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Journal articles on the topic 'Polystyrene'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Capricho, Jaworski C., Krishnamurthy Prasad, Nishar Hameed, Mostafa Nikzad, and Nisa Salim. "Upcycling Polystyrene." Polymers 14, no. 22 (November 18, 2022): 5010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14225010.

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Several environmental and techno-economic assessments highlighted the advantage of placing polystyrene-based materials in a circular loop, from production to waste generation to product refabrication, either following the mechanical or thermochemical routes. This review provides an assortment of promising approaches to solving the dilemma of polystyrene waste. With a focus on upcycling technologies available in the last five years, the review first gives an overview of polystyrene, its chemistry, types, forms, and varied applications. This work presents all the stages that involve polystyrene’s cycle of life and the properties that make this product, in mixtures with other polymers, command a demand on the market. The features and mechanical performance of the studied materials with their associated images give an idea of the influence of recycling on the structure. Notably, technological assessments of elucidated approaches are also provided. No single approach can be mentioned as effective per se; hybrid technologies appear to possess the highest potential. Finally, this review correlates the amenability of these polystyrene upcycling methodologies to frontier technologies relating to 3D printing, human space habitation, flow chemistry, vertical farming, and green hydrogen, which may be less intuitive to many.

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2

Zhang, Shuang-Shuang, Shao-Kui Cao, Su Wang, Qiao-Ling Zhao, Jian-Zhuang Chen, Kun Cui, and Zhi Ma. "Synthesis of well-defined α-fluorinated alkyl ester, ω-carboxyltelechelic polystyrenes and fabrication of their hydrophobic highly ordered porous films and microspheres." RSC Advances 5, no. 111 (2015): 91140–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra17073g.

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3

Zhang, Shuang-Shuang, Kun Cui, Jin Huang, Qiao-Ling Zhao, Shao-Kui Cao, and Zhi Ma. "Synthesis of diverse α,ω-telechelic polystyrenes with di- and tri-functionality via tandem or one-pot strategies combining aminolysis of RAFT-polystyrene and a thiol–ene “click” reaction." RSC Advances 5, no. 55 (2015): 44571–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra06956d.

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4

Molodin, V. V., E. V. Vasenkov, and P. L. Timin. "Work Head for 3D Printing of Insulated Walls from One-Stage Polystyrene Concrete." Materials Science Forum 992 (May 2020): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.992.194.

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The 3D printer technology of insulating walls, using the technology of one-stage polystyrene concrete laid with electric heating of the initial mixture is described. This technology test’s results, confirming the possibility of layer-by-layer molding of the insulated wall with the bead polystyrene’s filler mixture was subjected to electro thermal treatment directly in the working head of the 3D printer were carried out. Polystyrene swells, changing the thermal characteristics of the material and, at the same time, compacting the mixture, and the 3D printer forms a quick-hardening working layer of a wall, being built from the hot mixture that is losing its mobility. The technological features of molding a wall of one-stage polystyrene concrete by a 3D printer, the uniform distribution of polystyrene granules in it and its strength were investigated. The possibility of the proposed technology using in the construction industry was proved.

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5

Qin, Yuman, and Shoubhik Das. "Photochemical Upcycling/Modification of Polystyrene-based Plastic Waste." CHIMIA 77, no. 12 (December 20, 2023): 830–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2533/chimia.2023.830.

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The escalating accumulation of plastic waste in landfills and marine environments has become a pressing concern to society. Among all plastic-based waste, polystyrenes are widely utilized as a commodity plastic and present very low recyclability. To improve this scenario, photocatalysis has recently become one of the viable techniques which can be performed under mild conditions. In this concise review, we have highlighted recent advancements in the valorization of polystyrene-based plastic waste by mainly focusing on the selective functionalization of the C–H bonds. This strategy clearly holds strong promise for the sustainable and efficient conversion of polystyrene-based waste and contributes to the reduction of waste and resource conservation.

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6

Donchak, Volodymyr, and Khrystyna Harhay. "Synthesis of fluorinated polystyrene." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 2, no. 1 (March 15, 2008): 11–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht02.01.011.

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Acylation of polystyrene with trifluoroacetic anhydride in a solution of aprotonic solvents, namely 1,2-dichloroethane, chlorobenzene at the presence of Lewis acid as catalyst results in obtaining of fluorinated polystyrene, which posses trifluoroacetic fragments in benzoic rings, preferably in position 4. In order to achieve a total substitution of benzene rings in polystyrene macromolecules, the ratio polystyrene : trifluoroacetic anhydride : AlCl3 must be at least 1:10:2.2 mol correspondingly

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7

Hoang Minh, Duc, and Ly Le Phuong. "Effect of matrix particle size on EPS lightweight concrete properties." MATEC Web of Conferences 251 (2018): 01027. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201825101027.

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Expanded polystyrene lightweight concrete is a composite which can be made by adding expanded polystyrene aggregate in normalweight concrete (as matrix). The research was focused on the effect of properties and volume of the matrix on the properties of lightweight concrete. The results show that properties of structural polystyrene concrete, such as workability and compressive strength, depend on the aggregate size of the matrix. It also shows that decreasing aggregate size of the matrix is the effective way to increase workability and compressive strength of lightweight concrete. When the density of concretes decrease by 200 kg/m³, slump values decrease by about 20 to 30 mm with lightweight concrete mixtures using maximum particle size of 0.63 mm, while slump values decrease by about 40 mm with the mixtures using maximum particle size of 20 mm. At the same density, the compressive strength of the structural polystyrenre concrete significantly decreased when the coarse aggregate diameter greater than 10 mm. Therefore, coarse aggregates with diameter size are smaller than 10 mm was recommended to use for matrix. In the result, expanded polystyrene concrete with density from 1,400 kg/m³ to 2,000 kg/m³ and compressive strength more than 20 MPa for structural application was made.

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8

Elkin, Tatyana, Stacy Copp, Ryan Hamblin, Jennifer Martinez, Gabriel Montaño, and Reginaldo Rocha. "Synthesis of Terpyridine-Terminated Amphiphilic Block Copolymers and Their Self-Assembly into Metallo-Polymer Nanovesicles." Materials 12, no. 4 (February 17, 2019): 601. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12040601.

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Polystyrene-b-polyethylene glycol (PS-b-PEG) amphiphilic block copolymers featuring a terminal tridentate N,N,N-ligand (terpyridine) were synthesized for the first time through an efficient route. In this approach, telechelic chain-end modified polystyrenes were produced via reversible addition-fragmentation chain-transfer (RAFT) polymerization by using terpyridine trithiocarbonate as the chain-transfer agent, after which the hydrophilic polyethylene glycol (PEG) block was incorporated into the hydrophobic polystyrene (PS) block in high yields via a thiol-ene process. Following metal-coordination with Mn2+, Fe2+, Ni2+, and Zn2+, the resulting metallo-polymers were self-assembled into spherical, vesicular nanostructures, as characterized by dynamic light scattering and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) imaging.

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9

Li, Jiang, Guoqing Wang, Chunhua Ding, Hong Jiang, and Peiqing Wang. "Synthesis and evaluation of polystyrene–polybutadiene–polystyrene–dodecafluoroheptyl methacrylate/polystyrene–polybutadiene–polystyrene hybrid antifouling coating." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 434 (November 2014): 71–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcis.2014.07.043.

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10

Ingratta, Mark, Manoj Mathew, and Jean Duhamel. "How switching the substituent of a pyrene derivative from a methyl to a butyl affects the fluorescence response of polystyrene randomly labeled with pyrene." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 88, no. 3 (March 2010): 217–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v09-167.

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A series of polystyrenes randomly labeled with 1-pyrenebutanol were prepared by copolymerizing styrene and 1-pyrenebutylacrylate yielding the CoBuE–PS series. Solutions of CoBuE–PS were prepared in nine organic solvents having viscosities ranging from 0.36 to 5.5 mPa·s and the fluorescence spectra and pyrene monomer and excimer fluorescence decays were acquired. Analysis of the fluorescence spectra yielded the IE/IM ratio, whereas analysis of the fluorescence decays with the fluorescence blob model (FBM) yielded the parameters N blobo , <kblob × Nblob> , and k blobo . These parameters were compared to those obtained with two other series of pyrene-labeled polystyrenes, which had been studied earlier, namely CoA–PS and CoE–PS where pyrene was attached to the polymer backbone via a methylamide and benzyl methylether linker, respectively. Although the parameters IE/IM, N blobo , <kblob × Nblob>, and k blobo took different values according to the specific nature of the linker connecting pyrene to the polystyrene backbone, they exhibited trends that were quite similar for all the pyrene-labeled polystyrene constructs. The excellent agreement between the parameters retrieved for the three different types of pyrene-labeled polystyrenes suggests that the FBM accounts satisfyingly for differences in the nature of the label used, while still retrieving information pertinent to the polymer of interest.

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11

Nishimoto, Noriyuki. "Polystyrene." Kobunshi 37, no. 11 (1988): 812–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.37.812.

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12

Tan, N. C. Beck, X. Liu, R. M. Briber, and D. G. Peiffer. "Immiscibility in polystyrene/sulfonated polystyrene blends." Polymer 36, no. 10 (May 1995): 1969–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0032-3861(95)91439-e.

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13

Hempenius, Mark A., Bea M. W. Langeveld-Voss, John A. E. H. van Haare, Rene A. J. Janssen, Sergei S. Sheiko, Joachim P. Spatz, Martin Möller, and E. W. Meijer. "A Polystyrene−Oligothiophene−Polystyrene Triblock Copolymer." Journal of the American Chemical Society 120, no. 12 (April 1998): 2798–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja972910v.

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14

Khoukhi, Maatouk, Shaimaa Abdelbaqi, and Ahmed Hassan. "Yearly Energy Performance Assessment of Employing Expanded Polystyrene with Variable Temperature and Moisture–Thermal Conductivity Relationship." Materials 12, no. 18 (September 16, 2019): 3000. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12183000.

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This paper investigated the impact of the changes of thermal conductivity of an expanded polystyrene insulation layer embedded in a typical residential building on the cooling effect at different temperatures and moisture contents. The simulation was performed using expanded polystyrene (EPS) in the extremely hot conditions of Al-Ain (United Arab Emirates, UAE) at different levels of density, denoted as low density LD (12 kg/m3), high density HD (20 kg/m3), ultra-high density UHD (30 kg/m3), and super-high density SHD (35 kg/m3), and three moisture content levels (10%, 20%, and 30%), compared to dry LD insulation material. The thermal performance of the building incorporating polystyrene with variable thermal conductivity (λ-value) was compared to one with a constant thermal conductivity by assessing the additional cooling demand and capacity due to the λ-relationship with time, using e-quest as a building energy analysis tool. The results showed that, when the λ-value was modeled as a function of operating temperature, its effect on the temperature profile during daytime was significant compared with the use of a constant λ-value. The monthly energy consumption for cooling required by the building was found to be higher in the case of variable thermal conductivity for the LD sample. The yearly average change in space cooling demand and cooling capacity when employing polystyrenes with constant and variable thermal conductivity increased with the increase of the moisture content. Indeed, the highest changes in cooling demand and capacity were 6.5% and 8.8% with 30% moisture content polystyrene.

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15

Juhl, Thomas Brokholm, Jesper de Claville Christiansen, and Erik Appel Jensen. "Mechanical testing of polystyrene/polystyrene laser welds." Polymer Testing 32, no. 3 (May 2013): 475–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymertesting.2013.01.009.

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16

Pitt, W. G., D. J. Fabrizius-Homan, D. F. Mosher, and S. L. Cooper. "Vitronectin adsorption on polystyrene and oxidized polystyrene." Journal of Colloid and Interface Science 129, no. 1 (April 1989): 231–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0021-9797(89)90435-9.

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17

Wu, Wen-li, William E. Wallace, John H. van Zanten, Barry J. Bauer, Da-wei Liu, and Apollo Wong. "Diffusion of linear polystyrene into crosslinked polystyrene." Polymer 38, no. 11 (May 1997): 2583–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(97)85589-9.

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18

Chen, Y., S. D. Worley, T. S. Huang, J. Weese, J. Kim, C.-I. Wei, and J. F. Williams. "Biocidal polystyrene beads. IV. Functionalized methylated polystyrene." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 92, no. 1 (2004): 368–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.20038.

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19

Sugumar, Pradeepkumar, D. Shaaz Moin Sha, Shreya Gowda, T. Vijay, and S. Keerthana. "An assessment on the potential of tenebrio molitor used for biodepolymerization of plastics and polystyrene: influencing factors, various feeding cases and gut microbiota." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 1074, no. 1 (August 1, 2022): 012029. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/1074/1/012029.

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Abstract The present study aims to analyze the potential of mealworms (Tenebrio Monitor) used for the biodepolymerization of waste papers, plastics and polystyrenes. The various influencing factors were analyzed such as: temperature, light intensity, moisture content and energy sources. The study was conducted with two types of feeding cases that the first was, the waste papers, plastics and polystyrene were fed with oats (Avena sativa) and the above wastes were added directly to the mealworms without any additional energy sources. A similar weight of 100gms of all three wastes has been added with above two mentioned feeding cases to the mealworms. The study was conducted in a larval stage of mealworms for a period of nearly 30 days and 100 mealworms were used for each and every combination of feeding cases. Mealworms have biodepolymerized 40% of the plastic waste and polystyrene within the period of 10-12 days. Based on the obtained results, it has been found that the gut microbiota and enzymes are the responsible for the biodepolymerization and biodegradation of plastic, polystyrene and paper waste respectively. The present study reveals that mealworms have the potential to survive even after intake of polymer substances, this leads to new pathway for the sustainable management of polymer waste and paper waste.

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20

Osemeahon, Sunday A., Usaku Reuben, and Ezekiel Emmanuel. "Development of adhesive from polystyrene waste." BIOMED natural and applied science 02, no. 01 (March 12, 2022): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.53858/bnas02011324.

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Background: This study aimed to develop adhesive from waste polystyrene, which has the capacity to both reduce environmental pollution and create wealth from waste. Methods: Polystyrene waste was obtained from waste heap “bola” around Jimeta metropolis, Yola, Adamawa State, Nigeria. The polystyrene waste was washed and dried. The washed waste was used to formulate adhesive using various solvents such as toluene, gasoline, blend of gasoline and toluene, and blend of gasoline and acetone. The formulated adhesives were characterized by study some physical properties of the formulated adhesive, such as; viscosity, bond strength, pH, solid content, moisture content and drying time. Results: The adhesive formulated from the blend of toluene and acetone gave the best performance from the physical properties. The adhesive from blend of toluene and acetone as solvent was then selected for application on different surfaces such as plastic, plywood, aluminum, glass and ceramic. The Bond strength of the selected adhesive was measured on these surfaces as follows; plastic (6.74 MPa), ceramics (5.9 MPa), glass (5.9 MPa), plywood (7.04 MPa) and aluminum sheet (0.76 MPa). The pH of the adhesive was 6.58, viscosity;467, drying time; 2.44minutes, solid content (% SC); 90.62 % and the moisture content (% MC) of the adhesive was 9.38 %. The adhesive on optimization, established that increase in concentration of polyvinyl acetate impact greatly on the bond strength of the adhesive. Glycerol was used as plasticizer that improved the flexibility of the adhesive but it raises the moisture content (% MC) of the adhesive. Conclusion: It was concluded that creation of wealth while reducing environmental pollution, through production of environmentally friendly adhesive from waste plastics, is a viable task. This research hereby introduces a new adhesive to the adhesive industry

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21

Alahmad, Waed. "Sunlight Photodegradable Polystyrene-TiO2/SiO2 Composite." Chemistry & Chemical Technology 13, no. 2 (June 10, 2019): 190–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.23939/chcht13.02.190.

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22

Judovits, Lawrence H., R. C. Bopp, U. Gaur, and Bernhard Wunderlich. "The heat capacity of solid and liquid polystyrene, p-substituted polystyrenes, and crosslinked polystyrenes." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 24, no. 12 (December 1986): 2725–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1986.090241209.

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23

TOMOTSU, Norio, Masahiko KURAMOTO, and Nobuhide ISHIHARA. "Syndiotactic Polystyrene." KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 75, no. 6 (November 25, 2018): 527–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/koron.2018-0033.

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24

TSUKAHARA, Yasuhisa. "Polystyrene Macromonomers." Kobunshi 46, no. 10 (1997): 738–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.46.738.

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25

Tonjes, D. J., and R. L. Swanson. "Polystyrene Overestimated." Science 328, no. 5974 (April 1, 2010): 45–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.328.5974.45-c.

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26

Seemann, Ralf, Karin Jacobs, and Ralf Blossey. "Polystyrene nanodroplets*." Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter 13, no. 21 (May 10, 2001): 4915–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/13/21/318.

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27

Lagowski, J. B., I. G. Csizmadia, and G. J. Vancso. "Polystyrene models." Journal of Molecular Structure: THEOCHEM 258, no. 3-4 (June 1992): 341–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-1280(92)85075-v.

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28

Das, Mukta, Nazia Ahsan, Md A. B. H. Susan, Atek Reza, Mohammed Jalalah, Md A. Rashed, Sharmin Sultana, and Ashis K. Sarker. "A Facile Route to Catalytic Degradation of Polystyrene over Zeolite and Barium Carbonate." Asian Journal of Chemistry 36, no. 7 (June 29, 2024): 1650–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2024.31786.

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The present work investigated the catalytic degradation of polystyrene over zeolite and barium carbonate catalysts under heat reflux. The spectroscopic analysis confirmed the formation of alkyl benzene on degradation of polystyrene over both zeolite and BaCO3 catalysts. The thermal stability of the polystyrene products after degradation was found to be lower compared to the pure polystyrene. The crystallinity and morphology of the polystyrene products before and after degradation were also examined using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. In addition, a plausible mechanism of the degradation pathway of polystyrene over zeolite and BaCO3 was elucidated. The degradation of polystyrene over zeolite produced ethyl benzene and cumene with a high selectivity while styrene monomer was obtained in degradation of polystyrene catalyzed by BaCO3.

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29

Russ, Thomas, Rüdiger Brenn, and Mark Geoghegan. "Equilibrium Swelling of Polystyrene Networks by Linear Polystyrene." Macromolecules 36, no. 1 (January 2003): 127–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma0211885.

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30

Tsukahara, Yasuhisa, Jun Inoue, Yoshinori Ohta, and Shinzo Kohjiya. "Miscibility of regular multibranched polystyrene with linear polystyrene." Polymer 35, no. 26 (January 1994): 5785–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(05)80058-8.

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31

Brunacci, A., J. M. G. Cowie, R. Ferguson, J. L. Gómez Ribelles, and A. Vidaurre Garayo. "Structural Relaxation in Polystyrene and Some Polystyrene Derivatives." Macromolecules 29, no. 24 (January 1996): 7976–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma960336m.

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32

Chipara, D. M., and A. Perez. "Self-healing of polystyrene block–polyisoprene block–polystyrene." Plastics, Rubber and Composites 43, no. 9 (June 27, 2014): 279–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/1743289814y.0000000094.

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33

Kim, Chung, Seung Park, Sung Kim, Su Kwon, Jun Baek, and Bun Lee. "Polystyrene Chain Growth from Di-End-Functional Polyolefins for Polystyrene-Polyolefin-Polystyrene Block Copolymers." Polymers 9, no. 12 (October 2, 2017): 481. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym9100481.

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34

YANUTINA, S. E. "Use of Foam Polystyrene Waste in the Conditions of a Reinforced Concrete Products Factory." Zhilishchnoe Stroitel'stvo, no. 10 (2020): 49–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.31659/0044-4472-2020-10-49-52.

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The relevance of research in the factory laboratory of JSC «198 KZHI», which is part of the HC GVSU «Center», is dictated by the need to dispose of foam polystyrene waste that occurs in large quantities when producing the precast concrete. In the production of three-layer external wall panels, polystyrene heatinsulating plates of the PPS 17-R-A brand are used as an effective insulation material. The secondary use of PPS 17-R-A for its intended purpose, as a heater, is not possible. The volume of foam polystyrene produced varies from 25 to 45 m3 per month. Utilization (disposal) of foam polystyrene waste is an expensive undertaking. Its use as a filler in the production of expanded polystyrene blocks was tested in the factory’s laboratory to produce foam polystyrene concrete with specified physical and mechanical characteristics. The results of testing of expanded polystyrene concrete of classes B2.5 and B 7.5 are presented. It is shown that under the conditions of the reinforced concrete factory technology, the production of polystyrene concrete blocks is possible with the achievement of the design strength. The information presented in the article is aimed at motivating specialists who produce recast concrete to the possibility of using foam polystyrene waste for low-rise construction. Keywords: foam polystyrene, ecology, energy efficiency, foam polystyrene concrete, foam polystyrene heat insulation plates, precast concrete.

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35

Dubovitskaya, Natalia, Zamira Mukhamedbaeva, and Abdugafur Mukhamedbaev. "Production technology and properties of polystyrene concrete on recycled polystyrene." E3S Web of Conferences 401 (2023): 05070. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340105070.

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The article deals with the production of polystyrene concrete from recycled polystyrene crushed in a rotary crusher waste from the production of foam packaging. The resulting polystyrene concrete can be attributed to thermal insulation, used for insulation of load-bearing structures of buildings, as well as to structural and thermal insulation, used as a bearing layer of the outer walls of low-rise buildings. The dependence of the thermal conductivity of the sample on the density and strength of polystyrene concrete has been established, and the resistance to shock loads depends not only on the composition but also on the polystyrene concrete hardening accelerator used.

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36

Namba, S., Y. Tsukahara, K. Kaeriyama, K. Okamoto, and M. Takahashi. "Bulk properties of multibranched polystyrenes from polystyrene macromonomers: rheological behavior I." Polymer 41, no. 14 (June 2000): 5165–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00744-2.

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37

Kobayashi, Mikihiko, Mitsuru Egashira, and Takeshi Konno. "Fabrication of Polystyrene Fibers Containing Nanoparticles of TiO₂ and ZnO by Electrospinning." Materials Science Forum 561-565 (October 2007): 663–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.561-565.663.

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Polystyrene fibers were fabricated by electrospinning. Polystyrene resin was dissolved in chloroform, N,N-dimethylformamide, or their mixtures. In experiments with 10 wt-% solutions of polystyrene in various solvents, a 1:1 solvent mixture was found to be optimal. In the 1:1 solvent, an increase in polystyrene concentration resulted in a decrease in the number of beads on the electrospun fibers and an increase in their diameter. A 20 wt% solution of polystyrene gave fibers with a diameter of about 1.8 $m with almost no beads. Polystyrene fibers containing nanoparticles were prepared by electrospinning 20 wt% polystyrene solutions containing dispersed nanoparticles of TiO2 or ZnO. The concentrations of nanoparticles in the electrospun fibers, determined by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopic analysis, were less than expected.

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38

Kausar, Ayesha. "Synthesis and properties of novel polystyrene/polyurea and functional graphene-based nanocomposite foams." Journal of Cellular Plastics 53, no. 3 (May 31, 2016): 305–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x16652104.

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A simple route has been adopted for the fabrication of polyurea using polycondensation of 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate and 1,4-phenylene diamine. Amalgamation of polystyrene, polyurea and functional graphene (F–G) yielded a series of nanocomposite foams. The morphological, electrical, mechanical, thermal, and flammability properties of materials were investigated and found to be dependent upon the intrinsic properties of graphene-based materials and their state of dispersion in matrix. Field emission scanning electron microscopy revealed a strong interaction between polystyrene/polyurea and functional graphene surface forming unique layered cellular structure. Mechanical results revealed a synergistic interaction between F–G and polystyrene/polyurea matrix providing a shielding mechanism against graphene layer damage during compression. The 10% thermal decomposition temperature of polystyrene/polyurea/F–G 1–5 foams measured was in the range of 432–470℃. UL 94 showed V-1 rating for polystyrene/polyurea foam, while polystyrene/polyurea/F–G 1–5 foams attained V-0 rating. Water absorption capacity was improved steadily with the time and was maximum after 96 h for polystyrene/polyurea/F–G 5 foam (4.53%). Functional graphene also produced excellent electrical conductivity improvement in polystyrene/polyurea/F–G 5 foam (101) relative to polystyrene/polyurea/F–G 1 foam (10−2) and neat polystyrene/polyurea foam materials (10−7).

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39

Mergen, Ömer Bahadır, Ertan Arda, and Gülşen Akın Evingür. "Electrical, optical, and mechanical percolations of multi-walled carbon nanotube and carbon mesoporous-doped polystyrene composites." Journal of Composite Materials 54, no. 1 (June 27, 2019): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998319859053.

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In this study, we have investigated and compared electrical, optical, and mechanical properties of polystyrene thin films with added multi-walled carbon nanotube and carbon mesoporous. Surface conductivity ( σ), scattered light intensity ( I sc), and all the mechanical parameters of these composites have increased with increasing the content of carbon filler (multi-walled carbon nanotube or carbon mesoporous) in the polystyrene composites. This behavior in electrical, mechanical, and optical properties of the polystyrene/carbon fiber composites has been explained by classical and site percolation theory, respectively. The electrical percolation thresholds ( R σ) were determined to be 8.0 wt% for polystyrene/multi-walled carbon nanotube and 25.0 wt% for polystyrene/carbon mesoporous composites. The optical percolation thresholds were found to be R op = 0.8 wt.% for polystyrene/multi-walled carbon nanotube and R op = 3.0 wt.% for polystyrene/carbon mesoporous composites. For the polystyrene/carbon mesoporous composite system, it was determined that the mechanical percolation threshold occurred at lower R values than the polystyrene/multi-walled carbon nanotube composite system. The electrical ( β σ), optical ( β op), and mechanical ( β m) critical exponents have been calculated for both of the polystyrene/carbon fiber composites and obtained as compatible with used percolation theory.

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Cole, Janet C., and Diane E. Dunn. "Expanded Polystyrene as a Substitute for Perlite in Rooting Substrate." Journal of Environmental Horticulture 20, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 7–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.24266/0738-2898-20.1.7.

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Abstract Stem cuttings of rose-of-sharon (Hibiscus syriacus L. ‘Jeanne d'Arc’), barberry (Berberis thunbergii DC. ‘Crimson Pygmy’), juniper (Juniperus horizontalis Moench. ‘Plumosa Compacta’), and arborvitae (Thuja occidentalis L. ‘Woodwardii’) were rooted in substrates consisting of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75%, or 100% (by vol) perlite or expanded polystyrene beads with peat. Percentage of rose-of-sharon cuttings rooted and root ratings were lower with polystyrene than with perlite. Statistically, more barberry cuttings rooted with polystyrene (78.8%) than with perlite (78.3%), but the difference in rooting between polystyrene and perlite was not horticulturally significant. More juniper and arborvitae cuttings rooted with 50% perlite than with other perlite concentrations. Percentage of rooted juniper cuttings decreased but percentage of rooted arborvitae cuttings increased as polystyrene concentration in the substrate increased. More roots and longer roots formed on juniper cuttings with perlite than with the same concentration of polystyrene in the substrate. In contrast, arborvitae cuttings had more roots with 25% perlite than with 25% polystyrene, but arborvitae cuttings in 50%, 75%, or 100% polystyrene had more roots than cuttings in the same concentration of perlite. Results indicate expanded polystyrene is a reasonable substitute for perlite in rooting substrate for barberry, juniper, and arborvitae if appropriate ratios of polystyrene to peat are used.

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41

Xue, Yijiao, Mingxia Shen, Fengling Lu, Yongqin Han, Shaohua Zeng, Shangneng Chen, Ziyuan Li, and Zhuying Wang. "Effects of heterionic montmorillonites on flame resistances of polystyrene nanocomposites and the flame retardant mechanism." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 10 (September 1, 2017): 1295–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317724861.

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To improve the flame resistance of polystyrene, three kinds of organophilic heterionic montmorillonites (Na-montmorillonite, Ca-montmorillonite, and Fe-montmorillonite) reinforced polystyrene nanocomposites were prepared by melt dispersion method. The structure and composition of the organo montmorillonites were characterized by using X-ray diffraction and Fourier-transform infrared analysis. The adhesion between organo montmorillonites and polystyrene was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The flame resistance and thermal stability of the polystyrene/organo montmorillonites were evaluated by cone calorimeter test and thermogravimetric analysis. The interlayer space of organo montmorillonites increased with the increase of the oxidation state of the cations. With the addition of organo montmorillonites, the peak values of all the flame resistance indexes of the polystyrene/organo montmorillonites nanocomposites decreased, among which the PHRR values have decreased the most, compared with those of polystyrene. Their corresponding test times have all been delayed following almost precisely the same trend. Therefore, their flame retardant ability come from their lamellated structures, their charring forming abilities, and the reducing power of Fe3+ in polystyrene/Fe-montmorillonite. Organo montmorillonites mainly act as a kind of intumescent flame retardants. The flame resistance of polystyrene/Na-montmorillonite nanocomposite was the best, and the polystyrene/Ca-montmorillonite came second, which is slightly better than that of polystyrene/Fe-montmorillonite.

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Zhai, Bao Gai, and Yuan Ming Huang. "Preparation and Photoluminescent Properties of Polystyrene Encapsulated SrAl₂O₄:Eu²⁺,Dy³⁺ Nanocrystals." Key Engineering Materials 538 (January 2013): 197–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.538.197.

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Polystyrene encapsulated phosphors SrAl2O4:Eu2+,Dy3+ were prepared by dispersing the phosphors into the matrix of polystyrene. The phase, morphology and optical properties of the polystyrene encapsulated phosphors were characterized with X-ray diffractometry, scanning electron microscopy and photoluminescence (PL) spectroscopy, respectively. It has been observed that both the PL spectrum and the luminescent color of the polystyrene encapsulated phosphors can be dramatically modified although the phosphorescence of the polystyrene encapsulated phosphors is not affected. Tunable photoluminescent colors from green to deep-blue are expected for the polystyrene encapsulated phosphors by the control of the weight percentage of the phosphors in the composites.

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43

Momanyi, Job, Michael Herzog, and Peter Muchiri. "Analysis of Thermomechanical Properties of Selected Class of Recycled Thermoplastic Materials Based on Their Applications." Recycling 4, no. 3 (August 19, 2019): 33. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling4030033.

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Polypropylene and polystyrene are petroleum-based thermoplastics which are commonly used and disposed of in the environment after their service life, leading to environmental degradation. There is a need to recycle polypropylene and polystyrene, but the effect of recycling on thermo-mechanical properties is not well understood. This study aims to determine thermo-mechanical properties of the recycled polypropylene and recycled polystyrene and compare them with corresponding virgin polypropylene and newly produced polystyrene (general purpose polystyrene 1540 and high impact polystyrene 7240). The study was carried out by preparing bar-shaped samples of recycled polypropylene, recycled polystyrene, general purpose polystyrene 1540, and high impact polystyrene 7240 by compression molding using a hot press and thermally characterizing them to determine glass transition temperature and melting temperature using differential scanning calorimetry. The changes in Young’s modulus, tensile strength, hardness, and toughness due to recycling activities were determined at room temperature (24 °C), 40 °C, 60 °C, and 80 °C. The thermo-mechanical properties of recycled polystyrene (PS) were found to be comparable to those of high impact polystyrene (HIPS) 7240. The study revealed that the hardness and toughness for the recycled polymers were higher than those of corresponding virgin polymers. On the other hand, tensile strength and Young’s modulus for the recycled polymers were lower than those of the virgin polymers. Understanding the thermo-mechanical properties of the recycled polymers will contribute to more industrial applications hence increase the rate of recycling, resulting in a reduction in environmental pollution.

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44

Wang, Chi, Chang-Chun Lin, and Lee-Chuan Tseng. "Miscibility, crystallization and morphologies of syndiotactic polystyrene blends with isotactic polystyrene and with atactic polystyrene." Polymer 47, no. 1 (January 2006): 390–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2005.10.123.

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45

Goyal, Tanish, Ghanshyam Das Gupta, and Sant Kumar Verma. "Development and validation of simple UV-spectrophotometric method for the estimation of polystyrene plastic/microplastic." Pharmaspire 15, no. 01 (2023): 44–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.56933/pharmaspire.2023.15107.

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Polystyrene is a widely used plastic for household purposes or in industrial packaging. However, polystyrene can be categorized as a potent carcinogenic due to its monomer unit. Polystyrene comprises several styrene units that easily leach as styrene microplastics on contact with hot or fatty material. A ultraviolet (UV) spectrophotometer method has been developed for the determination of polystyrene. Polystyrene in an aqueous solution with tetrahydrofuran was estimated at a wavelength ranging from 200 to 300 nm. The λmax of polystyrene was found to be 261.5 nm. The method was linear for the polystyrene concentration ranging from 20 to 120 µg/mL. The limit of detection was founded to be 1.65 µg/mL, and the limit of quantification was 5 µg/mL. Interday and intraday precision were performed for the developed method, and the RSD was

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46

Wang, Jia Jia, Hui Huang, Ting Li, and Shi Ying Tao. "Ultrasonic-Assisted Dissolution of Polystyrene in Decahydronaphthalene for the Preparation of Poly(Cyclohexylethylene)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 651-653 (September 2014): 157–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.651-653.157.

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Dissolution process of polystyrene in decahydronaphthalene solution was conducted and compared under different conditions. The effects of dissolution time and temperature on the dissolution ratio of polystyrene were performed with the assistance of ultrasonic and mechanical agitation, respectively. The dissolution ratio of polystyrene increased with the increment of dissolution time and dissolution temperature, polystyrene dissolved faster under ultrasonic-assisted process. The polystyrene dissolution kinetic model was developed and used to calculate the dissolution rate constant. The kinetic model showed good agreement with the experimental data, and the dissolution rate constant indicated that ultrasonic can obviously enhance the dissolution process of polystyrene in decahydronaphthalene solution.

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47

Yousif, Emad, Dina Ahmed, Gamal El-Hiti, Mohammad Alotaibi, Hassan Hashim, Ayad Hameed, and Ahmed Ahmed. "Fabrication of Novel Ball-Like Polystyrene Films Containing Schiff Base Microspheres as Photostabilizers." Polymers 10, no. 11 (October 24, 2018): 1185. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym10111185.

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Polystyrene films containing a low concentration of three highly aromatic Schiff bases were prepared using the casting method. The polystyrene films were irradiated with ultraviolet light (300 h). The polystyrene infrared spectra, weight loss, molecular weight reduction and the surface morphology were examined upon irradiation. The Schiff bases acted as photostabilizers and reduced the photodegradation of polystyrene films to a significant level in comparison to the blank film. The images recorded of the surface of the miscible polystyrene/Schiff base blends showed novel ball-like microspheres with a diameter of 3.4–4.3 µm. The Schiff bases were able to endow excellent protection to polystyrene against ultraviolet irradiation.

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48

Haryono, Agus, and Sri Budi Harmami. "Sulfonation of Waste High Impact Polystyrene from Food Packaging as a Polymeric Flocculant." Advanced Materials Research 486 (March 2012): 426–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.486.426.

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Sulfonation of waste high impact polystyrene from commercial food packaging was studied in this work. The obtained sulfonated polystyrene was characterized by using Fourier Transformed Infrared spectroscopy. Effect of the reaction time and temperature on the degree of sulfonation was observed. Waste high impact polystyrene resin from food packaging showed degree of sulfonation at 72.2% level. This degree of sulfonation was lower than the same reaction on pure polystyrene and pure high impact polystyrene, which showed degree of sulfonation at 97.7% and 85.2% level, respectively. Simulation of flocculation test using kaolin suspension was conducted to evaluate the application of sulfonated polystyrene as a polymeric flocculant.

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49

Sangjan, Suntree. "Effect of Three Arm Polystyrene on Polystyrene Film Stability." Applied Mechanics and Materials 481 (December 2013): 92–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.481.92.

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This research studied ways to increase the stability of a polymer thin film with a thickness of approximately 10 nm. Our system consisted of a polystyrene (PS) thin film filled with three arm polystyrene (TAP) as additives. Formation of dewetting was investigated by atomic force microscopy and optical microscopy which showed that complete dewetting of the pure PS film occurs after being annealed at 120 oC for 5 h. The dewetting dynamics were dramatically suppressed when a small amount of TAP polymer was added into the PS thin film. We hypothesize that the nitrogen atom in the TAP polymer provides dipolarity between the polymeric thin films and the substrate followed by an increase in the interfacial interaction of the TAP/PS thin films, which in turn leads to increased film stability. However, if the concentration of TAP is too high, this leads to phase separation of the thin films. We also observed that the amount of TAP within the PS thin film largely affected the efficiency of inhibiting dewetting. This method could be utilized for the study of the mechanism in a blended polymer film.

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50

Hong, P. P., F. J. Boerio, and S. D. Smith. "Surface segregation in blends of polystyrene and deuterated polystyrene." Macromolecules 26, no. 6 (November 1993): 1460–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00058a041.

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