Journal articles: 'Polysulfide shuttle effect'

1

Wang, Maoxu, Lishuang Fan, Xian Wu, Yue Qiu, Bin Guan, Yan Wang, Naiqing Zhang, and Kening Sun. "Metallic NiSe2nanoarrays towards ultralong life and fast Li2S oxidation kinetics of Li–S batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 25 (2019): 15302–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta03361k.

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The complex solid–liquid–solid phase transition in Li–S batteries, the serious shuttle effect of soluble polysulfides, sluggish polysulfide conversion kinetics and the low conductive nature of Li₂S cause a high decomposition barrier, inevitably limiting the development of advanced Li–S batteries.

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Zhang, Feng, Yuan Gao, Feichao Wu, Lin Li, Jingde Li, and Guirong Wang. "Constructing MIL-101(Cr) membranes on carbon nanotube films as ion-selective interlayers for lithium–sulfur batteries." Nanotechnology 33, no. 21 (February 28, 2022): 215401. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1361-6528/ac5443.

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Abstract It is of significant importance to suppress the polysulfide shuttle effect for the commercial application of lithium–sulfur batteries. Herein, continuous MIL-101(Cr) membranes were successfully fabricated on carbon nanotube films utilizing a simple in situ growth method, aiming at constructing interlayer materials for inhibiting the shuttle effect. Owing to the suitable pore aperture and super electrolyte wettability, the as-developed MIL-101(Cr) membrane can effectively inhibit the shuttle behaviour of polysulfides while allowing the fast transport of Li-ions simultaneously, working as an ionic sieve. Additionally, this MOFs membrane is also helpful in accelerating the polysulfide catalytic conversion. Therefore, the proposed interlayer delivers an extraordinary rate capability, showing a remarkable capacity of 661.9 mAh g−1 under 5 C. Meanwhile, it also exhibits a high initial capacity of 816.1 mAh g−1 at 1 C and an exceptional durability with an extremely low capacity fading of 0.046% per cycle over 500 cycles.

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Tripathi, Balram, Rajesh K. Katiyar, Gerardo Morell, Ambesh Dixit, and Ram S. Katiyar. "BiFeO3 Coupled Polysulfide Trapping in C/S Composite Cathode Material for Li-S Batteries as Large Efficiency and High Rate Performance." Energies 14, no. 24 (December 11, 2021): 8362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14248362.

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We demonstrated the efficient coupling of BiFeO3 (BFO) ferroelectric material within the carbon–sulfur (C-S) composite cathode, where polysulfides are trapped in BFO mesh, reducing the polysulfide shuttle impact, and thus resulting in an improved cyclic performance and an increase in capacity in Li-S batteries. Here, the built-in internal field due to BFO enhances polysulfide trapping. The observation of a difference in the diffusion behavior of polysulfides in BFO-coupled composites suggests more efficient trapping in BFO-modified C-S electrodes compared to pristine C-S composite cathodes. The X-ray diffraction results of BFO–C-S composite cathodes show an orthorhombic structure, while Raman spectra substantiate efficient coupling of BFO in C-S composites, in agreement with SEM images, showing the interconnected network of submicron-size sulfur composites. Two plateaus were observed at 1.75 V and 2.1 V in the charge/discharge characteristics of BFO–C-S composite cathodes. The observed capacity of ~1600 mAh g−1 in a 1.5–2.5 V operating window for BFO30-C10-S60 composite cathodes, and the high cyclic stability substantiate the superior performance of the designed cathode materials due to the efficient reduction in the polysulfide shuttle effect in these composite cathodes.

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Wu, Yunling, Jun Deng, Yuan Zhou, Yang Huang, and Yanguang Li. "Molybdenum carbide nanostructures for electrocatalytic polysulfide conversion in lithium–polysulfide batteries." Nanoscale Horizons 5, no. 3 (2020): 501–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nh00618d.

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Guo, Xiaotong, Xu Bi, Junfeng Zhao, Xinxiang Yu, and Han Dai. "Tunnel Structure Enhanced Polysulfide Conversion for Inhibiting “Shuttle Effect” in Lithium-Sulfur Battery." Nanomaterials 12, no. 16 (August 11, 2022): 2752. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12162752.

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The Lithium sulfur (Li-S) battery has a great potential to replace lithium-ion batteries due to its high-energy density. However, the “shuttle effect” of polysulfide intermediates (Li2S8, Li2S6, Li2S4, etc.) from the cathode can lead to rapid capacity decay and low coulombic efficiency, thus limiting its further development. Anchoring polysulfide and inhibiting polysulfide migration in electrolytes is one of the focuses in Li-S battery. It is well known that polar metal oxides-manganese oxides (MnO2) are normally used as an effective inhibitor for its polysulfide inhibiting properties. Considering the natural 1D tunnel structure, MnO2 with three kinds of typical tunnel-type were screened to study the effects of the tunnel size on the adsorption capacity of polysulfide. We found that MnO2 with larger tunnel sizes has stronger chemisorption capacity of polysulfide. It promotes the conversion of polysulfide, and corresponding cathode exhibits better cycle reliability and rate performance in the cell comparison tests. This work should point out a new strategy for the cathode design of advanced Li-S battery by controlling the tunnel size.

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Weret, Misganaw Adigo, Wei-Nien Su, and Bing-Joe Hwang. "Organosulfur Cathodes with High Compatibility in Carbonate Ester Electrolytes for Long Cycle Lithium–Sulfur Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 536. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024536mtgabs.

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Lithium-sulfur batteries (LSBs) are potential candidates for high energy storage technologies due to their theoretical gravimetric energy density of ∼2600 Wh kg-1 and lightweight electrodes. In LSBs, ether electrolytes are frequently utilized because sulfur cathodes and the polysulfide redox intermediate species are chemically stable. However, LSBs in ether electrolytes suffer from the dissolution of higher-order polysulfides, and migration of the soluble polysulfides into electrolytes causes the polysulfide shuttle effect. The shuttle polysulfides react with the lithium anode and give rise to the irreversible deposition of lithium sulfides, deteriorate the morphology of the anode, and cause rapid capacity fading. Moreover, ether electrolytes are highly flammable and trigger safety issues. As an alternative, carbonate ester electrolytes are promising choices to substitute ether electrolytes in LSBs. Organic carbonate electrolytes used in LSBs result in irreversible reactions with long-chain polysulfide anions that cause the cell to shut down. Therefore, carbonate ester electrolytes compatible sulfur cathodes design needs special attention. Sulfurized polyacrylonitrile (SPAN) and short-chain sulfur cathodes are compatible with organic carbonate electrolytes. However, the sulfur contents in these cathodes are mostly below 50 wt% which hamper the practical application of the LSBs. Here, we designed an organosulfur cathode with a high chemical bonded sulfur content of ~58 wt% in the cathode composite. The prepared organosulfur cathode showed excellent compatibility with carbonate ester electrolytes. The organosulfur cathode exhibits a high initial discharge capacity of 1301 mAh g-1 and long cycle stability for 400 cycles with nearly 99.99% coulombic efficiency.

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Li, Baoe, Zhenghao Sun, Yan Zhao, and Zhumabay Bakenov. "A Novel Hierarchically Porous Polypyrrole Sphere Modified Separator for Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." Polymers 11, no. 8 (August 13, 2019): 1344. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11081344.

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The commercialization of Lithium-sulfur batteries was limited by the polysulfide shuttle effect, and modifying the routine separator was an effective method to solve this problem. In this work, a novel hierarchically porous polypyrrole sphere (PPS) was successfully prepared by using silica as hard-templates. As-prepared PPS was slurry-coated on the separator, which could reduce the polarization phenomenon of the sulfur cathode, and efficiently immobilize polysulfides. As expected, high sulfur utilization was achieved by suppressing the shuttle effect. When tested in the lithium-sulfur battery, it exhibited a high capacity of 855 mAh·g−1 after 100 cycles at 0.2 C, and delivered a reversible capacity of 507 mAh·g−1 at 3 C, showing excellent electrochemical performance.

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Ma, Bingyi, Xin Zhang, Xiaoqian Deng, Sheng Huang, Min Xiao, Shuanjin Wang, Dongmei Han, and Yuezhong Meng. "Construction of KB@ZIF-8/PP Composite Separator for Lithium–Sulfur Batteries with Enhanced Electrochemical Performance." Polymers 13, no. 23 (December 1, 2021): 4210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13234210.

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Lithium–sulfur batteries (LSBs) have attracted wide attention, but the shuttle effect of polysulfide hinders their further practical application. Herein, we develop a new strategy to construct a Ketjen black@zeolite imidazole framework-8/polypropylene composite separator. Such a separator consists of Ketjen black (KB), zeolite imidazole framework-8 (ZIF-8) and polypropylene (PP) with a low coating load of 0.06 mg cm−2 and is denoted as KB@ZIF-8/PP. KB@ZIF-8/PP can absorb polysulfides because of the Lewis acid-base interaction between ZIF-8 and polysulfides. This interaction can reduce the dissolution of polysulfides and suppress the shuttle effect, thereby enhancing the electrochemical performance of the battery. When tested at a current density of 0.1 C, an LSB with a KB@ZIF-8/PP separator exhibits low polarization and achieves a high initial capacity of 1235.6 mAh/g and a high capacity retention rate of 59.27% after 100 cycles.

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Kweon, Hyukmin, and William Kim-Shoemaker. "Mitigating Lithium Dissolution and Polysulfide Shuttle Effect Phenomena Using a Polymer Composite Layer Coating on the Anode in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries." Polymers 14, no. 20 (October 16, 2022): 4359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14204359.

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To mitigate lithium dissolution and polysulfide shuttle effect phenomena in high-energy lithium sulfur batteries (LISBs), a conductive, flexible, and easily modified polymer composite layer was applied on the anode. The polymer composite layer included polyaniline and functionalized graphite. The electrochemical behavior of LISBs was studied by galvanostatic charge/discharge tests from 1.7 to 2.8 V up to 90 cycles and via COMSOL Multiphysics simulation software. No apparent overcharge occurred during the charge state, which suggests that the shuttle effect of polysulfides was effectively prevented. The COMSOL Multiphysics simulation provided a venue for optimal prediction of the ideal concentration and properties of the polymer composite layer to be used in the LISBs. The testing and simulation results determined that the polymer composite layer diminished the amount of lithium polysulfide species and decreased the amount of dissolved lithium ions in the LISBs. In addition, the charge/discharge rate of up to 2.0 C with a cycle life of 90 cycles was achieved. The knowledge acquired in this study was important not only for the design of efficient new electrode materials, but also for understanding the effect of the polymer composite layer on the electrochemical cycle stability.

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Luque Di Salvo, Javier, Guillermina L. Luque, and Giorgio De Luca. "Lithium polysulfide conformer analysis in ether-based solvents for Li–S batteries." Molecular Systems Design & Engineering 7, no. 4 (2022): 364–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1me00185j.

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Polysulfide shuttling is a major challenge impeding practical application of lithium–sulfur batteries. In this work, lithium polysulfide conformers were unravelled, providing useful insights for the design of strategies to suppress the shuttle effect.

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Gohari, Salimeh, Vaclav Knap, and Mohammad Reza Yaftian. "Investigation on Cycling and Calendar Aging Processes of 3.4 Ah Lithium-Sulfur Pouch Cells." Sustainability 13, no. 16 (August 23, 2021): 9473. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13169473.

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Much attention has been paid to rechargeable lithium-sulfur batteries (Li–SBs) due to their high theoretical specific capacity, high theoretical energy density, and affordable cost. However, their rapid c fading capacity has been one of the key defects in their commercialization. It is believed that sulfuric cathode degradation is driven mainly by passivation of the cathode surface by Li2S at discharge, polysulfide shuttle (reducing the amount of active sulfur at the cathode, passivation of anode surface), and volume changes in the sulfuric cathode. These degradation mechanisms are significant during cycling, and the polysulfide shuttle is strongly present during storage at a high state-of-charge (SOC). Thus, storage at 50% SOC is used to evaluate the effect of the remaining degradation processes on the cell’s performance. In this work, unlike most of the other previous observations that were performed at small-scale cells (coin cells), 3.4 Ah pouch Li–SBs were tested using cycling and calendar aging protocols, and their performance indicators were analyzed. As expected, the fade capacity of the cycling aging cells was greater than that of the calendar aging cells. Additionally, the measurements for the calendar aging cells indicate that, contrary to the expectation of stopping the solubility of long-chain polysulfides and not attending the shuttle effect, these phenomena occur continuously under open-circuit conditions.

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Li, Wenyue, Shiqi Li, Ayrton A. Bernussi, and Zhaoyang Fan. "3-D Edge-Oriented Electrocatalytic NiCo2S4 Nanoflakes on Vertical Graphene for Li-S Batteries." Energy Material Advances 2021 (March 22, 2021): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2021/2712391.

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Polysulfide shuttle effect, causing extremely low Coulombic efficiency and cycling stability, is one of the toughest challenges hindering the development of practical lithium sulfur batteries (LSBs). Introducing catalytic nanostructures to stabilize the otherwise soluble polysulfides and promote their conversion to solids has been proved to be an effective strategy in attacking this problem, but the heavy mass of catalysts often results in a low specific energy of the whole electrode. Herein, by designing and synthesizing a free-standing edge-oriented NiCo2S4/vertical graphene functionalized carbon nanofiber (NCS/EOG/CNF) thin film as a catalytic overlayer incorporated in the sulfur cathode, the polysulfide shuttle effect is largely alleviated, revealed by the enhanced electrochemical performance measurements and the catalytic function demonstration. Different from other reports, the NiCo2S4 nanosheets synthesized here have a 3-D edge-oriented structure with fully exposed edges and easily accessible in-plane surfaces, thus providing a high density of active sites even with a small mass. The EOG/CNF scaffold further renders the high conductivity in the catalytic structure. Combined, this novel structure, with high sulfur loading and high sulfur fraction, leads to high-performance sulfur cathodes toward a practical LSB technology.

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13

Cho, Jinil, Yong-keon Ahn, Yong Jun Gong, Seonmi Pyo, Jeeyoung Yoo, and Youn Sang Kim. "An organic–inorganic composite separator for preventing shuttle effect in lithium–sulfur batteries." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 4, no. 6 (2020): 3051–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0se00123f.

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The proposed organic–inorganic composite separator strongly reduces the dissolution issue of lithium polysulfide and prevents the movement of polysulfide. Also, it improves the stability of lithium metal anode by evenly distributing the flux of lithium ions.

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14

Jiang, Wen, Lingling Dong, Shuanghui Liu, Shuangshuang Zhao, Kairu Han, Weimin Zhang, Kefeng Pan, and Lipeng Zhang. "NiFe2O4/Ketjen Black Composites as Efficient Membrane Separators to Suppress the Shuttle Effect for Long-Life Lithium-Sulfur Batteries." Nanomaterials 12, no. 8 (April 14, 2022): 1347. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12081347.

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Lithium-sulfur batteries exhibit great potential as one of the most promising energy storage devices due to their high theoretical energy density and specific capacity. However, the shuttle effect of the soluble polysulfide intermediates could lead to a severe self-discharge effect that hinders the development of lithium-sulfur batteries. In this paper, a battery separator has been prepared based on NiFe2O4/Ketjen Black (KB) modification by a simple method to solve the shuttle effect and improve the battery performance. The as-modified separator with the combination of small-size KB and NiFe2O4 nanoparticles can effectively use the physical and chemical double-layer adsorption to prevent polysulfide from the shuttle. Moreover, it can give full play to its catalytic effect to improve the conversion efficiency of polysulfide and activate the dead sulfur. The results show that the NiFe2O4/KB-modified separator battery still maintains a discharge capacity of 406.27 mAh/g after 1000 stable cycles at a high current density of 1 C. Furthermore, the coulombic efficiency remains at 99%, and the average capacity attenuation per cycle is only 0.051%. This simple and effective method can significantly improve the application capacity of lithium-sulfur batteries.

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Klorman, Jake A., Qing Guo, and Kah Chun Lau. "First-Principles Study of Amorphous Al2O3 ALD Coating in Li-S Battery Electrode Design." Energies 15, no. 1 (January 5, 2022): 390. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15010390.

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The Li-S battery is exceptionally appealing as an alternative candidate beyond Li-ion battery technology due to its promising high specific energy capacity. However, several obstacles (e.g., polysulfides’ dissolution, shuttle effect, high volume expansion of cathode, etc.) remain and thus hinder the commercialization of the Li-S battery. To overcome these challenges, a fundamental study based on atomistic simulation could be very useful. In this work, a comprehensive investigation of the adsorption of electrolyte (solvent and salt) molecules, lithium sulfide, and polysulfide (Li2Sx with 2 ≤x≤ 8) molecules on the amorphous Al2O3 atomic layer deposition (ALD) surface was performed using first-principles density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The DFT results indicate that the amorphous Al2O3 ALD surface is selective in chemical adsorption towards lithium sulfide and polysulfide molecules compared to electrolytes. Based on this work, it suggests that the Al2O3 ALD is a promising coating material for Li-S battery electrodes to mitigate the shuttling problem of soluble polysulfides.

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Zhao, Wenyang, Li-Chun Xu, Yuhong Guo, Zhi Yang, Ruiping Liu, and Xiuyan Li. "TiS₂-graphene heterostructures enabling polysulfide anchoring and fast electrocatalyst for lithium-sulfur batteries: A first-principles calculation." Chinese Physics B 31, no. 4 (March 1, 2022): 047101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1674-1056/ac3227.

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Lithium-sulfur batteries have attracted attention because of their high energy density. However, the “shuttle effect” caused by the dissolving of polysulfide in the electrolyte has greatly hindered the widespread commercial use of lithium-sulfur batteries. In this paper, a novel two-dimensional TiS2/graphene heterostructure is theoretically designed as the anchoring material for lithium-sulfur batteries to suppress the shuttle effect. This heterostructure formed by the stacking of graphene and TiS2 monolayer is the van der Waals type, which retains the intrinsic metallic electronic structure of graphene and TiS2 monolayer. Graphene improves the electronic conductivity of the sulfur cathode, and the transferred electrons from graphene enhance the polarity of the TiS2 monolayer. Simulations of the polysulfide adsorption show that the TiS2/graphene heterostructure can maintain good metallic properties and the appropriate adsorption energies of 0.98–3.72 eV, which can effectively anchor polysulfides. Charge transfer analysis suggests that further enhancement of polarity is beneficial to reduce the high proportion of van der Waals (vdW) force in the adsorption energy, thereby further enhancing the anchoring ability. Low Li2S decomposition barrier and Li-ion migration barrier imply that the heterostructure has the ability to catalyze fast electrochemical kinetic processes. Therefore, TiS2/graphene heterostructure could be an important candidate for ideal anchoring materials of lithium-sulfur batteries.

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Suzanowicz, Artur M., Youngjin Lee, Hao Lin, Otavio J. J. Marques, Carlo U. Segre, and Braja K. Mandal. "A New Graphitic Nitride and Reduced Graphene Oxide-Based Sulfur Cathode for High-Capacity Lithium-Sulfur Cells." Energies 15, no. 3 (January 19, 2022): 702. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en15030702.

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Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries can provide at least three times higher energy density than lithium-ion (Li-Ion) batteries. However, Li-S batteries suffer from a phenomenon called the polysulfide shuttle (PSS) that prevents the commercialization of these batteries. The PSS has several undesirable effects, such as depletion of active materials from the cathode, deleterious reactions between the lithium anode and electrolyte soluble lithium polysulfides, resulting in unfavorable coulombic efficiency, and poor cycle life of the battery. In this study, a new sulfur cathode composed of graphitic nitride as the polysulfide absorbing material and reduced graphene oxide as the conductive carbon host has been synthesized to rectify the problems associated with the PSS effect. This composite cathode design effectively retains lithium polysulfide intermediates within the cathode structure. The S@RGO/GN cathode displayed excellent capacity retention compared to similar RGO-based sulfur cathodes published by other groups by delivering an initial specific capacity of 1415 mA h g−1 at 0.2 C. In addition, the long-term cycling stability was outstanding (capacity decay at the rate of only 0.2% per cycle after 150 cycles).

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Chen, Dongli, Wenwei Zhan, Xue Fu, Ming Zhu, Jinle Lan, Gang Sui, and Xiaoping Yang. "High-conductivity 1T-MoS2 catalysts anchored on a carbon fiber cloth for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 5, no. 18 (2021): 6941–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qm00674f.

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Liu, Chen, Fanrong Kong, Jianchao Liu, Ruhong Li, Hongda Zhang, Lin Li, Zhen Wang, Weihua Wan, Junhua Wei, and Changsong Dai. "Flexible pore structure modulation enables durable sulfur carrier for advanced lithium–sulfur batteries." New Journal of Chemistry 45, no. 20 (2021): 9221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1nj00831e.

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Liu, Hui, Yuanke Wu, Pan Liu, Han Wang, Maowen Xu, and Shu-juan Bao. "Anthozoan-like porous nanocages with nano-cobalt-armed CNT multifunctional layers as a cathode material for highly stable Na–S batteries." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 9, no. 4 (2022): 645–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qi01406d.

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Wang, Yizhou, Wenhui Liu, Ruiqing Liu, Peifeng Pan, Liyao Suo, Jun Chen, Xiaomiao Feng, Xizhang Wang, Yanwen Ma, and Wei Huang. "Inhibiting polysulfide shuttling using dual-functional nanowire/nanotube modified layers for highly stable lithium–sulfur batteries." New Journal of Chemistry 43, no. 37 (2019): 14708–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9nj03320c.

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Li, Zhen, Qianqian Jiang, Zhaoling Ma, Qiuhong Liu, Zhenjun Wu, and Shuangyin Wang. "Oxygen plasma modified separator for lithium sulfur battery." RSC Advances 5, no. 97 (2015): 79473–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra17629h.

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O₂ plasma treatment could generate electronegative oxygen functional groups such as –COOH and –OH on the separator to restrain the shuttle effect of polysulfide intermediates in Li–S battery.

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Zhou, Haifeng, Qunli Tang, Qianer Xu, Yan Zhang, Cong Huang, Yali Xu, Aiping Hu, and Xiaohua Chen. "Enhanced performance of lithium–sulfur batteries based on single-sided chemical tailoring, and organosiloxane grafted PP separator." RSC Advances 10, no. 31 (2020): 18115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra02833a.

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Even after a decade of research and rapid development of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries, the infamous shuttle effect of lithium polysulfide is still the major challenge hindering the commercialization of Li–S batteries.

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Wang, Chenhui, Nobuyuki Sakai, Yasuo Ebina, Takayuki Kikuchi, Monika R. Snowdon, Daiming Tang, Renzhi Ma, and Takayoshi Sasaki. "Three-in-one cathode host based on Nb3O8/graphene superlattice heterostructures for high-performance Li–S batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 15 (2021): 9952–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta01913a.

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Superlattice Nb₃O₈/rGO with alternately restacked Nb₃O₈ nanosheets and rGO improves Li–S batteries performance by maximizing synergistic effects of components to prevent “shuttle effect” and promote lithium polysulfide conversion and Li₂S nucleation

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Bao, Jian, Xin-Yang Yue, Rui-Jie Luo, and Yong-Ning Zhou. "Cubic MnSe₂ microcubes enabling high-performance sulfur cathodes for lithium–sulfur batteries." Sustainable Energy & Fuels 5, no. 22 (2021): 5699–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1se01263k.

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The cycle performance and rate capability of sulfur cathodes are greatly enhanced by introducing cubic MnSe2 microcubes. The Shuttle effect is suppressed effectively by the adsorption between MnSe2 and polysulfide via binding of Se and S.

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Zhang, Zhijia, Xuequan Li, Yawen Yan, Wenyi Zhu, Li-Hua Shao, and Junsheng Li. "A Bioinspired Functionalization of Polypropylene Separator for Lithium-Sulfur Battery." Polymers 11, no. 4 (April 22, 2019): 728. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040728.

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Lithium-sulfur batteries have received intensive attention, due to their high specific capacity, but the shuttle effect of soluble polysulfide results in a decrease in capacity. In response to this issue, we develop a novel tannic acid and Au nanoparticle functionalized separator. The tannic acid and gold nanoparticles were modified onto commercial polypropylene separator through a two-step solution process. Due to a large number of phenolic hydroxyl groups contained in the modified layer and the strong polarity of the gold nanoparticles, the soluble polysulfide generated during battery cycling is well stabilized on the cathode side, slowing down the capacity fade brought by the shuttle effect. In addition, the modification effectively improves the electrolyte affinity of the separator. As a result of these benefits, the novel separator exhibits improved battery performance compared to the pristine polypropylene separator.

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Zeng, Fanglei, Keguo Yuan, Anbang Wang, Weikun Wang, Zhaoqing Jin, and Yu-sheng Yang. "Enhanced Li–S batteries using cation-functionalized pigment nanocarbon in core–shell structured composite cathodes." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 5, no. 11 (2017): 5559–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta10447a.

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In this paper, a kind of cation-functionalized pigment nanocarbon (N-PCB) was utilized as the sulfur host for Li–S batteries to suppress the polysulfide shuttle effect, and finally improve the overall performance of Li–S batteries.

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Ghasemiestahbanati, Ehsan, Areeb Shehzad, Kristina Konstas, Caitlin J. Setter, Luke A. O'Dell, Mahdokht Shaibani, Mainak Majumder, and Matthew R. Hill. "Exceptional lithium diffusion through porous aromatic framework (PAF) interlayers delivers high capacity and long-life lithium–sulfur batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 10, no. 2 (2022): 902–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta07523c.

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Sulfonated porous aromatic frameworks (SPAFs) accelerate Li-ion diffusion while retarding the polysulfide shuttle effect in Li–S batteries. This leads to high residual capacity above 1000 mA h g−1 and coulombic efficiency (>99.5%) after 500 cycles.

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Azam, Sakibul, and Ruigang Wang. "Novel Adsorption-Catalysis Design of CuO Impregnated CeO₂ Nanorods As Cathode Modifier for Lithium-Sulfur Battery." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 2 (October 9, 2022): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-022133mtgabs.

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Lithium sulfur batteries (LSBs) are a promising candidate to be used in modern commodities like electric vehicles, grid energy storage, electric aviation, and many others because of the exceptionally high theoretical capacity of sulfur (1675 mAh g-1), almost 5 times higher than the conventional lithium-ion batteries. However, the problem of polysulfide shuttling effect originating from the dissolved lithium polysulfides in the electrolyte results in poor cycling stability, hindering the commercialization of LSB. Significant advancement has been made over the years due to a great deal of research on novel materials development and structural design for lithium polysulfide (Li2Sn: 4≤ n ≤8) adsorption synergy to counter the polysulfide shuttling effect 1. However, rather than focusing only on the adsorption synergy (Physical confinement and chemical binding), novel catalysts that can accelerate the polysulfide conversion reaction kinetics are needed to design the next generation LSB. Previously, our group investigated shape-controlled cerium oxide (CeO2) to accelerate the polysulfide conversion reactions by generating the intermediate steps of thiosulfate and polythionate 2, 3. Copper oxide (CuO), being a p-type semiconducting material, is another promising material that can activate thiosulfate formation as its redox potential is 2.53 V vs Li/Li+, which lies in the potential window of 2.4 V < E° ≤ 3.05 V that selectively triggers the formation of thiosulfate. Herein, we investigated 10 wt% of CuO impregnated on the CeO2 nanorods (10 wt%CuO/CeO2) as a cathode host for LSB. The CuO impregnation on the surface of CeO2 nanorods attributed strong interaction between the surface defect rich CeO2 nanorods and the copper oxides (CuOx: Cu2O and CuO) promoting excellent electrocatalytic activity. The 10 wt%CuO/CeO2 sample provides adsorption-catalysis dual synergy to chemically bind and further catalyze the polysulfide conversion by polythionate and thiosulfate generation. As a result, the derived LSB exhibited excellent electrochemical performance with high capacity of 1141 mAh g-1 at 0.2 C with a sulfur loading of 1.33 mg cm-2 and a capacity loss of only 0.04% per cycle after 60 cycles. Key words: lithium sulfur batteries, lithium polysulfides, shuttle effect, cerium oxide, catalysis. Xiong, D. G.; Zhang, Z.; Huang, X. Y.; Huang, Y.; Yu, J.; Cai, J. X.; Yang, Z. Y., Boosting the polysulfide confinement in B/N–codoped hierarchically porous carbon nanosheets via Lewis acid–base interaction for stable Li–S batteries. Journal of Energy Chemistry 2020, 51, 90-100. Azam, S.; Wei, Z.; Wang, R., Cerium oxide nanorods anchored on carbon nanofibers derived from cellulose paper as effective interlayer for lithium sulfur battery. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022, 615, 417-431. Wei, Z.; Li, J.; Wang, R., Surface engineered polar CeO2-based cathode host materials for immobilizing lithium polysulfides in High-performance Li-S batteries. Applied Surface Science 2022, 580.

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Song, Jianjun, Xin Guo, Jinqiang Zhang, Yi Chen, Chaoyue Zhang, Linqu Luo, Fengyun Wang, and Guoxiu Wang. "Rational design of free-standing 3D porous MXene/rGO hybrid aerogels as polysulfide reservoirs for high-energy lithium–sulfur batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 11 (2019): 6507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00212j.

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A Ti₃C₂T_x MXene/rGO hybrid aerogel is applied for the first time as a free-standing polysulfide reservoir to inhibit the shuttle effect and improve the overall performance of Li–S batteries.

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Xu, Lufu, Huani Li, Genfu Zhao, Yongjiang Sun, Han Wang, and Hong Guo. "Ni₃FeN functionalized carbon nanofibers boosting polysulfide conversion for Li–S chemistry." RSC Advances 12, no. 11 (2022): 6930–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra09041k.

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32

Li, Fen, and Jijun Zhao. "Three dimensional porous SiC for lithium polysulfide trapping." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 6 (2018): 4005–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp07113b.

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A series of 3D porous SiC materials with active sp² hybridized Si atoms have been designed for lithium polysulfide retention in Li–S batteries. The shuttle effect can be effectively depressed by the strong Si⋯S interaction between Li₂S_n and the 3D porous SiC hosts.

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Lin, Junsheng, Yangcheng Mo, Shiwen Li, and Jie Yu. "Nitrogen-doped porous carbon fiber/vertical graphene as an efficient polysulfide conversion catalyst for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 10, no. 2 (2022): 690–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta08968d.

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A freestanding sulfur cathode based on nitrogen-doped porous carbon fiber/vertical graphene (NF@VG) composites is proposed to effectively boosts the catalytic conversion kinetics of polysulfides and inhibit the shuttle effect of polysulfides.

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34

Cheng, Zhibin, Hui Pan, Zhubing Xiao, Dejian Chen, Xiaoju Li, and Ruihu Wang. "Electrostatic trapping of polysulfides enabled by imidazolium-based ionic polymers for high-energy-density lithium–sulfur batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 17 (2018): 7375–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta01298a.

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A new lithium polysulfide (PS) trapping strategy based on electrostatic attraction between imidazolium groups and PSs has been demonstrated. Simple introduction of main-chain imidazolium-based ionic polymers into sulfur cathodes results in effective suppression of the PS shuttle effect, thus significantly improving cycling stability of lithium–sulfur batteries.

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35

Wang, Jun, Zhen-Yi Wu, Xiao-Na Zhong, Yongjun Li, and Shuqin Han. "Ni-NiS Heterojunction Composite-Coated Separator for High-Performance Lithium Sulfur Battery." Coatings 12, no. 10 (October 15, 2022): 1557. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12101557.

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The shuttle effect and slow REDOX kinetics of lithium polysulfides (LiPSs) lead to low sulfur utilization rate, short cycle life, poor rate performance, which hinder the application of Li–S batteries. Herein, the Ni-NiS/NCF heterojunction composite was prepared with multistage pore structure and a large specific surface area, which can effectively capture LiPSs, provide more active sites for catalyzing LiPSs. Moreover, due to the heterojunction structure of Ni-NiS, in which NiS can effectively capture and catalyze lithium polysulfide, and Ni can effectively accelerate the diffusion and charge transfer of lithium ions, the Ni-NiS/NCF heterojunction composite establishes a high ion and electron conduction network, so as to achieve efficient mass and charge transfer capacity. The mutual coordination of uniformly distributed Ni-NiS heterojunctions inhibits the shuttle effect of LiPSs. When the sulfur load is 1.8 mg/cm2, the initial capacity of the cell with Ni-NiS/NCF-coated separator at 1 C is 1109.6 mAh/g, and the final discharge capacity is maintained at 618.0 mAh/g after 300 cycles. At the same time, the reversible specific capacity was maintained at 674.0 mAh/g after 50 cycles even under high sulfur load.

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36

Han, Lina, Zemin Li, Yang Feng, Lijiang Wang, Bowen Li, Zijie Lei, Wenyan Wang, and Weiwei Huang. "Biomass-Derived Carbon/Sulfur Composite Cathodes with Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Coatings for Li-S Batteries." Processes 10, no. 1 (January 10, 2022): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr10010136.

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Lithium sulfur (Li-S) batteries stand out among many new batteries for their high energy density. However, the intermediate charge–discharge product dissolves easily into the electrolyte to produce a shuttle effect, which is a key factor limiting the rapid development of Li-S batteries. Among the various materials used to solve the challenges related to pure sulfur cathodes, biomass derived carbon materials are getting wider research attention. In this work, we report on the fabrication of cathode materials for Li-S batteries based on composites of sulfur and biomass-derived porous ramie carbon (RC), which are coated with multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). RC can not only adsorb polysulfide in its pores, but also provide conductive channels. At the same time, the MWCNTs coating further reduces the dissolution of polysulfides into the electrolyte and weakens the shuttle effect. The sulfur loading rate of RC is 66.3 wt.%. As a result, the initial discharge capacity of the battery is 1325.6 mAh·g−1 at 0.1 C long cycle, and it can still maintain 812.5 mAh·g−1 after 500 cycles. This work proposes an effective double protection strategy for the development of advanced Li-S batteries.

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Deng, Chao, Zhuowen Wang, Shengping Wang, and Jingxian Yu. "Inhibition of polysulfide diffusion in lithium–sulfur batteries: mechanism and improvement strategies." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 7, no. 20 (2019): 12381–413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ta00535h.

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Hu, Shunyou, Mingjie Yi, Sajid Hussain Siyal, Dong Wu, Hao Wang, Zhenye Zhu, and Jiaheng Zhang. "Metal–organic framework derived NiS2 hollow spheres as multifunctional reactors for synergistic regulation of polysulfide confinement and redox conversion." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 27 (2021): 15269–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ta03621a.

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Dunya, Hamza, Maziar Ashuri, Dana Alramahi, Zheng Yue, Kamil Kucuk, Carlo U. Segre, and Braja K. Mandal. "MnO2-Coated Dual Core–Shell Spindle-Like Nanorods for Improved Capacity Retention of Lithium–Sulfur Batteries." ChemEngineering 4, no. 2 (June 19, 2020): 42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemengineering4020042.

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The emerging need for high-performance lithium–sulfur batteries has motivated many researchers to investigate different designs. However, the polysulfide shuttle effect, which is the result of dissolution of many intermediate polysulfides in electrolyte, has still remained unsolved. In this study, we have designed a sulfur-filled dual core–shell spindle-like nanorod structure coated with manganese oxide (S@HCNR@MnO2) to achieve a high-performance cathode for lithium–sulfur batteries. The cathode showed an initial discharge capacity of 1661 mA h g−1 with 80% retention of capacity over 70 cycles at a 0.2C rate. Furthermore, compared with the nanorods without any coating (S@HCNR), the MnO2-coated material displayed superior rate capability, cycling stability, and Coulombic efficiency. The synergistic effects of the nitrogen-doped hollow carbon host and the MnO2 second shell are responsible for the improved electrochemical performance of this nanostructure.

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40

Wang, Ying, Yao Yao, Yu Chen, Jiyue Hou, Zhicong Ni, Yanjie Wang, Xiuqiong Hu, et al. "Pt3Ni@C Composite Material Designed and Prepared Based on Volcanic Catalytic Curve and Its High-Performance Static Lithium Polysulfide Semiliquid Battery." Nanomaterials 11, no. 12 (December 16, 2021): 3416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11123416.

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There are many challenges for the Static lithium polysulfide semiliquid battery in its commercial application, such as poor stability of the cathode material and further amplification of the lithium polysulfide shuttle effect. Therefore, this manuscript introduced a new type of Pt3Ni@C composite material as cathode working electrode based on the principle of volcanic catalytic curve. Through symmetric battery test, CV, polarization curves and impedance test, it was found that Pt3Ni@C composite material had good catalytic activity of lithium polysulfide to improve electrochemical kinetics. When the catholyte was Li2S8 and the charge-discharge voltage range was 1.8~2.6 V, the capacity maintained at approximately 550 mAh g−1, and the coulombic efficiency maintained at approximately 95% after 100 cycles at a current rate of 0.5 mA cm−2. The Pt3Ni@C composite material is a potential cathode material with the specific capacity and long cycling stability of the static lithium polysulfide semiliquid battery.

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41

Thangadurai, Venkataraman. "(Invited) Lithium – Sulfur Batteries." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-02, no. 4 (October 9, 2022): 545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-024545mtgabs.

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These days, Li-S battery has been arisen as one of the key energy storage technologies due to its high theoretical energy density compared to conventional lithium and sodium ion-based batteries. The present Li-S batteries suffer due to Li dendrite formation and capacity decay due to polysulfide dissolution effect, due to organic electrolytes used in the current research. Solid state (ceramic) electrolytes are promising to prevent Li dendrite growth and polysulfide dissolution. Among different ceramic electrolytes garnet-type structure solid inorganic electrolytes are very promising because of its high lithium-ion conductivity and stability with elemental Li. However, the high interfacial resistance with the electrode is the major bottleneck for the practical use of ceramic electrolyte. Polymer and ceramic hybrid electrolytes exhibit low interfacial resistance. In this talk, we will present development of novel hybrid electrolytes for all-solid-state Li-S batteries, along with new methods to produce S cathodes with minimal polysulfide shuttle effect.

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Feng, Wangjun, Zhiqiang Zhao, Ziru Lei, and Li Zhang. "MoWS2 Nanosheet Composite with MXene as Lithium-Sulfur Battery Cathode Material." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2023 (January 25, 2023): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2023/6211780.

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Due to their superior theoretical specific capacity and energy density, lithium-sulfur (L‒S) batteries are gaining popularity in order to achieve the growing terms for more power generation. However, drawbacks such as low electrical conductivity of the active ingredient sulfur, severe volume expansion and shuttle effect of polysulfides, rapidly decaying battery capacity, and short battery life have hampered their development. A MoWS2@MXene@CNT composite material is used as the main cathode material for L-S batteries in this study. MoWS2 can improve the electrochemical reaction rate by accelerating polysulfide conversion, whereas MXene can suppress electrode volume expansion. Furthermore, the addition of carbon nanotubes (CNT) with high electrical conductivity improves the rate of the electrochemical reaction. Therefore, the MoWS2@MXene@CNT composites have good capacity and versatility as cathode materials and enhance the behavior of L-S batteries.

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43

Na, Tiancheng, Yang Liu, Xiangcun Li, Wenji Zheng, Yan Dai, Zhijun Yan, Wei Kou, and Gaohong He. "Electrocatalytic polysulfide transformation for suppressing the shuttle effect of Li-S batteries." Applied Surface Science 528 (October 2020): 146970. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.apsusc.2020.146970.

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Wang, Jun, Jia-He Chen, Zhen-Chong Chen, Zhen-Yi Wu, Xiao-Na Zhong, and Jing-Ping Ke. "The LiTFSI/COFs Fiber as Separator Coating with Bifunction of Inhibition of Lithium Dendrite and Shuttle Effect for Li-SeS2 Battery." Coatings 12, no. 2 (February 21, 2022): 289. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12020289.

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The safety problem caused by lithium dendrite of lithium metal anode and the rapid capacity decay problem caused by the shuttle effect of polysulfide and polyselenide during the charge and discharge of selenium disulfide cathode limit the application of lithium selenium disulfide batteries significantly. Here, a fibrous ATFG-COF, containing rich carbonyl and amino functional groups, was applied as the separator coating layer. Density Functional Theory (DFT) theoretical calculations and experimental results showed that the abundant carbonyl group in ATFG-COF had a positive effect on lithium ions, and the amino group formed hydrogen bonds with bis ((trifluoromethyl) sulfonyl) azanide anionics (TFSI−), which fixed TFSI− in the channel, so as to improve the transfer number of lithium ions and narrow the channels. Therefore, ATFG-COF fiber coating can not only form a rapid and uniform lithium-ion flow on the lithium anode to inhibit the growth of lithium dendrites, but also effectively screen polysulfide and polyselenide ions to suppress the shuttle effect. The Li-SeS2 cell with ATFG-COF/polypropylene (ATFG-COF/PP) separator exhibited good cycle stability at 0.5 C and maintained a specific capacity of 509 mAh/g after 200 cycles. Our work provides insights into the design of dual-function separators with high-performance batteries.

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Wang, Shanxing, Xinye Liu, and Yuanfu Deng. "Ultrafine Co-Species Interspersed g-C3N4 Nanosheets and Graphene as an Efficient Polysulfide Barrier to Enable High Performance Li-S Batteries." Molecules 28, no. 2 (January 6, 2023): 588. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28020588.

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Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries are regarded as one of the promising advanced energy storage systems due to their ultrahigh capacity and energy density. However, their practical applications are still hindered by the serious shuttle effect and sluggish reaction kinetics of soluble lithium polysulfides. Herein, g-C3N4 nanosheets and graphene decorated with an ultrafine Co-species nanodot heterostructure (Co@g-C3N4/G) as separator coatings were designed following a facile approach. Such an interlayer can not only enable effective polysulfide affinity through the physical barrier and chemical binding but also simultaneously have a catalytic effect on polysulfide conversion. Because of these superior merits, the Li-S cells assembled with Co@g-C3N4/G-PP separators matched with the S/KB composites (up to ~70 wt% sulfur in the final cathode) exhibit excellent rate capability and good cyclic stability. A high specific capacity of ~860 mAh g−1 at 2.0 C as well as a capacity-fading rate of only ~0.035% per cycle over 350 cycles at 0.5 C can be achieved. This bifunctional separator can even endow a Li-S cell at a low current density to exhibit excellent cycling capability, with a capacity retention rate of ~88.4% at 0.2 C over 250 cycles. Furthermore, a Li-S cell with a Co@g-C3N4/G-PP separator possesses a stable specific capacity of 785 mAh g−1 at 0.2 C after 150 cycles and a superior capacity retention rate of ~84.6% with a high sulfur loading of ~3.0 mg cm−2. This effective polysulfide-confined separator holds good promise for promoting the further development of high-energy-density Li-S batteries.

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Gao, Xiaosi, Changyang Zheng, Yiqi Shao, Shuo Jin, Jin Suntivich, and Yong Lak Joo. "Lithium Iron Phosphate Reconstruction Facilitates Kinetics in High-Areal-Capacity Sulfur Composite Cathodes." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 1 (July 7, 2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01135mtgabs.

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Lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries have been recognized as one of the most promising choices beyond lithium-ion batteries (LIB), because of its low cost and high theoretical specific energy (~2510 Wh/kg or ~10 times of LIB). However, Li-S batteries still face a few challenges, including large volume expansion, poor conductivity, low active material loading, inert end products, and polysulfide crossover called the “shuttle effect”, etc. To address these challenges, we have incorporated lithium iron phosphate (LFP) into our sulfur composite cathode. The addition of LFP enabled a more uniform slurry rheology, which allowed mass loading to double the amount of typical sulfur cathodes. Meanwhile, LFP can effectively adsorb polysulfides, which restricted the shuttle effects common in high-sulfur-loading batteries. Our LFP-hybrid Li-S batteries showed high areal capacity for 300 cycles under both low- and high-current charge-discharge cycles. More importantly, our characterizations demonstrated that LFP in Li-S batteries can reconstruct into Fe2P during cycling. We propose that Fe2P is an effective electrocatalyst for anchoring polysulfides. To unveil the role of Fe2P, we have directly incorporated these materials into the sulfur composite cathode. Using a hydrothermal synthesis, we showed that Fe2P nanoparticles can be directly anchored on the sulfur-carbon composite. This approach caused minimal phase separation and enabled a uniform morphology. We presented the analysis of the cathodes by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). These results allow us to develop a mechanistic hypothesis and a comparison between Fe2P and LFP in terms of the electrochemical performances.

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Chang, Zhi, Yu Qiao, Jie Wang, Han Deng, and Haoshen Zhou. "Two-dimensional metal–organic framework with perpendicular one-dimensional nano-channel as precise polysulfide sieves for highly efficient lithium–sulfur batteries." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 9, no. 8 (2021): 4870–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ta10495g.

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When 2D CuBDC MOF sheets with perpendicular 1D nano-channels (5.2 Å) was were used as polysulfides sieves for Li–S batteries, suppressed “shuttle effect” and enhanced electrochemical performance were achieved.

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48

Wang, Jing, Zhe Shi, Yufeng Luo, Datao Wang, Hengcai Wu, Qunqing Li, Shoushan Fan, Ju Li, and Jiaping Wang. "Efficient polysulfide trapping in lithium–sulfur batteries using ultrathin and flexible BaTiO3/graphene oxide/carbon nanotube layers." Nanoscale 13, no. 14 (2021): 6863–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0nr08625h.

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Ultrathin and flexible layers containing BaTiO₃ (BTO) nanoparticles, graphene oxide (GO) sheets, and carbon nanotube (CNT) films (BTO/GO@CNT) are used to trap solvated polysulfides and alleviate the shuttle effect in lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries.

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Ryu, UnJin, Won Ho Choi, Panpan Dong, Jeeyoung Shin, Min-Kyu Song, and Kyung Min Choi. "Comparing Internal and Interparticle Space Effects of Metal–Organic Frameworks on Polysulfide Migration in Lithium–Sulfur Batteries." Nanomaterials 11, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 2689. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11102689.

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One of the critical issues hindering the commercialization of lithium–sulfur (Li–S) batteries is the dissolution and migration of soluble polysulfides in electrolyte, which is called the ‘shuttle effect’. To address this issue, previous studies have focused on separators featuring specific chemical affinities or physical confinement by porous coating materials. However, there have been no studies on the complex effects of the simultaneous presence of the internal and interparticle spaces of porous materials in Li–S batteries. In this report, the stable Zr-based metal–organic frameworks (MOFs), UiO-66, have been used as a separator coating material to provide interparticle space via size-controlled MOF particles and thermodynamic internal space via amine functionality. The abundant interparticle space promoted mass transport, resulting in enhanced cycling performance. However, when amine functionalized UiO-66 was employed as the separator coating material, the initial specific capacity and capacity retention of Li–S batteries were superior to those materials based on the interparticle effect. Therefore, it is concluded that the thermodynamic interaction inside internal space is more important for preventing polysulfide migration than spatial condensation of the interparticle space.

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Ji, Jiapeng, Ying Sha, Zeheng Li, Xuehui Gao, Teng Zhang, Shiyu Zhou, Tong Qiu, et al. "Selective Adsorption and Electrocatalysis of Polysulfides through Hexatomic Nickel Clusters Embedded in N-Doped Graphene toward High-Performance Li-S Batteries." Research 2020 (June 26, 2020): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.34133/2020/5714349.

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The shuttle effect hinders the practical application of lithium-sulfur (Li-S) batteries due to the poor affinity between a substrate and Li polysulfides (LiPSs) and the sluggish transition of soluble LiPSs to insoluble Li2S or elemental S. Here, we report that Ni hexatomic clusters embedded in a nitrogen-doped three-dimensional (3D) graphene framework (Ni-N/G) possess stronger interaction with soluble polysulfides than that with insoluble polysulfides. The synthetic electrocatalyst deployed in the sulfur cathode plays a multifunctional role: (i) selectively adsorbing the polysulfides dissolved in the electrolyte, (ii) expediting the sluggish liquid-solid phase transformations at the active sites as electrocatalysts, and (iii) accelerating the kinetics of the electrochemical reaction of multielectron sulfur, thereby inhibiting the dissolution of LiPSs. The constructed S@Ni-N/G cathode delivers an areal capacity of 9.43 mAh cm-2 at 0.1 C at S loading of 6.8 mg cm-2, and it exhibits a gravimetric capacity of 1104 mAh g-1 with a capacity fading rate of 0.045% per cycle over 50 cycles at 0.2 C at S loading of 2.0 mg cm-2. This work opens a rational approach to achieve the selective adsorption and expediting of polysulfide transition for the performance enhancement of Li-S batteries.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Polysulfide shuttle effect'

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