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1
Chun, Sechul, Judy Gopal, and Manikandan Muthu. "Antioxidant Activity of Mushroom Extracts/Polysaccharides—Their Antiviral Properties and Plausible AntiCOVID-19 Properties." Antioxidants 10, no. 12 (November 26, 2021): 1899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10121899.
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Mushrooms have been long accomplished for their medicinal properties and bioactivity. The ancients benefitted from it, even before they knew that there was more to mushrooms than just the culinary aspect. This review addresses the benefits of mushrooms and specifically dwells on the positive attributes of mushroom polysaccharides. Compared to mushroom research, mushroom polysaccharide-based reports were observed to be significantly less frequent. This review highlights the antioxidant properties and mechanisms as well as consolidates the various antioxidant applications of mushroom polysaccharides. The biological activities of mushroom polysaccharides are also briefly discussed. The antiviral properties of mushrooms and their polysaccharides have been reviewed and presented. The lacunae in implementation of the antiviral benefits into antiCOVID-19 pursuits has been highlighted. The need for expansion and extrapolation of the knowns of mushrooms to extend into the unknown is emphasized.
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Zhao, Jiahui, Yixin Hu, Chao Qian, Muhammad Hussain, Shizhu Liu, Anqiang Zhang, Rongjun He, and Peilong Sun. "The Interaction between Mushroom Polysaccharides and Gut Microbiota and Their Effect on Human Health: A Review." Biology 12, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12010122.
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Mushroom polysaccharides are a kind of biological macromolecule extracted from the fruiting body, mycelium or fermentation liquid of edible fungi. In recent years, the research on mushroom polysaccharides for alleviating metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, cancers and other symptoms by changing the intestinal microenvironment has been increasing. Mushroom polysaccharides could promote human health by regulating gut microbiota, increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids, improving intestinal mucosal barrier, regulating lipid metabolism and activating specific signaling pathways. Notably, these biological activities are closely related to the molecular weight, monosaccharide composition and type of the glycosidic bond of mushroom polysaccharide. This review aims to summarize the latest studies: (1) Regulatory effects of mushroom polysaccharides on gut microbiota; (2) The effect of mushroom polysaccharide structure on gut microbiota; (3) Metabolism of mushroom polysaccharides by gut microbiota; and (4) Effects of mushroom polysaccharides on gut microbe-mediated diseases. It provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the mechanism of mushroom polysaccharides for regulating gut microbiota and gives a reference for developing and utilizing mushroom polysaccharides as promising prebiotics in the future.
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Badshah, Syed Lal, Anila Riaz, Akhtar Muhammad, Gülsen Tel Çayan, Fatih Çayan, Mehmet Emin Duru, Nasir Ahmad, Abdul-Hamid Emwas, and Mariusz Jaremko. "Isolation, Characterization, and Medicinal Potential of Polysaccharides of Morchella esculenta." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051459.
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Mushroom polysaccharides are active medicinal compounds that possess immune-modulatory and anticancer properties. Currently, the mushroom polysaccharides krestin, lentinan, and polysaccharopeptides are used as anticancer drugs. They are an unexplored source of natural products with huge potential in both the medicinal and nutraceutical industries. The northern parts of Pakistan have a rich biodiversity of mushrooms that grow during different seasons of the year. Here we selected an edible Morchella esculenta (true morels) of the Ascomycota group for polysaccharide isolation and characterization. Polysaccharopeptides and polysaccharides from this mushroom were isolated using the green chemistry, hot water treatment method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the sugar nature and possible beta-glucan type structure of these polysaccharides. Antioxidant assays showed that the deproteinized polysaccharides have moderate free radical scavenging activity. These isolated polysaccharides exhibited good acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BChE) inhibition activities. Therefore, these polysaccharides may be valuable for the treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Further bioassays are needed to discover the true potential of M. esculenta polysaccharides for medicinal purposes.
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Sivanesan, Iyyakkannu, Manikandan Muthu, Judy Gopal, and Jae-Wook Oh. "Mushroom Polysaccharide-Assisted Anticarcinogenic Mycotherapy: Reviewing Its Clinical Trials." Molecules 27, no. 13 (June 25, 2022): 4090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134090.
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Of the biologically active components, polysaccharides play a crucial role of high medical and pharmaceutical significance. Mushrooms have existed for a long time, dating back to the time of the Ancient Egypt and continue to be well explored globally and experimented with in research as well as in national and international cuisines. Mushroom polysaccharides have slowly become valuable sources of nutraceuticals which have been able to treat various diseases and disorders in humans. The application of mushroom polysaccharides for anticancer mycotherapy is what is being reviewed herein. The widespread health benefits of mushroom polysaccharides have been highlighted and the significant inputs of mushroom-based polysaccharides in anticancer clinical trials have been presented. The challenges and limitation of mushroom polysaccharides into this application and the gaps in the current application areas that could be the future direction have been discussed.
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Baeva, Ekaterina, Roman Bleha, Ekaterina Lavrova, Leonid Sushytskyi, Jana Čopíková, Ivan Jablonsky, Pavel Klouček, and Andriy Synytsya. "Polysaccharides from Basidiocarps of Cultivating Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus: Isolation and Structural Characterization." Molecules 24, no. 15 (July 28, 2019): 2740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24152740.
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Oyster mushrooms are an interesting source of biologically active glucans and other polysaccharides. This work is devoted to the isolation and structural characterization of polysaccharides from basidiocarps of the cultivated oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus. Five polysaccharidic fractions were obtained by subsequent extraction with cold water, hot water and two subsequent extractions with 1 m sodium hydroxide. Branched partially methoxylated mannogalactan and slightly branched (1→6)-β-d-glucan predominated in cold- and hot-water-soluble fractions, respectively. Alternatively, these polysaccharides were obtained by only hot water extraction and subsequent two-stage chromatographic separation. The alkali-soluble parts originating from the first alkali extraction were then fractionated by dissolution in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The polysaccharide insoluble in DMSO was identified as linear (1→3)-α-d-glucan, while branched (1→3)(1→6)-β-d-glucans were found to be soluble in DMSO. The second alkaline extract contained the mentioned branched β-d-glucan together with some proteins. Finally, the alkali insoluble part was a cell wall complex of chitin and β-d-glucans.
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Tung, Yu-Tang, Chun-Hsu Pan, Yi-Wen Chien, and Hui-Yu Huang. "Edible Mushrooms: Novel Medicinal Agents to Combat Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 39 (November 10, 2020): 4970–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200831151316.
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Metabolic syndrome is an aggregation of conditions and associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Edible mushrooms are widely consumed in many countries and are valuable components of the diet because of their attractive taste, aroma, and nutritional value. Medicinal mushrooms are higher fungi with additional nutraceutical attributes having low-fat content and a transisomer of unsaturated fatty acids along with high fiber content, biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides or polysaccharide β-glucans, alkaloids, steroids, polyphenols and terpenoids. In vitro experiments, animal models, and even human studies have demonstrated not only fresh edible mushroom but also mushroom extract that has great therapeutic applications in human health as they possess many properties such as antiobesity, cardioprotective and anti-diabetic effect. They are considered as the unmatched source of healthy foods and drugs. The focus of this report was to provide a concise and complete review of the novel medicinal properties of fresh or dry mushroom and extracts, fruiting body or mycelium and its extracts, fiber, polysaccharides, beta-glucan, triterpenes, fucoidan, ergothioneine from edible mushrooms that may help to prevent or treat metabolic syndrome and associated diseases.
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Azizur Rahman, Mohammad, Tawhidur Rahman, Moshiur Rahman, and Mirza Arif. "Usage of Mushrooms in Culinary and Medicinal Purposes." Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews 6, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9406/087.
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The present article reviews the history of mushroom uses in culinary, food and medicinal values; current status and future aspect of mushroom research. Mushrooms contain biologically active polysaccharides, lipid and proteins in fruit bodies, each of them has a distinct role in health as either nutritional value or medicinal elements. Immunostimulating polysaccharides found in mushrooms, are most important for modern medicine. Several of the mushroom biomolecules have undergone phase I, II, and III clinical trials and are used extensively and successfully throughout the world for the treatment of various cancers and other diseases. Medicinal functions played by the mushrooms include antitumor, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, detoxification, cardiovascular, antihypercholesterolemia, antiviral, antifungal, hepatoprotective, immunomodulating and free radical scavenging. The present review draws attention to nutritional and medicinal importance of mushroom as well as the problems and opportunity in the future development of mushroom research.
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Patel, Dinesh K., Sayan Deb Dutta, Keya Ganguly, Seong-Jun Cho, and Ki-Taek Lim. "Mushroom-Derived Bioactive Molecules as Immunotherapeutic Agents: A Review." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051359.
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Mushrooms with enhanced medicinal properties focus on finding such compounds that could modulate the human body’s immune systems. Mushrooms have antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiviral, hepatoprotective, antitumor, and immunomodulatory properties due to the presence of various bioactive components. β-glucans are the major constituent of the mushroom cell wall and play a significant role in their biological activity. This review described the techniques used in the extraction of the active ingredients from the mushroom. We highlighted the structure of the bioactive polysaccharides present in the mushrooms. Therapeutic applications of different mushrooms were also described. It is interesting to note that mushrooms have the potential sources of many bioactive products that can regulate immunity. Thus, the development of functional medicinal food based on the mushroom is vital for human welfare.
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Stavsky, Е. А., T. V. Teplyakova, А. P. Nadeev, М. А. Ermachenko, А. А. Stavskaya, А. D. Sсhmidt, А. М. Borzenko, Yu D. Zarubina, А. N. Zhayvoron, and А. S. Shestak. "COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE WOUND-HEALING ACTIVITY OF OINTMENTS OBTAINED ON THE BASIS OF SOME BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPLEXES FROM HIGHER BASIDIOMYCETES." Sibirskij medicinskij vestnik 6, no. 3 (2022): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31549/2541-8289-2022-6-3-62-73.
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Introduction. In connection with the acquisition of antibiotic resistance of pyogenic microbiota, the problem of topical (drug) treatment of wounds has become aggravated. Aim. Comparative in vivo evaluation of the medicinal properties of ointments prepared on the basis of some biologically active complexes from higher basidiomycetes. Materials and methods. Experimental ointments were obtained on the basis of melanins from the natural raw materials of the сhaga Inonotus obliquus and from its deep-liquid culture, total polysaccharides from the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, as well as the melanin polysaccharide complex from these mushrooms. Melanins were obtained by alkaline hydrolysis. Melanin-containing ointments were prepared using two formulations of ointment bases (the ointment base included saline, vaseline oil, emulsifiers T-2 and Tween-60, in the second case — saline, lanolin as an emulsifier and vaseline) in the first case. Total polysaccharides were obtained by 96% ethyl alcohol precipitation from an aqueous extract of a fungal homogenate heated in a boiling water bath for 12 h, followed by purification from fractions insoluble in distilled water. Melanin-polysaccharide-containing ointments were prepared on the basis of melanins from the natural raw materials of the сhaga Inonotus obliquus and from its deep culture, total polysaccharides from the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, the ratios in the ointment formulations being (1:1 and 1:2). The ointment base of polysaccharide-containing and melanin-polysaccharide-containing ointments was similar to the specified second formulation. The wound healing efficacy of the ointments was evaluated in eight groups (20 mice each) of healthy non-inbred mice of both sexes, weighing 17–19 g, of the ICR colony of the State Scientific Center for Virology and Biotechnology Vector. The control group was a group of mice, in the treatment of which Levomicon-TFF reference ointment was used (20 mice in the group). The treatment of mice was continued until their incised skin wounds healed. The motor activity, appetite, and dynamics of wound healing were evaluated daily in mice of all groups, the change in their body weight was assessed every three days, and a histomorphological study of the incised skin wound was performed. The areas of wounds, the percentage of reduction in the area of wounds, the rate of wound contraction, and the rate of wound healing were determined. Results. It was shown that the components of the ointment bases of the two tested ointment formulations, melanin from the natural raw materials of the сhaga and from its deep-liquid culture, the total polysaccharides of the oyster mushroom, as well as the melanin polysaccharide complexes of these mushrooms, do not have toxicity for experimental animals in the concentrations of the tested ointment formulations. Ointments containing melanins from natural raw materials and deep-liquid culture of the сhaga Inonotus obliquus have similar regenerative properties, ointments with a fivefold increase in the content of these melanins, polysaccharide-containing and melanin-polysaccharide-containing ointments, have provided significantly accelerated wound healing in experimental animals. At the same time, the development of granulation tissue in the wound and the replacement of the wound defect in the skin with stratified squamous epithelium as early as on the 12th day in these groups of animals, were demonstrated in comparison with mice of the control group treated with the reference ointment Levomicon-TFF. The epidermal defect in animals of the control group was eliminated only on the 21st day. Conclusion. Ointments containing melanins from the natural raw materials of сhaga and from its deep-liquid culture, polysaccharides from the oyster mushroom, as well as a complex of these substances from these mushrooms, are superior in wound healing effectiveness, as compaired to the control ointment Levomicon-TFF, and can be considered as promising for topical treatment of wounds.
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Aramabašić Jovanović, Jelena, Mirjana Mihailović, Aleksandra Uskoković, Nevena Grdović, Svetlana Dinić, and Melita Vidaković. "The Effects of Major Mushroom Bioactive Compounds on Mechanisms That Control Blood Glucose Level." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7010058.
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Diabetes mellitus is a life-threatening multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by high level of glucose in the blood. Diabetes and its chronic complications have a significant impact on human life, health systems, and countries’ economies. Currently, there are many commercial hypoglycemic drugs that are effective in controlling hyperglycemia but with several serious side-effects and without a sufficient capacity to significantly alter the course of diabetic complications. Over many centuries mushrooms and their bioactive compounds have been used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, especially polysaccharides and terpenoids derived from various mushroom species. This review summarizes the effects of these main mushroom secondary metabolites on diabetes and underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for lowering blood glucose. In vivo and in vitro data revealed that treatment with mushroom polysaccharides displayed an anti-hyperglycemic effect by inhibiting glucose absorption efficacy, enhancing pancreatic β-cell mass, and increasing insulin-signaling pathways. Mushroom terpenoids act as inhibitors of α-glucosidase and as insulin sensitizers through activation of PPARγ in order to reduce hyperglycemia in animal models of diabetes. In conclusion, mushroom polysaccharides and terpenoids can effectively ameliorate hyperglycemia by various mechanisms and can be used as supportive candidates for prevention and control of diabetes in the future.
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Nesterenko, Nataliia, Svitlana Belinska, Iuliia Motuzka, Maryna Mardar, Nadiia Bolila, Natalia Slobodyanyuk, Anastasiia Ivaniuta, Alina Menchynska, Nataliia Holembovska, and Valentyna Israelian. "A multiplicative approach to optimize the consumer properties of quick-frozen semifinished products from cultivated champignons." Potravinarstvo Slovak Journal of Food Sciences 16 (May 10, 2022): 258–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.5219/1755.
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It is possible to maximise the consumer properties of grown fruit and vegetable products, significantly reduce their losses during the life cycle, and satisfy the public demand for products ready for consumption by using different preservation methods, particularly freezing. It has been found that the freezing of mushrooms without pretreatment does not provide a high-quality finished product. It justifies the expediency of mushroom pretreatment before freezing to stabilize their consumer properties. The inhibition effect of high temperatures on the oxidoreductase activity has been confirmed, ensuring the high preservation of cultivated champignons' natural color and consistency. A quasimetric assessment of the quality of quick-frozen cultivated mushrooms was performed, and the optimal heat treatment parameters were determined. Before freezing, blanched mushrooms' efficiency with polysaccharides has been scientifically proved. Rational concentrations and types of polysaccharides for mushroom processing have been determined. It has been established that blanching champignons in 0.1% citric acid solution followed by xanthan gum (0.2%), guar gum (0.1%), and lamidan (0.1%) processing ensure stability of consumer properties of quick-frozen semifinished products made of cultured champignons. After defrosting, they have an attractive appearance, natural light brown colour, elastic consistency, well-expressed mushroom flavour, and harmonious taste.
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Gopal, Judy, Iyyakkannu Sivanesan, Manikandan Muthu, and Jae-Wook Oh. "Scrutinizing the Nutritional Aspects of Asian Mushrooms, Its Commercialization and Scope for Value-Added Products." Nutrients 14, no. 18 (September 7, 2022): 3700. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14183700.
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Mushrooms are the gifts of the non-green revolution; they are not limited by land demand or specific growth requirements. Nearly 14,000 species of mushrooms are on record thus far; of these, only 2200 species are deemed edible. Only 650 species from this list have been cultivated and consumed. Farmed on waste, mushrooms are rich reservoirs of proteins, polysaccharides, metabolites, minerals and vitamins. In the following review, various edible mushrooms have been listed and their nutritional aspects and their associated contributions have been discussed. Furthermore, the commercial mushroom-based products that are on the market have been surveyed. The challenges facing the use of mushroom and mushroom products as foods, functional foods and nutraceuticals have been presented. The need to seek options to troubleshoot the current limitations has also been discussed.
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Khalilova, Gulnoza Abduvahobovna, Abbaskhan Sabirkhanovich Turaev, Bakhtiyor Ikromovich Muhitdinov, Al'bina Vasil'yevna Filatova, Saida Bokizhonovna Haytmetova, and Nodirali Sokhobatalievich Normakhamatov. "ISOLATION, PHYSICO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF POLYSACCHARIDE ISOLATED FROM THE FRUIT BODY OF INONOTUS HISPIDUS." chemistry of plant raw material, no. 3 (September 27, 2021): 99–106. http://dx.doi.org/10.14258/jcprm.2021039028.
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The article is devoted to the study of polysaccharides isolated from the basidiomycete raw material I. hispidus and studying their physical and chemical properties. Water-soluble polysaccharides were isolated from mushroom raw materials by the method of sequential water extraction and the yield was 9.44%. Polysaccharides were separated into neutral fractions by ion exchange chromatography and purified from proteins and peptides. During the separation process, it was determined that the polysaccharide sample consisted of homogeneous polysaccharides, while the carbohydrate content of the purified polysaccharide sample was 99.4%. The carbohydrate composition of polysaccharides was determined, it was found that the polysaccharide consists mainly of glucose residues and contains minor amounts of fructose and rhamnose residues. Molecular weight and molecular weight distribution were determined by size exclusion chromatography. The Mw of the polysaccharide sample obtained was 18.7 kDa, the polydispersity index was 1.3. The results of IR-, 1H- and 13C NMR spectroscopic studies have shown that the polysaccharide, according to its structural characteristics, belongs to the β-glucan type polysaccharide having β-(1,3) and β-(1,6)-glycosidic bounds.
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Haseeb Irfan, Fahad, Saman Shafiq, Sayed Afroz, Amina Saleem, and Muhammad Ammar. "Medicinal Importance of Pleurotus species (Oyster Mushroom) A review." Interdiciplinary Journal and Hummanity (INJURITY) 1, no. 1 (October 10, 2022): 29–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.58631/injurity.v1i1.6.
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Pleurotus ostreatus is a Macro- Fungi. It belongs to the class Basidiomycota and the family Agaricaceae. It is the second-largest cultivated edible mushroom for various purposes like food and medicine. Somehow cardiometabolic parameters and various diseases like cancer can be treated with the intake of mushrooms through diet. In the modern world, oyster mushrooms are known for their high-quality protein, fiber, vitamins and many other healing properties. It is used as a health enhancer, more than any other mushroom. Many biologically active compounds in this mushroom include polysaccharides, lipopolysaccharides, proteins, peptides, glycoproteins, nucleosides, triterpenoids, lectins, lipids and their derivatives.i In this review, an extensive database search and analysis was performed to change the status and to predict the biomedical potential of Oyster mushroom (Pleurotus). (Sarma, Saha et al. 2018)
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Zhao, Shuang, Qi Gao, Chengbo Rong, Shouxian Wang, Zhekun Zhao, Yu Liu, and Jianping Xu. "Immunomodulatory Effects of Edible and Medicinal Mushrooms and Their Bioactive Immunoregulatory Products." Journal of Fungi 6, no. 4 (November 8, 2020): 269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof6040269.
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Mushrooms have been valued as food and health supplements by humans for centuries. They are rich in dietary fiber, essential amino acids, minerals, and many bioactive compounds, especially those related to human immune system functions. Mushrooms contain diverse immunoregulatory compounds such as terpenes and terpenoids, lectins, fungal immunomodulatory proteins (FIPs) and polysaccharides. The distributions of these compounds differ among mushroom species and their potent immune modulation activities vary depending on their core structures and fraction composition chemical modifications. Here we review the current status of clinical studies on immunomodulatory activities of mushrooms and mushroom products. The potential mechanisms for their activities both in vitro and in vivo were summarized. We describe the approaches that have been used in the development and application of bioactive compounds extracted from mushrooms. These developments have led to the commercialization of a large number of mushroom products. Finally, we discuss the problems in pharmacological applications of mushrooms and mushroom products and highlight a few areas that should be improved before immunomodulatory compounds from mushrooms can be widely used as therapeutic agents.
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Jandaik, Savita, and Sharma Anjana. "OYSTER MUSHROOM : ANSWER TO HUMAN AILMENTS:A REVIEW." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 4 (April 1, 2017): 24. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i4.16867.
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Abstract : Oyster mushroom is consumed all over the world due to its taste, flavor, high nutritional value and some medicinal properties. Many species of this genus are rich in proteins with essential amino acids, polysaccharides, essential amino acids, dietary fibers , important minerals and some vitamins. Because of these nutritional composition and presence of bioactive molecules oyster mushroom have been reported to have anticancer,antihypertensive,antihypercholestromic, anti diabetic, antiobesity antiaging ,antimicrobial and antioxidant activities The high nutritional value and potent medicinal uses suggests that Pleurotus mushrooms are important functional foods or nutraceuticalsKey words: Oyster mushroom, Pleurotus species, medicinal value, human ailments, antimicrobial activities
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Sen, Pingla, Anjali Kosre, Deepali Koreti, Nagendra Kumar Chandrawansi, and Shailesh Kumar Jadhav. "Nutrients and Bioactive compounds of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom." NewBioWorld 3, no. 2 (December 31, 2021): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.52228/nbw-jaab.2021-3-2-2.
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Mushrooms have bioactive compounds such as phenol compounds, terpenes, steroids, polysaccharides and vitamins etc. performing various biological activities can benefit the health.Pleurotus sp. is popularly cultivated edible mushrooms worldwide. It contains macronutrient and micronutrient along with certain bioactive compounds hic are of medicinal importance. The compounds isolated from mushroom are of great significance in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, neutraceuticals as well as for therapeutics purpose and prevention and treatment of diseases through their immunomodulatory property.
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Elkhateeb, Waill A. "Chicken of the Woods Laetiporus Sulphureus and Schizophyllum Commune Treasure of Medicinal Mushrooms." Open Access Journal of Microbiology & Biotechnology 6, no. 3 (2021): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.23880/oajmb-16000201.
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The medicinal uses of the mushroom still need to be worked out for their biological activities. Mushrooms are small pharmaceutical factories, manufacturing various promising biologically active chemical compounds. These compounds exist in the mushroom fruit bodies, cultured mycelium, and culture broth. The presence of various phenolic compounds, polysaccharides, terpenoids, β-glucans, schizophyllan, ganoderic acid, and other compounds, is the reason for their potent biological activities, much more biological activities are discovered every day. Several compounds are responsible for the therapeutic activities of many medicinal mushrooms genera; the main groups of these compounds are polysaccharides, terpenes, phenolic compounds, and essential amino acids, as well as minerals such as such as calcium, potassium, magnesium, iron, and zinc. Overall, studies both on the chemistry and pharmacology of Laetiporus sulphureus and Schizophyllum commune extracts and compounds are increasing in recent years and show therapeutic potential for various pathologies. The purpose of this review was to investigate the biological activities of extract prepared from fruiting bodies of Laetiporus sulphureus and Schizophyllum commune .
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Golak-Siwulska, Iwona, Alina Kałużewicz, Siergiej Wdowienko, Luiza Dawidowicz, and Krzysztof Sobieralski. "Nutritional value and health-promoting properties of Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach." Herba Polonica 64, no. 4 (December 1, 2018): 71–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/hepo-2018-0027.
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Summary The white button mushroom Agaricus bisporus (Lange) Imbach is an edible mushroom of top economic significance. In recent years the consumption of fruiting bodies of this species has been increasing in Poland. The article characterises the chemical composition and health-promoting properties of white button mushrooms. The latest scientific research confirms that the fruiting bodies of white button mushroom have high nutritional value. They contain good quality proteins, necessary unsaturated fatty acids, fibre, some vitamins and numerous minerals. Apart from that, white button mushroom fruiting bodies contain a wide range of bioactive substances, which have a positive influence on health, such as polysaccharides, glyco-proteins, tocopherols, polyphenols and other antioxidants, e.g. ergothioneine. Apart from the antioxidant properties, the white button mushroom also has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial, antifungal, anticancer, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective and anti-atherosclerotic activities.
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Wang, Wan-Jhen, Yu-Sheng Wu, Sherwin Chen, Chi-Feng Liu, and Shiu-Nan Chen. "Mushroomβ-Glucan May Immunomodulate the Tumor-Associated Macrophages in the Lewis Lung Carcinoma." BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/604385.
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The present study showed that oral mushroom beta-glucan treatment significantly increased IFN-γmRNA expression but significantly reduced COX-2 mRNA expression within the lung. For LLC tumor model, oralGanoderma lucidumorAntrodia camphoratapolysaccharides treatments significantly reduced TGF-βproduction in serum. In addition, IL-12 and IFN-γmRNA expression were significantly increased, but IL-6, IL-10, COX-2, and TGF-βmRNA expression were substantially following oral mushroom polysaccharides treatments. The study highlights the efficacious effect of mushroom polysaccharides for ameliorating the immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. Increased M1 phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages and attenuated M2 phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages could be achieved by ingesting mushroom polysaccharides.
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Shamim, Mohammad Zaki, Awdhesh Kumar Mishra, Tahreem Kausar, Saurov Mahanta, Bhaskar Sarma, Vijay Kumar, Piyush Kumar Mishra, Jibanjyoti Panda, Kwang-Hyun Baek, and Yugal Kishore Mohanta. "Exploring Edible Mushrooms for Diabetes: Unveiling Their Role in Prevention and Treatment." Molecules 28, no. 6 (March 21, 2023): 2837. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28062837.
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Diabetes mellitus is a complex illness in which the body does not create enough insulin to control blood glucose levels. Worldwide, this disease is life-threatening and requires low-cost, side-effect-free medicine. Due to adverse effects, many synthetic hypoglycemic medications for diabetes fail. Mushrooms are known to contain natural bioactive components that may be anti-diabetic; thus, scientists are now targeting them. Mushroom extracts, which improve immune function and fight cancer, are becoming more popular. Mushroom-derived functional foods and dietary supplements can delay the onset of potentially fatal diseases and help treat pre-existing conditions, which leads to the successful prevention and treatment of type 2 diabetes, which is restricted to the breakdown of complex polysaccharides by pancreatic-amylase and the suppression of intestinal-glucosidase. Many mushroom species are particularly helpful in lowering blood glucose levels and alleviating diabetes symptoms. Hypoglycaemic effects have been observed in investigations on Agaricussu brufescens, Agaricus bisporus, Cordyceps sinensis, Inonotus obliqus, Coprinus comatus, Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus linteus, Pleurotus spp., Poria cocos, and Sparassis crispa. For diabetics, edible mushrooms are high in protein, vitamins, and minerals and low in fat and cholesterol. The study found that bioactive metabolites isolated from mushrooms, such as polysaccharides, proteins, dietary fibers, and many pharmacologically active compounds, as well as solvent extracts of mushrooms with unknown metabolites, have anti-diabetic potential in vivo and in vitro, though few are in clinical trials.
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Yue, Chonghui, Xiaodan Zang, Chao Chen, Liangwei Dong, Yanqiu Liu, and Guoping Yu. "Purification, characterization and in vitro bile salt-binding capacity of polysaccharides from Armillaria mellea mushroom." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 37, No. 1 (March 6, 2019): 51–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/182/2018-cjfs.
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The crude polysaccharides from Armillaria mellea were obtained with an ultrasound assisted enzymatic extraction and ethanol precipitation. Two polysaccharide fractions were obtained by ethanol precipitation, which were named AMP-1 and AMP-2. The results of the monosaccharide composition analysis indicated that AMP-1 was composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose, arabinose and fucose and that AMP-2 was composed of mannose, rhamnose, glucose, galactose and fucose. Glucose and galactose were the main monosaccharide fractions. The protein and nucleic acid contents in AMP-1 and AMP-2 were detected by using ultraviolet and infrared spectroscopy. The bile salt-binding capacities of the polysaccharide samples were studied in vitro. In comparison with lentinan (LP), AMP-1 and AMP-2 showed increased bile salt-binding capacity. AMP-1 showed the highest binding capacity against all the bile salts. The findings presented in this study highlight the potential of the A. mellea polysaccharides as a natural hypolipidaemic agent.
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Górska, Sandra, Anna Maksymiuk, and Jadwiga Turło. "Selenium-Containing Polysaccharides—Structural Diversity, Biosynthesis, Chemical Modifications and Biological Activity." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 20, 2021): 3717. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083717.
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Selenosugars are a group of sugar derivatives of great structural diversity (e.g., molar masses, selenium oxidation state, and selenium binding), obtained as a result of biosynthesis, chemical modification of natural compounds, or chemical synthesis. Seleno-monosaccharides and disaccharides are known to be non-toxic products of the natural metabolism of selenium compounds in mammals. In the case of the selenium-containing polysaccharides of natural origin, their formation is also postulated as a form of detoxification of excess selenium in microorganisms, mushroom, and plants. The valency of selenium in selenium-containing polysaccharides can be: 0 (encapsulated nano-selenium), IV (selenites of polysaccharides), or II (selenoglycosides or selenium built into the sugar ring to replace oxygen). The great interest in Se-polysaccharides results from the expected synergy between selenium and polysaccharides. Several plant- and mushroom-derived polysaccharides are potent macromolecules with antitumor, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, and other biological properties. Selenium, a trace element of fundamental importance to human health, has been shown to possess several analogous functions. The mechanism by which selenium exerts anticancer and immunomodulatory activity differs from that of polysaccharide fractions, but a similar pharmacological effect suggests a possible synergy of these two agents. Various functions of Se-polysaccharides have been explored, including antitumor, immune-enhancement, antioxidant, antidiabetic, anti-inflammatory, hepatoprotective, and neuroprotective activities. Due to being non-toxic or much less toxic than inorganic selenium compounds, Se-polysaccharides are potential dietary supplements that could be used, e.g., in chemoprevention.
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Törős, Gréta, Hassan El-Ramady, József Prokisch, Fernando Velasco, Xhensila Llanaj, Duyen H. H. Nguyen, and Ferenc Peles. "Modulation of the Gut Microbiota with Prebiotics and Antimicrobial Agents from Pleurotus ostreatus Mushroom." Foods 12, no. 10 (May 16, 2023): 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12102010.
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Pleurotus ostreatus (Jacq. ex Fr.) P. Kumm mushroom contains bioactive compounds with both antimicrobial and prebiotic properties, which are distributed in the mushroom mycelium, fruiting body, and spent substrate. The mushroom is rich in nondigestible carbohydrates like chitin and glucan, which act as prebiotics and support the growth and activity of beneficial gut bacteria, thereby maintaining a healthy balance of gut microbiota and reducing the risk of antibiotic resistance. The bioactive compounds in P. ostreatus mushrooms, including polysaccharides (glucans, chitin) and secondary metabolites (phenolic compounds, terpenoids, and lectins), exhibit antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal activities. When mushrooms are consumed, these compounds can help preventing the growth and spread of harmful bacteria in the gut, reducing the risk of infections and the development of antibiotic resistance. Nonetheless, further research is necessary to determine the efficacy of P. ostreatus against different pathogens and to fully comprehend its prebiotic and antimicrobial properties. Overall, consuming a diet rich in mushroom-based foods can have a positive impact on human digestion health. A mushroom-based diet can support a healthy gut microbiome and reduce the need for antibiotics.
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Bains, Aarti, Prince Chawla, Sawinder Kaur, Agnieszka Najda, Melinda Fogarasi, and Szabolcs Fogarasi. "Bioactives from Mushroom: Health Attributes and Food Industry Applications." Materials 14, no. 24 (December 11, 2021): 7640. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma14247640.
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It is well-known that the utilization of mushrooms as therapeutic agents is not new. Over the past years, they have been used by local individuals as food, as well as medicines, throughout the world. Nowadays, mushrooms are excessively used in the medicine, pharmacy, food, and fermentation fields as well. Wild mushrooms are of particular interest, especially Trametes versicolor (commonly known as turkey mushrooms) due to their various uses in the food and pharmaceutical industries. They represent not only a huge storehouse of vitamins, minerals, and dietary fiber, but they are also an important source of bioactive polysaccharides. They are widely used in traditional oriental therapies. The fruiting bodies are used in the preparation of health tonics and tea. The present review is necessary to explore more about this mushroom-like classical taxonomy, morphology, nutritional value, bioactivity, various health attributes, mechanism of bioactive components against various diseases, and food applications. The influence of processing processes on the nutritional properties and bioactivity of the fungus is discussed. Potential bioactive components promising health attributes of Trametes versicolor are extensively described. Additionally, several in vivo and in vitro studies have demonstrated the beneficial effects of polysaccharopeptides (PSP) and Polysaccharide-K (PSK) on the aspects related to immune function and inflammation, also presenting an anticancerous effect. Moreover, PSP and PSK were successfully described to decrease several life-threatening diseases. The potential food applications of Trametes versicolor were detailed to signify the effective utilization of the mushroom in functional food formulation.
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CÓRDOBA M., Ketty A., and Alicia RÍOS H. "BIOTECHNOLOGICAL APPLICATIONS AND POTENTIAL USES OF THE MUSHROOM <I>TRAMESTES VERSICOLOR</I>." Vitae 19, no. 1 (April 27, 2012): 70–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17533/udea.vitae.10827.
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The use of products obtained from fungi (particularly mushrooms) has increased lately due to their broad applicability in different scientific and industrial fields. The genus Trametes comprises a group of white rot producing ligninolytic fungi, with medicinal properties, biotechnological importance and environmental applications. One of the most potentially useful species is T. versicolor, formerly known as Coriolus versicolor or Polyporus versicolor. Also known as Yun Zhi in China, is a fungus species belonging to the class Basidiomycetes, which has a widespread application as medicinal mushroom, and is also consumed as food and tea infusion. It also produces extracellular enzymes such as laccases, manganese peroxidases, lignin peroxidases and H2O2 producing oxidases. These enzymes are capable of degrading such complex compounds as lignin, as well as certain industrial contaminants. T. versicolor is one of the first higher fungi to be used in the production of an approved medicine. In effect, polysaccharides like Polysaccharide Krestin and Polysaccharide Peptide obtained from the liquid fermentation of its mycelium, exhibit anticarcinogenic properties, and are therefore used for preparing several pharmaceutical products. Both polysaccharides are highly effective in treatments against cancer. The present review addresses certain properties of T. versicolor, as well as its potential applications in different biotechnological fields.
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Svilpe, Elīna, and Nataļja Matjuškova. "Influence of shiitake mushroom Lentinula edodes on reproduction of Drosophila melanogaster." Proceedings of the Latvian Academy of Sciences. Section B. Natural, Exact, and Applied Sciences. 64, no. 5-6 (January 1, 2010): 223–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10046-010-0008-2.
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Influence of shiitake mushroom Lentinula edodes on reproduction of Drosophila melanogaster Shiitake mushroom Lentinula edodes is an edible basidiomycete cultivated worldwide, with high nutritious value and diverse biological activity. There has been an increase in its use as food supplement. Influence of shiitake mushroom extract on the reproductive function and development in an object fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster is described in this research. Fruit flies were maintained on banana medium with or without supplementation of shiitake mushroom's extract, standardized per amount of crude polysaccharides. Shiitake extract supplement, 0.030% and 0.015% crude polysaccharides per volume, induced a statistically significant increase in total number of pupae and flies, and promoted pupae viability. Adult drosophilae males, which received shiitake extract supplement for seven days, had a statistically significant reduction in copulation latency, while thirty day exposure to extract promoted a statistically higher rate of mated flies. Females showed an increase in number of mated flies and reduction in copulation latency post seven day feeding period and had no significant effect on mating ability and fertility post thirty days. Further studies are planned to identify the biologically active components of shiitake mushroom hot water extract and to characterize their effects on reproductive function.
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Nowacka-Jechalke, Natalia, Sebastian Kanak, Marcin Moczulski, Aleksandra Martyna, Konrad Kubiński, Maciej Masłyk, Nikola Szpakowska, Zbigniew Kaczyński, Renata Nowak, and Marta Olech. "Crude Polysaccharides from Wild-Growing Armillaria mellea—Chemical Composition and Antidiabetic, Anti-Inflammatory, Antioxidant, and Antiproliferative Potential." Applied Sciences 13, no. 6 (March 17, 2023): 3853. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app13063853.
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Armillaria mellea is a commonly harvested and consumed mushroom in Poland. Several activities of polysaccharides from this species have already been reported. However, polysaccharides from A. mellea growing in the wild in Poland have not yet been investigated. This study was conducted to obtain a crude polysaccharide fraction (AmPS) and investigate its chemical composition and biological properties. Our research suggests that A. mellea is a valuable source of polysaccharides, including β-glucans. 1H NMR and high-performance capillary electrophoresis analysis of AmPS revealed the occurrence of polysaccharides consisted of myo-inositol, mannitol, fucose, galactose, glucose, and mannose. Proteins, uronic acids, and phenolics were present only in trace amounts in the AmPS. The AmPS fraction was found to exhibit strong α-glucosidase inhibitory activity; however, no activity in relation to α-amylase was detected. The fraction was also able to inhibit pro-inflammatory enzymes, i.e., lipoxygenase, cyclooxygenase, and hyaluronidase. Moderate antioxidant and antiradical activity of AmPS was revealed by the ORAC and ABTS assay, respectively. The AmPS fraction was found to have antiproliferative potential against gastric and colorectal cancer cell lines (AGS, HT-29). These findings suggest that AmPS may be considered a health-beneficial food ingredient. Since A. mellea is a commonly known edible mushroom with a long tradition of use, its polysaccharides may be considered safe components for direct consumption or production of nutraceuticals.
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Mirończuk-Chodakowska, Iwona, Karolina Kujawowicz, and Anna Maria Witkowska. "Beta-Glucans from Fungi: Biological and Health-Promoting Potential in the COVID-19 Pandemic Era." Nutrients 13, no. 11 (November 6, 2021): 3960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu13113960.
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Beta-glucans comprise a group of polysaccharides of natural origin found in bacteria, algae, and plants, e.g., cereal seeds, as well as microfungi and macrofungi (mushrooms), which are characterized by diverse structures and functions. They are known for their metabolic and immunomodulatory properties, including anticancer, antibacterial, and antiviral. Recent reports suggest a potential of beta-glucans in the prevention and treatment of COVID-19. In contrast to β-glucans from other sources, β-glucans from mushrooms are characterized by β-1,3-glucans with short β-1,6-side chains. This structure is recognized by receptors located on the surface of immune cells; thus, mushroom β-glucans have specific immunomodulatory properties and gained BRM (biological response modifier) status. Moreover, mushroom beta-glucans also owe their properties to the formation of triple helix conformation, which is one of the key factors influencing the bioactivity of mushroom beta-glucans. This review summarizes the latest findings on biological and health-promoting potential of mushroom beta-glucans for the treatment of civilization and viral diseases, with particular emphasis on COVID-19.
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Abd Razak, Dang Lelamurni, Anisah Jamaluddin, Nur Yuhasliza Abd Rashid, Nor Ajila Sani, and Musaalbakri Abdul Manan. "Assessment of Cosmeceutical Potentials of Selected Mushroom Fruitbody Extracts Through Evaluation of Antioxidant, Anti-Hyaluronidase and Anti-Tyrosinase Activity." J—Multidisciplinary Scientific Journal 3, no. 3 (September 18, 2020): 329–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/j3030026.
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Cosmeceutical formulations containing naturally derived active ingredients are currently preferred by consumers worldwide. Mushrooms are one of the potential sources for cosmeceutical ingredients but relevant research is still lacking. In this study, hot- and cold-water extractions were performed on four locally-cultivated mushrooms—Pleurotus ostreatus, Ganoderma lucidum, Auricularia polytricha and Schizophyllum commune—with the aim to assess the cosmeceutical potential of these mushroom fruitbody extracts. Total phenolics, polysaccharide and glucan content were determined. Antioxidant property of the mushroom extracts was assessed by determining the DPPH radical scavenging, ferric-reducing (FRAP) and superoxide anion (SOA) scavenging activity. Anti-hyaluronidase activity was used as an indicator for the anti-aging and anti-inflammatory property, while anti-tyrosinase activity was evaluated to assess the anti-pigmentation or whitening property of these extracts. Our results showed that total polysaccharide content of P. ostreatus extracts was the highest (235.8–253.6 mg GE/g extract), while extracts from G. lucidum contained the lowest glucan (10.12–10.67%). Cold-water extract from S. commune exhibited substantial tyrosinase inhibition activity (98.15%) and SOA scavenging activity (94.82%). The greatest hyaluronidase activity was exhibited by G. lucidum hot-water extract, with the value of 72.78%. The findings from the correlation analyses suggest that the cosmeceutical properties of these mushrooms can be attributed mainly to the combination of different types of compound such as polysaccharides and phenolics. Overall, cold-water extract of S. commune and hot-water extract of G. lucidum showed the best results and may be further investigated.
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Niego, Allen Grace, Sylvie Rapior, Naritsada Thongklang, Olivier Raspé, Wuttichai Jaidee, Saisamorn Lumyong, and Kevin D. Hyde. "Macrofungi as a Nutraceutical Source: Promising Bioactive Compounds and Market Value." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 5 (May 19, 2021): 397. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7050397.
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Macrofungi production and economic value have been increasing globally. The demand for macrofungi has expanded rapidly owing to their popularity among consumers, pleasant taste, and unique flavors. The presence of high quality proteins, polysaccharides, unsaturated fatty acids, minerals, triterpene sterols, and secondary metabolites makes macrofungi an important commodity. Macrofungi are well known for their ability to protect from or cure various health problems, such as immunodeficiency, cancer, inflammation, hypertension, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia, and obesity. Many studies have demonstrated their medicinal properties, supported by both in vivo and in vitro experimental studies, as well as clinical trials. Numerous bioactive compounds isolated from mushrooms, such as polysaccharides, proteins, fats, phenolic compounds, and vitamins, possess strong bioactivities. Consequently, they can be considered as an important source of nutraceuticals. Numerous edible mushrooms have been studied for their bioactivities, but only a few species have made it to the market. Many species remain to be explored. The converging trends and popularity of eastern herbal medicines, natural/organic food product preference, gut-healthy products, and positive outlook towards sports nutrition are supporting the growth in the medicinal mushroom market. The consumption of medicinal mushrooms as functional food or dietary supplement is expected to markedly increase in the future. The global medicinal mushroom market size is projected to increase by USD 13.88 billion from 2018 to 2022. The global market values of promising bioactive compounds, such as lentinan and lovastatin, are also expected to rise. With such a market growth, mushroom nutraceuticals hold to be very promising in the years to come.
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Cui, Feng-Jie, Li-Sun Qian, Wen-Jing Sun, Jin-Song Zhang, Yan Yang, Na Li, Hai-Ning Zhuang, and Di Wu. "Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction of Polysaccharides from Volvariella volvacea: Process Optimization and Structural Characterization." Molecules 23, no. 7 (July 13, 2018): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23071706.
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The aims of the present study were to optimize the operational parameters to maximize the yield of ultrasound-assisted polysaccharide extraction from Volvariella volvacea (straw mushroom) fruiting bodies by using for the first time one-factor-at-a-time and three-level Box-Behnken factorial designs. A maximum polysaccharide yield of 8.28 ± 0.23% was obtained under the optimized conditions of ultrasound power of 175 W, extraction temperature of 57 °C, extraction time of 33 min, and the ratio of liquid to raw material of 25:1, respectively. Compared to the hot-water extraction, the ultrasound-assistance favored the extraction of polysaccharides from V. volvacea for its higher polysaccharide yield and efficiency. Further preliminary polysaccharide structural characterization indicated that ultrasound treatment affected the monosaccharide compositions and ratios, and molecular weight range of polysaccharides extracted from V. volvacea.
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Liu, Yichi, Suo Chen, Jialan Zhang, Mengxiang Gao, and Li Li. "Purification of Polysaccharide Produced by the Haploid Yeast Strain of Tremella sanguinea and Its Antioxidant and Prebiotic Activities." Molecules 28, no. 14 (July 13, 2023): 5391. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28145391.
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Tremella sanguinea is a traditional Chinese medicinal and edible mushroom. Polysaccharides from Tremella mushrooms have received increasing amounts of research attention due to their diverse pharmacological activities. In this study, via the incubation of basidiospores collected from fresh artificially cultivated basidiocarps of T. sanguinea, a haploid yeast strain of T. sanguinea was obtained, and it was found to be a typical loose-slime-forming yeast capable of producing a large amount of exopolysaccharides (EPS). Using DEAE-52 cellulose column chromatography and Sephadex G-100 gel permeation chromatography, the major polysaccharide, named TSPS-1, was separated and purified from the EPS produced by the haploid yeast strain of T. sanguinea. TSPS-1 was a homogeneous polysaccharide with a molecular weight of 2.5 × 103 kDa and consisted of rhamnose, glucose, xylose, mannose and glucuronic acid at a molar ratio of 1: 0.7: 62.2: 24.6: 11.5. The bioactivity of the TSPS-1 polysaccharide was evaluated. The results show that TSPS-1 exhibited noticeable antioxidant activity by scavenging hydroxyl radicals (EC50 = 1.92 mg/mL) and superoxide radicals (EC50 = 1.33 mg/mL), and prebiotic activity by promoting the growth of different probiotic strains in the genus Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. These results suggest that the cultivation of the haploid yeast strain can be a promising alternative for the efficient production of valuable T. sanguinea polysaccharides with antioxidant and prebiotic potential.
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Wong, Ka-Hing, Connie K. M. Lai, and Peter C. K. Cheung. "Immunomodulatory activities of mushroom sclerotial polysaccharides." Food Hydrocolloids 25, no. 2 (March 2011): 150–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodhyd.2010.04.008.
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Kozarski, Maja, Anita Klaus, and Miomir Niksic. "Extract from wild strain of mushroom Ganoderma lucidum as natural antioxidant." Zbornik Matice srpske za prirodne nauke, no. 120 (2011): 289–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/zmspn1120289k.
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Recently, much attention has been paid to revealing natural biomaterials for clinical purposes since use of synthetic antioxidants is restricted due to their carcinogenicity. Among various natural antioxidants, polysaccharides, in general, have strong antioxidant activities and can be explored as novel potential antioxidants. The aim of this work was to examine the antioxidant properties of hot water extracted polysaccharides from Ganoderma lucidum in the form of mature fruit bodies, collected from the Bojcinska forest near Belgrade, the Republic of Serbia. Antioxidant properties were assayed in vitro, by the conjugated diene method, reducing power, scavenging abilities against 1.1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radicals and chelating ability on ferrous ions. At concentrations of 1 mg/ml, the scavenging ability of G. lucidum polysaccharide extract on DPPH radicals was 74.7 %. At 1 mg/ml, the radical scavenging ability of the positive controls BHT, ascorbic acid and ?-tocopherol were 11.5, 77.1 and 79.4 %, respectively. The antioxidant activity of the polysaccharide extract increased as the concentration increased to 78.0% at 20 mg/ml. Antioxidant activities of ascorbic acid and ?-tocopherol were 63.8 % and 65.4% at 20 mg/ml. Polysaccharide extract from G. lucidum showed steady increase in the reducing activity as concentrations increased to 2.9 at 20 mg/ml. Ascorbic acid, used as a positive control, had a reducing power of 3.9 at 5 mg/ml. Chelating effects of the polysaccharide extract on ferrous ion increased with the increased concentrations. At 0.1-20 mg/ml, the chelating ability of G. lucidum polysaccharide extract was between 10.3-87.8%. The chelating effect of the synthetic metal chelator EDTA was 100% at 0.1-20 mg/ml, while citric acid did not prove to be good chelating agent for ferrous ions in this assay since its chelating ability was 10.3% at 20 mg/ml.
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Yan, Pei Sheng, Li Ya Ma, and Li Xin Cao. "Optimization of Enzymatic Hydrolytic Extraction Conditions for High Yield Polysaccharide Manufacturing from Liquid Fermented Materials of Hypsizigus Marmoreus." Applied Mechanics and Materials 145 (December 2011): 154–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.145.154.
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Polysaccharides extracted from fruiting body and mycelia of higher fungi have been found to show various biological activities. Traditionally, these polysaccharides are manufactured by the hot water extraction method. Low polysaccharide yield is the disadvantage of this method. This paper reports the optimal conditions to manufacture polysaccharide with high-yield from Hypsizigus marmoreus mycelia using enzymatic hydrolytic extraction method. Neutral protease was selected as the most cost efficient among six enzymes. The uniform design was further conducted to optimize the enzymatic hydrolytic extraction conditions, and a regression model was constructed to predict polysaccharide yield. The optimized procedures was that 2% (w/w) of neutral protease was added into hydrolytic solution and incubated for 4 h at 43°C, then extracted one time at 100°C for 1 h. Under optimized procedures, the measured polysaccharide yield was 15.73±0.15 (mg/g), which was very close to the predicted value of 16.65 (mg/g). The results validated the accuracy of the regression model and the optimized procedure. When following the optimized procedures, polysaccharide yield was raised 75.0% over that before optimization, and increased by 122.5% and 104.8% over hot-water extraction and microwave assisted extraction methods respectively. This was the first study to apply uniform design for optimizing high yield manufacture of mycelia polysaccharides by enzymatic hydrolytic extraction. We concluded that enzymatic hydrolytic extraction was a simple, high yield method to manufacture polysaccharides from mushroom mycelia and might be used widely in polysaccharide-derived functional foods production.
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Adongbede, Erute Magdalene, and Israel Temitope Aduralere. "Evaluation of Compounds Extracted from Eight Genera of Wild Mushrooms from Nigeria for Anti-cell Proliferation Activity in Vitro." Iraqi Journal of Science 60, no. 5 (May 26, 2019): 952–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.24996/ijs.2019.60.5.3.
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Mushrooms have bioactive compounds that have antimicrobial, anti-cancer and antioxidant activities among other medicinal benefits. In the present study, we examined the anti-cell proliferation activities of mushrooms from eight genera obtained from the wild in Nigeria. Saccharomyces cerevisiae was used as a model organism to screen mushroom extracts for anti-cell proliferation activity. Polyphenols, high molecular weight polysaccharides and low molecular weight compounds from aqueous extracts were obtained from the test mushrooms using methanol and water respectively. The extracts were screened in vitro at different concentrations of extracts with the CyQuant cell proliferation assay. The high molecular weight polysaccharides from tested mushrooms reduced cell proliferation (96.79% inhibition in Ganoderma multipileum Ding Hou to 66.71% inhibition in Coltricia perennis (L.) Murrill at 10.00mg/ml). Percentage inhibition caused by low molecular weight compounds varied from 94.22% (Ganoderma multipileum) to 76.19% (Coltricia perennis) at 10mg/ml. Percentage of inhibition with the polyphenols varied from 94.12% (Microporus xanthopus Fr) Kuntze) to 79.82% (Coltricia perennis) at high doses. High molecular polysaccharides, low molecular weight compounds and polyphenols from mushrooms have anti-cancer properties. The CyQUANT assay proliferation kit was a very efficient tool for screening extracts from wild mushrooms for anti-cell proliferation activities. Medicinal mushrooms in Nigeria show a lot of promise as a reservoir for drug discovery particularly in the area of cancer research.
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Mirończuk-Chodakowska, Iwona, and Anna Maria Witkowska. "Evaluation of Polish Wild Mushrooms as Beta-Glucan Sources." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 19 (October 6, 2020): 7299. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17197299.
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Mushroom beta-glucans show immunomodulatory, anticancer and antioxidant features. Numerous papers have been published in the last years on fungal polysaccharides, especially beta-glucans, demonstrating their various biological activities. However substantial data about beta-glucan contents in many mushroom species, especially wild mushrooms, are still missing. Therefore, the main objective of the study was to evaluate β-glucans in 18 species of wild mushrooms and three species of commercial mushrooms for comparison purposes. The contents of β-glucans were determined by the Megazyme method and with the Congo red method, which differ in analytical procedure. Among wild mushrooms, the highest mean β-glucan content assessed with the Megazyme method was found in Tricholoma portentosum (34.97 g/100 g DM), whereas with the Congo red method in Lactarius deliciosus (17.11 g/100 g DM) and Suillus grevillei (16.97 g/100 g DM). The β-glucans in wild mushrooms assessed with the Megazyme method were comparable to commercial mushrooms, whereas β-glucans assessed with the Congo red method were generally higher in wild mushrooms, especially in Russula vinosa, L. deliciosus and S. grevillei. This study indicates wild mushrooms as interesting material for β-glucan extraction for food industry and medicinal purposes.
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Petraglia, Tania, Tiziana Latronico, Angela Fanigliulo, Aniello Crescenzi, Grazia Maria Liuzzi, and Rocco Rossano. "Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides from the Edible Mushroom Pleurotus eryngii." Molecules 28, no. 5 (February 26, 2023): 2176. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28052176.
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In this study the antioxidant and neuroprotective activity of an enriched polysaccharide fraction (EPF) obtained from the fruiting body of cultivated P. eryngii was evaluated. Proximate composition (moisture, proteins, fat, carbohydrates and ash) was determined using the AOAC procedures. The EPF was extracted by using, in sequence, hot water and alkaline extractions followed by deproteinization and precipitation with cold ethanol. Total α- and β-glucans were quantified using the Megazyme International Kit. The results showed that this procedure allows a high yield of polysaccharides with a higher content of (1-3; 1-6)-β-D-glucans. The antioxidant activity of EPF was detected from the total reducing power, DPPH, superoxide, hydroxyl and nitric oxide radical scavenging activities. The EPF was found to scavenge DPPH, superoxide, hydroxyl and nitric oxide radicals with a IC50 values of 0.52 ± 0.02, 1.15 ± 0.09, 0.89 ± 0.04 and 2.83 ± 0.16 mg/mL, respectively. As assessed by the MTT assay, the EPF was biocompatible for DI-TNC1 cells in the range of 0.006–1 mg/mL and, at concentrations ranging from 0.05 to 0.2 mg/mL, significantly counteracted H2O2-induced reactive oxygen species production. This study demonstrated that polysaccharides extracted from P. eryngii might be used as functional food to potentiate the antioxidant defenses and to reduce oxidative stress.
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Thimmaraju, Alamelu, and Sudha Govindan. "In Vitro Antioxidant Activitiesand Characterization of Ethanolic Polysaccharide from Hypsizygus Ulmarius Mushroom." International Journal of Zoology and Applied Biosciences 7, no. 6S (December 24, 2022): 41–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.55126/ijzab.2022.v07.i06.sp011.
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The Hypsizygus ulmariusethanol polysaccharide (HUEP)and its water-soluble edible mushroom, both recognized for their therapeutic powers and for providing crucial enzymes for industry, were extracted used ethanol in this work. Investigated were the in vitro antioxidant capacities of decreasing power, ABTS, and the DPPH assays. The study's goal was to ascertain the chemical composition of various molecules, including uronic acid, protein, and carbohydrate. UV, X-ray Diffraction, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). In these assays with lower EC50 values, the study found that HUEP exhibited the strongest antioxidant activity. Various polysaccharide extracts of the mushroom may be used as a readily available food source that is high in natural antioxidants, as a potential food supplement, or even as a medicinal agent, according to the findings of the current study. The results of various in vitro assay systems showed that the polysaccharide ethanolic extract of HUEP has strong antioxidant properties. Extracts from polysaccharides could be useful for creating food additives that are antioxidants.
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Guo, Xiaofan, and Shouming Wang. "Pan-genome Analyses of 3 Strains of Inonotus obliquus and Prediction of Polysaccharide and Terpenoid Genes." Natural Product Communications 16, no. 11 (November 2021): 1934578X2110609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x211060922.
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Inonotus obliquus is a rare, edible and medicinal fungus that is widely used as a remedy for various diseases. Its main bioactive substances are polysaccharides and terpenoids. In this study, we characterized and investigated the pan-genome of three strains of I. obliquus. The genome sizes of JL01, HE, and NBRC8681 were 32.04, 29.04, and 31.78 Mb, respectively. There were 6 543 core gene families and 6 197 accessory gene families among the three strains, with 14 polysaccharide-related core gene families and seven accessory gene families. For terpenoids, there were 13 core gene families and 17 accessory gene families. Pan-genome sequencing of I. obliquus has improved our understanding of biological characteristics related to the biosynthesis of polysaccharides and terpenoids at the molecular level, which in turn will enable us to increase the production of polysaccharides and terpenoids by this mushroom.
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Yao, Fen, Hong Gao, Chao-Min Yin, De-Fang Shi, and Xiu-Zhi Fan. "Effect of Different Cooking Methods on the Bioactive Components, Color, Texture, Microstructure, and Volatiles of Shiitake Mushrooms." Foods 12, no. 13 (June 30, 2023): 2573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12132573.
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The effects of different cooking methods (steaming, boiling, air frying, and oven baking) and cooking times (0, 5, 10, 15, and 20 min) on the bioactive components (total phenol, total flavonoid, crude polysaccharides, and eritadenine), color, texture, microstructure, and volatiles in shiitake mushrooms were investigated in this study. Steaming, boiling, and air frying for 5–20 min could decrease the contents of all the four bioactive components in the shiitake mushroom. However, oven baking for 5 min and 10 min showed the highest contents of total phenolics and total flavonoids, respectively. Moreover, the lowest losses of crude polysaccharides and eritadenine were observed for oven baking for 5 min and 15 min, respectively. The lightness of shiitake mushrooms was decreased by all treatments; however, steaming could keep a higher brightness compared with other methods. The microstructure was damaged by all cooking methods, especially air frying for 20 min. Meanwhile, steaming for 20 min decreased the hardness mostly, and there was no significant difference with air frying for 20 min. All cooking treatments decreased the complexity of the flavors and the relative contents of volatile compounds; the lowest contents were found when boiling for 5 min. From these results it can be seen that the physical, histological, and chemical features in shiitake mushroom were influenced by cooking methods and times. In addition, our results provide valuable information for the cooking and processing of shiitake mushrooms and other fungi.
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Blafková, P., A. Synytsya, and J. Čopíková. "Chitin-glucan complex from Agaricus blazei, a potential raw material for production of food additives." Czech Journal of Food Sciences 22, SI - Chem. Reactions in Foods V (January 1, 2004): S231—S234. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/10668-cjfs.
Full textAbstract:
Agaricus blazei, a mushroom native to Brazil, is a perspective source for food industry. This mushroom has been widely used in folk medicine due to its possible medicinal value. The most important components of fruiting bodies of A. blazei are specific β-glucans with β-(1→3), β-(1→4) andβ-(1→6) glycosidic linkages. These polysaccharides are supposed to be responsible for some healthy properties of mushrooms (anticarcinogenic and antimutagenic ones). β-Glucans are associated with chitin forming water-insoluble chitin-glucan complex. This complex was isolated from fresh and dried mushrooms (separately from caps and stems) by alkali treatment using NaOH solution at 9°C for 2 h. The structure of chitin-glucan complex was analysed by diffuse reflectance FT-IR spectroscopy. β-Glucans were also analysed by Megazyme enzymatic method based on exo-1,3-β-glucanase and β-glucosidase catalysed hydrolysis and photometric determination of the released glucose.
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Rahman, Taufiqur, and MBK Choudhury. "Shiitake Mushroom: A Tool of Medicine." Bangladesh Journal of Medical Biochemistry 5, no. 1 (January 20, 2013): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmb.v5i1.13428.
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Medicinal mushrooms have an established history of use in traditional oriental therapies. Contemporary research has validated and documented much of the ancient knowledge. Over the last three decades, the interdisciplinary fields of science that study medicinal mushrooms has sprung up and has increasingly demonstrated the potent and unique properties of compounds extracted from a range of species. Currently, the field is being developed into a very fruitful area. Modern clinical practice in Japan, China, Korea and other Asian countries rely on mushroom-derived preparations.Mushrooms have been studied for nutritional and medical purposes for its various potential anti-tumoral and immunomodulatory componests like polysaccharides that have been identified. For medical purposes, mushrooms have been consumed to prevent cancer and cardiac diseases, to improve blood circulation and to reduce blood cholesterol level. Some of these mushrooms have also been used for the treatment of physical and emotional stress, osteoporosis, gastric ulcers and chronic hepatitis, for the improvement of the quality of life of patients with diabetes and especially for the stimulation of immunity.Shiitake has a history of medicinal uses. The mushroom is used as anticarcinogenic, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral as well as antithrombotic in cardiovascular disorders. This article has been written to throw some light on Shiitake mushroom which has many nutritional values. Many Shiitake preparations came in market containing the active ingredients which can replace many other marketed synthetic medicines and may prove to have promising results with fewer side effects. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjmb.v5i1.13428 Bangladesh J Med Biochem 2012; 5(1): 24-32
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Sh, Naranmandakh, V. V. Golovchenko, О. А. Patova, Degiimaa T, and Soninkhuu Sh. "Polysaccharides study of three mushrooms growing in Mongolia." Bulletin of Institute of Chemistry and Chemical Technology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, no. 6 (December 21, 2018): 47–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5564/bicct.v0i6.1100.
Full textAbstract:
This study was aimed to analyze of polysaccharides from fruiting bodies of Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill.ex.Fr.), Laetipo-rus sulphureus (Bull.ex.Fr.) and Inonotus obliquus (Pers.ex.Fr.) medicinal mushrooms, growing in Mongolia. As a result of “step by step” extraction method we have obtained 4 fractions of polysaccharide (water-soluble: HWE50 and HWE100; cold alkali-soluble CA; hot alkali-soluble HA) form the each mushroom sample. Polysaccharide fraction’s yields extracted by hot water from Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill.ex.Fr.), Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.ex.Fr.) and Inonotus obliquus (Pers.ex.Fr.) were 3.68%, 8.82% and 12.84%. Yields of alkali-soluble polysaccharides were 18.64%, 68.03% and 28.75%, respectively, which results more than water fractions. The main monosaccharide composition in all polysaccharide fractions were glucose, and a content of glucose was varied 30%-100%. Therefore, they can be considered glucans. Water-soluble polysaccharide fractions contain fucose (until 12%), man-nose (until 18%) and galactose (until 30%). An average molecular mass of water-soluble polysaccharides were calculated Mw 100–150kDa or it can be considered a low, while an average molecular mass of alkali-soluble polysaccharides was a bit high 300–750кDа. All polysaccharides were heterogenic.
Монгол орны гурван зүйл мөөгний полисахаридын судалгааны дүн
Хураангуй: Монгол оронд ургадаг агил мөөг Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill.ex.Fr.), туруудай мөөг Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.ex.Fr.) ба чага мөөг Inonotus obliquus (Pers.ex.Fr.) гэсэн гурван зүйлийн эмийн мөөгний полисахаридын найрлагыг судлав. Мөөгийг шат дараалан хандлах аргаар мөөг тус бүрээс 4 төрлийн полисахарид (усанд хандлагддаг: HWE50 ба HWE100; хүйтэн шүлтэнд хандлагддаг CA; халуун шүлтэнд хандлагддаг HA)-ыг ялган авав. Усанд хандлагддаг полисахаридуудын гарц агил Fomitopsis officinalis (Vill.ex.Fr.), туруудай Laetiporus sulphureus (Bull.ex.Fr.) ба чага Inonotus obliquus (Pers.ex.Fr.) мөөг бүрт тус тус 3.68%, 8.82% ба 12.84% байв. Харин шүлтэнд хандлагддаг полисахаридын гарц нь усанд хандлагддаг полисахаридтай харьцуулахад их буюу тус тус 18.64%, 68.03% ба 28.75% байв. Бүх полисахаридын хувьд үндсэн мономер нь глюкоз ба түүний агууламж 30%-100%-д хүрч байв. Иймд тэдгээр нь глюкан полисахаридууд болно. Мөн усанд хандлагддаг полисахаридуудын найрлаганд фукоз (12% хүртэл), манноз (18% хүртэл) галактоз (30% хүртэл) агуулагдаж байв. Усаар хандлагддаг глюканууд нь бага дундаж молекул масстай (Mw 100–150кДа) байсан бол натрийн гидроксидоор хандлагддаг глюкануудын молекул масс 300–750кДа харьцангуй их байв. Бүх глюкан нь гетероген чанартай байна. ЦСР-ын аргын дүнд ялган авсан полисахаридууд ойролцоо бүтэцтэй салбарласан хэлхээтэй [бета]- глюканууд болох нь батлагдав.
Түлхүүр үгс: агил, туруудай, чага, полисахаридын бүтэц, дундаж молекулын масс
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Kumar, Harsh, Kanchan Bhardwaj, Ruchi Sharma, Eugenie Nepovimova, Natália Cruz-Martins, Daljeet Singh Dhanjal, Reena Singh, et al. "Potential Usage of Edible Mushrooms and Their Residues to Retrieve Valuable Supplies for Industrial Applications." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 6 (May 28, 2021): 427. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7060427.
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Currently, the food and agricultural sectors are concerned about environmental problems caused by raw material waste, and they are looking for strategies to reduce the growing amount of waste disposal. Now, approaches are being explored that could increment and provide value-added products from agricultural waste to contribute to the circular economy and environmental protection. Edible mushrooms have been globally appreciated for their medicinal properties and nutritional value, but during the mushroom production process nearly one-fifth of the mushroom gets wasted. Therefore, improper disposal of mushrooms and untreated residues can cause fungal disease. The residues of edible mushrooms, being rich in sterols, vitamin D2, amino acids, and polysaccharides, among others, makes it underutilized waste. Most of the published literature has primarily focused on the isolation of bioactive components of these edible mushrooms; however, utilization of waste or edible mushrooms themselves, for the production of value-added products, has remained an overlooked area. Waste of edible mushrooms also represents a disposal problem, but they are a rich source of important compounds, owing to their nutritional and functional properties. Researchers have started exploiting edible mushroom by-products/waste for value-added goods with applications in diverse fields. Bioactive compounds obtained from edible mushrooms are being used in media production and skincare formulations. Furthermore, diverse applications from edible mushrooms are also being explored, including the synthesis of biosorbent, biochar, edible films/coating, probiotics, nanoparticles and cosmetic products. The primary intent of this review is to summarize the information related to edible mushrooms and their valorization in developing value-added products with industrial applications.
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Antonceva, Ekaterina, and Mark Shamtsyan. "Fortification of dairy product Narine with polysaccharides from oyster mushroom." E3S Web of Conferences 215 (2020): 01001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202021501001.
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Mushrooms are rich in biologically active substances. Basidiomycete oyster mushroom or Pleurotus ostreatus is not only widely used in food, but also have radioprotection, preventive effect on recurrent respiratory tract infections, hypocholesterolic action, antitumor effect, strong immunostimulatory activity and other beneficial medical effects. It is considered that β-glucans play significant role in the biological activities of the oyster mushroom. The aim of this research was to study the effect of the addition of various β-glucan containing preparations obtained from the submerged biomass of P. ostreatus on the process of milk fermentation and properties of the finished product. Preparations of β-glucans obtained from submerged cultured P. ostreatus biomass were obtained using different extraction protocols. The content of β-glucans in preparations was determined using Assay Kit (Megazyme). Preparations were added to milk in different concentrations before the introduction of starter culture. A starter containing Lactobacillus acidophilus n.v. Er 317/402 strain «Narine» was used for fermentation. The titratable acidity was controlled during the fermentation. Physicochemical, structural-mechanical properties (water holding capacity) of the obtained samples were studied. The sensory evaluation of the products was evaluated. Results show that the addition of preparations increase the glycolytic activity. Structural-mechanical properties of yogurt samples fortified by β-glucan-containing preparations depend on the preparation and its concentration. Sensory evaluation showed that experimental samples differed not only from the control sample but also from each other.
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Zapora, Ewa, Marek Wolkowycki, Slawomir Bakier, and Jordan K. Zjawiony. "Phellinus igniarius: A Pharmacologically Active Polypore Mushroom." Natural Product Communications 11, no. 7 (July 2016): 1934578X1601100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1601100741.
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Mushrooms have been widely used in traditional medicine for the treatment of various diseases. Today, their therapeutic value is scientifically studied and appreciated. Research indicates that polypores - a large group of fungi of the phylum Basdiomycota - exhibit antiviral, antimicrobial, anticancer, anti-allergic, anti-atherogenic, hypoglycemic, hepatoprotective and anti-inflammatory activities. Phellinus igniarius, a polypore mushroom, is one of the most used in traditional Asian medicine. Its potent anticancer activity has been repeatedly reported. In the past two decades, numerous pharmacologically active metabolites have been isolated and identified from P. igniarius. Among the large number of compounds, the most active group are polysaccharides. They modulate immune responses and inhibit tumor growth.
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Tamang, Bunu, Qi Liang, Biju Balakrishnan, Su Peng, and Wei Zhang. "Astragalus Shiitake—A Novel Functional Food with High Polysaccharide Content and Anti-Proliferative Activity in a Colorectal Carcinoma Cell Line." Nutrients 14, no. 11 (June 2, 2022): 2333. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nu14112333.
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The chemical and nutritional constituents of mushrooms can alter significantly when grown on different substrates. Based on this fact, an approach was made to cultivate a new type of mushroom, Hengshan Astragalus Shiitake, by growing Shiitake mushrooms on beds supplemented with the roots of an edible herbal plant, Astragalus membranaceus. In this study, three green extraction techniques, including microwave-enzyme assisted (MEA), ultrasound-enzyme assisted (UEA) and microwave-ultrasound-enzyme assisted (MUEA) extractions, were used to compare both the yield and antiproliferative activity of the polysaccharide-rich extracts (PREs) from HAS in human colorectal carcinoma cells (HCT 116). Both HAS-A and HAS-B extracts contain significantly higher amounts of polysaccharides when compared to the control (Shiitake extract), regardless of the extraction methods. The PREs from HAS-B have significantly higher anti-proliferative activity in HCT 116 compared to the control when using the UEA extraction method. Our findings demonstrate that HAS-B can become a novel functional food with anti-proliferative activities and the optimization of UEA extraction would help to develop new active extract-based health products.
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Meng, Qiuxia, Yu Niu, Rongrong Wang, Wei Niu, and Lizhen Zhang. "Structural Characterization and Immunobiological Activity of Polysaccharides from Astragalus Oyster Mushroom." Molecules 28, no. 13 (July 7, 2023): 5280. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules28135280.
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When added to mushroom growing substrates, edible and medicinal herbs affect the mushrooms’ nutritional and medicinal value. In this study, polysaccharides (P0OP-I and P15OP-I) were extracted and purified from oyster mushrooms grown on substrates supplemented with 0% and 15% Astragalus roots (P0 and P15), respectively, and their chemical structure and immunobiological activities were compared. P15OP-I and P0OP-I were extracted using ultrasound-assisted hot water and deproteinized with the Sevage method, depigmented with 30% H2O2, desalted with dialysis, and purified using DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-100 dextran column chromatography. The molecular weight of P0OP-I and P15OP-I was 21,706.96 and 20,172.65 Da, respectively. Both were composed of monosaccharides D-mannose, galacturonic acid, D-glucose, D-galactose, and L-arabinose but in different molar ratios, and both were connected by a pyranoside linkage. P15OP-I consisted of higher contents of mannose, glucose, galactose and arabinose and lower content of galacturonic acid as compared to P0OP-I. Both P0OP-I and P15OP-I induced NO and TNF-α production but did not show cytotoxic effect or induce ROS generation in RAW264.7 cells. P15OP-I showed a stronger ability to promote NO and TNF-α production relative to P0OP-I. In vitro experiments showed that the immunomodulatory activity of P0OP-I and P15OP-I in RAW264.7 macrophages were mediated by the JNK/MAPK, Erk/MAPK, and NF-κB signaling pathways. The results would be helpful for elucidation of the health promoting mechanism of Astragalus oyster mushrooms as a source of neutraceuticals.