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1
Arnosti, C., M. Wietz, T. Brinkhoff, J. H. Hehemann, D. Probandt, L. Zeugner, and R. Amann. "The Biogeochemistry of Marine Polysaccharides: Sources, Inventories, and Bacterial Drivers of the Carbohydrate Cycle." Annual Review of Marine Science 13, no. 1 (January 3, 2021): 81–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev-marine-032020-012810.
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Polysaccharides are major components of macroalgal and phytoplankton biomass and constitute a large fraction of the organic matter produced and degraded in the ocean. Until recently, however, our knowledge of marine polysaccharides was limited due to their great structural complexity, the correspondingly complicated enzymatic machinery used by microbial communities to degrade them, and a lack of readily applied means to isolate andcharacterize polysaccharides in detail. Advances in carbohydrate chemistry, bioinformatics, molecular ecology, and microbiology have led to new insights into the structures of polysaccharides, the means by which they are degraded by bacteria, and the ecology of polysaccharide production and decomposition. Here, we survey current knowledge, discuss recent advances, and present a new conceptual model linking polysaccharide structural complexity and abundance to microbially driven mechanisms of polysaccharide processing. We conclude by highlighting specific future research foci that will shed light on this central but poorly characterized component of the marine carbon cycle.
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Sun, Ying, Xiaoli Ma, and Hao Hu. "Marine Polysaccharides as a Versatile Biomass for the Construction of Nano Drug Delivery Systems." Marine Drugs 19, no. 6 (June 16, 2021): 345. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19060345.
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Marine biomass is a treasure trove of materials. Marine polysaccharides have the characteristics of biocompatibility, biodegradability, non-toxicity, low cost, and abundance. An enormous variety of polysaccharides can be extracted from marine organisms such as algae, crustaceans, and microorganisms. The most studied marine polysaccharides include chitin, chitosan, alginates, hyaluronic acid, fucoidan, carrageenan, agarose, and Ulva. Marine polysaccharides have a wide range of applications in the field of biomedical materials, such as drug delivery, tissue engineering, wound dressings, and sensors. The drug delivery system (DDS) can comprehensively control the distribution of drugs in the organism in space, time, and dosage, thereby increasing the utilization efficiency of drugs, reducing costs, and reducing toxic side effects. The nano-drug delivery system (NDDS), due to its small size, can function at the subcellular level in vivo. The marine polysaccharide-based DDS combines the advantages of polysaccharide materials and nanotechnology, and is suitable as a carrier for different pharmaceutical preparations. This review summarizes the advantages and drawbacks of using marine polysaccharides to construct the NDDS and describes the preparation methods and modification strategies of marine polysaccharide-based nanocarriers.
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Jing, Xiaodong, Yanzhen Sun, Xiaoli Ma, and Hao Hu. "Marine polysaccharides: green and recyclable resources as wound dressings." Materials Chemistry Frontiers 5, no. 15 (2021): 5595–616. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1qm00561h.
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This review summarizes the development and utilization of marine polysaccharides in wound dressings. The commonly used marine polysaccharides are classified, and the types of marine polysaccharide-based wound dressings are described in detail.
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Li, Jingyuan, Hong Xiang, Qian Zhang, and Xiaoqing Miao. "Polysaccharide-Based Transdermal Drug Delivery." Pharmaceuticals 15, no. 5 (May 14, 2022): 602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ph15050602.
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Materials derived from natural plants and animals have great potential for transdermal drug delivery. Polysaccharides are widely derived from marine, herbal, and microbial sources. Compared with synthetic polymers, polysaccharides have the advantages of non-toxicity and biodegradability, ease of modification, biocompatibility, targeting, and antibacterial properties. Currently, polysaccharide-based transdermal drug delivery vehicles, such as hydrogel, film, microneedle (MN), and tissue scaffolds are being developed. The addition of polysaccharides allows these vehicles to exhibit better-swelling properties, mechanical strength, tensile strength, etc. Due to the stratum corneum’s resistance, the transdermal drug delivery system cannot deliver drugs as efficiently as desired. The charge and hydration of polysaccharides allow them to react with the skin and promote drug penetration. In addition, polysaccharide-based nanotechnology enhances drug utilization efficiency. Various diseases are currently treated by polysaccharide-based transdermal drug delivery devices and exhibit promising futures. The most current knowledge on these excellent materials will be thoroughly discussed by reviewing polysaccharide-based transdermal drug delivery strategies.
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Zhong, Qiwu, Bin Wei, Sijia Wang, Songze Ke, Jianwei Chen, Huawei Zhang, and Hong Wang. "The Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharides Derived from Marine Organisms: An Overview." Marine Drugs 17, no. 12 (November 29, 2019): 674. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17120674.
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Marine-derived antioxidant polysaccharides have aroused extensive attention because of their potential nutritional and therapeutic benefits. However, the comprehensive comparison of identified marine-derived antioxidant polysaccharides is still inaccessible, which would facilitate the discovery of more efficient antioxidants from marine organisms. Thus, this review summarizes the sources, chemical composition, structural characteristics, and antioxidant capacity of marine antioxidant polysaccharides, as well as their protective in vivo effects mediated by antioxidative stress reported in the last few years (2013–2019), and especially highlights the dominant role of marine algae as antioxidant polysaccharide source. In addition, the relationships between the chemical composition and structural characteristics of marine antioxidant polysaccharides with their antioxidant capacity were also discussed. The antioxidant activity was found to be determined by multiple factors, including molecular weight, monosaccharide composition, sulfate position and its degree.
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Furusawa, Go, Nor Azura Azami, and Aik-Hong Teh. "Genes for degradation and utilization of uronic acid-containing polysaccharides of a marine bacterium Catenovulum sp. CCB-QB4." PeerJ 9 (March 9, 2021): e10929. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.10929.
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Background Oligosaccharides from polysaccharides containing uronic acids are known to have many useful bioactivities. Thus, polysaccharide lyases (PLs) and glycoside hydrolases (GHs) involved in producing the oligosaccharides have attracted interest in both medical and industrial settings. The numerous polysaccharide lyases and glycoside hydrolases involved in producing the oligosaccharides were isolated from soil and marine microorganisms. Our previous report demonstrated that an agar-degrading bacterium, Catenovulum sp. CCB-QB4, isolated from a coastal area of Penang, Malaysia, possessed 183 glycoside hydrolases and 43 polysaccharide lyases in the genome. We expected that the strain might degrade and use uronic acid-containing polysaccharides as a carbon source, indicating that the strain has a potential for a source of novel genes for degrading the polysaccharides. Methods To confirm the expectation, the QB4 cells were cultured in artificial seawater media with uronic acid-containing polysaccharides, namely alginate, pectin (and saturated galacturonate), ulvan, and gellan gum, and the growth was observed. The genes involved in degradation and utilization of uronic acid-containing polysaccharides were explored in the QB4 genome using CAZy analysis and BlastP analysis. Results The QB4 cells were capable of using these polysaccharides as a carbon source, and especially, the cells exhibited a robust growth in the presence of alginate. 28 PLs and 22 GHs related to the degradation of these polysaccharides were found in the QB4 genome based on the CAZy database. Eleven polysaccharide lyases and 16 glycoside hydrolases contained lipobox motif, indicating that these enzymes play an important role in degrading the polysaccharides. Fourteen of 28 polysaccharide lyases were classified into ulvan lyase, and the QB4 genome possessed the most abundant ulvan lyase genes in the CAZy database. Besides, genes involved in uronic acid metabolisms were also present in the genome. These results were consistent with the cell growth. In the pectin metabolic pathway, the strain had genes for three different pathways. However, the growth experiment using saturated galacturonate exhibited that the strain can only use the pathway related to unsaturated galacturonate.
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Carvalhal, Francisca, Ricardo Cristelo, Diana Resende, Madalena Pinto, Emília Sousa, and Marta Correia-da-Silva. "Antithrombotics from the Sea: Polysaccharides and Beyond." Marine Drugs 17, no. 3 (March 16, 2019): 170. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md17030170.
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Marine organisms exhibit some advantages as a renewable source of potential drugs, far beyond chemotherapics. Particularly, the number of marine natural products with antithrombotic activity has increased in the last few years, and reports show a wide diversity in scaffolds, beyond the polysaccharide framework. While there are several reviews highlighting the anticoagulant and antithrombotic activities of marine-derived sulfated polysaccharides, reports including other molecules are sparse. Therefore, the present paper provides an update of the recent progress in marine-derived sulfated polysaccharides and quotes other scaffolds that are being considered for investigation due to their antithrombotic effect.
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Shen, Shenghai, Xiaowen Chen, Zhewen Shen, and Hao Chen. "Marine Polysaccharides for Wound Dressings Application: An Overview." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 10 (October 12, 2021): 1666. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13101666.
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Wound dressings have become a crucial treatment for wound healing due to their convenience, low cost, and prolonged wound management. As cutting-edge biomaterials, marine polysaccharides are divided from most marine organisms. It possesses various bioactivities, which allowing them to be processed into various forms of wound dressings. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of the application of marine polysaccharides in wound dressings is particularly important for the studies of wound therapy. In this review, we first introduce the wound healing process and describe the characteristics of modern commonly used dressings. Then, the properties of various marine polysaccharides and their application in wound dressing development are outlined. Finally, strategies for developing and enhancing marine polysaccharide wound dressings are described, and an outlook of these dressings is given. The diverse bioactivities of marine polysaccharides including antibacterial, anti-inflammatory, haemostatic properties, etc., providing excellent wound management and accelerate wound healing. Meanwhile, these biomaterials have higher biocompatibility and biodegradability compared to synthetic ones. On the other hand, marine polysaccharides can be combined with copolymers and active substances to prepare various forms of dressings. Among them, emerging types of dressings such as nanofibers, smart hydrogels and injectable hydrogels are at the research frontier of their development. Therefore, marine polysaccharides are essential materials in wound dressings fabrication and have a promising future.
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Souza, Paulo R., Ariel C. de Oliveira, Bruno H. Vilsinski, Matt J. Kipper, and Alessandro F. Martins. "Polysaccharide-Based Materials Created by Physical Processes: From Preparation to Biomedical Applications." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 5 (April 27, 2021): 621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13050621.
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Polysaccharide-based materials created by physical processes have received considerable attention for biomedical applications. These structures are often made by associating charged polyelectrolytes in aqueous solutions, avoiding toxic chemistries (crosslinking agents). We review the principal polysaccharides (glycosaminoglycans, marine polysaccharides, and derivatives) containing ionizable groups in their structures and cellulose (neutral polysaccharide). Physical materials with high stability in aqueous media can be developed depending on the selected strategy. We review strategies, including coacervation, ionotropic gelation, electrospinning, layer-by-layer coating, gelation of polymer blends, solvent evaporation, and freezing–thawing methods, that create polysaccharide-based assemblies via in situ (one-step) methods for biomedical applications. We focus on materials used for growth factor (GFs) delivery, scaffolds, antimicrobial coatings, and wound dressings.
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Nešić, Aleksandra, Gustavo Cabrera-Barjas, Suzana Dimitrijević-Branković, Sladjana Davidović, Neda Radovanović, and Cédric Delattre. "Prospect of Polysaccharide-Based Materials as Advanced Food Packaging." Molecules 25, no. 1 (December 29, 2019): 135. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010135.
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The use of polysaccharide-based materials presents an eco-friendly technological solution, by reducing dependence on fossil resources while reducing a product’s carbon footprint, when compared to conventional plastic packaging materials. This review discusses the potential of polysaccharides as a raw material to produce multifunctional materials for food packaging applications. The covered areas include the recent innovations and properties of the polysaccharide-based materials. Emphasis is given to hemicelluloses, marine polysaccharides, and bacterial exopolysaccharides and their potential application in the latest trends of food packaging materials, including edible coatings, intelligent films, and thermo-insulated aerogel packaging.
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Sethi, Poonam. "EXTRACTION AND STRUCTURE ELUCIDATION OF FUCOIDAN FROM MARINE SEAWEED PADINA TETRASTROMATICA HAUCK (PHAEOPHYCEAE)." Chemistry & Material Sciences Research Journal 2, no. 3 (June 23, 2020): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.51594/cmsrj.v2i3.124.
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Seaweeds or the marine macroalgae are one of God’s greatest gift to us through Mother Ocean. The members of Phaeophyceae are exclusively marine and are known for their wide range of diversity and they are rich in cell wall polysaccharide fucoidan and alginate. Fucoidan is a general term for all the fucose-containing polysaccharides from brown seaweeds, while ‘fucan’ will be reserved for the polysaccharide built up with 95% fucose it’s a sulphated polysaccharide. Its highly economical and has abundance applications in the field of pharmaceuticals. Padina tetrastromatica a seaweed abundant in Indian shores was used for the extraction of Fucoidan. Later the structure was elucidated and compared with that of dextran sulphate. This was compared to that of dextran sulphate a standard chemical sulphated polysaccharide while this sulphated polysaccharide is from a natural source.
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Sun, Cong, Ge-yi Fu, Chong-ya Zhang, Jing Hu, Lin Xu, Rui-jun Wang, Yue Su, et al. "Isolation and Complete Genome Sequence of Algibacter alginolytica sp. nov., a Novel Seaweed-Degrading Bacteroidetes Bacterium with Diverse Putative Polysaccharide Utilization Loci." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 10 (March 11, 2016): 2975–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.00204-16.
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ABSTRACTThe members of the phylumBacteroidetesare recognized as some of the most important specialists for the degradation of polysaccharides. However, in contrast to research onBacteroidetesin the human gut, research on polysaccharide degradation by marineBacteroidetesis still rare. The genusAlgibacterbelongs to theFlavobacteriaceaefamily of theBacteroidetes, and most species in this genus are isolated from or near the habitat of algae, indicating a preference for the complex polysaccharides of algae. In this work, a novel brown-seaweed-degrading strain designated HZ22 was isolated from the surface of a brown seaweed (Laminaria japonica). On the basis of its physiological, chemotaxonomic, and genotypic characteristics, it is proposed that strain HZ22 represents a novel species in the genusAlgibacterwith the proposed nameAlgibacter alginolyticasp. nov. The genome of strain HZ22, the type strain of this species, harbors 3,371 coding sequences (CDSs) and 255 carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZymes), including 104 glycoside hydrolases (GHs) and 18 polysaccharide lyases (PLs); this appears to be the highest proportion of CAZymes (∼7.5%) among the reported strains in the classFlavobacteria. Seventeen polysaccharide utilization loci (PUL) are predicted to be specific for marine polysaccharides, especially algal polysaccharides from red, green, and brown seaweeds. In particular, PUL N is predicted to be specific for alginate. Taking these findings together with the results of assays of crude alginate lyases, we prove that strain HZ22Tcan completely degrade alginate. This work reveals that strain HZ22Thas good potential for the degradation of algal polysaccharides and that the structure and related mechanism of PUL in strain HZ22Tare worth further research.
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Beutler, J. A., T. C. McKee, R. W. Fuller, M. Tischler, J. H. Cardellina, K. M. Snader, T. G. McCloud, and M. R. Boyd. "Frequent Occurrence of HIV-Inhibitory Sulphated Polysaccharides in Marine Invertebrates." Antiviral Chemistry and Chemotherapy 4, no. 3 (June 1993): 167–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/095632029300400306.
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Aqueous extracts of many marine invertebrates have exhibited some activity in the National Cancer Institute's primary screen for anti-HIV cytopathicity. Using a variety of techniques, including gel permeation, size exclusion and ion exchange chromatography, toluidine blue metachromicity, 13C-NMR spectroscopy and combustion analyses, we have determined that this activity is largely due to sulphated polysaccharides. Because of the wide occurrence of this class of compounds in these organisms we sought a method for the rapid dereplication of sulphated polysaccharides. It was critical that the method selected for dereplication allow differentiation of anionic polysaccharides from other AIDS-antiviral chemotypes. After evaluating a variety of methods, we found that the most efficient strategy appeared to be precipitation of the polysaccharide fraction from aqueous ethanolic solutions of the crude aqueous extracts.
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Eskelinen, A., and J. Santalahti. "Natural Cartilage Polysaccharides for the Treatment of Sun-Damaged Skin in Females: A Double-Blind Comparison of Vivida® and Imedeen®." Journal of International Medical Research 20, no. 3 (June 1992): 227–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030006059202000304.
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Evidence is accumulating that cartilage polysaccharides derived from marine fish have a repairing effect on solar elastosis. In a double-blind trial, the efficacy and safety of two commercial preparations, Vivida® and Imedeen®, were compared in the treatment of sun-damaged skin in women aged 40 – 60 years. A group of 15 women received 500 mg/day Vivida® and another 15 women received 380 mg/day Imedeen® orally for 90 days. Subjective assessment revealed statistically significant improvements in skin condition in both treatment groups but Vivida® was significantly ( P < 0.01) more effective than Imedeen® for all parameters. In the Vivida® group, mean epidermal thickness increased from 0.14 to 0.26 mm, dermal thickness from 0.90 to 1.51 mm and the elasticity index from 47% to 71%. In the Imedeen® group, epidermal thickness increased from 0.13 to 0.18 mm, dermal thickness from 0.80 to 0.97 mm and the elasticity index from 48% to 56%. After 90 days, the differences between the two groups for all three parameters were statistically significant ( P < 0.001). The mean erythemal index decreased from 0.24 to 0.20 in the Vivida® group, but increased from 0.23 to 0.25 in the Imedeen® group. In the Vivida® group, five patients developed transient, mild pimples during the first weeks of treatment, but no other adverse effects occurred. On observe actuellement une accumulation de preuves tendant à montrer que les polysaccharides du cartilage dérivés des poissons marins ont un effet réparateur sur l'élastose solaire. Dans une étude en double aveugle, l'efficacité et la sécurité d'emploi de deux préparations commerciales, Vivida® et Imedeen®, ont été comparées lors du traitement de la peau endommagée par le soleil de femmes âgées de 40 à 60 ans. Un groupe de 15 femmes a reçu 500 mg par jour de Vivida® et 15 autres femmes ont reçu 380 mg par jour d'Imedeen® per os pendant 90 jours. Une évaluation subjective a montré des améliorations statistiquement significatives de l'état de la peau dans les deux groupes, mais Vivida® s'est révélé significativement ( P < 0,01) plus efficace qu'Imedeen® pour tous les paramètres. Dans le groupe traité par Vivida®, l'épaisseur épidermique moyenne est passée de 0,14 à 0,26 mm, l'épaisseur dermique de 0,90 à 1,51 mm et l'indice d'élasticité de 47% à 71%. Dans le groupe traité par Imedeen®, l'épaisseur épidermique moyenne est passée de 0,13 à 0,18 mm, l'épaisseur dermique de 0,80 à 0,97 mm et l'indice d'élasticité de 48% à 56%. Après 90 jours, les différences entre les deux groupes pour les trois paramètres étaient statistiquement significatives ( P < 0,001). L'indice d'érythème moyen était passé de 0,24 à 0,20 dans le groupe traité par Vivida®, mais il avait augmenté dans celui traité par Imedeen®, passant de 0,23 à 0,25. Dans le groupe traité par Vivida®, cinq patients ont développé des boutons transitoires et bénins pendant les premières semaines du traitement, mais aucun autre effet secondaire n'a été noté.
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Derkach, Svetlana R., Nikolay G. Voron’ko, and Yulia A. Kuchina. "Intermolecular Interactions in the Formation of Polysaccharide-Gelatin Complexes: A Spectroscopic Study." Polymers 14, no. 14 (July 7, 2022): 2777. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142777.
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Gelatin, due to its gelling and stabilizing properties, is one of the widely used biopolymers in biotechnology, medicine, pharmaceuticals, and the food industry. One way to modify the characteristics of gelatin is molecular modification by forming non-covalent polyelectrolyte complexes with polysaccharides based on the self-organization of supramolecular structures. This review summarizes recent advances in the study of various types and the role of intermolecular interactions in the formation of polysaccharide-gelatin complexes, and conformational changes in gelatin, with the main focus on data obtained by spectroscopic methods: UV, FT-IR, and 1H NMR spectroscopy. In the discussion, the main focus is on the complexing polysaccharides of marine origin-sodium alginate, κ-carrageenan, and chitosan. The prospects for creating polysaccharide-gelatin complexes with desired physicochemical properties are outlined.
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Iravani, Siavash, and Rajender S. Varma. "Important Roles of Oligo- and Polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-2: Recent Advances." Applied Sciences 11, no. 8 (April 14, 2021): 3512. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11083512.
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The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-initiated outbreak of COVID-19 has spread rapidly around the world, posing a huge threat to public health. Natural oligo- and polysaccharides with low toxicity, good sustainability, high biocompatibility, respectable safety, immune regulation, and antiviral activity can be employed as promising candidates for the prevention and inhibition of viral infections, especially COVID-19. Glycosaminoglycans, marine polysaccharides, terrestrial plant polysaccharides, and some others have exhibited potential antiviral activity against pathogenic viruses, in the format of polysaccharide-centered vaccine adjuvants, nano-based structures, drug conveyance platforms, etc. In this review, significant recent advancements pertaining to the antiviral applications of oligo- and polysaccharides against SARS-CoV-2 are highlighted, including important challenges and future perspectives.
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Ning, Limin, Zhong Yao, and Benwei Zhu. "Ulva (Enteromorpha) Polysaccharides and Oligosaccharides: A Potential Functional Food Source from Green-Tide-Forming Macroalgae." Marine Drugs 20, no. 3 (March 10, 2022): 202. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20030202.
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The high-valued utilization of Ulva (previously known as Enteromorpha) bioresources has drawn increasing attention due to the periodic blooms of world-wide green tide. The polysaccharide is the main functional component of Ulva and exhibits various physiological activities. The Ulva oligosaccharide as the degradation product of polysaccharide not only possesses some obvious activities, but also possesses excellent solubility and bioavailability. Both Ulva polysaccharides and oligosaccharides hold promising potential in the food industry as new functional foods or food additives. Studies on Ulva polysaccharides and oligosaccharides are increasing and have been the focus of the marine bioresources field. However, the comprehensive review of this topic is still rare and do not cover the recent advances of the structure, isolation, preparation, activity and applications of Ulva polysaccharides and oligosaccharides. This review systematically summarizes and discusses the recent advances of chemical composition, extraction, purification, structure, and activity of Ulva polysaccharides as well as oligosaccharides. In addition, the potential applications as new functional food and food additives have also been considered, and these will definitely expand the applications of Ulva oligosaccharides in the food and medical fields.
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Mann, Alexander J., Richard L. Hahnke, Sixing Huang, Johannes Werner, Peng Xing, Tristan Barbeyron, Bruno Huettel, et al. "The Genome of the Alga-Associated Marine Flavobacterium Formosa agariphila KMM 3901TReveals a Broad Potential for Degradation of Algal Polysaccharides." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 79, no. 21 (August 30, 2013): 6813–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01937-13.
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ABSTRACTIn recent years, representatives of theBacteroideteshave been increasingly recognized as specialists for the degradation of macromolecules.Formosaconstitutes aBacteroidetesgenus within the classFlavobacteria, and the members of this genus have been found in marine habitats with high levels of organic matter, such as in association with algae, invertebrates, and fecal pellets. Here we report on the generation and analysis of the genome of the type strain ofFormosa agariphila(KMM 3901T), an isolate from the green algaAcrosiphonia sonderi.F. agariphilais a facultative anaerobe with the capacity for mixed acid fermentation and denitrification. Its genome harbors 129 proteases and 88 glycoside hydrolases, indicating a pronounced specialization for the degradation of proteins, polysaccharides, and glycoproteins. Sixty-five of the glycoside hydrolases are organized in at least 13 distinct polysaccharide utilization loci, where they are clustered with TonB-dependent receptors, SusD-like proteins, sensors/transcription factors, transporters, and often sulfatases. These loci play a pivotal role in bacteroidetal polysaccharide biodegradation and in the case ofF. agariphilarevealed the capacity to degrade a wide range of algal polysaccharides from green, red, and brown algae and thus a strong specialization of toward an alga-associated lifestyle. This was corroborated by growth experiments, which confirmed usage particularly of those monosaccharides that constitute the building blocks of abundant algal polysaccharides, as well as distinct algal polysaccharides, such as laminarins, xylans, and κ-carrageenans.
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Kang, Sang-Min, Dongseob Tark, Byeong-Min Song, Gun-Hee Lee, Ju-Hee Yang, Hee-Jeong Han, and Sung-Kun Yim. "Evaluation of Antiviral Effect against SARS-CoV-2 Propagation by Crude Polysaccharides from Seaweed and Abalone Viscera In Vitro." Marine Drugs 20, no. 5 (April 27, 2022): 296. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20050296.
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Crude polysaccharides, extracted from two seaweed species (Hizikia fusiforme and Sargassum horneri) and Haliotis discus hannai (abalone) viscera, were evaluated for their inhibitory effect against SARS-CoV-2 propagation. Plaque titration revealed that these crude polysaccharides efficiently inhibited SARS-CoV-2 propagation with IC50 values ranging from 0.35 to 4.37 μg/mL. The crude polysaccharide of H. fusiforme showed the strongest antiviral effect, with IC50 of 0.35 μg/mL, followed by S. horneri and abalone viscera with IC50 of 0.56 and 4.37 μg/mL, respectively. In addition, immunofluorescence assay, western blot, and quantitative RT-PCR analysis verified that these polysaccharides could inhibit SARS-CoV-2 replication. In Vero E6 cells, treatment with these crude polysaccharides before or after viral infection strongly inhibited the expression level of SARS-CoV-2 spikes, nucleocapsid proteins, and RNA copies of RNA-dependent RNA-polymerase and nucleocapsid. These results show that these crude marine polysaccharides effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 propagation by interference with viral entry.
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Khan, Bilal Muhammad, Li-Xin Zheng, Wajid Khan, Aftab Ali Shah, Yang Liu, and Kit-Leong Cheong. "Antioxidant Potential of Physicochemically Characterized Gracilaria blodgettii Sulfated Polysaccharides." Polymers 13, no. 3 (January 30, 2021): 442. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13030442.
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Marine rhodophyte polysaccharides have a wide range of described biological properties with nontoxic characteristics, and show great potential in prebiotics and the functional foods industries. However, there is a virtual lack of Gracilaria blodgettii polysaccharides (GBP) profiling and their bioactivities. This study was designed while keeping in view the lack of physical and chemical characterization of GBP. This polysaccharide was also not previously tested for any bioactivities. A linear random coil conformation was observed for GBP, which was found to be a polysaccharide. A significant sulfate (w/w, 9.16%) and 3,6-anhydrogalactose (AHG, w/w, 17.97%) content was found in GBP. The significant difference in its setting (27.33 °C) and melting (64.33 °C) points makes it resistant to increasing heat. This, in turn, points to its utility in industrial scale processing and in enhancing the shelf-life of products under high temperatures. A radical scavenging activity of 19.80%, 25.42% and 8.80% was noted for GBP (3 mg/mL) in 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2’-azino-bis (ABTS) and hydroxyl radical (HO) scavenging assays, respectively. Therefore, the findings suggest that Gracilaria blodgettii polysaccharides display a good antioxidant potential and may have potential applications in the functional food industry.
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Jun, Joon-Young, Min-Jeong Jung, In-Hak Jeong, Koji Yamazaki, Yuji Kawai, and Byoung-Mok Kim. "Antimicrobial and Antibiofilm Activities of Sulfated Polysaccharides from Marine Algae against Dental Plaque Bacteria." Marine Drugs 16, no. 9 (August 27, 2018): 301. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md16090301.
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Dental plaque biofilms cause various dental diseases; therefore, inhibiting the growths of the dental plaque bacteria which produce biofilms can be a strategy for preventing dental disease. Certain sulfated polysaccharides from marine algae exert antimicrobial activities against human bacterial pathogens in addition to their physiological benefits. On the basis of these observations, the antimicrobial and antibiofilm activities of sulfated polysaccharides from different marine algae were evaluated against dental plaque bacteria. Among the sulfated polysaccharides, a fucoidan from Fucus vesiculosus showed notable antimicrobial activities against the selected dental plaque bacteria, including some foodborne pathogenic bacteria. The minimum inhibitory concentrations were of 125 to 1000 µg mL−1. Regarding the antibiofilm activity, the fucoidan at the concentrations of above 250 µg mL−1 completely suppressed the biofilm formations and planktonic cell growths of Streptococcus mutans and S. sobrinus. However, no eliminative effect on the completed biofilm was observed. The fucoidan consisted of almost fucose base polysaccharide containing approximately 14.0% sulfate content. The average molecular weight of the fucoidan was changed by heat treatment (121 °C for 15 min) and it affected the antimicrobial activity.
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Kokoulin, Maxim S., Lyudmila A. Romanenko, Aleksandra S. Kuzmich, and Oleg Chernikov. "Structure of the Cell-Wall-Associated Polysaccharides from the Deep-Sea Marine Bacterium Devosia submarina KMM 9415T." Marine Drugs 19, no. 12 (November 26, 2021): 665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19120665.
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Two cell-wall-associated polysaccharides were isolated and purified from the deep-sea marine bacterium Devosia submarina KMM 9415T, purified by ultracentrifugation and enzymatic treatment, separated by chromatographic techniques, and studied by sugar analyses and NMR spectroscopy. The first polysaccharide with a molecular weight of about 20.7 kDa was found to contain d-arabinose, and the following structure of its disaccharide repeating unit was established: →2)-α-d-Araf-(1→5)-α-d-Araf-(1→. The second polysaccharide was shown to consist of d-galactose and a rare component of bacterial glycans-d-xylulose: →3)-α-d-Galp-(1→3)-β-d-Xluf-(1→.
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Li, Tingting, Haiqiong Ma, Hong Li, Hao Tang, Jinwen Huang, Shiying Wei, Qingxia Yuan, et al. "Physicochemical Properties and Anticoagulant Activity of Purified Heteropolysaccharides from Laminaria japonica." Molecules 27, no. 9 (May 8, 2022): 3027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27093027.
Full textAbstract:
Laminaria japonica is widely consumed as a key food and medicine. Polysaccharides are one of the most plentiful constituents of this marine plant. In this study, several polysaccharide fractions with different charge numbers were obtained. Their physicochemical properties and anticoagulant activities were determined by chemical and instrumental methods. The chemical analysis showed that Laminaria japonica polysaccharides (LJPs) and the purified fractions LJP0, LJP04, LJP06, and LJP08 mainly consisted of mannose, glucuronic acid, galactose, and fucose in different mole ratios. LJP04 and LJP06 also contained minor amounts of xylose. The polysaccharide fractions eluted by higher concentration of NaCl solutions showed higher contents of uronic acid and sulfate group. Biological activity assays showed that LJPs LJP06 and LJP08 could obviously prolong the activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), indicating that they had strong anticoagulant activity. Furthermore, we found that LJP06 exerted this activity by inhibiting intrinsic factor Xase with higher selectivity than other fractions, which may have negligible bleeding risk. The sulfate group may play an important role in the anticoagulant activity. In addition, the carboxyl group and surface morphology of these fractions may affect their anticoagulant activities. The results provide information for applications of L. japonica polysaccharides, especially LJP06 as anticoagulants in functional foods and therapeutic agents.
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Figueroa, Fabian A., Roberto T. Abdala-Díaz, Claudia Pérez, Virginia Casas-Arrojo, Aleksandra Nesic, Cecilia Tapia, Carla Durán, et al. "Sulfated Polysaccharide Extracted from the Green Algae Codium bernabei: Physicochemical Characterization and Antioxidant, Anticoagulant and Antitumor Activity." Marine Drugs 20, no. 7 (July 15, 2022): 458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20070458.
Full textAbstract:
Codium bernabei is a green alga that grows on Chilean coasts. The composition of its structural polysaccharides is still unknown. Hence, the aim of this work is to isolate and characterize the hot water extracted polysaccharide fractions. For this purpose, the water extracts were further precipitated in alcohol (TPs) and acid media (APs), respectively. Both fractions were characterized using different physicochemical techniques such as GC-MS, GPC, FTIR, TGA, and SEM. It is confirmed that the extracted fractions are mainly made of sulfated galactan unit, with a degree of sulfation of 19.3% (TPs) and 17.4% (ATs) and a protein content of 3.5% in APs and 15.6% in TPs. Other neutral sugars such as xylose, glucose, galactose, fucose, mannose, and arabinose were found in a molar ratio (0.05:0.6:1.0:0.02:0.14:0.11) for TPs and (0.05:0.31:1.0:0.03:0.1:0.13) for ATs. The molecular weight of the polysaccharide samples was lower than 20 kDa. Both polysaccharides were thermally stable (Tonset > 190 °C) and showed antioxidant activity according to the ABTS•+ and DPPH tests, where TPs fractions had higher scavenging activity (35%) compared to the APs fractions. The PT and APTTS assays were used to measure the anticoagulant activity of the polysaccharide fractions. In general, the PT activity of the TPs and APs was not different from normal plasma values. The exception was the TPs treatment at 1000 µg mL−1 concentration. The APTTS test revealed that clotting time for both polysaccharides was prolonged regarding normal values at 1000 µg mL−1. Finally, the antitumor test in colorectal carcinoma (HTC-116) cell line, breast cancer (MCF-7) and human leukemia (HL-60) cell lines showed the cytotoxic effect of TPs and APs. Those results suggest the potential biotechnological application of sulfate galactan polysaccharides isolated from a Chilean marine resource.
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He, Meijia, Yajing Yang, Zhuling Shao, Junyan Zhang, Changning Feng, Lei Wang, and Wenjun Mao. "Chemical Structure and Anticoagulant Property of a Novel Sulfated Polysaccharide from the Green Alga Cladophora oligoclada." Marine Drugs 19, no. 10 (September 29, 2021): 554. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19100554.
Full textAbstract:
Marine macroalgae are efficient producers of sulfated polysaccharides. The algal sulfated polysaccharides possess diverse bioactivities and peculiar chemical structures, and represent a great potential source to be explored. In the present study, a heparinoid-active sulfated polysaccharide was isolated from the green alga Cladophora oligoclada. Results of chemical and spectroscopic analyses indicated that the sulfated polysaccharide was composed of →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, β-d-Galp-(1→, →6)-α-d-Glcp-(1→ and →3)-β-d-Galp-(1→ units with sulfate esters at C-2/C-4 of →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→, C-6 of →3)-β-d-Galp-(1→ and C-3 of →6)-α-d-Glcp-(1→ units. The branches consisting of β-d-Galp-(1→ and →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→ units were located in C-3 of →6)-β-d-Galp-(1→ units. The sulfated polysaccharide exhibited potent anticoagulant activity in vitro and in vivo as evaluated by activated partial thromboplastin time (APTT), thrombin time, and the fibrinogen level. For the APTT, the signal for clotting time was more than 200 s at 100 μg/mL in vitro and at 15 mg/kg in vivo. The obvious thrombolytic activity of the sulfated polysaccharide in vitro was also found. The mechanism analysis of anticoagulant action demonstrated that the sulfated polysaccharide significantly inhibited the activities of all intrinsic coagulation factors, which were less than 1.0% at 50 μg/mL, but selectively inhibited common coagulation factors. Furthermore, the sulfated polysaccharide strongly stimulated the inhibition of thrombin by potentiating antithrombin-III (AT-III) or heparin cofactor-II, and it also largely promoted the inhibition of factor Xa mediated by AT-III. These results revealed that the sulfated polysaccharide from C. oligoclada had potential to become an anticoagulant agent for prevention and therapy of thrombotic diseases.
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Essa, Hanaa L., Hania A. Guirguis, Mayyada M. H. El-Sayed, Dalia Rifaat, and Mohamed S. Abdelfattah. "Ultrasonically-Extracted Marine Polysaccharides as Potential Green Antioxidant Alternatives." Proceedings 67, no. 1 (November 9, 2020): 23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/asec2020-07606.
Full textAbstract:
Marine-extracted sulfated polysaccharides (SPs) have been the subject of myriad research since they are considered an eco-friendly source of biologically active compounds. Meanwhile, food and pharmaceutical industries are urgently producing natural sugar substitutes and antioxidants as alternatives to synthetic ones which are associated with cytotoxicity and safety issues. This study assesses the potential of using marine SPs obtained via the ultrasonic-assisted extraction of different marine species, to utilize them as antioxidant sugar substitutes. The carbohydrate, total phenolic contents and antioxidant activities were measured for SP extracts of the algal species of Ulva lactuca, Jania rubens and the marine plant mangrove Avicennia marina. These SPs were structurally elucidated by Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopic and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analyses. The results revealed that SPs’ highest yield percent was obtained from Ulva lactuca, 5.50 ± 0.25%. The SPs of Avicennia marina had the highest carbohydrate content, 44 ± 1% and antioxidant activity, 78.85 ± 0.06 at the 100 μg/mL concentration and 89.50 ± 0.21 at the 250 μg/mL concentration. Meanwhile, the highest phenolic content was exhibited by algal SPs obtained from Jania rubens, 132.60 ± 2.50 mgGa/g. Results also showed that all extracts have potent antioxidant activity, while the highest antioxidant activity belonged to the SPs of Avicennia marina owing possibly to their balanced glucose and galactose contents as measured by HPLC. This work emphasizes the need to consider sulfated polysaccharides from marine sources for their antioxidant activity and to correlate it with their monosaccharide content to determine the effect of reducing sugar concentration on the antioxidant activity.
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Yim, Sung-Kun, Kian Kim, Inhee Kim, SangHo Chun, TaeHwan Oh, Jin-Ung Kim, Jungwon Kim, et al. "Inhibition of SARS-CoV-2 Virus Entry by the Crude Polysaccharides of Seaweeds and Abalone Viscera In Vitro." Marine Drugs 19, no. 4 (April 15, 2021): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md19040219.
Full textAbstract:
Much attention is being devoted to the potential of marine sulfated polysaccharides as antiviral agents in preventing COVID-19. In this study, sulfated fucoidan and crude polysaccharides, extracted from six seaweed species (Undaria pinnatifida sporophyll, Laminaria japonica, Hizikia fusiforme, Sargassum horneri, Codium fragile, Porphyra tenera) and Haliotis discus hannai (abalone viscera), were screened for their inhibitory activity against SARS-CoV-2 virus entry. Most of them showed significant antiviral activities at an IC50 of 12~289 μg/mL against SARS-CoV-2 pseudovirus in HEK293/ACE2, except for P. tenera (IC50 > 1000 μg/mL). The crude polysaccharide of S. horneri showed the strongest antiviral activity, with an IC50 of 12 μg/mL, to prevent COVID-19 entry, and abalone viscera and H. fusiforme could also inhibit SARS-CoV-2 infection with an IC50 of 33 μg/mL and 47 μg/mL, respectively. The common properties of these crude polysaccharides, which have strong antiviral activity, are high molecular weight (>800 kDa), high total carbohydrate (62.7~99.1%), high fucose content (37.3~66.2%), and highly branched polysaccharides. These results indicated that the crude polysaccharides from seaweeds and abalone viscera can effectively inhibit SARS-CoV-2 entry.
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Rathnayake, Anuruddhika Udayangani, Racheal Abuine, Yong-Jae Kim, and Hee-Guk Byun. "Anti-Alzheimer’s Materials Isolated from Marine Bio-resources: A Review." Current Alzheimer Research 16, no. 10 (November 20, 2019): 895–906. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1567205016666191024144044.
Full textAbstract:
The most common type of dementia found in the elderly population is Alzheimer’s disease. The disease not only impacts the patients and their families but also the society therefore, the main focus of researchers is to search new bioactive materials for treating AD. The marine environment is a rich source of functional ingredients and to date, we can find sufficient research relating to anti- Alzheimer’s compounds isolated from marine environment. Therefore, this review focuses on the anti- Alzheimer’s material from marine bio-resources and then expounds on the anti-Alzheimer’s compounds from marine seaweed, marine animal and marine microorganisms. Moreover, because of the complexity of the disease, different hypothesizes have been elaborated and active compounds have been isolated to inhibit different stages of pathophysiological mechanisms. Sulfated polysaccharides, glycoprotein, and enzymatic hydrolysates from marine seaweeds, peptides, dietary omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and skeletal polysaccharide from marine animals and secondary metabolites from marine microorganism are summarized in this review under the anti-Alzheimer’s compounds from the marine.
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Hawkins, Lelia N., and Lynn M. Russell. "Polysaccharides, Proteins, and Phytoplankton Fragments: Four Chemically Distinct Types of Marine Primary Organic Aerosol Classified by Single Particle Spectromicroscopy." Advances in Meteorology 2010 (2010): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2010/612132.
Full textAbstract:
Carbon-containing aerosol particles collected in the Arctic and southeastern Pacific marine boundary layers show distinct chemical signatures of proteins, calcareous phytoplankton, and two types of polysaccharides in Near-Edge Absorption X-ray Fine Structure (NEXAFS) spectromicroscopy. Arctic samples contained mostly supermicron sea salt cuboids with a polysaccharide-like organic coating. Southeastern Pacific samples contained both continental and marine aerosol types; of the 28 analyzed marine particles, 19 were characterized by sharp alkane and inorganic carbonate peaks in NEXAFS spectra and are identified as fragments of calcareous phytoplankton. Submicron spherical particles with spectral similarities to carbohydrate-like marine sediments were also observed in Pacific samples. In both regions, supermicron amide and alkane-containing particles resembling marine proteinaceous material were observed. These four chemical types provide a framework that incorporates several independent reports of previous marine aerosol observations, showing the diversity of the composition and morphology of ocean-derived primary particles.
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Corino, Carlo, Alessia Di Giancamillo, Silvia Clotilde Modina, and Raffaella Rossi. "Prebiotic Effects of Seaweed Polysaccharides in Pigs." Animals 11, no. 6 (May 27, 2021): 1573. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061573.
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To ensure environmental sustainability, according to the European Green Deal and to boost the One Health concept, it is essential to improve animals’ health and adopt sustainable and natural feed ingredients. Over the past decade, prebiotics have been used as an alternative approach in order to reduce the use of antimicrobials, by positively affecting the gut microbiota and decreasing the onset of several enteric diseases in pig. However, dietary supplementation with seaweed polysaccharides as prebiotics has gained attention in recent years. Seaweeds or marine macroalgae contain several polysaccharides: laminarin, fucoidan, and alginates are found in brown seaweeds, carrageenan in red seaweeds, and ulvan in green seaweeds. The present review focuses on studies evaluating dietary seaweed polysaccharide supplementation in pig used as prebiotics to positively modulate gut health and microbiota composition.
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Ekborg, Nathan A., Jose M. Gonzalez, Michael B. Howard, Larry E. Taylor, Steven W. Hutcheson, and Ronald M. Weiner. "Saccharophagus degradans gen. nov., sp. nov., a versatile marine degrader of complex polysaccharides." International Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Microbiology 55, no. 4 (July 1, 2005): 1545–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/ijs.0.63627-0.
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Gammaproteobacteria belonging and related to the genus Microbulbifer are an emerging group of complex carbohydrate-degrading marine bacteria. Previously, all of the representatives were placed within Microbulbifer or were unclassified. Recently, a new genus, Teredinibacter, represented by a single species, Teredinibacter turnerae, was formed to include an endosymbiotic branch of these organisms. In this study, based on 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity and phenotypic analyses, a new genus, Saccharophagus, is proposed to accommodate the most versatile marine carbohydrate degrader yet identified, Saccharophagus degradans gen. nov., sp. nov. 2-40T (=ATCC 43961T=DSM 17024T). S. degradans strain 2-40T can degrade 10 tested complex polysaccharides: agar, alginate, chitin, cellulose, fucoidan, laminarin, pectin, pullulan, starch and xylan. S. degradans 2-40T shares 90·5 % 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity with the type strain of the Microbulbifer type species, Microbulbifer hydrolyticus IRE-31T, and 91·5 % with T. turnerae T7902T, and can be further distinguished from members of these two genera by 16S rRNA gene cluster analysis, the ability to utilize 10 different complex polysaccharides as sole carbon sources, a significantly lower G+C content and differences in fatty acid content. The three genera of complex polysaccharide-degrading, marine bacteria now encompass 20 strains from diverse marine niches.
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Kokoulin, Maxim S., Alexandra S. Kuzmich, Lyudmila A. Romanenko, Irina V. Chikalovets, and Oleg V. Chernikov. "Structure and In Vitro Bioactivity against Cancer Cells of the Capsular Polysaccharide from the Marine Bacterium Psychrobacter marincola." Marine Drugs 18, no. 5 (May 19, 2020): 268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18050268.
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Psychrobacter marincola KMM 277T is a psychrophilic Gram-negative bacterium that has been isolated from the internal tissues of an ascidian Polysyncraton sp. Here, we report the structure of the capsular polysaccharide from P. marincola KMM 277T and its effect on the viability and colony formation of human acute promyelocytic leukemia HL-60 cells. The polymer was purified by several separation methods, including ultracentrifugation and chromatographic procedures, and the structure was elucidated by means of chemical analysis, 1-D, and 2-D NMR spectroscopy techniques. It was found that the polysaccharide consists of branched hexasaccharide repeating units containing two 2-N-acetyl-2-deoxy-d-galacturonic acids, and one of each of 2-N-acetyl-2-deoxy-d-glucose, d-glucose, d-ribose, and 7-N-acetylamino-3,5,7,9-tetradeoxy-5-N-[(R)-2-hydroxypropanoylamino]- l-glycero-l-manno-non-2-ulosonic acid. To our knowledge, this is the first finding a pseudaminic acid decorated with lactic acid residue in polysaccharides. The biological analysis showed that the capsular polysaccharide significantly reduced the viability and colony formation of HL-60 cells. Taken together, our data indicate that the capsular polysaccharide from P. marincola KMM 277T is a promising substance for the study of its antitumor properties and the mechanism of action in the future.
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Vessella, Giulia, Serena Traboni, Antonio Laezza, Alfonso Iadonisi, and Emiliano Bedini. "(Semi)-Synthetic Fucosylated Chondroitin Sulfate Oligo- and Polysaccharides." Marine Drugs 18, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 293. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md18060293.
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Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate (fCS) is a glycosaminoglycan (GAG) polysaccharide with a unique structure, displaying a backbone composed of alternating N-acetyl-d-galactosamine (GalNAc) and d-glucuronic acid (GlcA) units on which l-fucose (Fuc) branches are installed. fCS shows several potential biomedical applications, with the anticoagulant activity standing as the most promising and widely investigated one. Natural fCS polysaccharides extracted from marine organisms (Echinoidea, Holothuroidea) present some advantages over a largely employed antithrombotic drug such as heparin, but some adverse effects as well as a frequently found structural heterogeneity hamper its development as a new drug. To circumvent these drawbacks, several efforts have been made in the last decade to obtain synthetic and semi-synthetic fCS oligosaccharides and low molecular weight polysaccharides. In this Review we have for the first time collected these reports together, dividing them in two topics: (i) total syntheses of fCS oligosaccharides and (ii) semi-synthetic approaches to fCS oligosaccharides and low molecular weight polysaccharides as well as glycoclusters displaying multiple copies of fCS species.
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Dudek, Magda, Anissa Dieudonné, Diane Jouanneau, Tatiana Rochat, Gurvan Michel, Benoit Sarels, and François Thomas. "Regulation of alginate catabolism involves a GntR family repressor in the marine flavobacterium Zobellia galactanivorans DsijT." Nucleic Acids Research 48, no. 14 (June 25, 2020): 7786–800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/nar/gkaa533.
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Abstract Marine flavobacteria possess dedicated Polysaccharide Utilization Loci (PULs) enabling efficient degradation of a variety of algal polysaccharides. The expression of these PULs is tightly controlled by the presence of the substrate, yet details on the regulatory mechanisms are still lacking. The marine flavobacterium Zobellia galactanivorans DsijT digests many algal polysaccharides, including alginate from brown algae. Its complex Alginate Utilization System (AUS) comprises a PUL and several other loci. Here, we showed that the expression of the AUS is strongly and rapidly (<30 min) induced upon addition of alginate, leading to biphasic substrate utilization. Polymeric alginate is first degraded into smaller oligosaccharides that accumulate in the extracellular medium before being assimilated. We found that AusR, a GntR family protein encoded within the PUL, regulates alginate catabolism by repressing the transcription of most AUS genes. Based on our genetic, genomic, transcriptomic and biochemical results, we propose the first model of regulation for a PUL in marine bacteria. AusR binds to promoters of AUS genes via single, double or triple copies of operator. Upon addition of alginate, secreted enzymes expressed at a basal level catalyze the initial breakdown of the polymer. Metabolic intermediates produced during degradation act as effectors of AusR and inhibit the formation of AusR/DNA complexes, thus lifting transcriptional repression.
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Fonseca, Roberto, Gustavo Santos, and Paulo Mourão. "Effects of polysaccharides enriched in 2,4-disulfated fucose units on coagulation, thrombosis and bleeding." Thrombosis and Haemostasis 102, no. 11 (2009): 829–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1160/th08-11-0773.
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SummarySulfated polysaccharides from marine invertebrates have welldefined structures and constitute a reliable class of molecules for structure-activity relationship studies.We tested the effects of two of these polysaccharides,namely a sulfated fucan and a fucosylated chondroitin sulfate, on coagulation, thrombosis and bleeding. The compounds share similar 2,4-disulfated fucose units, which are required for high anticoagulant activity in this class of polymer.These residues occur either as branches in fucosylated chondroitin sulfate or as components of the linear chain in the sulfated fucan.These polysaccharides possess anticoagulant activity but differ significantly in their mechanisms of action.The fucosylated chondroitin sulfate inhibits thrombin by heparin cofactor II, whereas sulfated fucan inhibits thrombin by both antithrombin and heparin cofactor II. In addition, these polysaccharides also have serpin-independent anticoagulant activities. Fucosylated chondroitin sulfate, but not sulfated fucan, activates factor XII. As a result of the complex anticoagulant mechanism, the invertebrate polysaccharides differ in their effects on experimental thrombosis. For instance, the sulfated fucan inhibits venous thrombosis at lower doses than fucosylated chondroitin sulfate. In contrast, fucosylated chondroitin sulfate is significantly more potent than sulfated fucan in arterial thrombosis. Finally, fucosylated chondroitin sulfate increases bleeding, while sulfated fucan has only a discrete effect. In conclusion, the location of 2,4-disulfated fucose units in the polysaccharide chains dictates the effects on coagulation, thrombosis and bleeding.
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Vessella, Giulia, José Antonio Vázquez, Jesús Valcárcel, Laura Lagartera, Dianélis T. Monterrey, Agatha Bastida, Eduardo García-Junceda, Emiliano Bedini, Alfonso Fernández-Mayoralas, and Julia Revuelta. "Deciphering Structural Determinants in Chondroitin Sulfate Binding to FGF-2: Paving the Way to Enhanced Predictability of Their Biological Functions." Polymers 13, no. 2 (January 19, 2021): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13020313.
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Controlling chondroitin sulfates (CSs) biological functions to exploit their interesting potential biomedical applications requires a comprehensive understanding of how the specific sulfate distribution along the polysaccharide backbone can impact in their biological activities, a still challenging issue. To this aim, herein, we have applied an “holistic approach” recently developed by us to look globally how a specific sulfate distribution within CS disaccharide epitopes can direct the binding of these polysaccharides to growth factors. To do this, we have analyzed several polysaccharides of marine origin and semi-synthetic polysaccharides, the latter to isolate the structure-activity relationships of their rare, and even unnatural, sulfated disaccharide epitopes. SPR studies revealed that all the tested polysaccharides bind to FGF-2 (with exception of CS-8, CS-12 and CS-13) according to a model in which the CSs first form a weak complex with the protein, which is followed by maturation to tight binding with kD ranging affinities from ~1.31 μM to 130 μM for the first step and from ~3.88 μM to 1.8 nM for the second one. These binding capacities are, interestingly, related with the surface charge of the 3D-structure that is modulated by the particular sulfate distribution within the disaccharide repeating-units.
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Vilanova, Eduardo, Priscilla J. Ciodaro, Francisco F. Bezerra, Gustavo R. C. Santos, Juan J. Valle-Delgado, Dario Anselmetti, Xavier Fernàndez-Busquets, and Paulo A. S. Mourão. "Adhesion of freshwater sponge cells mediated by carbohydrate–carbohydrate interactions requires low environmental calcium." Glycobiology 30, no. 9 (February 20, 2020): 710–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/glycob/cwaa014.
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Abstract Marine ancestors of freshwater sponges had to undergo a series of physiological adaptations to colonize harsh and heterogeneous limnic environments. Besides reduced salinity, river-lake systems also have calcium concentrations far lower than seawater. Cell adhesion in sponges is mediated by calcium-dependent multivalent self-interactions of sulfated polysaccharide components of membrane-bound proteoglycans named aggregation factors. Cells of marine sponges require seawater average calcium concentration (10 mM) to sustain adhesion promoted by aggregation factors. We demonstrate here that the freshwater sponge Spongilla alba can thrive in a calcium-poor aquatic environment and that their cells are able to aggregate and form primmorphs with calcium concentrations 40-fold lower than that required by marine sponges cells. We also find that their gemmules need calcium and other micronutrients to hatch and generate new sponges. The sulfated polysaccharide purified from S. alba has sulfate content and molecular size notably lower than those from marine sponges. Nuclear magnetic resonance analyses indicated that it is composed of a central backbone of non- and 2-sulfated α- and β-glucose units decorated with branches of α-glucose. Assessments with atomic force microscopy/single-molecule force spectroscopy show that S. alba glucan requires 10-fold less calcium than sulfated polysaccharides from marine sponges to self-interact efficiently. Such an ability to retain multicellular morphology with low environmental calcium must have been a crucial evolutionary step for freshwater sponges to successfully colonize inland waters.
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Pardee, K. I., P. Ellis, M. Bouthillier, G. HN Towers, and C. J. French. "Plant virus inhibitors from marine algae." Canadian Journal of Botany 82, no. 3 (March 1, 2004): 304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b04-002.
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Methanolic extracts from 30 species of marine algae were assayed for antiviral activity against Potato virus X (PVX) in local lesion assays, using Chenopodium quinoa L. as host. Extracts from six algal species (Fucus gardneri Silva, Alaria marginata Postels & Ruprecht, Ralfsia sp. (Berkeley), Codium fragile (Suringar) Hariot, Fragilaria oceanica Cleve, and Egregia menziesii (Turner) J.E. Areschoug) inhibited PVX infectivity by more than 80%. Most extracts with antiviral activity came from algae that belong to the phylum Heterokontophyta. Fractionation of a crude extract from F. gardneri resulted in identification of the polysaccharide alginate as an antiviral component. Alginate inhibited PVX infectivity by 95%, and the mode of action may be via aggregation of virus particles. The present study is the first to investigate New World algae for compounds with activity against plant viruses and the first report that extracts of F. gardneri, Ralfsia sp., and Fragilaria oceanica are sources of antiviral activity.Key words: marine algae, plant viruses, antiviral activity, alginate, polysaccharides, Fucus gardneri.
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Yamasaki, Takashi, Yuka Miyazaki, and Yuto Kamei. "Isolation of bacteria that decompose major polysaccharides in the cell wall of the marine red alga Porphyra yezoensis and their application for protoplast production." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 44, no. 8 (August 1, 1998): 789–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/w98-070.
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We attempted to screen for bacteria that could decompose major polysaccharides in the cell wall of the marine red alga Porphyra yezoensis from Porphyra-culturing farms to enable simple and high-yield preparation of protoplasts with the crude enzyme from a single bacterial origin. A total of 275 positive bacterial strains were isolated by enrichment culture supplemented with Porphyra powder or xylan. Nine strains were capable of producing protoplasts from Porphyra thalli in a 10-fold concentrated culture broth. These strains were identified as two Flavobacterium spp., one Alteromonas sp., four Acinetobacter spp., and two Vibrio spp. The crude enzymes of these bacteria could release 106 protoplast cells from 0.1 g of Porphyra thalli. The crude enzyme from Alteromonas sp. strain ND137 produced the most protoplasts among the nine strains tested. Moreover, an assay of the crude enzymes from the nine bacterial strains for glycosidase activity against four major polysaccharides (xylan, mannan, porphyran, and cellulose) of P. yezoensis revealed strong decomposing activity against these polysaccharides. Xylanase activity was highest in these glycosidases, suggesting that xylanase might be a very important factor in producing protoplasts from Porphyra thalli.Key words: Porphyra, cell wall, bacteria, decomposing polysaccharide.
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Dai, Chunchun, and Shengqin Wang. "The Structure and Function of the Sargassum fusiforme Microbiome under Different Conditions." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 10, no. 10 (September 30, 2022): 1401. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse10101401.
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Brown macroalgae, a key component of the vegetated coastal ecosystems, can sequester a large amount of CO2, which is mainly converted to polysaccharides. These polysaccharides confer complex structures and are difficult to be degraded by microbial communities. On the surface of brown macroalgae in which bacteria lived, the diversity and encoded enzymes of these bacteria involved in carbon cycling remain largely unknown. In this study, we used metagenomic sequencing to survey bacteria communities associated with the Sargassum fusiforme under different conditions and investigated the structure and function of these bacteria. A total of 5308 species were discovered in all 15 samples from different conditions. Most of these species belonged to the phylum Proteobacteria. Many S. fusiforme-associated bacteria could decompose algal polysaccharides under different conditions. Our method could enhance the ability to understand the microbiome community. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report regarding metagenomics in S. fusiforme. The co-occurrence network provides insights into the relationship of the polysaccharide degradation enzymes (PDEs). These data provide a reference for the cultivation of S. fusiforme and the understanding of the marine carbon cycle.
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Rao, Sudhakar M., A. Sridharan, and M. R. Shenoy. "Influence of starch polysaccharide on the remoulded properties of two Indian clay samples." Canadian Geotechnical Journal 30, no. 3 (June 1, 1993): 550–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/t93-047.
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The reported presence in marine clays and the recognized role of polysaccharide as a bonding agent provided the motivation to examine the role of starch polysaccharide in the remoulded properties of nonswelling (kaolinite) and swelling (bentonite) groups of clays. The starch polysaccharide belongs to a group of naturally occurring, large-sized organic molecules (termed polymers) and is built up by extensive repetition of simple chemical units called repeat units. The results of the study indicate that the impact of the starch polysaccharide on the remoulded properties of clays is dependent on the mineralogy of the clays. On addition to bentonite clay, the immensely large number of segments (repeat units) of the starch polysaccharide create several polymer segment – clay surface bonds that cause extensive aggregation of the bentonite units layers. The aggregation of the bentonite unit layers greatly curtails the available surface area of the clay mineral for diffuse ion layer formation. The reduction in diffuse ion layer thickness markedly lowers the consistency limits and vane shear strength of the bentonite clay. On addition to kaolinite, the numerous polymer segment – clay surface bonds enhance the tendency of the kaolinite particles to flocculate. The enhanced particle flocculation is responsible apparently for a small to moderate increase in the liquid limit and remoulded undrained strength of the nonswelling clay. Key words : soil organics, polysaccharides, starch, polymers, bentonite, kaolinite, Atterberg limits, vane strength, interparticle forces.
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Cao, Sujian, Yajing Yang, Shan Liu, Zhuling Shao, Xiao Chu, and Wenjun Mao. "Immunomodulatory Activity In Vitro and In Vivo of a Sulfated Polysaccharide with Novel Structure from the Green Alga Ulvaconglobata Kjellman." Marine Drugs 20, no. 7 (July 8, 2022): 447. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20070447.
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Algae accumulate large amounts of polysaccharides in their cell walls or intercellular regions. Polysaccharides from algae possess high potential as promising candidates for marine drug development. In this study, a sulfated polysaccharide, UCP, from the green alga Ulva conglobata Kjellman was obtained by water extraction, anion-exchange, and size-exclusion chromatography purification, and its structure was characterized by a combination of chemical and spectroscopic methods. UCP mainly consisted of →4)-α/β-l-Rhap-(1→, →4)-β-d-Xylp-(1→ and →4)-β-d-GlcAp-(1→ residues. Sulfate ester groups were substituted mainly at C-3 of →4)-l-Rhap-(1→ and C-2 of →4)-β-d-Xylp-(1→. Partial glycosylation was at C-2 of →4)-α-l-Rhap-(1→ residues. UCP possessed a potent immunomodulatory effect in vitro, evaluated by the assays of lymphocyte proliferation and macrophage phagocytosis. The immunomodulatory activity of UCP in vivo was further investigated using immunosuppressive mice induced by cyclophosphamide. The results showed that UCP markedly increased the spleen and thymus indexes and ameliorated the cyclophosphamide-induced damage to the spleen and thymus. UCP could increase the levels of white blood cells, lymphocytes, and platelets, and improve the hematopoietic inhibition caused by cyclophosphamide. Moreover, UCP significantly promoted the secretions of the immunoglobulin (Ig)G, IgE, and IgM. The data demonstrated that UCP is a novel sulfated polysaccharide and may be a promising immunomodulatory agent.
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Yermak, Irina M., Viktoriya N. Davydova, and Aleksandra V. Volod’ko. "Mucoadhesive Marine Polysaccharides." Marine Drugs 20, no. 8 (August 15, 2022): 522. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20080522.
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Mucoadhesive polymers are of growing interest in the field of drug delivery due to their ability to interact with the body’s mucosa and increase the effectiveness of the drug. Excellent mucoadhesive performance is typically observed for polymers possessing charged groups or non-ionic functional groups capable of forming hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interactions with mucosal surfaces. Among mucoadhesive polymers, marine carbohydrate biopolymers have been attracting attention due to their biocompatibility and biodegradability, sample functional groups, strong water absorption and favorable physiochemical properties. Despite the large number of works devoted to mucoadhesive polymers, there are very few systematic studies on the influence of structural features of marine polysaccharides on mucoadhesive interactions. The purpose of this review is to characterize the mucoadhesive properties of marine carbohydrates with a focus on chitosan, carrageenan, alginate and their use in designing drug delivery systems. A wide variety of methods which have been used to characterize mucoadhesive properties of marine polysaccharides are presented in this review. Mucoadhesive drug delivery systems based on such polysaccharides are characterized by simplicity and ease of use in the form of tablets, gels and films through oral, buccal, transbuccal and local routes of administration.
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Dorival, Jonathan, Sophie Ruppert, Melissa Gunnoo, Adam Orłowski, Maylis Chapelais-Baron, Jérôme Dabin, Aurore Labourel, et al. "The laterally acquired GH5 ZgEngAGH5_4 from the marine bacterium Zobellia galactanivorans is dedicated to hemicellulose hydrolysis." Biochemical Journal 475, no. 22 (November 28, 2018): 3609–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1042/bcj20180486.
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Cell walls of marine macroalgae are composed of diverse polysaccharides that provide abundant carbon sources for marine heterotrophic bacteria. Among them, Zobellia galactanivorans is considered as a model for studying algae–bacteria interactions. The degradation of typical algal polysaccharides, such as agars or alginate, has been intensively studied in this model bacterium, but the catabolism of plant-like polysaccharides is essentially uncharacterized. Here, we identify a polysaccharide utilization locus in the genome of Z. galactanivorans, induced by laminarin (β-1,3-glucans), and containing a putative GH5 subfamily 4 (GH5_4) enzyme, currently annotated as a endoglucanase (ZgEngAGH5_4). A phylogenetic analysis indicates that ZgEngAGH5_4 was laterally acquired from an ancestral Actinobacteria. We performed the biochemical and structural characterization of ZgEngAGH5_4 and demonstrated that this GH5 is, in fact, an endo-β-glucanase, most active on mixed-linked glucan (MLG). Although ZgEngAGH5_4 and GH16 lichenases both hydrolyze MLG, these two types of enzymes release different series of oligosaccharides. Structural analyses of ZgEngAGH5_4 reveal that all the amino acid residues involved in the catalytic triad and in the negative glucose-binding subsites are conserved, when compared with the closest relative, the cellulase EngD from Clostridium cellulovorans, and some other GH5s. In contrast, the positive glucose-binding subsites of ZgEngAGH5_4 are different and this could explain the preference for MLG, with respect to cellulose or laminarin. Molecular dynamics computer simulations using different hexaoses reveal that the specificity for MLG occurs through the +1 and +2 subsites of the binding pocket that display the most important differences when compared with the structures of other GH5_4 enzymes.
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Morozkina, Svetlana, Ulyana Strekalovskaya, Anna Vanina, Petr Snetkov, Alexander Krasichkov, Victoriya Polyakova, and Mayya Uspenskaya. "The Fabrication of Alginate–Carboxymethyl Cellulose-Based Composites and Drug Release Profiles." Polymers 14, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 3604. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14173604.
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Recently, hydrogels based on natural water-soluble polysaccharides have attracted more and more attention due to their favorable characteristics. The high water-holding capacity, lack of toxicity, and biodegradability of such hydrogels make it possible to develop new materials on their basis for biotechnological, biomedical, pharmacological, and medical purposes. Sodium alginate is a non-toxic natural polysaccharide found in marine algae. It is capable of forming solid gels under the action of polyvalent cations that cross-link polysaccharide chains. Alginate-based products are popular in many industries, including food processing, pharmaceutical, and biomedical applications. Cellulose is the most abundant, renewable, and natural polymer on Earth, and it is used for various industrial and biomedical applications. Carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) is useful in pharmaceutical, food, and non-food industries such as tablets, ice cream, drinks, toothpaste, and detergents. In this review, various methods for the preparation of the compositions based on sodium alginate and CMC using different crosslinking agents have been collected for the first time. Additionally, the drug release profile from such polymer matrixes was analyzed.
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Fowler, Claire A., Glyn R. Hemsworth, Fiona Cuskin, Sam Hart, Johan Turkenburg, Harry J. Gilbert, Paul H. Walton, and Gideon J. Davies. "Structure and function of a glycoside hydrolase family 8 endoxylanase from Teredinibacter turnerae." Acta Crystallographica Section D Structural Biology 74, no. 10 (October 1, 2018): 946–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2059798318009737.
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The biological conversion of lignocellulosic matter into high-value chemicals or biofuels is of increasing industrial importance as the sector slowly transitions away from nonrenewable sources. Many industrial processes involve the use of cellulolytic enzyme cocktails – a selection of glycoside hydrolases and, increasingly, polysaccharide oxygenases – to break down recalcitrant plant polysaccharides. ORFs from the genome of Teredinibacter turnerae, a symbiont hosted within the gills of marine shipworms, were identified in order to search for enzymes with desirable traits. Here, a putative T. turnerae glycoside hydrolase from family 8, hereafter referred to as TtGH8, is analysed. The enzyme is shown to be active against β-1,4-xylan and mixed-linkage (β-1,3,β-1,4) marine xylan. Kinetic parameters, obtained using high-performance anion-exchange chromatography with pulsed amperometric detection and 3,5-dinitrosalicyclic acid reducing-sugar assays, show that TtGH8 catalyses the hydrolysis of β-1,4-xylohexaose with a k cat/K m of 7.5 × 107 M −1 min−1 but displays maximal activity against mixed-linkage polymeric xylans, hinting at a primary role in the degradation of marine polysaccharides. The three-dimensional structure of TtGH8 was solved in uncomplexed and xylobiose-, xylotriose- and xylohexaose-bound forms at approximately 1.5 Å resolution; the latter was consistent with the greater k cat/K m for hexasaccharide substrates. A 2,5 B boat conformation observed in the −1 position of bound xylotriose is consistent with the proposed conformational itinerary for this class of enzyme. This work shows TtGH8 to be effective at the degradation of xylan-based substrates, notably marine xylan, further exemplifying the potential of T. turnerae for effective and diverse biomass degradation.
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Filote, Cătălina, Elhafnaoui Lanez, Valentin I. Popa, Touhami Lanez, and Irina Volf. "Characterization and Bioactivity of Polysaccharides Separated through a (Sequential) Biorefinery Process from Fucus spiralis Brown Macroalgae." Polymers 14, no. 19 (September 30, 2022): 4106. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14194106.
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Marine macroalgae biomass is a valuable renewable resource that can be used for the development of bioeconomy through the valorisation of valuable compounds. The aim of the current study is separate macroalgal polysaccharides with bioactive properties from brown macroalgae Fucus spiralis based on a designed biocascading biorefinery approach. Thus, we applied an integrated processing method for the separation of fucoidan and alginate, in addition to characterization through IR spectroscopy and 1H NMR. The bioactivity potential (antioxidant activity using superoxide anion and DPPH radical scavenging analysis) of the two polysaccharides was evaluated, together with DNA binding studies performed though voltametric techniques and electronic spectroscopy titration. In terms of results, functional groups S=O (1226 cm−1), N=S=O (1136 cm−1) and C-O-SO3 (1024 cm−1), which are characteristic of fucoidan, were identified in the first polysaccharidic extract, whereas guluronic units (G) (1017 cm−1) and mannuronic units (M) (872 and 812 cm−1) confirmed the separation of alginate. The DNA binding studies of the isolated polysaccharides revealed an electrostatic and an intercalation interaction of DNA with fucoidan and alginate, respectively. Both antioxidant activity assays revealed improved antioxidant activity for both fucoidan and alginate compared to the standard α-tocopherol.
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Lawler, Michael J., Savannah L. Lewis, Lynn M. Russell, Patricia K. Quinn, Timothy S. Bates, Derek J. Coffman, Lucia M. Upchurch, and Eric S. Saltzman. "North Atlantic marine organic aerosol characterized by novel offline thermal desorption mass spectrometry: polysaccharides, recalcitrant material, and secondary organics." Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics 20, no. 24 (December 22, 2020): 16007–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/acp-20-16007-2020.
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Abstract. The composition of organic compounds in marine aerosols and the relative contributions of primary and secondary organic compounds remain uncertain. We report results from a novel approach to characterize and quantify organic components of the marine aerosol. Size-segregated discrete aerosol filter samples were collected at sea in the North Atlantic from both ambient aerosol and artificially generated primary sea spray over four cruises timed to capture the seasonal phytoplankton bloom dynamics. Samples were analyzed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), extracted into water, and analyzed by offline thermal desorption chemical ionization mass spectrometry (TDCIMS) and ion chromatography (IC). A positive matrix factorization (PMF) analysis identified several characteristic aerosol components in the TDCIMS mass spectra. Among these is a polysaccharide factor representing about 10 %–30 % of the submicron organic aerosol mass. Aerosol polysaccharide : sodium mass ratios were consistently higher in ambient air than in the artificially generated sea spray, and we hypothesize that this results from more rapid wet deposition of sodium-rich aerosol. An unquantified recalcitrant factor of highly thermally stable organics showed significant correlation with FTIR-measured alcohol groups, consistently the main organic functional group associated with sea spray aerosol. We hypothesize that this factor represents recalcitrant dissolved organic matter (DOM) in seawater and that by extension alcohol functional groups identified in marine aerosol may more typically represent recalcitrant DOM rather than biogenic saccharide-like material, contrary to inferences made in previous studies. The recalcitrant factor showed little seasonal variability in its contribution to primary marine aerosol. The relative contribution of polysaccharides was highest in late spring and summer in the smallest particle size fraction characterized (<180 nm).
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Thomas, François, Nolwen Le Duff, Ting-Di Wu, Aurélie Cébron, Stéphane Uroz, Pascal Riera, Cédric Leroux, Gwenn Tanguy, Erwan Legeay, and Jean-Luc Guerquin-Kern. "Isotopic tracing reveals single-cell assimilation of a macroalgal polysaccharide by a few marine Flavobacteria and Gammaproteobacteria." ISME Journal 15, no. 10 (May 5, 2021): 3062–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41396-021-00987-x.
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AbstractAlgal polysaccharides constitute a diverse and abundant reservoir of organic matter for marine heterotrophic bacteria, central to the oceanic carbon cycle. We investigated the uptake of alginate, a major brown macroalgal polysaccharide, by microbial communities from kelp-dominated coastal habitats. Congruent with cell growth and rapid substrate utilization, alginate amendments induced a decrease in bacterial diversity and a marked compositional shift towards copiotrophic bacteria. We traced 13C derived from alginate into specific bacterial incorporators and quantified the uptake activity at the single-cell level, using halogen in situ hybridization coupled to nanoscale secondary ion mass spectrometry (HISH-SIMS) and DNA stable isotope probing (DNA-SIP). Cell-specific alginate uptake was observed for Gammaproteobacteria and Flavobacteriales, with carbon assimilation rates ranging from 0.14 to 27.50 fg C µm−3 h−1. DNA-SIP revealed that only a few initially rare Flavobacteriaceae and Alteromonadales taxa incorporated 13C from alginate into their biomass, accounting for most of the carbon assimilation based on bulk isotopic measurements. Functional screening of metagenomic libraries gave insights into the genes of alginolytic Alteromonadales active in situ. These results highlight the high degree of niche specialization in heterotrophic communities and help constraining the quantitative role of polysaccharide-degrading bacteria in coastal ecosystems.
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Jv, Yuhao, Chenxiang Xi, Yanqiu Zhao, Wei Wang, Yiling Zhang, Kai Liu, Wenlin Liu, et al. "Pan-Genomic and Transcriptomic Analyses of Marine Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans Hao 2018 Revealed Its Genomic and Metabolic Features." Marine Drugs 20, no. 4 (March 31, 2022): 248. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/md20040248.
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The genomic and carbohydrate metabolic features of Pseudoalteromonas agarivorans Hao 2018 (P. agarivorans Hao 2018) were investigated through pan-genomic and transcriptomic analyses, and key enzyme genes that may encode the process involved in its extracellular polysaccharide synthesis were screened. The pan-genome of the P. agarivorans strains consists of a core-genome containing 2331 genes, an accessory-genome containing 956 genes, and a unique-genome containing 1519 genes. Clusters of Orthologous Groups analyses showed that P. agarivorans harbors strain-specifically diverse metabolisms, probably representing high evolutionary genome changes. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and reconstructed carbohydrate metabolic pathways displayed that P. agarivorans strains can utilize a variety of carbohydrates, such as d-glucose, d-fructose, and d-lactose. Analyses of differentially expressed genes showed that compared with the stationary phase (24 h), strain P. agarivorans Hao 2018 had upregulated expression of genes related to the synthesis of extracellular polysaccharides in the logarithmic growth phase (2 h), and that the expression of these genes affected extracellular polysaccharide transport, nucleotide sugar synthesis, and glycosyltransferase synthesis. This is the first investigation of the genomic and metabolic features of P. agarivorans through pan-genomic and transcriptomic analyses, and these intriguing discoveries provide the possibility to produce novel marine drug lead compounds with high biological activity.