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Journal articles on the topic "POLYSACCHARIDES MUSHROOM"
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Chun, Sechul, Judy Gopal, and Manikandan Muthu. "Antioxidant Activity of Mushroom Extracts/Polysaccharides—Their Antiviral Properties and Plausible AntiCOVID-19 Properties." Antioxidants 10, no. 12 (November 26, 2021): 1899. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/antiox10121899.
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Mushrooms have been long accomplished for their medicinal properties and bioactivity. The ancients benefitted from it, even before they knew that there was more to mushrooms than just the culinary aspect. This review addresses the benefits of mushrooms and specifically dwells on the positive attributes of mushroom polysaccharides. Compared to mushroom research, mushroom polysaccharide-based reports were observed to be significantly less frequent. This review highlights the antioxidant properties and mechanisms as well as consolidates the various antioxidant applications of mushroom polysaccharides. The biological activities of mushroom polysaccharides are also briefly discussed. The antiviral properties of mushrooms and their polysaccharides have been reviewed and presented. The lacunae in implementation of the antiviral benefits into antiCOVID-19 pursuits has been highlighted. The need for expansion and extrapolation of the knowns of mushrooms to extend into the unknown is emphasized.
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Zhao, Jiahui, Yixin Hu, Chao Qian, Muhammad Hussain, Shizhu Liu, Anqiang Zhang, Rongjun He, and Peilong Sun. "The Interaction between Mushroom Polysaccharides and Gut Microbiota and Their Effect on Human Health: A Review." Biology 12, no. 1 (January 12, 2023): 122. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology12010122.
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Mushroom polysaccharides are a kind of biological macromolecule extracted from the fruiting body, mycelium or fermentation liquid of edible fungi. In recent years, the research on mushroom polysaccharides for alleviating metabolic diseases, inflammatory bowel diseases, cancers and other symptoms by changing the intestinal microenvironment has been increasing. Mushroom polysaccharides could promote human health by regulating gut microbiota, increasing the production of short-chain fatty acids, improving intestinal mucosal barrier, regulating lipid metabolism and activating specific signaling pathways. Notably, these biological activities are closely related to the molecular weight, monosaccharide composition and type of the glycosidic bond of mushroom polysaccharide. This review aims to summarize the latest studies: (1) Regulatory effects of mushroom polysaccharides on gut microbiota; (2) The effect of mushroom polysaccharide structure on gut microbiota; (3) Metabolism of mushroom polysaccharides by gut microbiota; and (4) Effects of mushroom polysaccharides on gut microbe-mediated diseases. It provides a theoretical basis for further exploring the mechanism of mushroom polysaccharides for regulating gut microbiota and gives a reference for developing and utilizing mushroom polysaccharides as promising prebiotics in the future.
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Badshah, Syed Lal, Anila Riaz, Akhtar Muhammad, Gülsen Tel Çayan, Fatih Çayan, Mehmet Emin Duru, Nasir Ahmad, Abdul-Hamid Emwas, and Mariusz Jaremko. "Isolation, Characterization, and Medicinal Potential of Polysaccharides of Morchella esculenta." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 8, 2021): 1459. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051459.
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Mushroom polysaccharides are active medicinal compounds that possess immune-modulatory and anticancer properties. Currently, the mushroom polysaccharides krestin, lentinan, and polysaccharopeptides are used as anticancer drugs. They are an unexplored source of natural products with huge potential in both the medicinal and nutraceutical industries. The northern parts of Pakistan have a rich biodiversity of mushrooms that grow during different seasons of the year. Here we selected an edible Morchella esculenta (true morels) of the Ascomycota group for polysaccharide isolation and characterization. Polysaccharopeptides and polysaccharides from this mushroom were isolated using the green chemistry, hot water treatment method. Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy revealed the sugar nature and possible beta-glucan type structure of these polysaccharides. Antioxidant assays showed that the deproteinized polysaccharides have moderate free radical scavenging activity. These isolated polysaccharides exhibited good acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyryl cholinesterase (BChE) inhibition activities. Therefore, these polysaccharides may be valuable for the treatment of Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases. Further bioassays are needed to discover the true potential of M. esculenta polysaccharides for medicinal purposes.
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Sivanesan, Iyyakkannu, Manikandan Muthu, Judy Gopal, and Jae-Wook Oh. "Mushroom Polysaccharide-Assisted Anticarcinogenic Mycotherapy: Reviewing Its Clinical Trials." Molecules 27, no. 13 (June 25, 2022): 4090. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27134090.
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Of the biologically active components, polysaccharides play a crucial role of high medical and pharmaceutical significance. Mushrooms have existed for a long time, dating back to the time of the Ancient Egypt and continue to be well explored globally and experimented with in research as well as in national and international cuisines. Mushroom polysaccharides have slowly become valuable sources of nutraceuticals which have been able to treat various diseases and disorders in humans. The application of mushroom polysaccharides for anticancer mycotherapy is what is being reviewed herein. The widespread health benefits of mushroom polysaccharides have been highlighted and the significant inputs of mushroom-based polysaccharides in anticancer clinical trials have been presented. The challenges and limitation of mushroom polysaccharides into this application and the gaps in the current application areas that could be the future direction have been discussed.
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Baeva, Ekaterina, Roman Bleha, Ekaterina Lavrova, Leonid Sushytskyi, Jana Čopíková, Ivan Jablonsky, Pavel Klouček, and Andriy Synytsya. "Polysaccharides from Basidiocarps of Cultivating Mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus: Isolation and Structural Characterization." Molecules 24, no. 15 (July 28, 2019): 2740. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24152740.
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Oyster mushrooms are an interesting source of biologically active glucans and other polysaccharides. This work is devoted to the isolation and structural characterization of polysaccharides from basidiocarps of the cultivated oyster mushroom, Pleurotus ostreatus. Five polysaccharidic fractions were obtained by subsequent extraction with cold water, hot water and two subsequent extractions with 1 m sodium hydroxide. Branched partially methoxylated mannogalactan and slightly branched (1→6)-β-d-glucan predominated in cold- and hot-water-soluble fractions, respectively. Alternatively, these polysaccharides were obtained by only hot water extraction and subsequent two-stage chromatographic separation. The alkali-soluble parts originating from the first alkali extraction were then fractionated by dissolution in dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). The polysaccharide insoluble in DMSO was identified as linear (1→3)-α-d-glucan, while branched (1→3)(1→6)-β-d-glucans were found to be soluble in DMSO. The second alkaline extract contained the mentioned branched β-d-glucan together with some proteins. Finally, the alkali insoluble part was a cell wall complex of chitin and β-d-glucans.
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Tung, Yu-Tang, Chun-Hsu Pan, Yi-Wen Chien, and Hui-Yu Huang. "Edible Mushrooms: Novel Medicinal Agents to Combat Metabolic Syndrome and Associated Diseases." Current Pharmaceutical Design 26, no. 39 (November 10, 2020): 4970–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612826666200831151316.
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Metabolic syndrome is an aggregation of conditions and associated with an increased risk of developing diabetes, obesity and cardiovascular diseases (CVD). Edible mushrooms are widely consumed in many countries and are valuable components of the diet because of their attractive taste, aroma, and nutritional value. Medicinal mushrooms are higher fungi with additional nutraceutical attributes having low-fat content and a transisomer of unsaturated fatty acids along with high fiber content, biologically active compounds such as polysaccharides or polysaccharide β-glucans, alkaloids, steroids, polyphenols and terpenoids. In vitro experiments, animal models, and even human studies have demonstrated not only fresh edible mushroom but also mushroom extract that has great therapeutic applications in human health as they possess many properties such as antiobesity, cardioprotective and anti-diabetic effect. They are considered as the unmatched source of healthy foods and drugs. The focus of this report was to provide a concise and complete review of the novel medicinal properties of fresh or dry mushroom and extracts, fruiting body or mycelium and its extracts, fiber, polysaccharides, beta-glucan, triterpenes, fucoidan, ergothioneine from edible mushrooms that may help to prevent or treat metabolic syndrome and associated diseases.
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Azizur Rahman, Mohammad, Tawhidur Rahman, Moshiur Rahman, and Mirza Arif. "Usage of Mushrooms in Culinary and Medicinal Purposes." Biomedical Research and Clinical Reviews 6, no. 1 (January 12, 2022): 01–07. http://dx.doi.org/10.31579/2692-9406/087.
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The present article reviews the history of mushroom uses in culinary, food and medicinal values; current status and future aspect of mushroom research. Mushrooms contain biologically active polysaccharides, lipid and proteins in fruit bodies, each of them has a distinct role in health as either nutritional value or medicinal elements. Immunostimulating polysaccharides found in mushrooms, are most important for modern medicine. Several of the mushroom biomolecules have undergone phase I, II, and III clinical trials and are used extensively and successfully throughout the world for the treatment of various cancers and other diseases. Medicinal functions played by the mushrooms include antitumor, antibacterial, antioxidant, antiparasitic, antidiabetic, detoxification, cardiovascular, antihypercholesterolemia, antiviral, antifungal, hepatoprotective, immunomodulating and free radical scavenging. The present review draws attention to nutritional and medicinal importance of mushroom as well as the problems and opportunity in the future development of mushroom research.
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Patel, Dinesh K., Sayan Deb Dutta, Keya Ganguly, Seong-Jun Cho, and Ki-Taek Lim. "Mushroom-Derived Bioactive Molecules as Immunotherapeutic Agents: A Review." Molecules 26, no. 5 (March 4, 2021): 1359. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26051359.
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Mushrooms with enhanced medicinal properties focus on finding such compounds that could modulate the human body’s immune systems. Mushrooms have antimicrobial, antidiabetic, antiviral, hepatoprotective, antitumor, and immunomodulatory properties due to the presence of various bioactive components. β-glucans are the major constituent of the mushroom cell wall and play a significant role in their biological activity. This review described the techniques used in the extraction of the active ingredients from the mushroom. We highlighted the structure of the bioactive polysaccharides present in the mushrooms. Therapeutic applications of different mushrooms were also described. It is interesting to note that mushrooms have the potential sources of many bioactive products that can regulate immunity. Thus, the development of functional medicinal food based on the mushroom is vital for human welfare.
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Stavsky, Е. А., T. V. Teplyakova, А. P. Nadeev, М. А. Ermachenko, А. А. Stavskaya, А. D. Sсhmidt, А. М. Borzenko, Yu D. Zarubina, А. N. Zhayvoron, and А. S. Shestak. "COMPARATIVE EVALUATION OF THE WOUND-HEALING ACTIVITY OF OINTMENTS OBTAINED ON THE BASIS OF SOME BIOLOGICALLY ACTIVE COMPLEXES FROM HIGHER BASIDIOMYCETES." Sibirskij medicinskij vestnik 6, no. 3 (2022): 62–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.31549/2541-8289-2022-6-3-62-73.
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Introduction. In connection with the acquisition of antibiotic resistance of pyogenic microbiota, the problem of topical (drug) treatment of wounds has become aggravated. Aim. Comparative in vivo evaluation of the medicinal properties of ointments prepared on the basis of some biologically active complexes from higher basidiomycetes. Materials and methods. Experimental ointments were obtained on the basis of melanins from the natural raw materials of the сhaga Inonotus obliquus and from its deep-liquid culture, total polysaccharides from the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, as well as the melanin polysaccharide complex from these mushrooms. Melanins were obtained by alkaline hydrolysis. Melanin-containing ointments were prepared using two formulations of ointment bases (the ointment base included saline, vaseline oil, emulsifiers T-2 and Tween-60, in the second case — saline, lanolin as an emulsifier and vaseline) in the first case. Total polysaccharides were obtained by 96% ethyl alcohol precipitation from an aqueous extract of a fungal homogenate heated in a boiling water bath for 12 h, followed by purification from fractions insoluble in distilled water. Melanin-polysaccharide-containing ointments were prepared on the basis of melanins from the natural raw materials of the сhaga Inonotus obliquus and from its deep culture, total polysaccharides from the oyster mushroom Pleurotus ostreatus, the ratios in the ointment formulations being (1:1 and 1:2). The ointment base of polysaccharide-containing and melanin-polysaccharide-containing ointments was similar to the specified second formulation. The wound healing efficacy of the ointments was evaluated in eight groups (20 mice each) of healthy non-inbred mice of both sexes, weighing 17–19 g, of the ICR colony of the State Scientific Center for Virology and Biotechnology Vector. The control group was a group of mice, in the treatment of which Levomicon-TFF reference ointment was used (20 mice in the group). The treatment of mice was continued until their incised skin wounds healed. The motor activity, appetite, and dynamics of wound healing were evaluated daily in mice of all groups, the change in their body weight was assessed every three days, and a histomorphological study of the incised skin wound was performed. The areas of wounds, the percentage of reduction in the area of wounds, the rate of wound contraction, and the rate of wound healing were determined. Results. It was shown that the components of the ointment bases of the two tested ointment formulations, melanin from the natural raw materials of the сhaga and from its deep-liquid culture, the total polysaccharides of the oyster mushroom, as well as the melanin polysaccharide complexes of these mushrooms, do not have toxicity for experimental animals in the concentrations of the tested ointment formulations. Ointments containing melanins from natural raw materials and deep-liquid culture of the сhaga Inonotus obliquus have similar regenerative properties, ointments with a fivefold increase in the content of these melanins, polysaccharide-containing and melanin-polysaccharide-containing ointments, have provided significantly accelerated wound healing in experimental animals. At the same time, the development of granulation tissue in the wound and the replacement of the wound defect in the skin with stratified squamous epithelium as early as on the 12th day in these groups of animals, were demonstrated in comparison with mice of the control group treated with the reference ointment Levomicon-TFF. The epidermal defect in animals of the control group was eliminated only on the 21st day. Conclusion. Ointments containing melanins from the natural raw materials of сhaga and from its deep-liquid culture, polysaccharides from the oyster mushroom, as well as a complex of these substances from these mushrooms, are superior in wound healing effectiveness, as compaired to the control ointment Levomicon-TFF, and can be considered as promising for topical treatment of wounds.
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Aramabašić Jovanović, Jelena, Mirjana Mihailović, Aleksandra Uskoković, Nevena Grdović, Svetlana Dinić, and Melita Vidaković. "The Effects of Major Mushroom Bioactive Compounds on Mechanisms That Control Blood Glucose Level." Journal of Fungi 7, no. 1 (January 16, 2021): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jof7010058.
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Diabetes mellitus is a life-threatening multifactorial metabolic disorder characterized by high level of glucose in the blood. Diabetes and its chronic complications have a significant impact on human life, health systems, and countries’ economies. Currently, there are many commercial hypoglycemic drugs that are effective in controlling hyperglycemia but with several serious side-effects and without a sufficient capacity to significantly alter the course of diabetic complications. Over many centuries mushrooms and their bioactive compounds have been used in the treatment of diabetes mellitus, especially polysaccharides and terpenoids derived from various mushroom species. This review summarizes the effects of these main mushroom secondary metabolites on diabetes and underlying molecular mechanisms responsible for lowering blood glucose. In vivo and in vitro data revealed that treatment with mushroom polysaccharides displayed an anti-hyperglycemic effect by inhibiting glucose absorption efficacy, enhancing pancreatic β-cell mass, and increasing insulin-signaling pathways. Mushroom terpenoids act as inhibitors of α-glucosidase and as insulin sensitizers through activation of PPARγ in order to reduce hyperglycemia in animal models of diabetes. In conclusion, mushroom polysaccharides and terpenoids can effectively ameliorate hyperglycemia by various mechanisms and can be used as supportive candidates for prevention and control of diabetes in the future.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "POLYSACCHARIDES MUSHROOM"
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Bitencourt, Evandro Leite. "Prospecção química de carboidratos isolados dos basidiomas das linhagens branca e cinza do cogumelo medicinal Grifola frondosa (“Maitake”)." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2015. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tede/4757.
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Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG
Mushrooms have been valued as a functional food and dietary supplement for humanity, due to the presence of substances with high nutritional value and/or therapeutic. Among the mushrooms recognized for its therapeutic properties we have is the leafy Grifola, popularly known as “Maitake”, which has important pharmacological actions such as anti-tumor, immunomodulatory, antiinflammatory, antioxidant, and others, which have been mainly related to its carbohydrates. Nevertheless, this study aimed to review the chemistry of the polysaccharides from mushroom of the two lines ("white" and "gray", represented as Gfb and Gfc, respectively) of G. frondosa leafy that have been cultivated in Brazil. From these type it was obtained branched -glucans containing links of type (13) (16) and heteropolysaccharides formed mainly by galactose (heterogalactan) or mannose (heteromannan). The heterogalactan composed mainly of fucose (15.7%), mannose (20.5%) and galactose (63.8%) was denominated fucomannogalactan (FMG-Gfb). It contains a main chain consisting of units of α-D-Galp and 3-Me-O-α-D-Galp connected (16), which are present partially substituted by O-2 disaccharide 3-O- α-D-Manp-α-L-Fucp to a lesser extent with terminal non-reducing α-L-Fucp and α-D-Manp. The heteromannan composed of fucose (6.9%), xylose (33.1%) and mannose (60.0%), a fucoxylomannan (FXM-Gfc) was found to be composed of a backbone of units α-D-Manp (13) connected, and a part of them substituted by O-3 side chains made of fucose and xylose. The results of this study suggest that there are no significant differences between the carbohydrate of both strains, showing that white strain it provide the therapeutic effects attributed to carbohydrates of another strain.
Os cogumelos têm sido valorizados como alimento funcional e suplemento alimentar para a humanidade, devido à presença de substâncias com alto valor nutricional e/ou medicinal. Dentre os cogumelos reconhecidos pelas suas propriedades terapêuticas encontra-se o Grifola frondosa, popularmente conhecido como Maitake, o qual possui importantes ações farmacológicas como antitumoral, imunomoduladora, anti-inflamatória, antioxidante, entre outras, as quais têm sido relacionadas, principalmente, aos seus carboidratos. Diante do exposto, o presente trabalho teve como objetivo a avaliação química dos polissacarídeos dos basidiomas das duas linhagens (branca e cinza, representadas como Gfb e Gfc, respectivamente) de G. frondosa que vem sendo cultivadas no Brasil. A partir destes foram obtidas as -glucanas ramificadas contendo ligações do tipo (13) (16) e os heteropolissacarídeos formados principalmente por galactose (heterogalactana) ou manose (heteromanana). A heterogalactana constituída, principalmente, por fucose (15,7%), manose (20,5%) e galactose (63,8%), foi denominada de fucomanogalactana (FMG-Gfb). Esta contém uma cadeia principal formada por unidades de α-D-Galp e de 3-O-Me-α-D-Galp ligadas (16), as quais se apresentam parcialmente substituídas em O-2 pelo dissacarídeo 3-O-α-DManp- α-L-Fucp e em menor proporção com terminais não redutores de α-LFucp e α-D-Manp. A heteromanana, composta por fucose (6,9%), xilose (33,1%) e manose (60,0%), ou seja, uma fucoxilomanana (FXM-Gfc) mostrou ser constituída por uma cadeia principal composta por unidades de α-D-Manp (13) ligadas, sendo uma parte destas substituídas em O-3 por cadeias laterais formadas por fucose e xilose. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que não há diferenças significativas entre os carboidratos de ambas as linhagens, evidenciando que a linhagem branca deve apresentar os efeitos terapêuticos atribuídos aos carboidratos da outra linhagem.
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Lima, Adriane Trindade Medeiros. "Avalia??o do potencial antioxidante e antiinflamat?rio de galactomanana do fungo Tyllopiillus ballllouiii." Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Norte, 2009. http://repositorio.ufrn.br:8080/jspui/handle/123456789/12552.
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Previous issue date: 2009-12-17Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior
Polymers of mushroom cellular wall are recognized for presenting a lot of biological activities such as anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and anti-tumoral action. Polysaccharides from mushrooms of different molecular mass obtained mushrooms can activate leucocytes, stimulate fagocitic, citotoxic and antimicrobial activity including oxygen reactive species production. In this study were investigated chemical characteristics, in vitro antioxidant activity and anti-inflammatory action in an acute inflammation model of the polysaccharides extracted from Tylopilus ballouii. Results showed that were mainly extracted polysaccharides and that it primarily consisted of mannose and galactose with variable amounts of xylose and fucose. Infrared analysis showed a possible interation between this polysaccharides and proteins. In addition, molecular mass was about 140KDa. Antioxidant activity was tested by superoxide and hydroxyl radical scavenging assay, total antioxidant activity and lipid peroxidation assay. For superoxide and hydroxyl radical generation inhibition, polysaccharides have an IC50 of 2.36 and 0.36 mg/mL, respectively. Lipid peroxidation assay results showed that polysaccharides from Tylopilus ballouii present an IC50 of 3.42 mg/mL. Futhermore, anti-inflammatory assay showed that polysaccharides cause an paw edema decreasing in 32.8, 42 and 56% in 30, 50 and 70 mg/Kg dose, respectively. Thus, these results can indicate a possible use for these polysaccharides from Tylopilus ballouii as an anti-inflammatory and antioxidant.
Pol?meros da parede celular de fungos s?o conhecidos por possu?rem muitas atividades biol?gicas como suas a??es antiinflamat?rias, antioxidante e antitumoral. Polissacar?deos de diferentes pesos moleculares obtidos de cogumelos podem ativar os leuc?citos, estimular a atividade fagoc?tica, citot?xica e antimicrobiana, incluindo a produ??o de esp?cies reativas de oxig?nio. No presente estudo, foi investigada a caracter?stica qu?mica dos polissacar?deos extra?dos de Tylopilus ballouii sua atividade antioxidante in vitro e a sua atividade antiinflamat?ria no modelo de inflama??o aguda. Os resultados mostraram que foram extra?dos predominantemente polissacar?deos e esses consistiram primariamente de manose e galactose e possui quantidades vari?veis de xilose e fucose. As an?lises de infravermelho mostraram a poss?vel intera??o entre estes polissacar?deos e prote?nas. Al?m disso, seu peso molecular ? de cerca de 140 kDa. A atividade antioxidante foi testada com rela??o ao seq?estro sobre os radicais super?xido e hidroxila, atividade antioxidante total e peroxida??o lip?dica. Com rela??o ? inibi??o da forma??o dos radicais super?xido e hidroxila, os polissacar?deos atingiram um IC50 de 1,64 e 1,25 mg/ml, respectivamente. Os resultados do ensaio de peroxida??o lip?dica mostraram que os polissacar?deos de Tylopilus ballouii apresentam um IC50 de 1,65 mg/ml. Al?m disso, a atividade antiinflamat?ria mostrou que eles agem reduzindo o edema em 32,8, 42 e 56% nas doses de 30, 50 e 70 mg/kg, respectivamente. Assim, estes resultados podem indicar o poss?vel uso dos polissacar?deos de Tylopilus ballouii como antiinflamat?rio e antioxidante.
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Du, Bin. "Effect of molecular weight and structure on anti-inflammatory properties of polysaccharide from submerged mycelial fermentation of schizophyllum commune /Du Bin." HKBU Institutional Repository, 2016. https://repository.hkbu.edu.hk/etd_oa/363.
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Medicinal mushrooms are therapeutic agents in traditional folk medicines. Previous studies have shown that a number of biologically active compounds in medicinal mushrooms contributed therapeutic functions against many diseases. These compounds include mainly large molecular weight (MW) compounds such as polysaccharides, dietary fibre and lipids. Mushroom polysaccharides have attracted great attention in food and pharmacology fields because of their biological activities. Polysaccharides vary in molecular weight, degree of branching and conformational structure. It has been reported that fine structure, molecular weight, and conformation of polysaccharide influence biological activities. The incidence and prevalence of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) have been increasing worldwide, which is characterized by chronic inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract but without satisfactory treatment. Although there are many studies for the immuno-pharmacological activity of mushroom polysaccharides, their intestinal anti-inflammatory property has not been investigated sufficiently. Therefore, it is very important to elucidate whether there is the relationship among the MW, structure and anti-inflammatory activity of polysaccharide in IBD. Firstly, an exopolysaccharide from a mycelial culture of S. commune was obtained by isolation and purification using DEAE-52 cellulose and Sephadex G-150 column chromatography. The structure, conformation and chemical properties were investigated, including elemental compositions, MW, monosaccharide compositions, fourier transform infrared spectrum, thermogram analysis, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectrum, circular dichroism (CD) study, methylation analysis, and scanning electron microscope (SEM). The findings indicate that the exopolysaccharide is a homogeneous protein-bound heteropolysaccharide carrying molecular weight of 2900 kDa with a β-type glycosidic linkage. It belongs to a kind of β-(13)-D-glucans consisting of a backbone of β-(13)-linked glucose residues branched with (14) and (16)-β-D-glucopyranosyl residues on main-chain residues. The elemental analysis of this exopolysaccharide discover the element compositions as: C, 25.84%; H, 5.45%; and N, 0.65%. The total carbohydrate, protein and uronic acid contents of exopolysaccharide is 89.0%, 2.20% and 7.52%, respectively. In addition, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was not detected in the exopolysaccharide. Glucose is the main monosaccharide structural unit in this exopolysaccharide, the content is 57.5%. The degradation temperature of exopolysaccharide is 278.9°C from the thermogram analysis curve. This exopolysaccharide looks like thin film with smooth and glittering surface in SEM photography. It is clear from these images that the exopolysaccharide is linear in structure and branched and coiled in aqueous solution. With these extraction, the preliminary anti-inflammatory activity of S. commune exopolysaccharide was conducted by inhibiting the production of nitric oxide (NO), activity of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) and activity of 5-lipoxygenase (5-LOX) from RAW 264.7 macrophages. The results showed that exopolysaccharide significantly inhibit LPS-induced iNOS expression levels in a dose-dependent manner(p < 0.05). It inhibits the production of 5-LOX in cells, but not in dose-dependence. Further, in dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis model, the results showed that exopolysaccharide attenuated body weight loss, diarrhea, fecal blood, and the shortening of colon and improved histological changes. Furthermore, exopolysaccharide treatment would reduce NO production and some cytokines' secretion such as IL-4 and IL-17A. These results indicate that exopolysaccharide might be exploited as an effective anti-inflammatory agent for application in IBD. Secondly, ultrasound technology was applied to modify the physicochemical properties (MW and viscosity) of this fungal exopolysaccharide, and fractions of different MWs were obtained through ultrasonic degradation method. Effect of the MW degradation, viscosity and anti-inflammatory property of exopolysaccharide under ultrasonic treatment were optimized with response surface methodology. The best ultrasonic treatment parameters were obtained with a three-variable-three-level Box-Behnken design. The optimized conditions for efficient anti-inflammatory activity include: Initial concentration - 0.4%; ultrasonic power - 600 W; and duration of ultrasonic treatment - 9 min. Under these conditions, the NO inhibition rate is 95 ± 0.03% which agreed closely with the predicted value (96%). Average MW of exopolysaccharide decreased after ultrasonic treatments, but no significant change in the preliminary structure by infrared spectroscopy analysis. The viscosity of degraded exopolysaccharide dropped compared with native exopolysaccharide. The results suggest that ultrasound technology is an effective approach to reduce the MW of exopolysaccharide. Our results also showed that exopolysaccharide from S. commune was degraded into three fractions (low, medium, and high MW) by ultrasonic treatment. The changes of MW, atomic force microscope morphology, X-ray diffraction, particle size distribution and viscosity analysis indicate the triple helical structure of exopolysaccharide was dissociated into single helical structure and random coiled structure by breaking of inter- and intramolecular hydrogen bonds. The medium and high MW exopolysaccharide had the mixture of triple helix and single helix conformation. Moreover, the low MW exopolysaccharide exhibit random coiled conformation. As for their anti-inflammatory effect in DSS-induced colitis mice model, the results showed that medium and high MW exopolysaccharide significantly recovered DSS-induced colitis in body weight loss, shortening of colon lengths, colon weight loss, diarrhea and rectal bleeding, histological score, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, NO and cytokines (IFN-γ, IL-10 and IL-17) production in inflamed tissues. Moreover, exopolysaccharide with medium and high MW reduced DSS-induced infiltration of macrophages. These results showed that medium and high MW exopolysaccharide had intestinal anti-inflammatory activity. The degraded exopolysaccharide with medium and high MW had a triple and single-helical structure. These results suggested that the intestinal anti-inflammatory activity of exopolysaccharide from S. commune is related to both helical structure and MW.
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Salvador, Cátia Sofia Clemente. "Caracterização de cogumelos silvestres da espécie Amanita ponderosa: produção de metabolitos com atividade biológica." Doctoral thesis, Universidade de Évora, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10174/13391.
Full textAbstract:
Amanita ponderosa é uma espécie de cogumelos silvestres, comestível, característica
de alguns microclimas mediterrânicos, existente na Península Ibérica. Neste estudo,
avaliaram-se as propriedades biológicas e toxicológicas destes cogumelos e culturas,
com vista a valorizar o seu potencial biotecnológico. Desenvolveu-se também uma
metodologia de monitorização, utilizando técnicas de microanálise e imunológicas para
screening e análise da especificidade de produção dos compostos bioativos.
Os corpos de frutificação apresentaram um relevante conteúdo mineral e um perfil
molecular correlacionável com o local de colheita. Tanto os cogumelos como as
culturas e seus extratos revelaram baixa toxicidade, in vitro e in vivo, apresentaram
propriedades antioxidantes, capacidade hepatoprotetora e efeito antiproliferativo em
células MDA-MB-231.
Estes resultados sugerem que A. ponderosa e/ou os seus extratos podem constituir
uma importante fonte de compostos bioativos, com potencial valor nutracêutico e
medicinal, podendo ser utilizados como suplementos alimentares, coadjuvantes no
tratamento de doenças hepáticas e/ou tumorais; Characterisation of Amanita ponderosa wild mushrooms:
production of metabolites with biological activity
Abstract:
Amanita ponderosa is a species of wild edible mushrooms that grows in some
Mediterranean microclimates in the Iberian Peninsula. In this study, we evaluated the
biological and toxicological properties of these mushrooms and cultures, in order to
enhance their biotechnological potential.
A monitoring methodology was also developed using microanalysis and immunological
techniques, for screening and specificity evaluation of bioactive compounds production.
The fruiting bodies presented a relevant mineral content and a characteristic molecular
profile correlated with the geographical location. Either mushrooms or cultures and
extracts have shown low toxicity in vitro and in vivo, and presented antioxidant
properties, hepatoprotective effect and MDA-MB-231 antiproliferative activity. These
results suggest that A. ponderosa and their extracts may constitute an important
source of bioactive compounds with antioxidant benefits, nutraceutical potential and
medicinal value, that can be used as dietetic supplements and as co-adjuvant of liver
and cancer disease treatments.
5
Wang, Wan-Jhen, and 王婉媜. "The Effect of Mushroom Polysaccharides on Primary Tumor Microenvironment." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/06903542228437615798.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
漁業科學研究所
101
Cytokine and growth factor secreted by tumor cells can actively recruit blood monocytes at the tumor microenvironment, where the recruiting monocytes differentiated into tumor-associated macrophages which promote tumor progression, thereby resulting a favorable tumor microenvironment for tumor growth. The tumor microenvironment subverted the immune system and enhanced tumor growth through strong immune suppressive mechanisms within the tumor microenvironment. The current study is to investigate whether oral mushroom polysaccharides have any effect on molecular profiles within the serum, lung and tumor microenvironment and tumor-associated macrophage phenotypes. The current study showed that oral Schizophyllan treatment significantly increased IFN-γ mRNA expression, but significantly reduced COX-2 mRNA expression within the lung. For LLC1 tumor model, oral Schizophyllan or oral Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides treatments significantly reduced TGF-β production in serum. In addition, IL-12 and IFN-γ mRNA expression were significantly increased, but IL-6, IL-10, COX-2 and TGF-β mRNA expression were substantially declined within the tumor microenvironment after oral Schizophyllan or oral Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides treatments. Moreover, oral Ganoderma lucidum polysaccharides treatment significantly increased M1 phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages, but significantly reduced M2 phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages. Taken together, our study highlights the efficacious effect of mushroom polysaccharides for ameliorating the immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment. Increased M1 phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages and attenuated M2 phenotype of tumor-associated macrophages could be achieved by ingesting mushroom polysaccharides through altering the tumor microenvironment.
6
"In vivo and in vitro study of immunomodulatory activities of mushroom sclerotial polysaccharides." Thesis, 2008. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b6074643.
Full textAbstract:
Athymic nude mice were employed as the in vivo model to study the detailed mechanism of how the three sclerotial polysaccharides act to inhibit the growth of human xenografted tumors in vivo. Using immunohistochemical staining, it was found that the presence of F4/80 + macrophages was related to the reduction of tumor size of the HL-60 xenograft. mRNA extracted from the spleens were reverse-transcribed to cDNA and detected by real-time PCR so that a variety of genes related to the toll-like receptors being up-regulated or down-regulated due to the injection of mushroom sclerotial polysaccharides were determined. Combining the results from dectin-1 regulation, it was concluded that both hot water-soluble sclerotial polysaccharides, PTRW and PRW, having a structure of polysaccharide-protein complexes were responsible for activating and thus binding to CR3 or toll-like receptors while PRSon with structure of pure beta-glucan was responsible for activating the expression of dectin-1 receptor, which led to the subsequent activation of host immune system in immunopotentiation and antitumor activities.In the future, further investigation of the detailed structure of mushroom sclerotial polysaccharides is required to explain the immunomodulatory mechanism so that the effective dosage for immunomodulation as well as antitumor effects can be determined. Furthermore, phage display can be applied to find out any novel glucan receptors specific to the mushroom sclerotial polysaccharides.
In vitro antitumor study indicated that PTRW had a significant (p<0.05) inhibitory effect (>40%) on the human monocytic leukemic cells (THP-1) in addition to HL-60 and K562 cells. In vitro immunomodulatory study showed that both PRW and PRSon had significant proliferative effects (p<0.05) on human normal spleen monocyte/macrophage cell, MD. Moreover, PRSon was shown to have a significant increase (p<0.05) in the growth of human natural killer cells, NK-92M1; however, PTRW showed a significant inhibition (p<0.05) on this cell line.
Mushroom sclerotia have a rich source of polysaccharides when compared with fruit bodies. It was previously reported that the polysaccharides from novel mushroom sclerotia, namely, Pleurotus tuber-regium and Polyporus rhinocerus, had potent in vitro and in vivo antitumor effects. In this project, hot water-soluble sclerotial polysaccharides of Pleurotus tuber-regium (PTRW), hot water-soluble and sonication-assisted cold alkali-soluble sclerotial polysaccharides of Polyporus rhinocerus (PRW and PRSon, respectively) were chosen for investigation of their in vivo and in vitro immunomodulatory effects.
Polysaccharides have long been proposed to exert their antitumor and thus immunomodulating functions through glucan receptors and among the four being discovered, Dectin-1 has drawn most attention recently. In the in vivo study, PRSon showed an increase in the expression of Dectin-1 on mice spleen MNCs while PTRW showed an increase in the expression of the previously widely-reported complement receptor (CR3). There was also an increase of Dectin-1 expression on PEC in the mice injected with PRSon. In the in vitro study, the three mushroom sclerotial polysaccharides were incubated with NK-92M1, MD and THP-1 cells. There was a significant increase (p<0.05) of Dectin-1 expression on NK-92MI cells incubated with PTRW. On the other hand, PTRW caused a significant decrease ( p<0.05) of Dectin-1 expression while PRSon showed a significant increase (p<0.05) on THP-1 cells. The cytokine profile of extra-cellular media indicated that the inhibition of THP-1 cells by PTRW should be related to the innate immunity. In the in vitro study, human primary immune cells, CD56+ NK cells were used to incubate with sclerotial polysaccharides and there was a significant stimulation (p<0.05) of their growth when compared with the control.
The in vivo immunomodulatory study was carried out by injecting the abovementioned sclerotial polysaccharides intraperitoneal to 7-8 weeks old healthy male BALB/c mice. The spleens excised from groups injected with PTRW and PRW were found to have significant increase of weight ( p<0.001). Flow cytometric analysis revealed that the NK cell population in spleen mononuclear cells (MNCs) of mice injected with PRW and PRSon was increased when compared with the control. In addition, ail three sclerotial polysaccharides showed a large increase of T helper cell population as well as CD4+/CD8+ ratio in spleen MNCs. On the other hand, the macrophage population in peritoneal exudates cells (PEC) was found to be increased in the groups of mice injected with PTRW and PRW.
Lai, Kin Ming Connie.
Adviser: Cheung Chi Keung.
Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 70-06, Section: B, page: 3412.
Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2008.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 120-137).
Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web.
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
School code: 1307.
7
Ho, Shu-Ying, and 何淑螢. "The Effect of Mushroom Polysaccharides on Intestinal Mucosal Immune System." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/17428955621835487187.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
漁業科學研究所
101
Mushroom polysaccharides are distinguished as important immunostimulant in animal body. Administrate glucan to animal inducing different isotype immunoglobulin secretion. Immunoglobulin A is the major antibody in the intestinal mucus, and transcytosis of IgA across epithelia is mediated by the poly-Ig receptor. Neutralization is important protection mechanism against antigen by IgA in gut. In the present study simulate acting intestinal mucosal immune system. Further to study the effects of mushroom polysaccharide on immunoglobulin A (IgA), immunoglobulin G (IgG), immunoglobulin M (IgM) concentration in serum and small intestine washing fluid (SIWF) and intestine tissue poly-immunoglobulin receptor (poly-Ig receptor) mRNA expression. Feeding mice polysaccharide IgA and IgG in SIWF are increase significantly, and IgG and IgM in serum are also increase significantly. The results suggest that the effect of polysaccharides was induced at intestinal mucosa firstly, and induced body circulation immune response further. Poly-Ig receptor mRNA expression increase significantly, too. Our study highlights the efficacious effect of mushroom polysaccharides increasing immunoglobulin concentration in intestinal tract and serum immunoglobulin concentration, and increase poly-Ig receptor mRNA expression in intestine tissue. Mushroom polysaccharide may stimulate intestinal mucosal immune system to protect the intestinal tract from being damaged by the bacterial over-population.
8
Junghsun, Hsu, and 許榮郇. "The Immune Function Analysis Of Unilateral and Compound Mushroom Polysaccharides." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/28900225597454377720.
Full textAbstract:
碩士中州科技大學
保健食品系
104
The mushroom or related health care products were variety on the market, including of the extract was from the single mushroom such as Ganoderma lucidum, Antrodia camphorata or others or, the compound productions were made from various mushrooms extract. By this productions, we mainly investigate to compare the effect of one type extract from Ganoderma lucidum or Agaricus blazei Murill and the compound extracts mixture from Ganoderma lucidum and Agaricus blazei Murill (1:1 mixture) on the immunomodulation function, so as to assess the proliferation of T cells and B cells in the spleen, Nature killer cell (NK cell) activity and the phagocytic cells capacity. Experimental results shown that the proliferation of T cell and B cell were significantly enhanced in the concentration of the 160 mg / kg / day by the oral feeding unilateral mushroom polysaccharides for six weeks but, the significantly enhancement activity was presented from the compound mushrooms polysaccharides for six weeks in the concentration of 120 mg / kg / day. This presented data indicated that oral feeding with compound mushrooms extract was higher effective promotion in the T cell and B cell proliferation than the oral with unilateral mushroom polysaccharides. In the nature killer cell activity experiment and the phagocytic cell activity assay, the experimental results shown that since the spleen nature killer cell was exhibited significantly activity than the control group and, the similar experimental situation was also presented in the spleen phagocytic capacity assay. Experimental results shown that the cytotoxic activity in the nature killer cell and the phagocytotic capacity in the phagocytic cells, it was significantly enhanced in the concentration of the 40 mg / kg / day by the oral feeding unilateral mushroom polysaccharides for six weeks but, the significantly enhancement activity was presented from the compound mushrooms polysaccharides for six weeks in the concentration of 20 mg / kg / day. This presented data indicated that oral feeding with compound mushrooms extract was higher effective promotion in cytotoxic and phagocytotic capacity than the oral with unilateral mushroom polysaccharides. Therefore, oral with compound mushrooms extracts was better than the unilateral mushroom polysaccharides n the proliferation of T cells and B cells, cytotoxic activity from NK cell and the phagocytotic capacity of phagocytic cells which were observed in the various dose concentration experiment.
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"Antitumor effects of polysaccharides extracted from mushroom sclerotia: an in vitro and in vivo study." 2005. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5892540.
Full textAbstract:
Lai Kin Ming Connie.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2005.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-141).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Chapter Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1
Chapter 1.1 --- Introduction on growth cycle of mushroom --- p.1
Chapter 1.2 --- Literature review of mushroom biological activities --- p.3
Chapter 1.2.1 --- Various bioactivities of mushroom --- p.3
Chapter 1.2.2 --- Components responsible for various bioactivities of mushrooms --- p.3
Chapter 1.3 --- Mushroom polysaccharides and polysaccharide-protein complexes --- p.5
Chapter 1.3.1 --- Polysaccharides important for antitumor effects --- p.5
Chapter 1.3.2 --- Polysaccharide-protein complexes important for antitumor effects --- p.7
Chapter 1.4 --- Structure-function relationship of antitumor activities of polysaccharides --- p.8
Chapter 1.4.1 --- Effect of molecular mass --- p.8
Chapter 1.4.2 --- Effect of linkages --- p.9
Chapter 1.4.3 --- Effect of degree of branching --- p.9
Chapter 1.4.4 --- Effect of conformation --- p.10
Chapter 1.5 --- Immunomodulatory effects of mushroom polysaccharides and polysaccharide-protein complexes --- p.11
Chapter 1.5.1 --- Immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharides --- p.11
Chapter 1.5.1.1 --- Bioactive polysaccharides in Lentinus edodes --- p.11
Chapter 1.5.1.2 --- Bioactive polysaccharides in Ganoderma lucidum --- p.12
Chapter 1.5.2 --- Immunomodulatory effects of polysaccharide-protein complexes --- p.12
Chapter 1.5.2.1 --- Bioactive polysaccharide-protein complexes in Trametes versicolor --- p.13
Chapter 1.5.3 --- Immunotherapeutic effects of mushroom polysaccharides --- p.14
Chapter 1.6 --- Cell cycle and apoptosis --- p.14
Chapter 1.6.1 --- Introduction of cell cycle --- p.14
Chapter 1.6.2 --- Cell cycle regulation --- p.15
Chapter 1.6.3 --- Antitumor effects through apoptotic gene regulation --- p.17
Chapter 1.7 --- Mushroom sclerotium with antitumor activity --- p.20
Chapter 1.7.1 --- Literature review on Pleurotus tuber-regium --- p.20
Chapter 1.7.2 --- Literature review on Poria cocos --- p.22
Chapter 1.7.3 --- Literature review on Polyporus rhinocerus --- p.23
Chapter 1.8 --- Objectives --- p.23
Chapter Chapter 2. --- Materials and Methods --- p.25
Chapter 2.1 --- Materials --- p.25
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Mushroom sclerotia --- p.25
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Animal Model --- p.25
Chapter 2.1.3 --- Cell lines --- p.27
Chapter 2.2 --- Methods --- p.28
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Extraction Scheme for mushroom sclerotia --- p.28
Chapter 2.2.1.1 --- Hot water extraction only --- p.28
Chapter 2.2.1.2 --- Sequential extraction scheme --- p.28
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Measurement of monosaccharide profile --- p.31
Chapter 2.2.2.1 --- Acid Depolymerisation --- p.31
Chapter 2.2.2.2 --- Neutral Sugar Derivatization --- p.31
Chapter 2.2.2.3 --- Gas Chromatography (GC) --- p.32
Chapter 2.2.3 --- High Pressure Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) --- p.33
Chapter 2.2.3.1 --- Size exclusion chromatography --- p.33
Chapter 2.2.3.2 --- Anion exchange chromatography --- p.34
Chapter 2.2.4 --- Linkage analysis by methylation --- p.34
Chapter 2.2.4.1 --- Preparation of partially methylated polysaccharides --- p.34
Chapter 2.2.4.2 --- Preparation of partially methylated alditol acetates (PMAAs) --- p.37
Chapter 2.2.4.3 --- Gas chromatography-Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis --- p.37
Chapter 2.2.5 --- Determination of total sugar by phenol-sulphuric acid Method --- p.38
Chapter 2.2.6 --- Determination of acidic sugars by measurement of uronic acid content --- p.39
Chapter 2.2.7 --- Determination of protein content by Lowry-Folin method --- p.40
Chapter 2.2.8 --- Chemical modification by carboxymethylation --- p.41
Chapter 2.2.9 --- In vitro antitumor assay --- p.41
Chapter 2.2.9.1 --- Trypan blue exclusion assay --- p.42
Chapter 2.2.9.2 --- MTT Assay --- p.42
Chapter 2.2.10 --- Cell cycle analysis by Flow Cytometry --- p.43
Chapter 2.2.11 --- In vivo antitumor and immunomodulatory assay --- p.44
Chapter 2.2.11.1 --- Measurement on tumor growth --- p.44
Chapter 2.2.11.2 --- Blood sampling for immunostimulatory effects --- p.45
Chapter 2.2.12 --- Mouse Cytokine Array --- p.45
Chapter 2.2.13 --- Quantification of Mouse IL-13 by ELISA --- p.46
Chapter 2.2.14 --- Enumeration of peritoneal cells --- p.47
Chapter 2.2.15 --- Enumeration of splenocytes --- p.49
Chapter 2.2.16 --- Statistical methods --- p.50
Chapter Chapter 3. --- Results and Discussion --- p.51
Chapter 3.1 --- Yield of crude mushroom sclerotial extracts --- p.51
Chapter 3.2 --- Chemical composition of crude mushroom sclerotial extracts --- p.57
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Total carbohydrate content --- p.57
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Uronic acid content --- p.58
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Soluble protein content --- p.58
Chapter 3.3 --- Monosaccharide profiles of mushroom sclerotial extracts by GC --- p.60
Chapter 3.4 --- Chromatographic analyses of mushroom sclerotial extracts --- p.65
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Molecular weight profile by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) --- p.65
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Charge distribution by ion exchange chromatography (IEC) --- p.73
Chapter 3.5 --- Antitumor effects of mushroom sclerotial extracts from hot water extraction alone --- p.73
Chapter 3.5.1 --- In vitro antiproliferative study by HL-60 --- p.73
Chapter 3.5.2 --- In vitro antiproliferative study by MCF-7 --- p.74
Chapter 3.5.3 --- In vivo antitumor study by BALB/c mice --- p.75
Chapter 3.6 --- Antitumor effects of extracts from sequential extraction scheme --- p.76
Chapter 3.6.1 --- In vitro antiproliferative study by HL-60 --- p.76
Chapter 3.6.2 --- In vitro antiproliferative study by MCF-7 --- p.78
Chapter 3.6.3 --- In vivo antitumor study by BALB/c mice --- p.80
Chapter 3.7 --- Comparison of in vitro and in vivo activities of mushroom sclerotial extracts --- p.82
Chapter 3.8 --- Dose-response relationship of hot water extract from PR on cancer cell lines --- p.85
Chapter 3.8.1 --- In vitro dose-response antiproliferation of PR-W and PR-HWE on HL-60 --- p.85
Chapter 3.8.2 --- In vitro dose-response antiproliferation of PR-W on K562 and S180 --- p.88
Chapter 3.8.3 --- In vivo dose-response relationship of PR-W on S180 --- p.91
Chapter 3.9 --- Flow cytometric analysis of PR-W on cancer cell lines --- p.92
Chapter 3.9.1 --- Antiproliferative effect of PR-W on HL-60 --- p.92
Chapter 3.9.2 --- Antiproliferative effect of PR-W on K562 --- p.95
Chapter 3.9.3 --- Proposed mechanisms of cell cycle arrest by PR-W --- p.98
Chapter 3.10 --- Host-mediated antitumor mechanism of PR-W --- p.100
Chapter 3.10.1 --- Mouse cytokine array --- p.100
Chapter 3.10.2 --- Quantification of IL-13 by ELISA --- p.105
Chapter 3.10.3 --- Immunostimulatory effects of PR-W on mice --- p.109
Chapter 3.11 --- Correlation between antitumor activity and structure of mushroom sclerotial extract from hot water extraction alone --- p.114
Chapter Chapter 4. --- Conclusions and Future works --- p.118
List of References --- p.121
Related Publications --- p.142
10
"Antitumor activities of polysaccharides from the long-veiled lady mushroom Dictyophora indusiata." 2002. http://library.cuhk.edu.hk/record=b5891173.
Full textAbstract:
Poon Shuk-ching.Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2002.
Includes bibliographical references (leaves 113-125).
Abstracts in English and Chinese.
Acknowledgements --- p.i
Abstract --- p.ii
Abstract (Chinese Version) --- p.iv
Table of Contents --- p.vi
List of Tables --- p.x
List of Figures --- p.xi
List of Abbreviations --- p.xiii
Chapter Chapterl 1 --- ntroduction --- p.1
Chapter Chapter 2 --- Literature Review --- p.5
Chapter 2.1 --- Mushroom Polysaccharides From Basidiomycetes --- p.5
Chapter 2.1.1 --- Antitumor and Immunomodulatory Activity --- p.6
Chapter 2.1.2 --- Antiviral Activity --- p.9
Chapter 2.1.3 --- Hypoglycermic Activity --- p.11
Chapter 2.1.4 --- Free Radical Scavenging Activity --- p.11
Chapter 2.2 --- Mushroom Dictyophora indusiata --- p.13
Chapter 2.2.1 --- Nutritional Value --- p.13
Chapter 2.2.2 --- Structural Characteristic of Dictyophora indusiata Polysaccharides --- p.14
Chapter 2.2.3 --- Biological Activity --- p.16
Chapter 2.3 --- In vivo Antitumor Study --- p.19
Chapter 2.4 --- Induction of Cytokines Production in Immune System --- p.21
Chapter 2.5 --- In vitro Antitumor Study --- p.25
Chapter 2.6 --- Cell Cycle Regulation --- p.28
Chapter Chapter 3 --- Materials & Methods --- p.34
Chapter 3.1 --- Extraction --- p.34
Chapter 3.1.1 --- Extraction of Dictyophora indusiata Polysaccharides --- p.34
Chapter 3.1.2 --- Purification of Dictyophora indusiata Polysaccharides --- p.35
Chapter 3.1.2.1 --- Preparation of DEAE-cellulose Ion Exchanger --- p.35
Chapter 3.1.2.2 --- Fractionation --- p.35
Chapter 3.2. --- Characterization of Dictyophora indusiata Polysaccharides --- p.39
Chapter 3.2.1 --- Polysaccharide Content Determination --- p.39
Chapter 3.2.2 --- Protein Content Determination --- p.39
Chapter 3.2.3 --- Gas Chromatography (GC) --- p.40
Chapter 3.2.4 --- Uronic Acid Content Determination --- p.42
Chapter 3.2.5 --- High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) --- p.43
Chapter 3.3 --- In vivo Studies --- p.44
Chapter 3.3.1 --- Animals --- p.44
Chapter 3.3.2 --- Maintenance of Sarcoma 180 Cell Line --- p.44
Chapter 3.3.3 --- Effect of DI3 Fraction on Sarcoma 180 Solid Tumor --- p.45
Chapter 3.3.4 --- Effect of DI3c Fraction on Tumor Necrosis Factor-Alpha (TNF-α) and Interleukin 2 (IL-2) Production --- p.47
Chapter 3.3.4.1 --- Treatment of Mice --- p.47
Chapter 3.3.4.2 --- Preparation of Mouse Serum --- p.47
Chapter 3.3.4.3 --- Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for TNF-α Production --- p.48
Chapter 3.3.4.4 --- Enzyme-linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA) for IL-2 Production --- p.49
Chapter 3.4 --- In vitro Studies --- p.51
Chapter 3.4.1 --- Maintenance of Cell Lines --- p.51
Chapter 3.4.2 --- Effect on Cancer Cell Lines --- p.52
Chapter 3.4.3 --- Cytotoxicity on Normal Cell Line --- p.52
Chapter 3.4.4 --- Trypan Blue Exclusion Method --- p.53
Chapter 3.4.5 --- MTT Assay --- p.54
Chapter 3.4.6 --- BrdU Incorporation --- p.55
Chapter 3.5 --- Statistical Analysis --- p.56
Chapter Chapter 4 --- Results --- p.57
Chapter 4.1 --- Extraction and Fractionation of Polysaccharides from Dictyophora indusiata --- p.57
Chapter 4.1.1 --- Percentage Yield of Crude DI Polysaccharides --- p.57
Chapter 4.1.2 --- Percentage Yield of DI3 Fractions --- p.57
Chapter 4.2 --- Characterization of DI3 Fractions --- p.62
Chapter 4.2.1 --- Polysaccharide and Protein Contents of DI3 Fractions --- p.62
Chapter 4.2.2 --- Relative Monosaccharide and Uronic Acid Content in Different DI3 Fractions --- p.62
Chapter 4.2.3 --- Estimated Molecular Weight of DI3 Fractions --- p.65
Chapter 4.3 --- Antitumor Effect of Dictyophora indusiata Polysaccharides In vivo --- p.70
Chapter 4.3.1 --- In vivo Antitumor Effect of Crude DI Polysaccharides --- p.70
Chapter 4.3.2 --- In vivo Antitumor Effect of Various Fractions of DI3 --- p.70
Chapter 4.3.3 --- Effect of DI3c on TNP-α and IL-2 Production in Mice --- p.78
Chapter 4.4 --- In vitro Effects of DI3 Fractions on Cell Density and Viability on Normal and Cancer Cell Lines --- p.86
Chapter 4.4.1 --- Effects of DI3 Fractions on Cell Density and Viability of Human Leukemic HL-60 and K-562 and Mouse Sarcoma 180 Cells --- p.86
Chapter 4.4.2 --- Effects of DI3 Fractions on the Growth of Human Liver Cancer HepG2 and Normal Monkey Kidney Vero Cells --- p.86
Chapter 4.4.3 --- Effect of DI3b Fraction on Proliferation of HL-60 Cells Determined by BrdU Incorporation --- p.94
Chapter Chapter 5 --- Discussions --- p.96
Chapter 5.1 --- Extraction and Characterization of DI3 Fractions --- p.96
Chapter 5.2 --- Antitumor Effects of Dictyophora indusiata Polysaccharides --- p.101
Chapter 5.3 --- Further Studies --- p.109
Chapter Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.111
References --- p.113
Books on the topic "POLYSACCHARIDES MUSHROOM"
1
AHCC: Japan's medical breakthrough in natural immunotherapy. Laguna Beach, CA: Basic Health Publications, 2010.
Find full text
2
The constituents of medicinal plants. 3rd ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243079.0000.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract This new edition is a comprehensive introduction to the main phytochemical classes found in plants that are understood to confer their therapeutic activity. A major advantage is that the book assumes only a basic understanding of chemistry, making it an ideal primer for students and practitioners alike. However, it quickly brings the reader into more sophisticated territory, without falling into the trap of being overly reductionist or technical. Key features are the many chemical diagrams and the wide-ranging discussion of pharmacological activities and safety considerations. The new third edition has been thoroughly revised to incorporate the latest research. It contains a new chapter on resins and cannabinoids, and additional content on essential oil chemotypes, the important area of mushroom polysaccharides, together with a discussion of phytochemical synergy and updates on the toxicology of plant constituents. Other chapters have been considerably expanded. For example, the polysaccharide chapter now includes more comprehensive sections on seaweeds and fungi than in previous editions, emphasizing in particular their immunomodulatory effects.
Book chapters on the topic "POLYSACCHARIDES MUSHROOM"
1
Wang, Yuxiao, Xiaojun Huang, and Shaoping Nie. "Novel Prospective of Wild Mushroom Polysaccharides as Potential Prebiotics." In Fungal Biology, 211–26. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-02622-6_10.
Full text
2
Pengelly, Andrew. "Polysaccharides." In The constituents of medicinal plants, 147–67. 3rd ed. Wallingford: CABI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/9781789243079.0009.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Polysaccharides are universal in the plant and fungal kingdoms. Their functions include food storage, protection of membranes, and maintaining rigidity of cell walls in plants and fungi, whereas for seaweeds they help maintain the flexibility required for life in the ocean. Polysaccharides play significant roles in the activity of numerous herbs used in traditional Chinese medicine and Japanese (Kampo) medicine. Polysaccharides are insoluble in organic solvents; they precipitate in alcohol. Herbal tinctures, which are made using alcoholic solvents of 45% strength or higher, are therefore of little use for polysaccharide extraction. The degree of water solubility depends on the polysaccharide structure. Linear polymers (mucilages) are less water soluble and tend to precipitate at high temperatures and form viscous or slimy solutions. Branched polymers (gums) are more water soluble and form gels, often referred to as 'gummy' or 'sticky'. Examples of carbohydrate polymers and their sources and significance to plants and humans are shown in this chapter. Tabulated data are also given on selected medicinal mushrooms, their polysaccharides and therapeutic uses, as well as on inulin-containing species of herbs from the Asteraceae family.
3
Zhu, Fengmei, Bin Du, and Baojun Xu. "Preparation and Characterization of Polysaccharides from Mushrooms." In Polysaccharides, 1–16. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-03751-6_10-1.
Full text
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Zhu, Fengmei, Bin Du, and Baojun Xu. "Preparation and Characterization of Polysaccharides from Mushrooms." In Polysaccharides, 1009–27. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_10.
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Chen, Haixia, and Shuqin Li. "Polysaccharides from Medicinal Mushrooms and Their Antitumor Activities." In Polysaccharides, 1893–910. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_3.
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Smiderle, Fhernanda Ribeiro, Andrea Caroline Ruthes, and Marcello Iacomini. "Natural Polysaccharides from Mushrooms: Antinociceptive and Anti-inflammatory Properties." In Polysaccharides, 2151–78. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-16298-0_77.
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Schwartz, Betty, Yitzhak Hadar, and Daniel Sliva. "The Use of Edible Mushroom Water Soluble Polysaccharides in the Treatment and Prevention of Chronic Diseases: A Mechanistic Approach." In Antitumor Potential and other Emerging Medicinal Properties of Natural Compounds, 263–83. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-6214-5_18.
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Tanaka, Yoshimi, and Teppei Nakamichi. "Strong but Slippery Adhesion of Mushroom-Shaped Polysaccharide Gels." In Mathematical Analysis of Continuum Mechanics and Industrial Applications, 3–13. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-2633-1_1.
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Yurchak, V., and N. Sharkova. "Development of Dietary Additive of Shiitake Mushrooms Enhanced with Active Polysaccharides for Pasta Production." In Bioenhancement and Fortification of Foods for a Healthy Diet, 221–36. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003225287-15.
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Ashida, Hitoshi, Takashi Hashimoto, Yuji Nonaka, Itsuko Fukuda, Kazuki Kanazawa, Gen-ichi Danno, Ken-ichiro Minato, Sachiko Kawakami, and Masashi Mizuno. "Suppression of Cytochrome P4501 a Subfamily in Mouse Liver by Oral Intake of Polysaccharides from Mushrooms,Lentinus edodesandAgaricus blazei." In ACS Symposium Series, 235–48. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2003-0851.ch021.
Full textConference papers on the topic "POLYSACCHARIDES MUSHROOM"
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Dahmen, Joseph, and Amber Frid-Jimenez. "They Grow Without Us." In 2017 ACSA Annual Conference. ACSA Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.35483/acsa.amp.105.22.
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They grow without us is a temporary public furniture installation grown from mushrooms. The project builds upon transdisciplinary research at the intersection of material science, mycology, and sustainable building technology. To fabricate the furniture, damp sawdust was sterilized and inoculated with a blend of Pleurotus ostreatus mushroom spores and nutrients and poured into aerated hexagonal molds. While in the mold, the fungus produces mycelium, a cross-linked matrix of polysaccharides in the pore spaces between sawdust particles. The process produces solid mycelium bio-composites objects that can be removed from the mould as little as five days. The white coating at the exterior is a hydrophobic material called chitin produced naturally by the mushrooms.
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Zhang, Bing-Zhao, Pei-sheng Yan, and Guo-Zhen Zhu. "Purification of Antitumor Polysaccharides from Mushroom Fermentation Broth by Macroporous Resins." In 2012 International Conference on Biomedical Engineering and Biotechnology (iCBEB). IEEE, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbeb.2012.320.
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Li, Xiao-ang, Guoxin Huang Huang, Imran Khan, Wen-rui Xia, Wai kit Leong, and W. L. Wendy Hsiao. "Abstract 5144: Cooperative effects of mushroom polysaccharides and herbal saponins on tumor growth and gut microenvironment in ApcMin/+mice." In Proceedings: AACR Annual Meeting 2018; April 14-18, 2018; Chicago, IL. American Association for Cancer Research, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1158/1538-7445.am2018-5144.
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Sakdasri, Winatta, Panisara Arnutpongchai, Supasuta Phonsavat, and Ruengwit Sawangkeaw. "Response Surface Optimization of Crude Polysaccharides from Grey Oyster Mushroom (Pleurotus sajor-caju (Fr.) Singer) Using Pressurized Hot Water Extraction." In Foods 2021. Basel Switzerland: MDPI, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods2021-11054.
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GREGORI, ANDREJ, BOJANA BOH, BRANKA WRABER, JOZI HABIJANIC, MARIN BEROVIC, MIRJAN SVAGELJ, and MOJCA PANKL. "Cultivation of Medicinal Mushrooms Ganoderma lucidum and Grifola frondosa Mycelia and Polysaccharides in Bioreactors." In Third International Conference on Advances in Applied Science and Environmental Engineering - ASEE 2015. Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-055-2-03.
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Chen, Haixia, Lingling Fu, Peng Dong, Xin Zhang, and Xueming Lu. "Acute Toxicity Evaluation and Compositional Analysis of a Polysaccharide from the Medicinal Mushroom Inonotus obliquus." In 2009 3rd International Conference on Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering (iCBBE). IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icbbe.2009.5162275.
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Lai, Wei Hong, Zamri Zainal, and Fauzi Daud. "Preliminary study on the potential of polysaccharide from indigenous Tiger's Milk mushroom (Lignosus rhinocerus) as anti-lung cancer agent." In THE 2014 UKM FST POSTGRADUATE COLLOQUIUM: Proceedings of the Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Faculty of Science and Technology 2014 Postgraduate Colloquium. AIP Publishing LLC, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4895252.
Full textReports on the topic "POLYSACCHARIDES MUSHROOM"
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Schwartz, Bertha, Vaclav Vetvicka, Ofer Danai, and Yitzhak Hadar. Increasing the value of mushrooms as functional foods: induction of alpha and beta glucan content via novel cultivation methods. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2015.7600033.bard.
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During the granting period, we performed the following projects: Firstly, we differentially measured glucan content in several pleurotus mushroom strains. Mushroom polysaccharides are edible polymers that have numerous reported biological functions; the most common effects are attributed to β-glucans. In recent years, it became apparent that the less abundant α-glucans also possess potent effects in various health conditions. In our first study, we explored several Pleurotus species for their total, β and α-glucan content. Pleurotuseryngii was found to have the highest total glucan concentrations and the highest α-glucans proportion. We also found that the stalks (stipe) of the fruit body contained higher glucan content then the caps (pileus). Since mushrooms respond markedly to changes in environmental and growth conditions, we developed cultivation methods aiming to increase the levels of α and β-glucans. Using olive mill solid waste (OMSW) from three-phase olive mills in the cultivation substrate. We were able to enrich the levels mainly of α-glucans. Maximal total glucan concentrations were enhanced up to twice when the growth substrate contained 80% of OMSW compared to no OMSW. Taking together this study demonstrate that Pleurotuseryngii can serve as a potential rich source of glucans for nutritional and medicinal applications and that glucan content in mushroom fruiting bodies can be further enriched by applying OMSW into the cultivation substrate. We then compared the immune-modulating activity of glucans extracted from P. ostreatus and P. eryngii on phagocytosis of peripheral blood neutrophils, and superoxide release from HL-60 cells. The results suggest that the anti-inflammatory properties of these glucans are partially mediated through modulation of neutrophileffector functions (P. eryngiiwas more effective). Additionally, both glucans dose-dependently competed for the anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibody binding. We then tested the putative anti-inflammatory effects of the extracted glucans in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–induced model in mice. The clinical symptoms of IBD were efficiently relieved by the treatment with two different doses of the glucan from both fungi. Glucan fractions, from either P. ostreatus or P. eryngii, markedly prevented TNF-α mediated inflammation in the DSS–induced inflamed intestine. These results suggest that there are variations in glucan preparations from different fungi in their anti-inflammatory ability. In our next study, we tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced production of TNF-α. We demonstrated that glucan extracts are more effective than mill mushroom preparations. Additionally, the effectiveness of stalk-derived glucans were slightly more pronounced than of caps. Cap and stalk glucans from mill or isolated glucan competed dose-dependently with anti-Dectin-and anti-CR-3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. Using the dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-inflammatory bowel disease mice model, intestinal inflammatory response to the mill preparations was measured and compared to extracted glucan fractions from caps and stalks. We found that mill and glucan extracts were very effective in downregulatingIFN-γ and MIP-2 levels and that stalk-derived preparations were more effective than from caps. The tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes and upregulating the levels of fecal-released IgA to almost normal levels. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating some IBD-inflammatory associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii. These spatial distinctions may be helpful in selecting more effective specific anti-inflammatory mushrooms-derived glucans. We additionally tested the effect of glucans on lipopolysaccharide-induced production of TNF-α, which demonstrated stalk-derived glucans were more effective than of caps-derived glucans. Isolated glucans competed with anti-Dectin-1 and anti-CR3 antibodies, indicating that they contain β-glucans recognized by these receptors. In conclusion, the most effective glucans in ameliorating IBD-associated symptoms induced by DSS treatment in mice were glucan extracts prepared from the stalk of P. eryngii grown at higher concentrations of OMSW. We conclude that these stress-induced growing conditions may be helpful in selecting more effective glucans derived from edible mushrooms. Based on the findings that we could enhance glucan content in Pleurotuseryngii following cultivation of the mushrooms on a substrate containing different concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) and that these changes are directly related to the content of OMSW in the growing substrate we tested the extracted glucans in several models. Using dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)–inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) mice model, we measured the colonic inflammatory response to the different glucan preparations. We found that the histology damaging score (HDS) resulting from DSS treatment reach a value of 11.8 ± 2.3 were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans, glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 20% OMSWdownregulated to a HDS value of 6.4 ± 0.5 and at 80% OMSW showed the strongest effects (5.5 ± 0.6). Similar downregulatory effects were obtained for expression of various intestinal cytokines. All tested glucans were equally effective in regulating the number of CD14/CD16 monocytes from 18.2 ± 2.7 % for DSS to 6.4 ± 2.0 for DSS +glucans extracted from stalks cultivated at 50% OMSW. We finally tested glucans extracted from Pleurotuseryngii grown on a substrate containing increasing concentrations of olive mill solid waste (OMSW) contain greater glucan concentrations as a function of OMSW content. Treatment of rat Intestinal epithelial cells (IEC-6) transiently transfected with Nf-κB fused to luciferase demonstrated that glucans extracted from P. eryngii stalks grown on 80% OMSWdownregulatedTNF-α activation. Glucans from mushrooms grown on 80% OMSW exerted the most significant reducing activity of nitric oxide production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treated J774A.1 murine macrophages. The isolated glucans were tested in vivo using the Dextran Sodium Sulfate (DSS) induced colitis in C57Bl/6 mice and found to reduce the histology damaging score resulting from DSS treatment. Expression of various intestinal cytokines were efficiently downregulated by treatment with the fungal extracted glucans. We conclude that the stress-induced growing conditions exerted by OMSW induces production of more effective anti-inflammatory glucans in P. eryngii stalks.
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Poverenov, Elena, Tara McHugh, and Victor Rodov. Waste to Worth: Active antimicrobial and health-beneficial food coating from byproducts of mushroom industry. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2014.7600015.bard.
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Background. In this proposal we suggest developing a common solution for three seemingly unrelated acute problems: (1) improving sustainability of fast-growing mushroom industry producing worldwide millions of tons of underutilized leftovers; (2) alleviating the epidemic of vitamin D deficiency adversely affecting the public health in both countries and in other regions; (3) reducing spoilage of perishable fruit and vegetable products leading to food wastage. Based on our previous experience we propose utilizing appropriately processed mushroom byproducts as a source of two valuable bioactive materials: antimicrobial and wholesome polysaccharide chitosan and health-strengthening nutrient ergocalciferol⁽ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2⁾. ᴬᵈᵈⁱᵗⁱᵒⁿᵃˡ ᵇᵉⁿᵉᶠⁱᵗ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉˢᵉ ᵐᵃᵗᵉʳⁱᵃˡˢ ⁱˢ ᵗʰᵉⁱʳ ᵒʳⁱᵍⁱⁿ ᶠʳᵒᵐ ⁿᵒⁿ⁻ᵃⁿⁱᵐᵃˡ ᶠᵒᵒᵈ⁻ᵍʳᵃᵈᵉ source. We proposed using chitosan and vitamin D as ingredients in active edible coatings on two model foods: highly perishable fresh-cut melon and less perishable health bars. Objectives and work program. The general aim of the project is improving storability, safety and health value of foods by developing and applying a novel active edible coating based on utilization of mushroom industry leftovers. The work plan includes the following tasks: (a) optimizing the UV-B treatment of mushroom leftover stalks to enrich them with vitamin D without compromising chitosan quality - Done; (b) developing effective extraction procedures to yield chitosan and vitamin D from the stalks - Done; (c) utilizing LbL approach to prepare fungal chitosan-based edible coatings with optimal properties - Done; (d) enrichment of the coating matrix with fungal vitamin D utilizing molecular encapsulation and nano-encapsulation approaches - Done, it was found that no encapsulation methods are needed to enrich chitosan matrix with vitamin D; (e) testing the performance of the coating for controlling spoilage of fresh cut melons - Done; (f) testing the performance of the coating for nutritional enhancement and quality preservation of heath bars - Done. Achievements. In this study numerous results were achieved. Mushroom waste, leftover stalks, was treated ʷⁱᵗʰ ᵁⱽ⁻ᴮ ˡⁱᵍʰᵗ ᵃⁿᵈ ᵗʳᵉᵃᵗᵐᵉⁿᵗ ⁱⁿᵈᵘᶜᵉˢ ᵃ ᵛᵉʳʸ ʰⁱᵍʰ ᵃᶜᶜᵘᵐᵘˡᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵒᶠ ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2, ᶠᵃʳ ᵉˣᶜᵉᵉᵈⁱⁿᵍ any other dietary vitamin D source. The straightforward vitamin D extraction procedure and ᵃ ˢⁱᵐᵖˡⁱᶠⁱᵉᵈ ᵃⁿᵃˡʸᵗⁱᶜᵃˡ ᵖʳᵒᵗᵒᶜᵒˡ ᶠᵒʳ ᵗⁱᵐᵉ⁻ᵉᶠᶠⁱᶜⁱᵉⁿᵗ ᵈᵉᵗᵉʳᵐⁱⁿᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵒᶠ ᵗʰᵉ ᵛⁱᵗᵃᵐⁱⁿ ᴰ2 ᶜᵒⁿᵗᵉⁿᵗ suitable for routine product quality control were developed. Concerning the fungal chitosan extraction, new freeze-thawing protocol was developed, tested on three different mushroom sources and compared to the classic protocol. The new protocol resulted in up to 2-fold increase in the obtained chitosan yield, up to 3-fold increase in its deacetylation degree, high whitening index and good antimicrobial activity. The fungal chitosan films enriched with Vitamin D were prepared and compared to the films based on animal origin chitosan demonstrating similar density, porosity and water vapor permeability. Layer-by-layer chitosan-alginate electrostatic deposition was used to coat fruit bars. The coatings helped to preserve the quality and increase the shelf-life of fruit bars, delaying degradation of ascorbic acid and antioxidant capacity loss as well as reducing bar softening. Microbiological analyses also showed a delay in yeast and fungal growth when compared with single layer coatings of fungal or animal chitosan or alginate. Edible coatings were also applied on fresh-cut melons and provided significant improvement of physiological quality (firmness, weight ˡᵒˢˢ⁾, ᵐⁱᶜʳᵒᵇⁱᵃˡ ˢᵃᶠᵉᵗʸ ⁽ᵇᵃᶜᵗᵉʳⁱᵃ, ᵐᵒˡᵈ, ʸᵉᵃˢᵗ⁾, ⁿᵒʳᵐᵃˡ ʳᵉˢᵖⁱʳᵃᵗⁱᵒⁿ ᵖʳᵒᶜᵉˢˢ ⁽Cᴼ2, ᴼ²⁾ ᵃⁿᵈ ᵈⁱᵈ not cause off-flavor (EtOH). It was also found that the performance of edible coating from fungal stalk leftovers does not concede to the chitosan coatings sourced from animal or good quality mushrooms. Implications. The proposal helped attaining triple benefit: valorization of mushroom industry byproducts; improving public health by fortification of food products with vitamin D from natural non-animal source; and reducing food wastage by using shelf- life-extending antimicrobial edible coatings. New observations with scientific impact were found. The program resulted in 5 research papers. Several effective and straightforward procedures that can be adopted by mushroom growers and food industries were developed. BARD Report - Project 4784