat generation such that the thermal decomposition of the pPVC bag is precluded is 7 Watts. In addition, the maximum 9975 PCV pressure is computed for normal conditions of storage of the 9975 shipping package in K-Area Complex (KAC).
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Comanita, Elena-Diana, Cristina Ghinea, Mihaela Rosca, Isabela Maria Simion, Madalina Petraru, and Maria Gavrilescu. "Environmental impacts of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) production process." In 2015 E-Health and Bioengineering Conference (EHB). IEEE, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/ehb.2015.7391486.

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Zhao, Zijian, Rahul Palaniappan Kanthabhabha Jeya, and Abdel-Hakim Bouzid. "Creep Modeling of Polyvinyl Chloride Bolted Flange Joints." In ASME 2017 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2017-72406.

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Alike other polymer material, PolyVinyl Chloride (PVC) shows a clear creep behavior, the rate of which is influenced by temperature, load and time. Polyvinyl chloride bolted flange joints undergo relaxation under compression for which the material creep properties are different than those under tension. Since the sealing capacity of a flanged gasketed joint is impacted by the amount of relaxation that takes place, it is important to properly address and predict the relaxation behavior due to flange creep under compression and reduce the chances of leakage failure of PVC flange joints. The main objective is study the creep behavior of PVC flanges under the influence of normal operating conditions. This is achieved by developing a PVC creep model based on creep test data under various compressive load, temperature and time. A simulation of a PVC flange relaxation behavior bot numerically and experimentally is conducted on an NPS 3 class 150 bolted flange joint of dissimilar materials one made of PVC material and the other one by steel SA105. The study also provides a clear picture on how the compression creep data on Ring specimen may be utilized for predicating the flange performance under various operating temperatures with time.
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Motohashi, Tomoki, Naoki Ogawa, Hideko Akai, and Jun Shintake. "Peristaltic pumps based on polyvinyl chloride gel actuator." In Electroactive Polymer Actuators and Devices (EAPAD) XXV, edited by John D. Madden, Iain A. Anderson, and Herbert R. Shea. SPIE, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2657831.

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Themelis, Nickolas J. "Chlorine Sources, Sinks, and Impacts in WTE Power Plants." In 18th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/nawtec18-3577.

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The principal sources of chlorine in the MSW feed to WTE power plants are food wastes (e.g., wheat, green vegetables, melon, pineapple), yard wastes (leaves, grass, etc.), salt (NaCl), and chlorinated plastics (mostly polyvinyl chloride). Chlorine has important impacts on the WTE operation in terms of higher corrosion rate than in coal-fired power plants, formation of hydrochloric gas that must be controlled in the stack gas to less than the U.S. EPA standard (29 ppm by volume), and potential for formation of dioxins and furans. Past Columbia studies have shown that the chlorine content in MSW is in the order of 0.5%. In comparison, chlorine concentration in coal is about 0.1%; this results in much lower HCl concentration in the combustion gases and allows coal-fired power plants to be operated at higher superheater tube temperatures and thus higher thermal efficiencies. Most of the chlorine output from a WTE is in the fly ash collected in the fabric filter baghouse of the Air Pollution Control system. This study examined in detail the sources and sinks of chlorine in a WTE unit. It is concluded that on the average MSW contains about 0.5% chlorine, which results in hydrogen chloride concentration in the WTE combustion gases of up to 600 parts per million by volume. About 45% of the chlorine content in MSW derives from chlorinated plastics, mainly polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and 55% from salt (NaCl) and chlorine-containing food and yard wastes. An estimated 97–98% of the chlorine input is converted to calcium chloride in the dry scrubber of the Air Pollution Control (APC) system and captured in the fly ash collected in the baghouse; the remainder is in the stack gas at a concentration that is one half of the U.S. EPA standard. Reducing the input of PVC in the MSW stream would have no effect on dioxin formation but would reduce the corrosion rate in the WTE boiler.
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Salman, Zahraa A., and Ahlam K. R. Alzerjawi. "Behavior of swollen soils with polyvinyl chloride waste materials." In 4TH INTERNATIONAL SCIENTIFIC CONFERENCE OF ALKAFEEL UNIVERSITY (ISCKU 2022). AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0188635.

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Al-Bahate, Maha J. M., Kadhum M. Shabeeb, and Bassam I. Khalil. "New synthesis polyvinyl chloride- graft- acrylamide membrane for wastewater treatment." In XIAMEN-CUSTIPEN WORKSHOP ON THE EQUATION OF STATE OF DENSE NEUTRON-RICH MATTER IN THE ERA OF GRAVITATIONAL WAVE ASTRONOMY. AIP Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5116943.

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Xin, Ming-Liang, Mao-Dong Li, Bo Yang, Shi-Ping Li, and Yu-Chu Wu. "The method process chlorinated polyvinyl chloride adopt water phase suspension." In The 2nd Annual 2016 International Conference on Mechanical Engineering and Control System (MECS2016). WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789813208414_0018.

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Masyuk, Andrii, Volodymyr Levytskyi, Diana Katruk, Ulyana Khromiak, and Bozhena Kulish. "Nano-sized Polymer-Silicate Thermal Stabilizers Of Polyvinyl Chloride Materials." In 2021 IEEE 11th International Conference Nanomaterials: Applications & Properties (NAP). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nap51885.2021.9568628.

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Aliyev, H. S., S. N. Namazov, M. M. Guliyev, and R. S. Ismayilova. "Properties of polyvinyl-chloride, graphite composites for high-voltage application." In 2017 IEEE 58th International Scientific Conference on Power and Electrical Engineering of Riga Technical University (RTUCON). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rtucon.2017.8124776.

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Reports on the topic "Polyvinyl chloride"

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Karwacki, Christopher J. Compatibility of Polyvinyl Chloride Filter Bags with Chloroform Vapors. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada328064.

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Black, Billy D., David F. Menicucci, and John Harrison. Analysis of chlorinated polyvinyl chloride pipe burst problems :Vasquez residence system inspection. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/875635.

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Krishnan, P. N., R. E. Morris, G. R. Famini, and A. Birenzvige. Predicting Polymer Properties By Computational Methods. 1. Polyvinyl Chloride and Its Homologs. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada235434.

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Sieber, John R., John L. Molloy, Caroline E. Bibb, Matthew W. Boyce, and N. Alan Heckert. Certification of Standard Reference Material 2859 and Standard Reference Material 2861 restricted elements in polyvinyl chloride. Gaithersburg, MD: National Institute of Standards and Technology, April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.6028/nist.sp.260-200.

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Bjella, Kevin, Daniel Vandevort, and Sarah Kopczynski. Preliminary testing of expedient ground anchor solutions for guyed towers in remote cold regions : considerations for cold remote regions with limited tools. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), July 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/47328.

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Ground anchors connected to guy wires for tower structures in cold climates suffer from frost heaving, which causes loss of wire tension and subsequent structural instability. It is necessary to understand what ground anchors are available to resist this tendency yet are still capable of expedient installation in remote areas. To that end, three metal, traditional ground-anchor types (arrowhead, bullet, and penetrating auger) and one novel polyvinyl chloride (PVC) T-post anchor were evaluated in frozen gravels and frozen silts at a research facility in Fairbanks, Alaska. Criteria included installation capability, failure loading, and removal ability. Additionally, expedient installation techniques for use in field conditions were also demonstrated. All three traditional ground anchors failed to penetrate frozen gravels. The penetrating auger also failed to penetrate frozen silts, but the arrowhead and bullet anchors did penetrate frozen silts with difficulty. The PVC anchor is capable of being installed only in a predrilled pilot hole. Under flexural load, the arrowhead anchor cable failed at 3686.72 lb, and the bullet anchor cable failed at 1753.44 lb. The PVC slid out of its hole at a direct-pull force of 1978.24 lb and failed under flexural stress at 202.32 lb.
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BOSTON UNIV MA SCHOOL OF MEDICINE. Rejuvenation and Freezing of Additive-Preserved Red Blood Cells in the 1000 ML-600 ML Polyvinyl Chloride Freezing Bay System Stored for Up to 42 Days at 4 C Prior to Rejuvenation and Glycerolization Using 40% W/V Glycerol and Storage at -80 C, Washed in the Haemonetics Blood Processor 115, and Stored at 4 C for up to 24 Hours Prior to Transfusion. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada360394.

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Polyvinyl chloride plastics in municipal solid waste combustion. Impact upon dioxin emissions: A synthesis of views. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10115645.

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