Journal articles: 'POLYSACCHARIDES PLANT'

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Al-Wraikat, Majida, Yun Liu, Limei Wu, Zeshan Ali, and Jianke Li. "Structural Characterization of Degraded Lycium barbarum L. Leaves’ Polysaccharide Using Ascorbic Acid and Hydrogen Peroxide." Polymers 14, no. 7 (March 30, 2022): 1404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14071404.

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Plant-derived polysaccharide’s conformation and chain structure play a key role in their various biological activities. Lycium barbarum L. leaves’ polysaccharide is well renowned for its health functions. However, its functional bioactivities are greatly hindered by its compact globular structure and high molecular weight. To overcome such issue and to improve the functional bioactivities of the polysaccharides, degradation is usually used to modify the polysaccharides conformation. In this study, the ethanol extract containing crude Lycium barbarum L. leaves’ polysaccharide was first extracted, further characterized, and subsequently chemically modified with vitamin C (Ascorbic acid) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) to produce degraded Lycium barbarum L. leaves’ polysaccharide. To explore the degradation effect, both polysaccharides were further characterized using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS), gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), high performance gel permeation chromatography (HPGPC), and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results shown that both polysaccharides were rich in sugar and degradation had no significant major functional group transformation effect on the degraded product composition. However, the molecular weight (Mw) had decreased significantly from 223.5 kDa to 64.3 kDa after degradation, indicating significant changes in the polysaccharides molecular structure caused by degradation.

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Malikova, M. Kh, É. L. Kristallovich, and D. A. Rakhimov. "Plant polysaccharides." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 33, no. 5 (September 1997): 527–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02254794.

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Bahú, Juliana O., Lucas R. Melo de Andrade, Raquel de Melo Barbosa, Sara Crivellin, Aline Pioli da Silva, Samuel D. A. Souza, Viktor O. Cárdenas Concha, Patrícia Severino, and Eliana B. Souto. "Plant Polysaccharides in Engineered Pharmaceutical Gels." Bioengineering 9, no. 8 (August 9, 2022): 376. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bioengineering9080376.

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Hydrogels are a great ally in the pharmaceutical and biomedical areas. They have a three-dimensional polymeric structure that allows the swelling of aqueous fluids, acting as an absorbent, or encapsulating bioactive agents for controlled drug release. Interestingly, plants are a source of biogels, specifically polysaccharides, composed of sugar monomers. The crosslinking of these polymeric chains forms an architecture similar to the extracellular matrix, enhancing the biocompatibility of such materials. Moreover, the rich hydroxyl monomers promote a hydrophilic behavior for these plant-derived polysaccharide gels, enabling their biodegradability and antimicrobial effects. From an economic point of view, such biogels help the circular economy, as a green material can be obtained with a low cost of production. As regards the bio aspect, it is astonishingly attractive since the raw materials (polysaccharides from plants-cellulose, hemicelluloses, lignin, inulin, pectin, starch, guar, and cashew gums, etc.) might be produced sustainably. Such properties make viable the applications of these biogels in contact with the human body, especially incorporating drugs for controlled release. In this context, this review describes some sources of plant-derived polysaccharide gels, their biological function, main methods for extraction, remarkable applications, and properties in the health field.

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Khalilova, Gulnoza Abduvahobovna, Abbaskhan Sabirkhanovich Turaev, Bakhtiyor Ikromovich Muhitdinov, Al'bina Vasil'yevna Filatova, Saida Bokizhonovna Haytmetova, and Nodirali Sokhobatalievich Normakhamatov. "ISOLATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYSACCHARIDE ISOLATED FROM THE FRUIT BODY OF INONOTUS HISPIDUS." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 3 (September 27, 2021): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2021039028.

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The article is devoted to the study of polysaccharides isolated from the basidiomycete raw material I. hispidus and studying their physical and chemical properties. Water-soluble polysaccharides were isolated from mushroom raw materials by the method of sequential water extraction and the yield was 9.44%. Polysaccharides were separated into neutral fractions by ion exchange chromatography and purified from proteins and peptides. During the separation process, it was determined that the polysaccharide sample consisted of homogeneous polysaccharides, while the carbohydrate content of the purified polysaccharide sample was 99.4%. The carbohydrate composition of polysaccharides was determined, it was found that the polysaccharide consists mainly of glucose residues and contains minor amounts of fructose and rhamnose residues. Molecular weight and molecular weight distribution were determined by size exclusion chromatography. The Mw of the polysaccharide sample obtained was 18.7 kDa, the polydispersity index was 1.3. The results of IR-, 1H- and 13C NMR spectroscopic studies have shown that the polysaccharide, according to its structural characteristics, belongs to the β-glucan type polysaccharide having β-(1,3) and β-(1,6)-glycosidic bounds.

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Taoerdahong, Hailiqian, Gulimila Kadeer, Junmin Chang, Jinsen Kang, Xiaoli Ma, and Fei Yang. "A Review Concerning the Polysaccharides Found in Edible and Medicinal Plants in Xinjiang." Molecules 28, no. 5 (February 22, 2023): 2054. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052054.

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Approximately 110 types of medicinal materials are listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, both for medicinal purposes and for use as food. There are several domestic scholars who have carried out research on edible plant medicine in China and the results are satisfactory. Though these related articles have appeared in domestic magazines and journals, many of them are yet to be translated into English. Most of the research stays in the extraction and quantitative testing stage, and there are a few medicinal and edible plants that are still under in-depth study. A majority of these edible and herbal plants are also highly enriched in polysaccharides, and this has an effect on immune systems for the prevention of cancer, inflammation, and infection. Comparing the polysaccharide composition of medicinal and edible plants, the monosaccharide and polysaccharide species were identified. It is found that different polysaccharides of different sizes have different pharmacological properties, with some polysaccharides containing special monosaccharides. The pharmacological properties of polysaccharides can be summarized as immunomodulatory, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive and anti-hyperlipemic, antioxidant, and antimicrobial properties. There have been no poisonous effects found in studies of plant polysaccharides, probably because the substances have a long history of use and are safe. In this paper, the application potential of polysaccharides in medicinal and edible plants in Xinjiang was reviewed, and the research progress in the extraction, separation, identification, and pharmacology of these plant polysaccharides was reviewed. At present, the research progress of plant polysaccharides in medicines and food in Xinjiang has not been reported. This paper will provide a data summary for the development and utilization of medical and food plant resources in Xinjiang.

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Guo, Qingbin, Xingyue Xiao, Laifeng Lu, Lianzhong Ai, Meigui Xu, Yan Liu, and H. Douglas Goff. "Polyphenol–Polysaccharide Complex: Preparation, Characterization, and Potential Utilization in Food and Health." Annual Review of Food Science and Technology 13, no. 1 (March 25, 2022): 59–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-food-052720-010354.

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Polysaccharides and polyphenols coexist in many plant-based food products. Polyphenol–polysaccharide interactions may affect the physicochemical, functional, and physiological properties, such as digestibility, bioavailability, and stability, of plant-based foods. In this review, the interactions (physically or covalently linked) between the selected polysaccharides and polyphenols are summarized. The preparation and structural characterization of the polyphenol–polysaccharide conjugates, their structural–interaction relationships, and the effects of the interactions on functional and physiological properties of the polyphenol and polysaccharide molecules are reviewed. Moreover, potential applications of polyphenol–polysaccharide conjugates are discussed. This review aids in a comprehensive understanding of the synthetic strategy, beneficial bioactivity, and potential application of polyphenol–polysaccharide complexes.

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de Vries, Ronald P., and Jaap Visser. "Aspergillus Enzymes Involved in Degradation of Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharides." Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 65, no. 4 (December 1, 2001): 497–522. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mmbr.65.4.497-522.2001.

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SUMMARY Degradation of plant cell wall polysaccharides is of major importance in the food and feed, beverage, textile, and paper and pulp industries, as well as in several other industrial production processes. Enzymatic degradation of these polymers has received attention for many years and is becoming a more and more attractive alternative to chemical and mechanical processes. Over the past 15 years, much progress has been made in elucidating the structural characteristics of these polysaccharides and in characterizing the enzymes involved in their degradation and the genes of biotechnologically relevant microorganisms encoding these enzymes. The members of the fungal genus Aspergillus are commonly used for the production of polysaccharide-degrading enzymes. This genus produces a wide spectrum of cell wall-degrading enzymes, allowing not only complete degradation of the polysaccharides but also tailored modifications by using specific enzymes purified from these fungi. This review summarizes our current knowledge of the cell wall polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from aspergilli and the genes by which they are encoded.

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Malikova, M. Kh, and D. A. Rakhimov. "Plant polysaccharides VIII. Polysaccharides ofLagochilus zeravschanicus." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 33, no. 4 (July 1997): 438–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02282360.

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Ebringerová, Anna, and Zdenka Hromádková. "An overview on the application of ultrasound in extraction, separation and purification of plant polysaccharides." Open Chemistry 8, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 243–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-010-0006-2.

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AbstractIn view of the recent emphasis on non-conventional chemistry, application of ultrasound in isolation of plant polysaccharides represents a viable alternative to traditional extraction processes. This review presents an extensive literature survey of ultrasound-assisted extraction of polysaccharides from different plant materials, particularly herbal plants and secondary agricultural plant sources. Targeted, multistep methods were applied with respect to differences in the types of polysaccharides and their location in plant cell walls. The effectiveness of the methods was evaluated according to yield and properties of the isolated polysaccharides in comparison to classical extraction methods. Substantial shortening of extraction time, reduction of reagent consumption and/or extraction temperature are the most important advantages of the ultrasonic treatment. In combination with sequential extraction steps using different solvents, sonication was shown to be effective in separation and/or purification of polysaccharides. The disadvantages of the sonication treatment, such as degradation and compositional changes of the polysaccharide preparations are discussed as well.

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Pauly, Markus, Niklas Gawenda, Christine Wagner, Patrick Fischbach, Vicente Ramírez, Ilka M. Axmann, and Cătălin Voiniciuc. "The Suitability of Orthogonal Hosts to Study Plant Cell Wall Biosynthesis." Plants 8, no. 11 (November 17, 2019): 516. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/plants8110516.

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Plant cells are surrounded by an extracellular matrix that consists mainly of polysaccharides. Many molecular components involved in plant cell wall polymer synthesis have been identified, but it remains largely unknown how these molecular players function together to define the length and decoration pattern of a polysaccharide. Synthetic biology can be applied to answer questions beyond individual glycosyltransferases by reconstructing entire biosynthetic machineries required to produce a complete wall polysaccharide. Recently, this approach was successful in establishing the production of heteromannan from several plant species in an orthogonal host—a yeast—illuminating the role of an auxiliary protein in the biosynthetic process. In this review we evaluate to what extent a selection of organisms from three kingdoms of life (Bacteria, Fungi and Animalia) might be suitable for the synthesis of plant cell wall polysaccharides. By identifying their key attributes for glycoengineering as well as analyzing the glycosidic linkages of their native polymers, we present a valuable comparison of their key advantages and limitations for the production of different classes of plant polysaccharides.

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Khamassi, Ahmed, and Claire Dumon. "Enzyme synergy for plant cell wall polysaccharide degradation." Essays in Biochemistry 67, no. 3 (April 2023): 521–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/ebc20220166.

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Abstract Valorizing plant cell wall, marine and algal polysaccharides is of utmost importance for the development of the circular bioeconomy. This is because polysaccharides are by far the most abundant organic molecules found in nature with complex chemical structures that require a large set of enzymes for their degradation. Microorganisms produce polysaccharide-specific enzymes that act in synergy when performing hydrolysis. Although discovered since decades enzyme synergy is still poorly understood at the molecular level and thus it is difficult to harness and optimize. In the last few years, more attention has been given to improve and characterize enzyme synergy for polysaccharide valorization. In this review, we summarize literature to provide an overview of the different type of synergy involving carbohydrate modifying enzymes and the recent advances in the field exemplified by plant cell-wall degradation.

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Minjares-Fuentes, Rafael, Antoni Femenia, Francesca Comas-Serra, and Victor Manuel Rodríguez-González. "Compositional and Structural Features of the Main Bioactive Polysaccharides Present in the Aloe vera Plant." Journal of AOAC INTERNATIONAL 101, no. 6 (November 1, 2018): 1711–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5740/jaoacint.18-0119.

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Abstract Aloe vera (A. barbadensis Miller) is probably one of the most popular plants, widely studied because of numerous properties associated with the polysaccharides present in its gel. In particular, two main types of bioactive polysaccharides can be distinguished in the A. vera gel: an acetylated mannose-rich polymer that functions as storage polysaccharide, and a galacturonic acid–rich polymer as the main component comprising the cell walls of the parenchymatous tissue. Interestingly, most of the beneficial properties related to the aloe plant have been associated with the acetylated mannose-rich polysaccharide, also known as acemannan. However, the composition and structural features of these polysaccharides, as well as the beneficial properties associated with them, may be altered by different factors, such as the climate, soil, postharvest treatments, and processing. Further, different analytical methods have been used not only to identify but also to characterize the main polysaccharides found in parenchyma of A. vera leaf. Within this context, the main aim of this review is to summarize the most relevant information about the structural and compositional features of the main polysaccharides found in the A. vera gel as well as the most relevant analytical techniques used for their identification and their influence on the technological, functional, and beneficial properties related to the A. vera plant.

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Wang, Anqi, Ying Liu, Shan Zeng, Yuanyuan Liu, Wei Li, Dingtao Wu, Xu Wu, Liang Zou, and Huijuan Chen. "Dietary Plant Polysaccharides for Cancer Prevention: Role of Immune Cells and Gut Microbiota, Challenges and Perspectives." Nutrients 15, no. 13 (July 3, 2023): 3019. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu15133019.

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Dietary plant polysaccharides, one of the main sources of natural polysaccharides, possess significant cancer prevention activity and potential development value in the food and medicine fields. The anti-tumor mechanisms of plant polysaccharides are mainly elaborated from three perspectives: enhancing immunoregulation, inhibiting tumor cell growth and inhibiting tumor cell invasion and metastasis. The immune system plays a key role in cancer progression, and immunomodulation is considered a significant pathway for cancer prevention or treatment. Although much progress has been made in revealing the relationship between the cancer prevention activity of polysaccharides and immunoregulation, huge challenges are still met in the research and development of polysaccharides. Results suggest that certain polysaccharide types and glycosidic linkage forms significantly affect the biological activity of polysaccharides in immunoregulation. At present, the in vitro anti-tumor effects and immunoregulation of dietary polysaccharides are widely reported in articles; however, the anti-tumor effects and in vivo immunoregulation of dietary polysaccharides are still deserving of further investigation. In this paper, aspects of the mechanisms behind dietary polysaccharides’ cancer prevention activity achieved through immunoregulation, the role of immune cells in cancer progression, the role of the mediatory relationship between the gut microbiota and dietary polysaccharides in immunoregulation and cancer prevention are systematically summarized, with the aim of encouraging future research on the use of dietary polysaccharides for cancer prevention.

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Ofoedu, Chigozie E., Lijun You, Chijioke M. Osuji, Jude O. Iwouno, Ngozi O. Kabuo, Moses Ojukwu, Ijeoma M. Agunwah, et al. "Hydrogen Peroxide Effects on Natural-Sourced Polysacchrides: Free Radical Formation/Production, Degradation Process, and Reaction Mechanism—A Critical Synopsis." Foods 10, no. 4 (March 25, 2021): 699. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods10040699.

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Numerous reactive oxygen species (ROS) entities exist, and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is very key among them as it is well known to possess a stable but poor reactivity capable of generating free radicals. Considered among reactive atoms, molecules, and compounds with electron-rich sites, free radicals emerging from metabolic reactions during cellular respirations can induce oxidative stress and cause cellular structure damage, resulting in diverse life-threatening diseases when produced in excess. Therefore, an antioxidant is needed to curb the overproduction of free radicals especially in biological systems (in vivo and in vitro). Despite the inherent properties limiting its bioactivities, polysaccharides from natural sources increasingly gain research attention given their position as a functional ingredient. Improving the functionality and bioactivity of polysaccharides have been established through degradation of their molecular integrity. In this critical synopsis; we articulate the effects of H2O2 on the degradation of polysaccharides from natural sources. Specifically, the synopsis focused on free radical formation/production, polysaccharide degradation processes with H2O2, the effects of polysaccharide degradation on the structural characteristics; physicochemical properties; and bioactivities; in addition to the antioxidant capability. The degradation mechanisms involving polysaccharide’s antioxidative property; with some examples and their respective sources are briefly summarised.

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Pandeirada, Carolina O., Max Achterweust, Hans-Gerd Janssen, Yvonne Westphal, and Henk A. Schols. "Periodate oxidation of plant polysaccharides provides polysaccharide-specific oligosaccharides." Carbohydrate Polymers 291 (September 2022): 119540. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.carbpol.2022.119540.

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Bunzel, M., J. Ralph, and H. Steinhart. "Phenolic compounds as cross-links of plant derived polysaccharides." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 22, SI - Chem. Reactions in Foods V (January 1, 2004): S64—S67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10613-cjfs.

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Plant cell wall polysaccharides are partially cross-linked via phenolic compounds. As shown in the past, the most important phenolic compounds to cross-link plant cell-wall polysaccharides are ester-linked ferulic acid dimers, but p-coumarate dimers were also shown to be potential cross-linking compounds. Recently, ferulic acid dimers were identified and quantified in a range of cereal grains. The isolation of 8-O-4-dehydrodiferulic aciddiarabinoside from maize bran shows that diferulic acids are able to form intermolecular cross-links between arabinoxylans. The more recently identified sinapic acid dehydrodimers and ferulic acid dehydrotrimers provide additional contributions to building up a strong network of plant cell wall polysaccharides.

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Dave, Dhwani T., and Gaurang B. Shah. "Pharmacological potential of naturally occurring nonstarch polysaccharides (NSP)." Journal of Phytopharmacology 4, no. 6 (January 2, 2016): 307–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.31254/phyto.2015.4607.

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Since ancient times, plants have been serving as a promising source of medicines and in recent times, extensive research has been made to isolate, characterize and screen a number of phytoconstituents/secondary plant metabolites for their pharmacological activities and safety in various disease models – both in vitro and in vivo. One such category of phytoconstituents is “polysaccharides”. These are found in different parts of the plant such as roots, leaves, stem and leaves and are extracted maximally in polar solvent – for eg. water extract of the afore mentioned plant parts contain the crude polysaccharide fraction. These are non-starch type in nature and can be a mixture of more than one type of polysaccharide too. In this review, an attempt has been made to discuss such therapeutically active plant polysaccharides in terms of their wide pharmacologically active profile along with methods to isolate and characterize them in brief.

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Krishna, Pilla Sankara, Stuart Daniel Woodcock, Sebastian Pfeilmeier, Stephen Bornemann, Cyril Zipfel, and Jacob George Malone. "Pseudomonas syringae addresses distinct environmental challenges during plant infection through the coordinated deployment of polysaccharides." Journal of Experimental Botany 73, no. 7 (December 14, 2021): 2206–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jxb/erab550.

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Abstract Prior to infection, phytopathogenic bacteria face a challenging environment on the plant surface, where they are exposed to nutrient starvation and abiotic stresses. Pathways enabling surface adhesion, stress tolerance, and epiphytic survival are important for successful plant pathogenesis. Understanding the roles and regulation of these pathways is therefore crucial to fully understand bacterial plant infections. The phytopathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (Pst) encodes multiple polysaccharides that are implicated in biofilm formation, stress survival, and virulence in other microbes. To examine how these polysaccharides impact Pst epiphytic survival and pathogenesis, we analysed mutants in multiple polysaccharide loci to determine their intersecting contributions to epiphytic survival and infection. In parallel, we used qRT–PCR to analyse the regulation of each pathway. Pst polysaccharides are tightly coordinated by multiple environmental signals. Nutrient availability, temperature, and surface association strongly affect the expression of different polysaccharides under the control of the signalling protein genes ladS and cbrB and the second messenger cyclic-di-GMP. Furthermore, functionally redundant, combinatorial phenotypes were observed for several polysaccharides. Exopolysaccharides play a role in mediating leaf adhesion, while α-glucan and alginate together confer desiccation tolerance. Our results suggest that polysaccharides play important roles in overcoming environmental challenges to Pst during plant infection.

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Makhmudov, S. D., D. Z. Narzullaev, A. D. Dusmatova, U. E. Aliev, and K. K. Shadmanov. "High molecular biopolymers of the carbohydrate nature of the plant Prunus domestica L. fruits." E3S Web of Conferences 411 (2023): 02036. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202341102036.

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This paper describes the technology developed by us for obtaining some physiologically active polysaccharides (pectic substances and hemicellulose) from domestic plum. The isolated products were identified by IR spectroscopy, which made it possible to determine their qualitative characteristics. The dried fruits of Prunus domestica L. were analyzed for the content of low molecular weight substances, then polysaccharides were isolated from plant materials, hydrolyzed, acetylated, and the monosaccharide composition of each polysaccharide was studied by a combination method of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. A thermal analysis of the obtained polysaccharides was also carried out to determine their thermal stability.

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Zheng, Yuhong, Pengcong Zhang, and LI FU. "Advances on polysaccharides from cactus: analysis and review based on bibliometrics." Journal of the Professional Association for Cactus Development 25 (January 16, 2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.56890/jpacd.v25i.513.

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Plant polysaccharides are rich in physiological activities, which are beneficial for developing new drugs, nutraceuticals and functional foods. Cactus is of interest to researchers in agronomy, medicine and food chemistry because of its long history of medicinal use, its simple growing requirements and biological basis for becoming a green vegetable. This review provides the first summary and analysis of the research history of cactus polysaccharides through a bibliometric approach. Bibliometrics was used to investigate the focus of different stages of development of the topic, with contributions from different countries and institutions. In addition, keyword analysis and keyword clustering were used to understand the different research directions of this topic. The analysis showed that (1) the study of cactus plant polysaccharides is a long-established topic but did not attract much attention in its early stages. (2) In 2018, research on cactus polysaccharides has received more attention than ever before. (3) Mexican institutions and scholars have contributed the most important contributions to this topic. (4) This theme has only formed one complex network of cooperation, mainly composed of Mexican institutions and scholars. (5) Early studies on cactus polysaccharides focused on the detection, extraction and purification of polysaccharide content. (6) The biological activities of plant polysaccharides have gradually become the focus of research in recent years. (7) The biological activity of plant polysaccharides has been verified from in vitro experiments and in vivo experiments with positive results.

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Kostryukov, Sergey Gennad'yevich, and Pavel Sergeyevich Petrov. "SOLID-STATE 13C NMR SPECTROSCOPY IN POLYSACCHARIDE ANALYSIS." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 7–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2020047610.

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Polysaccharides are high molecular weight compounds represented by long linear and/or branched chains of monosaccharide residues linked by a glycosidic bond. Currently, there is a huge and rapidly-growing interest in the chemistry of polysaccharides due to their widespread use in various spheres of human life. The study of polysaccharide structure is a complex and non-trivial task, and in this area solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy are widely applied in recent years. The review analyzes the possibilities of solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy for the study of polysaccharides and natural objects containing polysaccharides. The evolution of 13C solid-state NMR spectroscopy methods is shown with the main focus on the usage of the cross-polarization (CP) technique based on rotating the sample under the magic angle (MAS), since in this case the spectra are obtained without artifacts signals and with the best signal-to-noise ratio and high resolution. The review focuses on cellulose as the most widespread polysaccharide, in addition, the applicability of CP-MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy for the study of other polysaccharides, as well as plant materials, is considered. The represented examples clearly show that CP-MAS 13C NMR spectroscopy is the most powerful experimental method that allows to obtain information on both the composition and structure of polysaccharides, as well as the composition of various plant materials. Moreover, the combination of available equipment and various techniques of solid-state 13C NMR experiment will contribute to the progress of further research in the chemistry of polysaccharides and their derivatives.

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Ahrazem, Oussama, Begoña Gómez-Miranda, Alicia Prieto, Isabel Barasoaín, Manuel Bernabé, and J. Antonio Leal. "Structural characterization of a cell wall polysaccharide from Penicillium vermoesenii: chemotaxonomic application." Canadian Journal of Botany 77, no. 7 (November 5, 1999): 961–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b99-046.

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The water-soluble polysaccharides (F1SS) obtained from the alkali extracts of the cell wall of two strains of Penicillium vermoesenii Biourge, Fusarium javanicum Koorders, Fusarium solani (Martius) Saccardo, and Fusarium oxysporum Schlechtendahl represented 8.7 to 10.7% of the dry cell wall material. All polysaccharides were composed of galactose (22.0-27.4%), glucose (18.4-30.3%), mannose (7.8-23.1%), and glucuronic acid (3.0-6.0%, except in F. oxysporum that contained 16.8%). Methylation analysis and 1H-NMR spectra of the polysaccharides of these fungi were similar except for F. oxysporum, which showed a higher peak of glucuronic acid than of glucose. The chemical and structural analyses performed indicated that F1SS polysaccharides of the species studied have a skeleton of beta-(1–>6) galactofuranose, fully substituted at positions O-2 by a single residue of glucopyranose or by short side chains containing one glucuronic acid residue and beta-mannopyranose. This polysaccharide is linked to a mannose core consisting of a short chain of alpha-(1–>6)-linked D-mannopyranose. Immunological methods confirm the structural relatedness among these polysaccharides. No similarities were found with the 1H-NMR spectra of F1SS polysaccharides from other species of Penicillium or Gliocladium. These results show that P. vermoesenii is closer to the genus Fusarium than to Penicillium or Gliocladium.Key words: Penicillium vermoesenii, cell wall polysaccharides, chemotaxonomy, NMR, polyclonal antibodies.

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Wang, Zi, Ju-Hong Chen, Ling-Shuai Wang, Juan Ding, Ming-Wen Zhao, and Rui Liu. "GlPP2C1 Silencing Increases the Content of Ganodermalingzhi Polysaccharide (GL-PS) and Enhances Slt2 Phosphorylation." Journal of Fungi 8, no. 9 (September 10, 2022): 949. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof8090949.

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Polysaccharides have attracted much attention in the food industry due to their diverse biological activities. To date, research on the mechanism of polysaccharide synthesis has mainly focused on the role of crucial enzymes in the polysaccharide synthesis pathway, but other genes that regulate polysaccharide synthesis have not been well explored. In this study, the GlPP2C1 gene, encoding a phosphoprotein type 2C phosphatase, was cloned, and PP2C-silenced strains (PP2C1i-1 and PP2C1i-3) were screened. Measurements of the polysaccharide content and cell wall tolerance revealed that GlPP2C1 silencing increased the polysaccharide content and enhanced cell wall resistance in Ganoderma lingzhi. The contents of intracellular polysaccharides (IPS), extracellular polysaccharides (EPS) and β-1,3-D-glucan in PP2C-silenced strains were increased by 25%, 33% and 36%, respectively, compared with those in the WT strains and strains transformed with an empty vector. Further mechanistic studies showed that GlPP2C1 silencing increased the content of Ganoderma lingzhi polysaccharides (GL-PS) through Slt2. In summary, this study revealed the mechanism through which protein phosphatase regulates GL-PS biosynthesis for the first time.

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Yu, Wenxia, Zhiyao Ren, Xiaofeng Zhang, Shangping Xing, Shengchang Tao, Chenxing Liu, Gang Wei, Yuan Yuan, and Zhouxi Lei. "Structural Characterization of Polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale and Their Effects on Apoptosis of HeLa Cell Line." Molecules 23, no. 10 (September 27, 2018): 2484. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23102484.

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Dendrobium officinale is a widely used medicinal plant in China with numerous bio-activities. However, the main structure and anti-tumor activity of the polysaccharides from this plant have not been investigated. In this study, we elucidated the main structure of polysaccharides purified with DEAE and Sephadex G-25 from Dendrobium officinale grown under different planting conditions. In addition, the anti-tumor activity was tested via MTT assays. The results showed that the polysaccharides of Dendrobium officinale grown under different conditions were almost the same, with slight differences in the branched chain; both polysaccharide fractions consisted of (1→4)-linked mannose and (1→4)-linked glucose, with an O-acetyl group in the mannose. After degradation, the polysaccharide fractions from wild plants showed significant anti-proliferation activity in HeLa cells. The fractions F1 and F3 induced apoptosis by up-regulating the expression of ERK, JNK, and p38. We concluded that polysaccharides from Dendrobium officinale planted in the wild exhibit significant anti-tumor effects only after being degraded to smaller molecular weight species. The planting mode is a significant factor in the pharmacological activity of Dendrobium officinale. We advise that the planting conditions for Dendrobium officinale should be changed.

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Kolkas, Hasan, Vincent Burlat, and Elisabeth Jamet. "Immunochemical Identification of the Main Cell Wall Polysaccharides of the Early Land Plant Marchantia polymorpha." Cells 12, no. 14 (July 12, 2023): 1833. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells12141833.

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Plant primary cell walls are composite structures surrounding the protoplast and containing pectins, hemicelluloses, and cellulose polysaccharides, as well as proteins. Their composition changed during the evolution of the green lineage from algae to terrestrial plants, i.e., from an aquatic to a terrestrial environment. The constraints of life in terrestrial environments have generated new requirements for the organisms, necessitating adaptations, such as cell wall modifications. We have studied the cell wall polysaccharide composition of thalli of Marchantia polymorpha, a bryophyte belonging to one of the first land plant genera. Using a collection of specific antibodies raised against different cell wall polysaccharide epitopes, we were able to identify in polysaccharide-enriched fractions: pectins, including low-methylesterified homogalacturonans; rhamnogalacturonan I with arabinan side-chains; and hemicelluloses, such as xyloglucans with XXLG and XXXG modules, mannans, including galactomannans, and xylans. We could also show the even distribution of XXLG xyloglucans and galactomannans in the cell walls of thalli by immunocytochemistry. These results are discussed with regard to the cell wall proteome composition and in the context of the evolution of the green lineage. The cell wall polysaccharides of M. polymorpha illustrate the transition from the charophyte ancestors of terrestrial plants containing xyloglucans, xylans and mannans as hemicelluloses, and embryophytes which do not exhibit mannans as major primary cell wall polysaccharides.

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Beltrame, Gabriele, Jani Trygg, Jarl Hemming, Zenghua Han, and Baoru Yang. "Comparison of Polysaccharides Extracted from Cultivated Mycelium of Inonotus obliquus with Polysaccharide Fractions Obtained from Sterile Conk (Chaga) and Birch Heart Rot." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 3 (March 8, 2021): 189. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7030189.

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The polysaccharides of the sterile conk of Inonotus obliquus (Chaga) have demonstrated multiple bioactivities. The mycelium of this basidiomycete, obtained after submerged cultivation, has been considered a feasible alternative to the sterile conk for the production of polysaccharides. However, previous research has paid little attention to the differences in the structures of polymers obtained from the different resources. Moreover, the birch wood colonized by I. obliquus has never been investigated as a source of bioactive polysaccharides. In the present study, polysaccharide fractions produced from cultivated mycelium, sterile conks of different geographical origins, and birch heart rot were investigated. High amounts of phenolic compounds, possibly lignans, were bound to the sterile conk polysaccharides. Mycelial polysaccharides were rich in α- and β-glucans and had high (105 Da) and low (104 Da) molecular weight populations. On the other hand, sterile conk polysaccharides were mainly β-glucan of lower and monodispersed molecular weight (103 Da). Heart rot polysaccharides were comprised mainly of low molecular weight (103 Da) hemicelluloses. Nevertheless, fungal polysaccharides were identified in the extracts. The differences in structure and molecular properties among the polysaccharide fractions of mycelium, heart rot, and sterile conk are likely associated with differences in bioactivities and, therefore, in nutraceutical potential.

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Lin, Weida, Huanwei Chen, Jianmei Wang, Yongli Zheng, Qiuwei Lu, Ziping Zhu, Na Li, Zexin Jin, Junmin Li, and Hongfei Lu. "Transcriptome analysis associated with polysaccharide synthesis and their antioxidant activity in Cyclocarya paliurus leaves of different developmental stages." PeerJ 9 (June 14, 2021): e11615. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.11615.

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Background Cyclocarya paliurus (Batal.) Iljinskaja is a common endemic tree species and used as a Chinese medicine. The main active components in the leaves of this plant are polysaccharides. However, the temporal patterns of gene expression underlying the synthesis of polysaccharides in C. paliurus at different leaf developmental stages and its relationship with the polysaccharide content and antioxidant activities has not been reported to date. Methods RNA-seq was used to investigate the biosynthesis pathway of polysaccharides at the four developmental stages of C. paliurus leaves. The content and the antioxidant activities of polysaccharides were measured with typical biochemical methods and the identified correlations were statistically evaluated. Results Sixty-nine differentially expressed genes were found in the leaves during different developmental stages of C. paliurus. These are associated with glycosyltransferases and belong to 18 families. During different developmental stages of C. paliurus, the polysaccharide content first increased and then decreased, and the UDP-glucose 4-epimerase gene was found to be significantly positively correlated with the polysaccharide content. The clearance rates of DPPH radicals, superoxide anion radicals, hydroxyl radicals, and the reducing power of polysaccharides in the leaves of C. paliurus at different developmental stages showed a dose-dependent relationship with the concentration of polysaccharides. Conclusions The smallest fully expanded leaves are suitable for high-quality tea, and leaves with sizes below the largest fully expanded leaves are suitable for industrial production of polysaccharides.

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Yao, Gang, Jialei Xu, Xiang Wang, Jiaojaio Lu, Mi K. Chan, Yifa Zhou, and Lin Sun. "Structural Characterization of Pectic Polysaccharides From Bupleurum chinense DC." Natural Product Communications 15, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 1934578X2093165. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x20931654.

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Bupleurum chinense DC, a traditional medicinal plant in China that has many pharmacological effects, contains polysaccharide as one of its active components. In this study, we isolated and structurally characterized the polysaccharide from B. chinense. Water-soluble polysaccharides (termed WBCP) were extracted from the plant and fractionated by anion-exchange and size exclusion chromatographies. From this procedure, we obtained a homogeneous acidic polysaccharide (WBCP-A2) and determined its monosaccharide composition. Analysis by FT infrared and 13C NMR spectroscopies, along with enzymatic hydrolysis, indicated that WBCP-A2 is a pectic polysaccharide, composed of rhamnogalacturonan I, rhamnogalacturonan II, highly methyl-esterified homogalacturonan (HG), and either non- or low methyl-esterified HG domains. These different fractions may be covalently linked through HG segments to form the complex pectin molecules.

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Drira, Maroua, Faiez Hentati, Olga Babich, Stanislas Sukhikh, Viktoria Larina, Sana Sharifian, Ahmad Homai, et al. "Bioactive Carbohydrate Polymers—Between Myth and Reality." Molecules 26, no. 23 (November 23, 2021): 7068. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26237068.

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Polysaccharides are complex macromolecules long regarded as energetic storage resources or as components of plant and fungal cell walls. They have also been described as plant mucilages or microbial exopolysaccharides. The development of glycosciences has led to a partial and difficult deciphering of their other biological functions in living organisms. The objectives of glycobiochemistry and glycobiology are currently to correlate some structural features of polysaccharides with some biological responses in the producing organisms or in another one. In this context, the literature focusing on bioactive polysaccharides has increased exponentially during the last two decades, being sometimes very optimistic for some new applications of bioactive polysaccharides, notably in the medical field. Therefore, this review aims to examine bioactive polysaccharide, taking a critical look of the different biological activities reported by authors and the reality of the market. It focuses also on the chemical, biochemical, enzymatic, and physical modifications of these biopolymers to optimize their potential as bioactive agents.

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Ray, Bimalendu, Martin Schütz, Shuvam Mukherjee, Subrata Jana, Sayani Ray, and Manfred Marschall. "Exploiting the Amazing Diversity of Natural Source-Derived Polysaccharides: Modern Procedures of Isolation, Engineering, and Optimization of Antiviral Activities." Polymers 13, no. 1 (December 30, 2020): 136. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010136.

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Naturally occurring polysaccharide sulfates are highly diverse, owning variations in the backbone structure, linkage pattern and stereochemistry, branching diversity, sulfate content and positions of sulfate group(s). These structural characteristics bring about diverse sulfated polymers with dissimilar negative charge densities and structure–activity relationships. Herein, we start with a short discussion of techniques needed for extraction, purification, chemical sulfation, and structural characterization of polysaccharides. Processes of isolation and sulfation of plant-derived polysaccharides are challenging and usually involve two steps. In this context, we describe an integrated extraction-sulfation procedure that produces polysaccharide sulfates from natural products in one step, thereby generating additional pharmacological activities. Finally, we provide examples of the spectrum of natural source-derived polysaccharides possessing specific features of bioactivity, in particular focusing on current aspects of antiviral drug development and drug–target interaction. Thus, the review presents a detailed view on chemically engineered polysaccharides, especially sulfated derivatives, and underlines their promising biomedical perspectives.

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Fu, Jianxin, Jiawei Shao, Meng Wang, Guixiang Zhang, and Yishan Fang. "Optimization of extraction of polysaccharides from Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. by ultrasonic: characterization, purification and antioxidant assessment." E3S Web of Conferences 145 (2020): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202014501025.

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Under optimal extraction conditions, characterization and antioxidant activity of polysaccharides from the Suaeda salsa (L.) Pall. were investigated. This was the first report that described the composition of the polysaccharide form this plant. Obviously, the yield of 2.19% for extraction of polysaccharides was obtained as ethanol volume fraction of 65%, extraction time of 72 min, ultrasound assisted power of 438 W, and temperature of 85°C, respectively. The structure study was carried out with FT-IR and SEM, and the chemical contents of carbohydrates, proteins, uronic acids and total flavonoids were measured in this study. The crude polysaccharides were purified into two components including SGP-1-1 and SGP-2-1. Moreover, the chemical composition analysis according to HPLC showed that it was viscous polysaccharide, which mainly contained glucose, mannose, xylose, galacturonic acid, glucuronic acid, fucose, rhamnose, arabinose, galactose, respectively. Besides, it was proved that the optimum polysaccharides possessed higher significant potentials (P<0.05) in scavenging ability against DPPH, ABTS+ and hydroxyl radical.

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Zhang, Shuai, Chuanbo Ding, Xinglong Liu, Yingchun Zhao, Qiteng Ding, Shuwen Sun, Jinping Zhang, Jiali Yang, Wencong Liu, and Wei Li. "Research Progress on Extraction, Isolation, Structural Analysis and Biological Activity of Polysaccharides from Panax Genus." Molecules 28, no. 9 (April 26, 2023): 3733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28093733.

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The panax genus is a widely used medicinal plant with good biological activity. As one of the main active components of the Panax genus, polysaccharides have various pharmacological effects. This review summarizes the latest research reports on ginseng, American ginseng, and Panax notoginseng polysaccharides and compares the differences in extraction, isolation and purification, structural characteristics, and biological activities. The current research mainly focuses on ginseng polysaccharides, and the process of extraction, isolation, and structure analysis of each polysaccharide is roughly the same. Modern pharmacological studies have shown that these polysaccharides have antioxidants, antitumor, immunomodulatory, antidiabetic, intestinal protection, skin repair, and other biological activities. This review provides new insights into the differences between the three kinds of ginseng polysaccharides which will help to further study the medicinal value of ginseng in traditional Chinese medicine.

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Azimova, Luiza Bakhtiyarovna, Al'bina Vasil'yevna Filatova, Abbaskhan Sabirkhanovich Turaev, and Djalol Turgunbaevich Djurabaev. "ISOLATION AND STUDY OF THE POLYSACCHARIDE COMPLEX ISOLATED FROM AESCULUS HIPPOCASTA-NUM L." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 3 (September 27, 2021): 115–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2021039173.

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This paper presents the results of a study of the polysaccharide complex, first obtained using microwave radiation from the shells of horse chestnut seeds (Aesculus Hippocastanum L.), collected on the territory of the Tashkent region of the Republic of Uzbekistan. It is shown that the use of microwave waves makes it possible to intensify the method of obtaining polysaccharides with an increase in their yield. The yield of the obtained product reaches 13%, compared with the method of obtaining without using microwave radiation (9.85%), which indicates the prospects of using microwave radiation in the isolation of polysaccharides from this type of raw material. The molecular weight characteristics were determined, and using GC/MS analysis of trimethylsilyl derivatives, the monosaccharide composition of the complex isolated from the shells of the Semyon chestnut by alkaline extraction was established. It was found that the isolated polysaccharides consist mainly of arabinose and galactose residues (65–100%), and also, as minor monosaccharides, up to 35% of glucose, xylose, mannose, rhamnose, ribose residues. Signals and absorption bands corresponding to total polysaccharides were observed in 13C NMR and IR spectra. The NMR analysis data are consistent with the results of the analysis of the monosaccharide composition of the polysaccharide complex obtained using GC / MS. The antiradical activity of the polysaccharide complex has been established.

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Hao, Zhenzhen, Xiaolu Wang, Haomeng Yang, Tao Tu, Jie Zhang, Huiying Luo, Huoqing Huang, and Xiaoyun Su. "PUL-Mediated Plant Cell Wall Polysaccharide Utilization in the Gut Bacteroidetes." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 3077. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22063077.

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Plant cell wall polysaccharides (PCWP) are abundantly present in the food of humans and feed of livestock. Mammalians by themselves cannot degrade PCWP but rather depend on microbes resident in the gut intestine for deconstruction. The dominant Bacteroidetes in the gut microbial community are such bacteria with PCWP-degrading ability. The polysaccharide utilization systems (PUL) responsible for PCWP degradation and utilization are a prominent feature of Bacteroidetes. In recent years, there have been tremendous efforts in elucidating how PULs assist Bacteroidetes to assimilate carbon and acquire energy from PCWP. Here, we will review the PUL-mediated plant cell wall polysaccharides utilization in the gut Bacteroidetes focusing on cellulose, xylan, mannan, and pectin utilization and discuss how the mechanisms can be exploited to modulate the gut microbiota.

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van de Meene, Allison, Lauren McAloney, Sarah M. Wilson, JiZhi Zhou, Wei Zeng, Paul McMillan, Antony Bacic, and Monika S. Doblin. "Interactions between Cellulose and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans and Arabinoxylans in the Regenerating Wall of Suspension Culture Cells of the Ryegrass Lolium multiflorum." Cells 10, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10010127.

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Plant cell walls (PCWs) form the outer barrier of cells that give the plant strength and directly interact with the environment and other cells in the plant. PCWs are composed of several polysaccharides, of which cellulose forms the main fibrillar network. Enmeshed between these fibrils of cellulose are non-cellulosic polysaccharides (NCPs), pectins, and proteins. This study investigates the sequence, timing, patterning, and architecture of cell wall polysaccharide regeneration in suspension culture cells (SCC) of the grass species Lolium multiflorum (Lolium). Confocal, superresolution, and electron microscopies were used in combination with cytochemical labeling to investigate polysaccharide deposition in SCC after protoplasting. Cellulose was the first polysaccharide observed, followed shortly thereafter by (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, which is also known as mixed-linkage glucan (MLG), arabinoxylan (AX), and callose. Cellulose formed fibrils with AX and produced a filamentous-like network, whereas MLG formed punctate patches. Using colocalization analysis, cellulose and AX were shown to interact during early stages of wall generation, but this interaction reduced over time as the wall matured. AX and MLG interactions increased slightly over time, but cellulose and MLG were not seen to interact. Callose initially formed patches that were randomly positioned on the protoplast surface. There was no consistency in size or location over time. The architecture observed via superresolution microscopy showed similarities to the biophysical maps produced using atomic force microscopy and can give insight into the role of polysaccharides in PCWs.

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van de Meene, Allison, Lauren McAloney, Sarah M. Wilson, JiZhi Zhou, Wei Zeng, Paul McMillan, Antony Bacic, and Monika S. Doblin. "Interactions between Cellulose and (1,3;1,4)-β-glucans and Arabinoxylans in the Regenerating Wall of Suspension Culture Cells of the Ryegrass Lolium multiflorum." Cells 10, no. 1 (January 11, 2021): 127. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cells10010127.

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Plant cell walls (PCWs) form the outer barrier of cells that give the plant strength and directly interact with the environment and other cells in the plant. PCWs are composed of several polysaccharides, of which cellulose forms the main fibrillar network. Enmeshed between these fibrils of cellulose are non-cellulosic polysaccharides (NCPs), pectins, and proteins. This study investigates the sequence, timing, patterning, and architecture of cell wall polysaccharide regeneration in suspension culture cells (SCC) of the grass species Lolium multiflorum (Lolium). Confocal, superresolution, and electron microscopies were used in combination with cytochemical labeling to investigate polysaccharide deposition in SCC after protoplasting. Cellulose was the first polysaccharide observed, followed shortly thereafter by (1,3;1,4)-β-glucan, which is also known as mixed-linkage glucan (MLG), arabinoxylan (AX), and callose. Cellulose formed fibrils with AX and produced a filamentous-like network, whereas MLG formed punctate patches. Using colocalization analysis, cellulose and AX were shown to interact during early stages of wall generation, but this interaction reduced over time as the wall matured. AX and MLG interactions increased slightly over time, but cellulose and MLG were not seen to interact. Callose initially formed patches that were randomly positioned on the protoplast surface. There was no consistency in size or location over time. The architecture observed via superresolution microscopy showed similarities to the biophysical maps produced using atomic force microscopy and can give insight into the role of polysaccharides in PCWs.

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Li, Zhi-Wei, Zhu-Mei Du, Ya-Wen Wang, Yu-Xi Feng, Ran Zhang, and Xue-Bing Yan. "Chemical Modification, Characterization, and Activity Changes of Land Plant Polysaccharides: A Review." Polymers 14, no. 19 (October 4, 2022): 4161. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194161.

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Plant polysaccharides are widely found in nature and have a variety of biological activities, including immunomodulatory, antioxidative, and antitumoral. Due to their low toxicity and easy absorption, they are widely used in the health food and pharmaceutical industries. However, low activity hinders the wide application. Chemical modification is an important method to improve plant polysaccharides’ physical and chemical properties. Through chemical modification, the antioxidant and immunomodulatory abilities of polysaccharides were significantly improved. Some polysaccharides with poor water solubility also significantly improved their water solubility after modification. Chemical modification of plant polysaccharides has become an important research direction. Research on the modification of plant polysaccharides is currently increasing, but a review of the various modification studies is absent. This paper reviews the research progress of chemical modification (sulfation, phosphorylation, acetylation, selenization, and carboxymethylation modification) of land plant polysaccharides (excluding marine plant polysaccharides and fungi plant polysaccharides) during the period of January 2012–June 2022, including the preparation, characterization, and biological activity of modified polysaccharides. This study will provide a basis for the deep application of land plant polysaccharides in food, nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals.

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Iravani, Siavash, and Rajender S. Varma. "Important Roles of Oligo- and Polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-2: Recent Advances." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 14, 2021): 3512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083512.

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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-initiated outbreak of COVID-19 has spread rapidly around the world, posing a huge threat to public health. Natural oligo- and polysaccharides with low toxicity, good sustainability, high biocompatibility, respectable safety, immune regulation, and antiviral activity can be employed as promising candidates for the prevention and inhibition of viral infections, especially COVID-19. Glycosaminoglycans, marine polysaccharides, terrestrial plant polysaccharides, and some others have exhibited potential antiviral activity against pathogenic viruses, in the format of polysaccharide-centered vaccine adjuvants, nano-based structures, drug conveyance platforms, etc. In this review, significant recent advancements pertaining to the antiviral applications of oligo- and polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-2 are highlighted, including important challenges and future perspectives.

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Ghosh, Rajarshi, Daniel L. Bryant, and Anthony L. Farone. "Panax quinquefolius (North American Ginseng) Polysaccharides as Immunomodulators: Current Research Status and Future Directions." Molecules 25, no. 24 (December 11, 2020): 5854. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25245854.

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Panax quinquefolius (North American ginseng, NAG) is a popular medicinal plant used widely in traditional medicine. NAG products are currently available in various forms such as roots, extracts, nutraceuticals, dietary supplements, energy drinks, etc. NAG polysaccharides are recognized as one of the major bioactive ingredients. However, most NAG reviews are focused on ginsenosides with little information on polysaccharides. NAG polysaccharides have demonstrated a therapeutic activity in numerous studies, in which many of the bioactivities involve regulation of the immune response. The purpose of this review is to summarize the structural features and the immunomodulatory properties of crude, partially purified, and pure polysaccharides isolated from NAG. Receptors of the innate immune system that potentially bind to NAG polysaccharides and the respective signal transduction pathways initiated by these compounds are discussed. Major challenges, recent innovations, and future directions in NAG polysaccharide research are also summarized.

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Rakhimov, D. A., M. Kh Malikova, A. A. Vakhabov, I. O. Ruziev, and T. R. Abdurakhmanov. "Plant polysaccharides I. Polysaccharides ofLagochilus and their biological activity." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 31, no. 2 (March 1995): 260–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01170221.

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Sanavova, M. Kh, and D. A. Rakhimov. "Plant polysaccharides VII. Polysaccharides ofMorus and their hypoglycemic activity." Chemistry of Natural Compounds 33, no. 6 (November 1997): 617–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02249624.

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Hedges, Jodi F., Kerri M. Rask, and Mark A. Jutila. "Enhanced immunity following ingestion of plant derived polysaccharides (134.87)." Journal of Immunology 182, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2009): 134.87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.182.supp.134.87.

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Abstract Considering the recent increased interest in dietary supplements by the public, characterization of their mechanisms and safety are warranted. Yamoa(tm), bark from the Funtumia elastica tree, has anecdotal positive effects in asthma patients. We have determined that polysaccharide components of Yamoa(tm) and other dietary supplements stimulate innate immunity similarly to LPS, in part by affecting γδ T cells. We hypothesized that orally administered Yamoa(tm) would effectively target this mucosal T cell subset and result in changes in peripheral and tissue-associated immune cells, and provide benefit in mucosal disease settings. Increases in an inflammatory subset of γδ T cells, and B cells were detected in peripheral blood in bovine calves fed Yamoa(tm). Cannulation of the efferent lymphatic ducts of the gut in calves was used to analyze the responses of tissue-derived cells after ingestion of Yamoa(tm). Therapeutic treatment of mice by i.p. injection of Yamoa(tm) and its derived polysaccharides was effective in reduction of fecal CFUs in a mouse model of Salmonella-induced enterocolitis. Interestingly, whereas long term ingestion of low doses of polysaccharides had neutral or negative effects on CFUs in this model, a single prophylactic oral dose of Yamoa(tm) resulted in decreased CFUs. These data suggest that the practical and relevant route of ingestion of plant-derived polysaccharides can affect innate immunity.

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Abdullaev, O. G., A. V. Umarov, N. Abdukelimu, H. A. Aisa, and B. S. Abdullaeva. "Investigation of some physico-chemical properties of Elaeagnus L. GUM." E3S Web of Conferences 401 (2023): 03032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202340103032.

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As is known, most polysaccharides have biological activity, play important roles in life processes, and are widely used in healthcare, food processing, and cosmetic production due to their therapeutic effects and relatively low toxicity. Among polysaccharides, this class’s representatives do not have a biological activity to some pathogens of diseases but have a huge potential to use them in various sectors of the national economy, such as in the food industry, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. One such polysaccharide is the gum obtained from the plant Elaeagnus L. germinating in the Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region of China and Central Asia. The local people call it jidah. This article is devoted to the extraction, purification, the determination of the monomeric composition, molecular weight, viscosity, spectral analysis, and some chemical properties of the polysaccharide obtained from the gum of the named plant Elaeagnus L.

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Kang, Chenzhe, Yanan Liu, Aiping Chi, and Zilin Zhang. "The anti-fatigue potential of water-soluble polysaccharides of Semen cassiae on BALB/c mice." Cellular and Molecular Biology 67, no. 2 (August 31, 2021): 148–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14715/cmb/2021.67.2.23.

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Fatigue syndrome is a major health problem that affects the voluntary activities of an individual. Particularly, exercise-induced fatigue has become a serious concern in people's health. Since polysaccharides from various medicinal plants have been reported for anti-fatigue effect, the current study deals with the anti-fatigue potential of water-soluble polysaccharides of the Chinese medicinal plant Semen cassiae (Cassia obtusifolia L.) in BALB/c mice. Water-soluble polysaccharides from Semen cassiae were extracted using aqueous solvent (water). An orthogonal test design was employed for the optimization of polysaccharide extraction. The conditions optimized through this design unveiled the raw materials to solvent ratio as 1:30. The optimal temperature and time duration were found to be 80°C and 3.5 h, respectively. The yield of soluble polysaccharides at these specified conditions was 5.42%. Strikingly, the water-soluble polysaccharide from S. cassiae exhibited strong anti-fatigue activity at 100 mg/kg in BALB/c mice. S. cassiae polysaccharide extended the weight-loaded swimming duration in BALB/c mice. In addition, it ameliorated the level of antioxidant enzymes (SOD, GPX) while decreased the blood urea nitrogen, creatine phosphokinase, triglyceride, lactic acid, lactate dehydrogenase, and malondialdehyde levels in blood serum. Moreover, the assessment of the immunomodulatory effect of S. cassia polysaccharides unveiled the enhancement of B-cell and T-cell lymphocytes, denoting the positive effect on physical immunity.

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Wang, Meng, Caijiao Li, Jiaye Li, Wenjing Hu, Aiqi Yu, Haipeng Tang, Jiayan Li, Haixue Kuang, and Huijie Zhang. "Extraction, Purification, Structural Characteristics, Biological Activity and Application of Polysaccharides from Portulaca oleracea L. (Purslane): A Review." Molecules 28, no. 12 (June 16, 2023): 4813. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28124813.

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Portulaca oleracea L. (purslane) is a widely distributed plant with a long history of cultivation and consumption. Notably, polysaccharides obtained from purslane exhibit surprising and satisfactory biological activities, which explain the various benefits of purslane on human health, including anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, antitumor, antifatigue, antiviral and immunomodulatory effects. This article systematically reviews the extraction and purification methods, chemical structure, chemical modification, biological activity and other aspects of polysaccharides from purslane collected in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia, Flora of China, Web of Science, PubMed, Baidu Scholar, Google Scholar and CNKI databases in the last 14 years, using the keywords “Portulaca oleracea L. polysaccharides” and “purslane polysaccharides”. The application of purslane polysaccharides in different fields is also summarized, and its application prospects are also discussed. This paper provides an updated and deeper understanding of purslane polysaccharides, which will provide useful guidance for the further optimization of polysaccharide structures and the development of purslane polysaccharides as a novel functional material, as well as a theoretical basis for its further research and application in human health and manufacturing development.

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Chen, Meiwan, Yanfang Zhou, Jingjing Huang, Ping Zhu, Xinsheng Peng, and Yitao Wang. "Liposome-Based Delivery Systems in Plant Polysaccharides." Journal of Nanomaterials 2012 (2012): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/682545.

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Plant polysaccharides consist of many monosaccharide byα- orβ-glycosidic bond which can be extracted by the water, alcohol, lipophile liquid from a variety of plants includingCordyceps sinensis, astragalus, and mushrooms. Recently, many evidences illustrate that natural plant polysaccharides possess various biological activities including strengthening immunity, lowering blood sugar, regulating lipid metabolism, antioxidation, antiaging, and antitumour. Plant polysaccharides have been widely used in the medical field due to their special features and low toxicity. As an important drug delivery system, liposomes can not only encapsulate small-molecule compound but also big-molecule drug; therefore, they present great promise for the application of plant polysaccharides with unique physical and chemical properties and make remarkable successes. This paper summarized the current progress in plant polysaccharides liposomes, gave an overview on their experiment design method, preparation, and formulation, characterization and quality control, as well asin vivoandin vitrostudies. Moreover, the potential application of plant polysaccharides liposomes was prospected as well.

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Yu, P., J. J. McKinnon, and D. A. Christensen. "Hydroxycinnamic acids and ferulic acid esterase in relation to biodegradation of complex plant cell walls." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 85, no. 3 (September 1, 2005): 255–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a04-010.

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Ferulic acid (3-methoxy-4-hydroxycinnamic acid), present in complex plant cell walls, is covalently cross-linked to polysaccharides by ester bonds and to components of lignin mainly by ether bonds. Ferulic acid has also been shown to occur in dimer- and trimerized forms through oxidative coupling between esterified and/or etherified ferulic acid residues. These cross-links are among the factors most inhibitory to digestion of complex plant cell walls in ruminants. Recently obtained information on ferulic acid and ferulic acid esterases in relation to complex plant cell wall biodegradation is reviewed. A focus of the review is on structural characteristics of plant cell walls associated with ferulic acid, physicochemical properties of ferulic acid esterase and synergistic interaction between ferulic acid esterase and other accessary cell wall degrading enzymes on the release of ferulic acid and plant cell wall biodegradation. Key words: Ferulic acid, hydroxycinnamic acid, feruloyl esterase, interaction effects, polysaccharide, feruloyl-polysaccharides, plant cell walls, biodegradation

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48

Paulsen, Berit. "Plant Polysaccharides with Immunostimulatory Activities." Current Organic Chemistry 5, no. 9 (September 1, 2001): 939–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272013374987.

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49

McCleary, Barry V. "Enzymatic modification of plant polysaccharides." International Journal of Biological Macromolecules 8, no. 6 (December 1986): 349–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0141-8130(86)90054-1.

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50

Shobana, Nagarajan, Pandurangan Prakash, Antony Samrot, P. J. Jane Cypriyana, Purohit Kajal, Mahendran Sathiyasree, Subramanian Saigeetha, et al. "Purification and Characterization of Gum-Derived Polysaccharides of Moringa oleifera and Azadirachta indica and Their Applications as Plant Stimulants and Bio-Pesticidal Agents." Molecules 27, no. 12 (June 9, 2022): 3720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27123720.

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Plant gums are bio-organic substances that are derived from the barks of trees. They are biodegradable and non-adverse complex polysaccharides that have been gaining usage in recent years due to a number of advantages they contribute to various applications. In this study, gum was collected from Moringa oleifera and Azadirachta indica trees, then dried and powdered. Characterizations of gum polysaccharides were performed using TLC, GC-MS, NMR, etc., and sugar molecules such as glucose and xylose were found to be present. Effects of the gums on Abelmoschus esculentus growth were observed through root growth, shoot growth, and biomass content. The exposure of the seeds to the plant gums led to bio stimulation in the growth of the plants. Poor quality soil was exposed to the gum polysaccharide, where the polysaccharide was found to improve soil quality, which was observed through soil analysis and SEM analysis of soil porosity and structure. Furthermore, the plant gums were also found to have bio-pesticidal activity against mealybugs, which showed certain interstitial damage evident through histopathological analysis.

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Journal articles on the topic 'POLYSACCHARIDES PLANT'

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