Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polypropylene nanocomposite'
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Yilmaz, Sule Seda. "Preparation And Characterization Of Organoclay-polypropylene Nanocomposites With Maleic Anhydride Grafted Polypropylene Compatibilizer." Master's thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613291/index.pdf.
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The aim of this study was to improve the mechanical properties &ldquoMoplen&rdquo
EP300L which is a heterophase copolymer. Polymer blends and nanocomposites were prepared by melt compounding method in a twin screw extruder. Nanofil®
5 (N5) and Nanofil®
8(N8) were used as the organoclays, and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (M) was used as the compatibilizer. The effects of additive concentrations and types of organoclays on the morphology, mechanical and thermal properties were investigated. Organoclay loading over 2 wt% prevented the intercalation mechanism resulting in large aggregates of clay, thus the material properties became poor even in the presence of compatibilizer. Compatibilizer addition improved the intercalation ability of the polymer, however a substantial increase in mechanical properties was not obtained up to 6 wt % loading of the compatibilizer. XRD analysis revealed that intercalated structures were formed with the addition of compatibilizer and organoclay. The nanocomposites that were prepared with N5 type organoclay showed delaminated structures at 6 wt % compatibilizer loading. v Nanofill ®
5 exhibited the highest improvements in mechanical properties, since the degree of organoclay dispersion was better in Nanofill ®
5 containing nanocomposites in comparison to Nanofill ®
8 containing ones. The DSC analysis indicated a insignificant reduction in the melting temperature of the ternary nanocomposites.
2
Bondar, I. V., S. V. Kuzenko, D. H. Han, and H. K. Cho. "Synthesis of Polypropylene Fiber / Hydrated Iron Oxide Nanocomposite Adsorbent." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2013. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35589.
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Composite adsorbent based on the polypropylene fibers with chemically bound nanoparticles of hydrated
iron (III) oxide were synthesized by two-stage experiment: radiation-induced graft polymerization of
acrylic acid onto the surface of polypropylene fibers followed by the in-situ formation of hydrated iron oxide
nanoparticles and their stabilization on the fibers‟ surface within the grafted layer. SEM and XRD investigations
revealed a compact homogeneous layer of amorphous nanoaggregates (70-100 nm) formed by iron
hydroxide on the fibers‟ surface. The synthesized nanocomposite fibers were stable in the aggressive medium
for a long time and exhibited good adsorption properties for uranyl ions.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35589
3
Cengiz, Filiz. "Preparation And Characterization Of Recycled Polypropylene Based Nanocomposites." Master's thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609873/index.pdf.
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The aim of this study was to improve the mechanical properties of a recycled grade
polypropylene. Polymer blends and nanocomposites were prepared by melt
compounding method in a twin screw extruder. Cloisite®15A, Cloisite®
25A and Cloisite®
30B were used as organoclays, and ethylene-methyl acrylate-glycidyl methacrylate (E-MA-GMA) and maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-MAH) were used as compatibilizers. The effects of additive concentrations, types of organoclays and compatibilizers, processing conditions, and the compatibilizer to organoclay ratio on the morphology and mechanical, thermal and flow properties were investigated. Organoclay loading over 2 wt% prevented the intercalation mechanism and material properties, even in the presence of compatibilizer, as a consequence of large clay agglomerate formation. E-MA-GMA compatibilizer improved the intercalation ability of the polymer
however a substantial increase in mechanical properties was not obtained. PP-MAH is found to be a better compatibilizer. Processing conditions significantly affected both mechanical properties and morphology. When the processing temperature was decreased and screw speed was increased simultaneously, tensile and impact properties were improved owing to enhanced shear and dispersive forces. TEM analysis revealed that intercalated and delaminated structures were formed with the addition of PP-MAH compatibilizer. In addition to that, as the ratio of PP-MAH to organoclay was increased, more effective dispersion of organoclay was observed and hence resultant improvements in both tensile and impact properties were greater at compatibilizer to organoclay ratio of three. Cloisite®
15A exhibited the highest improvements in mechanical properties, although the degree of organoclay dispersion was better for Cloisite®
25A and particularly for Cloisite®
30B. Melt flow index values were lower compared to pure recycled polypropylene in the presence of organoclay and compatibilizers. DSC analysis indicated no significant change in the melting behavior of the matrix materials.
4
Woods, Courtney G. "Role of nano-particles on crystalline orientation in polypropylene/clay nanocomposite films." Thesis, Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004:, 2003. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-04072004-180242/unrestricted/woods%5Fcourtney%5Fg%5F200312%5Fms.pdf.
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Baytekin, Sevil. "Synthesis And Characterization Of Polypyrrole Nanoparticles And Their Nanocomposites With Polypropylene." Master's thesis, METU, 2009. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12610563/index.pdf.
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Conducting polypyrrole (PPy) nanoparticles were synthesized via microemulsion polymerization system. The characterization of PPy nanoparticles was done by Fourier transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR) and scanning electron microscope (SEM). Nanocomposites were prepared by melt-mixing of polypyrrole with polypropylene (PP) and processed with injection molding. The amount of PPy in nanocomposites varied in the range of 1-20% by weight. The effect of PPy nanoparticles on mechanical, electrical properties and thermal stability of nanocomposites were investigated. Tensile test has revealed that increasing amount of PPy increased the strength and the stiffness of the nanocomposite while limiting the elongation of PP. Thermal gravimetric analysis has showed that incorporation of PPy nanoparticles has improved the thermal stability of the nanocomposites. Four probe conductivity measurement has exhibited that increasing amount of PPy nanoparticles increases the conductivity of nonconductive PP up to 2,4.10-4 Scm-1. In order to improve the dispersion of PPy in PP, sodium dodecylsulphate was used as dispersant. The same techniques were used to characterize nanocomposites containing 2% by weight dispersant. Composites prepared with dispersant have exhibited improvement in some mechanical and thermal properties and involved smaller dimension PPy nanoparticles.
6
Boruban, Cetin. "Synthesis And Characterization Of Polypyrrole/montmorillonite And Polypyrrole/polypropylene Composites." Master's thesis, METU, 2007. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12608574/index.pdf.
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In this study, organo-montmorillonite (OMMT) nanocomposites containing 1%, 5%, 10% and 15% OMMT were prepared by in situ intercalative oxidative polymerization of pyrrole in the presence of OMMT. Thermal and morphological properties of the Polypyrrole(PPy)/OMMT nanocomposites were investigated by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray Diffraction Analysis (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). Electrical conductivities of composites were measured by four probe technique.
Formation of PPy and its incorporation in PPy/OMMT composites were confirmed by FTIR analysis. TGA results showed that PPy/OMMT composites have outstanding thermal stability compared to that of PPy. XRD analysis revealed intercalation of PPy in the OMMT lamelles. Scanning electron micrographs demonstrated that the morphology of the PPy/OMMT nanocomposites differ slightly from that of the clay, since the modification of PPy was not significant in flaky structure of OMMT nanoparticles. Conductivity values of PPy/OMMT composites were found in the order of 10-3S/cm.
Since PPy has poor processibility, Polypropylene(PP)/PPy composites were prepared in the composition range of 2-20 % PPy. Mechanical properties were investigated by tensile tests. Electrical conductivities were measured by four probe technique. Morphological characterizations were made by SEM.
Young’
s Modulus of PPy/PP composites increased with increasing PPy content, and addition of 2 wt % PPy to PP resulted in a dramatic decrease in the tensile strain at break of the material. Also by addition of 2 wt % PPy to PP, the tensile strength of material decreased and further increase in PPy content, tensile strength increased. Furthermore, an increase in the PPy content in PPy/PP composites resulted in an increase in conductivity. SEM micrographs revealed that as the PPy loading increases from 10% to 20% in composite system, adhered PPy particles by PP matrix were driven out of PP matrix while PP matrix oriented along the draw direction during tensile test.
7
Bondar, I. V., D. H. Han, and H. K. Cho. "Synthesis of Nanocomposite Adsorbent on the Base of Polypropylene Fabric with Copper Ferrocyanide Grains." Thesis, Sumy State University, 2012. http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35459.
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Composite adsorbents based on polypropylene fibers with chemically bound nanopartices of copper fer-rocyanide were synthesized by two-stage experiment: radiation-induced graft polymerization of acrylic acid onto non-woven polypropylene fabric followed by in-situ formation of copper ferrocyanize nanoparticles and their stabilization on the fabric surface within the grafted layer. Scanning electron microscope investiga-tions revealed a homogeneous compact layer of copper ferrocynide nanosized aggregates (65-70 nm). The synthesized composite material was stable in the base solutions (pH 10.5) and exhibited high efficiency for cesium adsorption.
When you are citing the document, use the following link http://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/35459
8
Ezat, Gulstan S. "The influence of multi-walled carbon nanotubes on the properties of polypropylene nanocomposite : the enhancement of dispersion and alignment of multiwalled carbon nanotube in polypropylene nanocomposite and its effect on the mechanical, thermal, rheological and electrical properties." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5703.
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Carbon nanotubes are known as ideal fillers for polymer systems; the main advantage of carbon nanotubes over other nano-reinforcing particles is the combination of superior strength and stiffness with large aspect ratio. Carbon nanotubes may improve the mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of polymers, but to realise their potential in polymer systems uniform dispersion, strong interfacial adhesion and alignment of nanotubes within the polymer matrix are necessary. These properties are not easy to achieve and they are key challenges in producing CNT/Polymer system. This research was carried out in an attempt to understand how the properties of CNT/Polymer composite can be optimised by manipulation of additives, compounding and postcompounding conditions. Polypropylene/Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotube (PP/MCNT) composites were prepared by conventional twin screw extrusion. Dispersants and compatibilisers were used to establish good interaction between filler and polymer. Several different extruder screw configurations were designed and the properties of PP/MCNT composite prepared by each configuration investigated. The results indicated that the addition of carbon nanotubes without additives enhanced mechanical, electrical and thermal properties of polypropylene polymer. Incorporation of compatibilisers into PP/MCNT improved the stiffness but decreased the strength of the nanocomposite, whilst addition of dispersants decreased the mechanical properties of the nanocomposite. Addition of both additives at high concentration improved electrical conductivity and induced electrical percolation in the nanocomposite. Extruder screw configuration was found to have significant effect on the electrical conductivity whilst only slightly affecting mechanical properties of the nanocomposite, possibly due to the competition between dispersion and degradation of polymer chains and possible reduction of carbon nanotube length by intensive shear during compounding. The use of screw configuration with high mixing intensity promoted the dispersion of nanotubes and favoured the conduction process in the nanocomposite. Finally in an attempt to improve dispersion and alignment of carbon nanotubes, compounded PP/MCNT composite was subjected to micromoulding, fibre spinning and biaxial stretching processes and the resultant properties investigated. Application of post-compounding process was found to have significant effect on mechanical and rheological properties of the nanocomposite. Stiffness and strength of the nanocomposites treated by post-compounding processes were found to increase by up to 160% and 300%, respectively. The reinforcement effect of carbon nanotubes in the stretched nanocomposites was found to be the greatest. Rheological analysis suggested that the application of post-compounding processes enhanced dispersion of carbon nanotubes within the nanocomposite. Overall, this finding of this research has shown that carbon nanotubes can be incorporated into polypropylene using conventional equipment to provide significant improvement in properties. By careful choices of additives, compounding and postcompounding conditions, specific properties can be further enhanced.
9
Dulgerbaki, Cigdem. "Synthesis And Characterization Of Polythiophene/montmorillonite And Polythiophene/polypropylene Composites." Master's thesis, METU, 2006. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12607762/index.pdf.
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In this study, polythiophene(PTP)/montmorillonite(MMT) nanocomposites were synthesized by in situ intercalative polymerization and chemical oxidative polymerization. In in situ intercalative polymerization method, composites containing 90 and 95% MMT were prepared. In chemical oxidative polymerization method, a series of composites ranging from 1 to 15% by weight MMT were synthesized. Thermal and morphological properties of samples were investigated by Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM)electrical conductivities were measured by four probe technique. Since PTP/MMT composites are unprocessable PTP/polypropylene(PP) composites were prepared. Amounts of PTP were changed in the range 2-30 % by weight in the composites. Mechanical properties were investigated by tensile tests. Four probe technique was used for measurement of electrical conductivities. Morphological characterizations were made by SEM. Formation of PTP and its incorporation in PTP/MMT composite were confirmed by FTIR analysis. DSC results showed that PTP does not have any thermal transition in the range 25-300 0C. TGA results showed that PTP/MMT composites have outstanding stability compared to that of PTP. XRD analysis revealed the formation of nanocomposites resulting from intercalation of thiophene in MMT at high MMT contents. Composites were observed as globular particles and clusters in SEM studies. Conductivity values of PTP/MMT composites were in the order of 10-3 S/cm. It is observed that tensile modulus of PTP/PP composites increases by the addition of PTP, but percentage strain at break does not appreciably change. Increasing PTP content increased electrical conductivity.
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Oliveira, Junior Adair Rangel de. "Obtenção de nanocompositos poliprolipeno-argila compatibilizados com organossilano." [s.n.], 2006. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/248736.
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Orientadores: Maria do Carmo Gonçalves, Inez Valeria Pagotto YoshidaTese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica
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Resumo: Este trabalho teve como foco principal a obtenção de argilas expandidas por meio da modificação de argila natural com organossilanos, e depois sua incorporação em uma resina de polipropileno em extrusora de rosca dupla para a obtenção de nanocompósitos. As argilas usadas neste estudo foram as argilas montmoriloníticas sódicas Polenita e GelMax, bem como a argila organofílica Viscogel. Os organossilanos empregados no tratamento químico das argilas naturais foram o aminopropiltrimetoxissilano, glicidoxipropiltrietoxissilano e o metacriloxipropiltrietoxissilano. A obtenção da argila expandida foi fortemente influenciada pelas condições reacionais, como tipo e concentração do silano, solvente e pH do meio. As análises de difração de raios X revelaram que os melhores resultados de expansão da argila foram alcançados ao usar o silano aminopropiltrimetoxissilano em meio aquoso na faixa de pH entre 8 e 10. Segundo os dados de análise térmica, esta argila apresentou uma estabilidada térmica bem superior às tradicionais argilas organofílicas. Antes da incorporação da argila à matriz de polipropileno, primeiramente fez-se um estudo de otimização das condições de mistura, usando-se para isto a argila organofílica Viscogel, de elevado espaçamento basal. Desenvolveu-se um perfil de rosca com alta taxa de cisalhamento, no qual foi obtido um nanocompósito com dispersão de tamanho das lamelas da argila entre 5 a 15 nm. Tal dispersão resultou em ganho nas propriedades mecânicas em torno de 30 % em relação ao polipropileno puro. Este perfil de rosca foi, portanto, utilizado para realizar o processamento do polipropileno com a nova argila expandida. A partir dos resultados de difração de raios X e de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão, concluiu-se que não foi possível delaminar totalmente esta argila no polímero, como observado para a argila organofílica. Porém, os resultados relativos às propriedades mecânicas dos materiais obtidos mostraram que a argila modificada com aminopropiltrimetoxis-silano apresentou propriedades semelhantes às da argila organofílica, indicando que apesar do menor grau de dispersão, estas propriedades foram favorecidas pela maior interação entre a argila modificada e a matriz polimérica
Abstract: The purpose of this work was to obtain expanded clay by modifying clay with organosilane, and its incorporation into polypropylene resin to prepare a polypro-pylene-clay nanocomposite. Natural sodium montmorillonite (GelMax, Polenita) as well as organophylic clay (Viscogel ED) were used for this purpose. Three types of silanes were used to modify the clay: Aminopropyltrimethoxysilane (APS), glyci-doxypropyltriethoxysilane (GPS) and methacryloxypropyltrimethoxysilane (MPS). The expanded clay was strongly affected by reaction conditions, such as silane type and concentration, solvent and pH. According to XRD analysis, the higher basal distance was achieved in aqueous dispersion (pH 8-10) using the APS as a modifier. Modified clay showed superior thermal stability in comparison to organo-phylic clay, using thermogravimetric analysis. Besides the clay modification pro-cess, the screw profile influence on nanocomposite properties was also evaluated. An organophylic clay (Viscogel) was used to optimize the extrusion conditions, in this study. The composite processing was carried out in a twin screw extruder with higher shear screw profile. In this way, an exfoliated nanocomposite was obtained, where the clay layer thickness was between 5 and 15 nm. The flexural modulus of such nanocomposite was 30% higher than virgin polypropylene. This higher shear screw profile was used to extrude the polypropylene/aminopropylsilane-modified clay. Based on the X-ray diffraction and transmission electron microscopy results, a satisfactory exfoliation degree for silane-modified clay was not achieved, as observed for organophylic clay. In spite of the low exfoliation level of silane-modi-fied clay, the mechanical properties of its composite were similar to the organo-phylic clay based nanocomposite. This fact was attributed to better adhesion between polypropylene-silane modified clay than the polypropylene-organophylic clay system
Doutorado
Físico-Química
Doutor em Ciências
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Fermino, Danilo Marin. "Propriedades mecânicas e térmicas de nanocompósito híbrido de polipropileno com adição de argila e celulose proveniente de papel descartado." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-20062016-083922/.
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Este trabalho aborda o estudo do comportamento mecânico e térmico do nanocompósito híbrido de polipropileno com uma argila brasileira bentonítica do Estado da Paraíba (PB), conhecida como \"chocolate\" com concentração de 1, 2 e 5 % em massa com a adição de 1 e 2 % em massa de celulose proveniente de papel descartado. Foi utilizado nesse nanocompósito o agente compatibilizante polipropileno graftizado com anidrido maleico PP-g-AM com 3 % de concentração em massa, através da técnica de intercalação do fundido utilizando uma extrusora de dupla-rosca e, em seguida, os corpos de prova foram confeccionados em uma injetora. O comportamento mecânico foi avaliado pelos ensaios de tração, flexão e impacto. O comportamento térmico foi avaliado pelas técnicas de calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC) e termogravimetria (TGA). A morfologia dos nanocompósitos foi estudada pela técnica de microscopia eletrônica de varredura (MEV). A argila, a celulose e os nanocompósitos híbridos foram caracterizados por difração de raios X (DRX), fluorescência de raios X (FRX) e espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR). Nos ensaios mecânicos de tração houve um aumento de 11 % na tensão máxima em tração e 15 % no módulo de Young, para o nanocompósito com argila, PPA 5 %. No ensaio de impacto Izod, o nanocompósito com argila, PPA 2 % obteve um aumento de 63 % na resistência ao impacto. Para o nanocompósito híbrido PPAC 1 % houve aumento de 8 % na tensão máxima em tração e para o nanocompósito híbrido PPAC 2 % houve aumento de 14 % na resistência ao impacto.This work concerns to the study of the mechanical and thermal behavior of the hybrid polypropylene nanocomposite with a Brazilian bentonite clay from State of Paraíba (PB), known as \"Chocolate\" in concentrations of 1, 2 and 5 % by weight with addition of 1 and 2 % in weight cellulose discarded bond paper. The compatibilizer agent based on maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene, known as PP-g-MA, was added at 3 % weight concentration through the melt intercalation technique using a twin-screw extruder, and afterwards, the specimens were prepared by injection process. The mechanical behavior was evaluated by strength, flexural strength and impact tests. The thermal behavior was evaluated by the differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetry (TGA). The morphology of the nanocomposites was studied by the technique of scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The clay, cellulose and the hybrid nanocomposites were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). Results of mechanical tests showed an 11 % and 14 % increase in the tensile strength and Young\'s modulus, respectively, for the nanocomposite PPA 5 % with clay. The nanocomposite PPA 2 % with clay obtained a 63 % increase in strength Izod impact test. The hybrid nanocomposite PPAC 1 % obtained an 8 % increase in tensile strength. In the Izod impact test, the hybrid nanocomposite PPAC 2 % obtained 14 % increased in the impact strength.
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Letoffé, Adrien. "Élaboration et caractérisation d’une matrice polypropylène chimiquement modifiée et chargée GNP/graphène fonctionnalisés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lorraine, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LORR0076.
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Au cours de la dernière décennie, la prise de conscience écologique a impacté les domaines de la recherche. Pour diminuer la production de gaz à effet de serre de nombreux changements sont à apporter aux modes de consommations. Dans le domaine des transports, plusieurs pistes de recherche sont possibles comme l’allégement des structures. L’une des pistes pour permettre cet allégement est l’élaboration de nouveaux matériaux composites métal/polymère. Le polymère de ce composite doit présenter une bonne adhésion aux surfaces métalliques, de bonnes propriétés mécaniques, et de conductivité thermoélectrique. L’objectif de ce travail de thèse est l’élaboration d’une telle matrice par l’emploi de procédé facilement transposable à l’échelle industrielle. Afin d’assurer l’adhésion aux surfaces métalliques, la matrice sélectionnée est le polypropylène greffé anhydride maléique. Cette matrice grâce à ses greffons MAH présente des propriétés chimiques intéressantes au détriment de ses propriétés mécaniques. Pour contourner ce problème, une méthode de réticulation du PP-g-MAH par polyéther amine a été développée. Plusieurs configurations de réticulation ont été réalisées par extrusion réactive. L’évolution de la réticulation suivant le type d’élaboration et son impact sur les matrices ont été déterminés. Le principal changement est le passage d’un comportement mécanique fragile à ductile. Ce changement a été analysé de manière post mortem et in situ à un essai de traction uniaxial, ce qui a permis de mettre en évidence l’impact de la réticulation sur les micro-mécanismes de déformation des matrices. Les propriétés de conductivité thermoélectrique souhaitées sont assurée l’ajout d’une nano-charge de graphite lors de l’extrusion. Afin d’améliorer la dispersion du carbone et d’assurer une percolation mécanique et électrique à faible concentration, une nouvelle méthode d’exfoliation/fonctionnalisation du graphite par décharges plasma a été mise au point. Cette méthode de fonctionnalisation a permis la diminution de l’épaisseur des nanocharges ainsi que l’oxydation de leurs surfaces sans impliquer la création de défaut de structure. Deux gammes de nanocomposites ont été réalisées à l’aide de la nanocharge initiale et traitée. Bien que de hautes teneurs en carbone aient pu être atteintes, il n’a pas été possible d’atteindre la percolation électrique. Malgré cela, une meilleure dispersion de la charge traitée a été observéeIn the last decade, the environmental awareness of the need to reduce human impact on the environment affects the research sector. Reducing the fuel consumption and the human gas emissions became a priority, the humanity needs to switch to more eco-efficient patterns of consumption. In the transport field, numerous new lines of research are possible, like lighter structure. Composite materials, like multi-layered steel/polymer, appeared to be the perfect candidates to reach that objective. The polymer part of such material needs to present good shock absorption and thermo-electrical properties, and good compatibility with a metallic surface. The objective of this thesis is the elaboration and characterization of a polymer material with such properties that can be produced at industrial scale. To obtain good compatibility with the metal surfaces, the isotactic polypropylene-grafted-Maleic anhydride was selected as the initial material. This matrix presents good chemical property, its major drawback is its brittleness. A crosslinking reaction based on the reaction between MAH and amine groups was used to modify the mechanical properties of the matrix. The PP-g-MAH were crosslinked by twin-screw reactive extrusion with different configurations. The reaction affects the microstructure and the mechanical behavior of the materials, with a switch from brittle to ductile. The switch is explained by the variation of micro-mechanism of deformation implied by the crosslinked network. The solution used to modify the thermo-electrical properties of the material is the dispersion of different carbon nano-fillers such as graphite. To raise the dispersion quality of the fillers, and the compatibility between the carbon filler and the polymer matrix, a new method of functionalization of the graphite, by plasma discharge was developed. This new method implied a diminution of the filler thickness and an oxidation of the graphene surface, without any significative degradation of the fillers quality. Two types of nanocomposites were produced, one with an unmodified graphite filler and another one with a graphite modified by plasma treatment. Even with high filler concentration no electrical percolation was obtained, a high fillers exfoliation process need to be obtained. The functionalization of the graphite implied a carbon dispersion improvement, thus a better compatibility between the filler and the matrix
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Işık, Kıvanç Tanoğlu Metin. "Layered silicate/polypropylene nanocomposites/." [s.l.]: [s.n.], 2006. http://library.iyte.edu.tr/tezler/master/makinamuh/T000532.pdf.
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Oliveira, Jener de. "Estudo de aditivação em massa ou por recobrimento de filme de BOPP em compostos orgânicos e nanopartículas anti UV." [s.n.], 2012. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266668.
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Orientador: Leila PeresDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: Filmes poliméricos são amplamente utilizados no setor alimentício e médico hospitalar e as principais aplicações são como embalagens, substratos para fitas e curativos. A escolha do melhor material está intrinsecamente ligada às suas propriedades e também ao custo de cada polímero. Por isso é extremamente relevante a preocupação com o processo de degradação, que influencia diretamente as propriedades dos polímeros e é o resultado do ataque físico e/ou químico proporcionado pelo ambiente (temperatura, umidade, radiações ionizantes), tempo de exposição e condições de processamento e de serviço. Neste trabalho buscou-se analisar a prevenção destes processos degradativos em filmes de polipropileno bi-orientado - BOPP, polímero comercialmente atraente pela sua versatilidade, por meio do uso de aditivos antioxidantes e de absorvedores de radiação UV comerciais, estes últimos na forma de compostos orgânicos e de nanopartículas inorgânicas, aplicados no filme em massa ou em recobrimentos especialmente formulados para este fim. O uso do recobrimento teria ainda como vantagem adicional, a possibilidade de aplicação durante o processo de impressão, protegendo não só o filme como também as cores da impressão, permitindo, além disso, a partir de um filme commodity e formulações de recobrimento feitas sob medida para cada cliente, inclusive de pequeno porte, a obtenção de filmes especiais a um menor custo. Amostras de filmes preparados foram envelhecidas artificialmente e naturalmente e suas propriedades foram monitoradas em ensaios de resistência à tração (tensão na ruptura e alongamento), medida do índice de carbonila por espectroscopia de infravermelho, medida da absorção de radiação ultravioleta por meio de espectrofotometria de UV/visível e análise térmica (temperatura de transição vítrea e de fusão). O trabalho gerou resultados promissores, conclusão obtida pela análise dos ensaios mecânicos, sendo que a tensão de ruptura de um dos filmes aditivados no recobrimento, submetido ao intemperismo por 24 semanas, foi de 1,5 kg/cm versus 1 kg/cm no filme virgem (sem aditivos) submetido a 11 semanas. Houve redução na taxa de degradação medida nos ensaios de absorção de infravermelho, sendo o índice de carbonila mantido a patamares de 0,01 para filmes aditivados versus 0,7 para filmes não aditivados, quando sujeitos a degradação acelerada em equipamento QUV. Houve aumento da absorção de radiação ultravioleta em até 75% comparativamente ao filme virgem, resultado obtido pela adição de absorvedores orgânicos ou também de nanopartículas de óxido metálico
Abstract: Polymeric films are very used on products for food and hospital markets, mainly for packaging, adhesive tapes backing and dressings. The material's choose for both markets are done based on polymer properties and cost. Due this reason, it is too relevant to worry with degradation of material that influences the polymer properties. The degradation process comes from chemical and physical attack. An example is the environmental conditions, like temperature, humidity, radiation, exposure time and process/service conditions. This work looked for to evaluate and to prevent this degradation process that occur on bi-oriented polypropylene films (BOPP) through the use of different additives, like antioxidants and UV absorbers, organic compounds/inorganic nanopartículas, that can be applied on the film by different process, like inside its matrix or through varnish coatings. Samples of said films was aged on different conditions, natural or accelerated aged, and its properties was evaluated through different techniques, like tension/elongation, carbonyl index, FTIR, UV-Vis absorbance and thermo analysis (TGA, DSC). Through these techniques, it was evaluated the achieved protection grade of the film when treated by: UV absorber and Antioxidant applied by coating varnish UV absorber and antioxidant applied inside its matrix Nanoparticle of ZnO applied inside its matrix. The coating with varnishes can be easily made by a printing process. This process to protect the film was chosen in the work in order to study its influence to protect not only the film, but also the inks printed over it, allowing the use of a commodity film. This way, it is possible to get a tailor-made film, in order to achieve desired properties with a low cost process. It was possible to achieve promising results. This conclusion was made based on the tests results, like: the tensile strength analysis of films subjected to weather aging for 24 weeks shown results of 1.5 kg/cm against 1 kg/cm of virgin film aged during 11weeks; FTIR shown a reduction on the polymer degradation rate measured by infrared absorption; the carbonyl index of films with additives, when submitted to QUV or weather aging, maintained at levels of 0.01 versus 0.7 of virgin polymers; it was possible to achieve 75% of UV absorption if compared to virgin film. All the different additives and process conditions presented some advantage if compared with virgin polymer, as presented by this work
Mestrado
Ciencia e Tecnologia de Materiais
Mestre em Engenharia Química
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Njoroge, Daniel [Verfasser]. "Thesis: Preparation and characterization of modified-graphene oxide/polypropylene nanocomposites : polypropylene nanocomposites / Daniel Njoroge." Berlin : epubli, 2016. http://www.epubli.de/.
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Thiraphattaraphun, Linda. "Structure/property relationships in polypropylene nanocomposites." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2013. https://www.research.manchester.ac.uk/portal/en/theses/structureproperty-relationships-in-polypropylene-nanocomposites(388eafc0-a98e-4a78-be0d-4d647a122d87).html.
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In this work, structure/property relationships in polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites have been investigated for different nanofillers. Nanofillers of modified clay based on montmorillonite (MMT) and multi-wall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) have been selected and incorporated to the PP matrix as either single nanofillers or hybrid nanofillers. Melt mixing via a twin screw extruder and further moulding by injection moulding have been used to prepare PP nanocomposites. Moreover, the dilution of MWNT masterbatch has been used to prepare PP/MWNT and PP/clay/MWNT nanocomposites. Three types of the PP nanocomposites have been obtained: PP/clay, PP/MWNT and PP/clay/MWNT nanocomposites. In all three types of the PP nanocomposites, α- and -PP crystals were observed in the wide angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD) patterns. Furthermore, the addition of nanofillers to the PP did not appear to affect the PP orientation. Slight PP orientation in the PP nanocomposites was shown in the two-dimensional X-ray diffraction (2D-XRD) patterns. Mixed clay layers were combined in the PP/clay and PP/clay/MWNT nanocomposites and investigated by WAXD as well as transmission electron microscopy (TEM). In addition, the aggregated and individual MWNTs were present in both the PP/MWNT and PP/clay/MWNT nanocomposites TEM images. A rough fracture surface with cracks was revealed from the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the three types of PP nanocomposites. Polarized optical microscopy (POM) micrographs were taken at different temperatures during cooling in a hot stage and revealed the limitation of PP spherulite growth upon adding the nanofillers to the PP. The incorporation of nanofillers was found not to affect the glass transition temperature (Tg) of PP which investigated by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). However, the increase of both the peak melting temperature (Tm) and the peak crystallization temperature (Tc) of PP with adding the nanofillers was shown by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) thermograms. In addition, the nanofillers also have been shown to act as nucleating agents. The thermal stability of PP in a nitrogen atmosphere was enhanced by the nanofillers when examined by thermogravimatric analysis (TGA). DMA and tensile testing were performed and showed that the nanofillers act as reinforcement for the PP. The distribution, orientation and deformation of MWNTs in the PP/MWNT and PP/clay/MWNT nanocomposites have been followed by Raman spectroscopy. Significant shifts of the Raman G'-band from the MWNTs was obtained during deformation of the MWNT nanocomposites and the hybrid clay/MWNT nanocomposites as the stress transfer from the PP matrix to the MWNTs has occurred. A correlation between calculated modulus from deformation and measured modulus from DMA and tensile testing has been found for PP/MWNT and PP/clay/MWNT nanocomposites. Finally, the PP nanocomposites have been considered for use in packaging applications.
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Yayla, Saniye. "Production And Characterization Of Polypropylene/organoclay Nanocomposites." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12608485/index.pdf.
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Polypropylene, PP, based nanocomposites were produced via melt blending method by using twin-screw extrusion in this study. The effects of organoclay type, compatibilizer type, and mixing order of components on the morphology, thermal, mechanical and flow properties of ternary nanocomposites were investigated. Terpolymer of ethylene/butyl acrylate/maleic anhydride, ethylene/methyl acrylate/glycidyl methacrylate, and copolymer of ethylene/glycidyl methacrylate elastomers were used as compatibilizer, whereas Cloisite®30B, Cloisite®
15A, and Cloisite®
25A were used as organoclay. iv In order to determine the optimum amount of compatibilizer, PP/compatibilizer blends were produced with different compositions. The content of compatibilizer was determined as 5 wt % based on the mechanical tests. Then, ternary nanocomposites were prepared with 5 wt % compatibilizer and 2 wt % organoclay contents. In addition, neat PP and PP/organoclay composites were prepared in order to make comparison. After that, the samples were characterized. According to the XRD analysis, the highest increase in the interlayer spacings of organoclays were observed in the PP/E-MA-GMA/Cloisite®
15A (23%) and PP/E-MA-GMA/ Cloisite®
25A (88.3%) ternary systems. SEM micrograms revealed that compatibilizer E-MA-GMA is the most compatible elastomer with PP. Thus, it was decided to investigate the effect of mixing order on the properties of these nanocomposites with E-MA-GMA. DSC analysis showed that the melting behavior of the nanocomposites does not change significantly with the presence of organoclay and compatibilizer. In addition, compatibilizers and organoclays have no significant nucleation activity in PP. The systems PP/E-MA-GMA/Cloisite®
15A and PP/E-MA-GMA/Cloisite®
25A have the highest improvements according to the results of mechanical tests. The results of mechanical tests showed that the mixing sequence (PEC), in which PP, organoclay and compatibilizer were compounded simultaneously in the first extrusion run, is the best sequence.
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Khoshkava, Vahid. "Polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites incorporating nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC)." Thesis, McGill University, 2014. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=121442.
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The main objective of this dissertation is to evaluate the feasibility of preparation of well dispersed polypropylene (PP)/nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) nanocomposites by melt processing. There has been growing interest in using NCC as reinforcement in polymer systems because of its interesting properties and the abundant and renewable sources of cellulose. Preparation of polymer nanocomposites incorporating NCC has been mainly carried out using solution or water-assisted mixing. Only few attempts have been made to prepare it using melt mixing. Polypropylene (PP) is a commodity polymer with wide application in the automotive, pharmaceutical and packaging industries. In the first phase of this project, physical properties (shape, size and surface energy) of NCC are evaluated. An equation was introduced to estimate the dispersion energy of NCC in polymer matrices based on room and high temperature surface energy data. The influence of NCC surface modification on its interaction with a polar polymer (polylactic acid (PLA)) and non-polar polymer (PP) was evaluated.In the second phase of this project, the relationship between NCC agglomerate structure and its dispersion in polymer matrices is considered. The effect of various drying techniques on NCC agglomerate structure is investigated. It was found that spray drying and freeze drying of NCC aqueous suspensions result in dense and compact NCC aggregates. On the other hand, spray freeze drying of NCC aqueous suspensions could form agglomerates with more open or porous structures. The structure of the agglomerates depends on the initial concentration of the NCC aqueous suspension before spray freeze drying. In the low concentration regime (below ca. 2 wt.%), a web-like structure of inter-connected nano-scale fibers is formed. On the other hand, micron sized spherical-foam structure particles are formed at higher concentration (ca. 2 wt.% and above). The specific surface area of NCC powder produced using spray freeze drying increased by more than 30 times.Polypropylene nanocomposites containing spray dried NCC, freeze dried NCC, and spray freeze dried NCC (NCCSFD) were prepared in an internal batch mixer. Polarized light microscopy (PLM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed better dispersion of NCCSFD particles. The results of dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and tensile tests showed a considerable improvement in modulus and tensile strength of samples containing NCCSFD particles. Rheological measurements, including linear and non-linear viscoelastic tests, were performed on PP/NCC samples. Small amplitude oscillatory (SAOS) tests showed a large impact of NCCSFD incorporation on rheological characteristics of PP samples. Steady shear results revealed strong shear thinning and a yield stress for PP samples containing NCCSFD particles. The magnitude of yield stress and the degree of shear thinning increased with NCCSFD concentration. The effects of NCC structure (web-like and spherical-foam structure) on rheological properties were examined.Le principal objectif de cette dissertation consiste à évaluer la faisabilité de la préparation de polypropylène bien dispersé (PP) / la cellulose nanocristalline du (NCC) nanocomposites par traitement par fusion. Il ya un intérêt croissant à utiliser du (NCC) comme renforcement dans les systèmes de polymère à cause de ses propriétés intéressantes et les sources de cellulose abondante et renouvelable. La préparation de nanocomposites polymères incorporant du NCC a été principalement effectuée en utilisant une solution ou un mélange d'eau-assistée. Seulement quelques essais ont été faites à préparer en utilisant un mélange à l'état de fondre. Le polypropylène (PP) est un polymère produit à de larges applications dans l'industrie de l'automobile, produits pharmaceutiques et les industries d'emballage.Dans la première phase de ce projet, les propriétés physiques (forme, taille et d'énergie de surface) du NCC sont évaluées. Une équation a été présentée pour estimer l'énergie de la dispersion du NCC dans les matrices à base de polymère dans une la pièce et les données d'énergie de surface à haute température. L'influence de la modification de surface du NCC et son interaction avec un polymère polaire (acide polylactique (PLA)) et un polymère non polaire (PP) a été évaluée.Dans la deuxième phase de ce projet, la relation entre la structure d'agglomérat du NCC et sa dispersion dans des matrices de polymère est considérée. L'effet des diverses techniques de séchage sur la structure des agglomérats du NCC est examiné. On a constaté que séchage par pulvérisation et par lyophilisation du NCC, les suspensions aqueuses se traduisent dans les agrégats du NCC denses et compactes. D'autre part, la pulvérisation par lyophilisation des suspensions aqueuses du NCC pourrait former des agglomérats ou des structures poreuses plus ouvertes. La structure des agglomérats dépend de la concentration initiale de la suspension aqueuse du NCC avant la pulvérisation par lyophilisation. Dans le régime à faible concentration (en dessous de2%environ en poids), une structure en forme de bande de fibres interconnectée à l'échelle nanométrique est formée. D'autre part, le micron dimensionné des particules de structure sphérique est formé à une concentration plus élevée (ca. 2 wt.% et au-dessus). La surface spécifique de la poudre du NCC produite en utilisant le séchage par atomisation ou lyophilisation a progressé de plus de 30 fois. Les nanocomposites contenant du polypropylène séché par pulvérisation du NCC, et lyophilisés à froid du NCC (NCCSFD) ont été préparé dans un malaxeur discontinu interne. La microscopie en lumière polarisée (PLM) et la microscopie électronique à balayage (SEM) ont montré une meilleure dispersion des particules de NCCSFD. Les résultats de l'analyse mécanique dynamique (DMA) des tests de traction ont démontré une amélioration considérable de modules de résistance à la traction des échantillons contenant des particules de NCCSFD. Des mesures rhéologiques, y compris les tests de viscoélasticité linéaire et non linéaire, ont été effectuées sur des prélèvements des PP/NCC. De petits tests oscillatoires d'amplitude (SAOS) ont montré un impact considérable d'incorporation de NCCSFD sur les caractéristiques rhéologiques des échantillons de PP. Des résultats réguliers de cisaille ont révélé une forte fluidification par cisaillement et une limite d'élasticité pour les échantillons de PP contenant des particules de NCCSFD. La magnitude de la limite de stress et le degré de rhéofluidification a augmenté avec la concentration de NCCSFD. Les effets de la structure du NCC (sous forme de bande et la structure en mousse sphérique) sur les propriétés rhéologiques ont été examinés.
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Lin, Yong. "Toughening mechanism of polypropylene/calcium carbonate nanocomposites /." View abstract or full-text, 2009. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CBME%202009%20LIN.
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Li, Zhi. "Three-Dimensional Optical Characterization of Heterogeneous Polymer Systems." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5008.
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In order to truly understand the process-property behavior of polymer systems it is essential to identify the three dimensional structure of the materials fabricated. For heterogeneous polymer systems such as nanoparticle filled systems, determination of the three dimensional optical properties are particularly difficult. Such information is essential, however, if the behavior of these systems are to be understood and formalized.
The purpose of the present research was to develop methods for measuring the optical characteristics of heterogeneous polymer systems nondestructively, in order to characterize their three dimensional behavior.
The thesis contains three parts:
Part A: Study of an Oriented Uniformly Distributed System: Stretched Isotactic Polypropylene- nano Carbon Black Films (IPP-CB).
Three nondestructive optical methods: optical waveguide coupling, Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and x-ray diffraction, were used to investigate the effect of the carbon black on the phase behavior and orientation of the films. It was found that the carbon black has little effect on the crystal form and crystallinity, but has a significant effect on the three dimensional orientation behavior of the polypropylene in the IPP-CB systems.
Part B: Study of a non-Uniformly Distributed System: Compression Molded Poly (Methyl Methacrylate) with Nano Indium Tin Oxide (PMMA-ITO)
The PMMA-ITO sample is an un-oriented and non-uniformly mixed system which has a grain structure. A unique Break Point Waveguide Method was developed to deal with this problem. It was found that both the refractive index and the extinction coefficient increased with ITO concentration and the samples were three dimensionally random.
Part C: Development of Computational Improvements in System Operations
Four methods were developed to improve the accuracy of the waveguide methods. They are the Bootstrap Method, the Two-Line Method, the Big Area Method and the Modified Knee method.
In conclusion, the three dimensional optical characteristics of two different kinds of heterogeneous polymer systems, oriented uniformly distributed IPP-CB films and non-uniformly distributed PMMA-ITO composites, are obtained and their structures evaluated. Further, several new methods were developed to improve the accuracy of the current optical waveguide methods.
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Chan, Hong Yu. "Crystallization of polypropylene/vermiculite and polyethylene/vermiculite nanocomposites." access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2004. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?msc-ap-b21173990a.pdf.
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Thesis (M.Sc.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2004.At head of title: City University of Hong Kong, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Master of Science in materials engineering & nanotechnology dissertation. Title from title screen (viewed on Aug. 31, 2006) Includes bibliographical references.
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Streller, Rouven Cornelius. "Boehmite als Nanofüllstoffe für Polypropylen-Nanocomposites und Nanopartikel-modifizierte Polypropylen/Kautschuk-Blends." [S.l. : s.n.], 2008. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:25-opus-61139.
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Hernandez-Luna, Alejandro. "Structure property and deformation analysis of polypropylene montmorillonite nanocomposites." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2003. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc4213/.
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Nanocomposites with expandable smectites such as montmorillonite layered silicates (MLS) in polymer matrices have attracted extensive application interest. Numerous MLS concentrations have been used with no particular justification. Here, we investigate the effects of MLS dispersion within the matrix and on mechanical performance. The latter is resolved through a three-prong investigation on rate dependent tensile results, time dependent creep results and the influence of a sharp notch in polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites. A fixed concentration of maleated polypropylene (mPP) was utilized as a compatibilizer between the MLS and non-polar PP. Analysis of transmission electron micrographs and X-ray diffraction patterns on the surface and below the surface of our samples revealed a unique skin-core effect induced by the presence of clay. Differential scanning calorimetric and polarized optical microscopic examination of spherulites sizes showed changes in nucleation and growth resulting from both the maleated PP compatibilizer and the MLS. These structural changes resulted in a tough nanocomposite, a concept not reported before in the PP literature. Nonlinear creep analysis of the materials showed two concentrations 3 and 5 % wt of PP, which reduced the compliance in the base PP. The use of thermal wave imaging allowed the identification of ductile failure among materials, but more important, aided the mapping of the elastic and plastic contributions. These are essential concepts in fracture analysis.
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Kalaitzidou, Kyriaki. "Exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets as reinforcement for multifunctional polypropylene nanocomposites." Diss., Connect to online resource - MSU authorized users, 2006.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Michigan State University. Dept. of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, 2006.Title from PDF t.p. (viewed on June 19, 2009) Includes bibliographical references. Also issued in print.
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Lertwimolnun, Wiboon. "Réalisation de nanocomposites polypropylène / argile par extrusion bivis." Phd thesis, École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2006. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00001873.
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Ce travail a pour objectif l'étude de la réalisation de nanocomposites polypropylène (PP)/argile organophile (org-MMT) par mélange à l'état fondu. Il s'est articulé autour de trois thèmes principaux, qui sont l'effet des compatibilisants de type PP-g-MA et l'influence du procédé d'extrusion bivis sur l'état de dispersion, ainsi que le comportement rhéologique des nanocomposites en régime transitoire. L'importance des compatibilisants (PP-g-MA), et notamment leur concentration dans le système PP/PP-g-MA/org-MMT, a été mise en évidence. Un modèle rhéologique simple (loi de Carreau-Yasuda à seuil), a été proposé pour caractériser quantitativement le degré de dispersion à travers la valeur du seuil d'écoulement. En extrusion bivis, l'état de dispersion dépend fortement des conditions opératoires (vitesse de rotation N et débit Q), principalement du rapport Q/N. Des prélèvements locaux le long des vis ont révélé que l'essentiel de l'exfoliation s'est effectué lors de la fusion. Cette dernière apparaît comme l'étape gouvernant le processus de dispersion en extrusion bivis. Les relations entre le procédé et l'état de dispersion ont également été étudiées à l'aide du logiciel Ludovic©. Enfin, le comportement rhéologique des nanocomposites en régime transitoire a été étudié. On observe un pic de contrainte au démarrage, ainsi qu'un effet de restructuration après un temps de repos. Deux modèles théoriques développés initialement pour des suspensions colloïdales et des suspensions de fibres ont été utilisés pour décrire les phénomènes observés.
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Boubekri, Khalid. "Propriétés mécaniques des nanocomposites à base de polypropylène." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23664/23664.pdf.
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Wong, Kwok Wai. "Preparation and crystallization characterization of polypropylene-layered silicate clay nanocomposites." access abstract and table of contents access full-text, 2005. http://libweb.cityu.edu.hk/cgi-bin/ezdb/dissert.pl?msc-ap-b21175184a.pdf.
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Thesis (M.Sc.)--City University of Hong Kong, 2005.At head of title: City University of Hong Kong, Department of Physics and Materials Science, Master of Science in materials engineering & nanotechnology dissertation. Title from title screen (viewed on Sept. 4, 2006) Includes bibliographical references.
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Soltan, Omar. "Polypropylene/filler nanocomposites by melt compounding and in situ polymerization." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/5310.
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Thesis (PhD (Chemistry and Polymer Science))--University of Stellenbosch, 2010.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The properties of polymer nanocomposites depend greatly on the chemistry of the polymer matrices, the nature of the nanofillers, and the way in which they are prepared. Understanding the synthesis–structure–property relationship of nanocomposites is vital for the development of advanced polymer nanocomposites with enhanced mechanical strength, stiffness and toughness for structural engineering applications. To this end, the primary aim of this study was to determine the impact that the preparation methods have on the properties of PP/filler nanocomposites, with specific focus on the in situ polymerization of propylene via the methylaluminoxane (MAO) activated metallocene catalyst technique. Two different fillers (Silica and Calcium carbonate) were used as support for the metallocene catalysts. Different supporting methodologies for the synthesis of the supported catalyst were examined. A C2 symmetric metallocene catalyst ansa dimethylsilylbis(2-methyl benzoindenyl) zirconium dichloride (MBI) was used in this study. The catalyst systems were then evaluated for propylene polymerization. The early observation shows that a direct adsorption of the metallocene onto the filler has a diminishing effect on the catalyst productivity and the fillers had to be treated with MAO in order to avoid catalyst deactivation by the filler surface. Due to the low productivity of the supported active species, the presence of soluble catalyst active species, besides the supported active species is required in the synthesis of PP nanocomposites via in situ polymerizations. The syntheses of PP nanocomposites were carried out via in situ polymerization in which different quantities of MAO treated fillers were reacted with pre-activated catalyst solution. The effect of the addition of MAO-filler on the polymerization kinetics and consequently on PP matrix microstructure was investigated. Changes in the in situ polymerization kinetics, compared to kinetics of homogeneous polymerization, were observed. Therefore, the microstructure of the polymer matrix was also influenced by the presence of nanofillers in the polymerization media. The influence of the different synthesis methods on the performance of the nanocomposites was investigated using melt-mixed PP/filler nanocomposites obtained using PP homopolymer. The dispersed phase morphologies of the different nanocomposites were investigated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Results show that PP nanocomposites with improved filler dispersion were achieved by in situ polymerization compared to melt-mixed nanocomposites. The influence of the synthesis method on the crystallization behaviour of PP nanocomposites was also investigated. It was found that, for the in situ prepared nanocomposites the tacticity of the PP matrix plays the major role in determining the degree of crystallinity. Results also show that when nanocomposites with comparable PP matrices are compared, the overall crystallization rate of the in situ polymerized nanocomposites is higher than that of the melt mixed nanocomposites. The mechanical properties of in situ polymerized PP and melt mixed PP nanocomposite were also investigated and compared. Due to improved nanoparticle dispersion in the PP matrix, in situ polymerized nanocomposites show enhanced mechanical properties, especially tensile and impact properties, compared to pure PP and melt mixed prepared nanocomposites when a PP matrix of equivalent microstructure was used. Finally, the melt compounding method was further investigated using different fillers and commercial PP as a matrix. The effect of filler type, size and applied surface coating on the flow and mechanical properties of PP nanocomposites was studied. The aim of this part of this study is to obtain a good trade-off between the processability and the mechanical properties and to gain insight into the cause of the emergence of different properties for nanocomposites prepared by melt compounding.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die eienskappe van polimeer nanokomposiete hang grotendeels af van die chemie van die polimeer matriks, die wese van die nano-vullers, en die manier waarop hierdie materiale berei word. Om die sintese-struktuureienskap verwantskap te verstaan is noodsaaklik vir die ontwikkeling van gevorderde nanokomposiete met beter meganiese eienskappe, styfheid en taaiheid vir strukturele ingenieurstoepassings Die primêre doelstelling van hierdie studie was dus om die impak van voorbereidingsmetodes op die eienskappe van PP/vuller nanokomposiete te bestudeer, met spesifieke fokus op die in-situ polimerisasie van propileen met metiel alumoksaan-geativeerde metalloseen kataliste. Twee verskillende vullers (silika en kalsium karbonaat) is gebruik as ondersteuning vir die metalloseen kataliste. Verskillende metodiek is gebruik om die ondersteunde kataliste te berei. ‘n C2 simmetriese metalloseen katalis ansa-dimetielsiliel(2-metiel bensoindeniel) sirkonium dichloride (MBI) is in die studie gebruik. Die katalissisteme is daarna evalueer vir propileen polimerisasie. Daar is oorspronklik vasgestel dat direkte adsorpsie van die metalloseen op die vuller ‘n negatiewe effek op die katalis aktiwiteit gehad het, en dat die vuller oppervlak eers met MAO behandel moes word om deaktivering van die katalis deur die vuller-oppervlak te vermy. As gevolg van die lae aktiwiteit van die ondersteunde aktiwe katalisspesies, is die teenwoordigheid van opgeloste aktiewe katalis nodig vir die voorbereiding van PP nanokomposiete via in situ polimerisasie-reaksies. Die sintese van PP nanokomposiete is uitgevoer deur in –situ polimersiasie waartydens verskillende hoeveelhede MAO-behandelde vullers gereageer is met vooraf-geaktiveerde katalis oplossings. Die effek van die byvoeging van MAO-vuller op die polimerisasie-kinetika en gevolglik op die PP matriks mikrostruktuur is ondersoek. Dit is gevind dat die mikrostruktuur van die polimeer-matriks beinvloed word deur die teenwoordigheid van nanovullers in die polimerisasie-medium. Die invloed van verskillende bereidingsmetodes op die eienskappe van die nanokomposiete is ondersoek deur smelt-vermengde PP/vuller nanokomposiete te maak. Die dispersie-fase morfologie van verskillende nanokomposiete is ondersoek deur transmissie elektron mikroskopie (TEM). Resultate wys dat PP nanokomposiete met verbeterde vuller-dispersie berkry is deur in situ polimerisasie in vergelyking met die smelt-vermengde materiale. Die effek van die sintese-metode op die kristallisasie van die PP nanokomposiete is ook ondersoek. Daar is gevind dat, vir die in situ bereide nanokomposiete, die taktisiteit van die PP matriks die grootste rol speel in die bepaling van die persentasie kristalliniteit. Resultate het ook gewys dat, wanneer nanokomposiete met soortgelyke PP matrikse vergelyk word met die in situ nanokomposiete, die laasgenoemde se tempo van kristallisasie hoer is as vir die smelt-vermengde nanokomposiete. Die meganiese eienskappe van die in situ bereide en smelt-vermengde PP nanokomposiete is ook ondersoek en vergelyk. As gevolg van verbeterde nano-partikel dispersie in die PP matriks, het die in situ bereide nanokomposiete beter meganiese eienskappe openbaar, in vergelyking met die smelt-vermenge nanokomposiete, veral trek- en slagsterkte. . Laastens is die smelt-vermengings metode verder ondersoek deur gebruik te maak van verskillende vullers en kommersiële PP as matriks. Die effek van die tipe vuller, die grootte en die oppervlakbedekking van die vullerpartikels op die vloei en meganiese eienskappe van die PP nanokomposiete is ondersoek. Die doel van hierdie studie was om ‘n balans te kry tussen prosesseerbaarheid en meganiese eienskappe en om insig te verkry oor die verskille in eienskappe wat openbaar word wanneer smeltvermengde nanokomposiete bereie word.
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Touchaleaume, François. "Elaboration de nanocomposites à matrice polypropylène chargée d'argile native." Thesis, Lille 1, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010LIL10177.
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Cette étude porte sur l’élaboration de nanocomposites à matrice polypropylène (PP) chargée de montmorillonite native (NaMMT). La stratégie retenue est basée sur l’utilisation d’une phase polaire intermédiaire sous forme de mélanges maîtres, dont l’élaboration est réalisée par extrusion avec injection d’eau.Dans une première partie la dispersion de NaMMT et à titre de comparaison de montmorillonite modifiée par extrusion assistée eau dans le polyamide 6 (PA6) a été étudiée grâce à une analyse de la morphologie et de son influence sur les propriétés thermomécaniques. Par la suite, des mélanges maîtres à base de PA6 ont été élaborés par ce procédé et dispersés dans le PP via une compatibilisation réactive. L’analyse de la morphologie, en relation avec les conditions d’élaboration et les performances des mélanges nanocomposites est ensuite présentée.Dans une deuxième partie, un copolymère bloc polyether-bloc-amide (PEBA) a été utilisé comme matrice hôte de NaMMT. Sa dispersion dans le PEBA par extrusion assistée eau a été étudiée par une étude morphologique liée aux propriétés thermomécaniques et aux mécanismes de déformation. Le PEBA a ensuite été utilisé comme phase intermédiaire pour disperser NaMMT dans le PP. L’analyse de la morphologie des mélanges nanocomposites est présentée, en lien avec leurs conditions d’extrusion et leurs propriétés macroscopique.Finalement, la comparaison des résultats obtenus dans le cas des mélanges nanocomposites à base PA6 et PEBA est proposée afin de mettre en évidence le rôle de la polarité de la phase intermédiaire, de la rhéologie des constituants et des conditions de procédé sur les propriétés macroscopiques des matériauxThis work focuses on polypropylene (PP)/clay nanocomposites based on pristine montmorillonite (NaMMT). The elaboration strategy involves the use of a polar polymer based masterbatch to disperse NaMMT in the PP matrix. Water assisted extrusion is used to finely disperse the native montmorillonite in the polar host polymer.In the first part, the dispersion of modified and pristine montmorillonite in polyamide 6 (PA6) using water assisted extrusion is presented. The morphological analysis of the PA6 nanocomposites and its outcome on the thermomechanical properties were studied. PA6 masterbatches were then elaborated using water assisted extrusion and dispersed in PP to obtain nanocomposites blends. Their morphologies are detailed, in relation with the processing conditions, and the related mechanical properties.In the second part, polyether-block-amide (PEBA) was used as host polymer to disperse modified and native montmorillonite. Their dispersion is obtained thanks to the water assisted extrusion process. The morphological analysis and its influence onto the thermomechanical properties and on the deformation mechanisms were studied. PEBA masterbatch were then prepared using water assisted extrusion and dispersed into PP to obtain nanocomposites blends. The study of their morphologies is presented, related to the extrusion conditions, and the corresponding macroscopic performances.Finally, the comparison of the results obtained in the case of PA6 and PEBA nanocomposites blends is discussed to evidence the influence of components rheology and polarity as well as the processing conditions onto the macroscopic behaviors of the materials
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Can, Semra. "Characterization Of Serpentine Filled Polypropylene." Phd thesis, METU, 2008. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/3/12609434/index.pdf.
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ABSTRACT
CHARACTERIZATION OF SERPENTINE FILLED POLYPROPYLENE
Can, Semra
Ph.D., Department of Polymer Science and Technology
Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Teoman Tinçer March 2008, 158 pages In this study, the aim is to prepare polypropylene (PP)/serpentine composites and study their mechanical, thermal and morphological properties. Another objective is to explore whether it is possible to have PP/serpentine nanocomposites with melt intercalation method by using the advantage of the layer silicate structure of serpentine. The most widely used fillers in PP are talc and mica which belong to the phyllosilicates group of silicate minerals. So far, there has been almost no study employing serpentine as filler in either any polymers or PP, although it also belongs to the same group of minerals as talc and mica. Accordingly, it was planned to divide the work into the study of two groups. In group 1, for the compositions with 2, 5, 10 and 20 wt% serpentine, the particulate filler effects of serpentine both alone and in the presence of surface treatments with hydrochloric acid (HCl) and silane coupling agent (SCA) were investigated. The most impressive results in terms of static and dynamic mechanical properties were achieved with SCA rather than HCl. When the effect of serpentine without any treatment is considered, reinforcing effect of it can easily be observed without deteriorating the composite properties even at high filler loadings. In group 2, the nanofiller effects of serpentine in 2 and 5 wt% filled compositions by modification of both the filler and the matrix were aimed to be examined with melt intercalation method. In addition to HCl and SCA treatments, maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (PP-g-MA) and quaternary ammonium salt (QAS) of cetyl-trimethyl-ammonium bromide were used as compatibilizer and intercalating agent, respectively. While the amount of QAS was kept constant, different percentages of compatibilizer were employed. The presence of QAS and PP-g-MA further improved the properties with respect to group 1 members. Interestingly, the percentage strain at break values did not decrease as much as group 1 compositions with the same filler content. It can be concluded that partial intercalation of group 2 compositions was achieved, according to the X-ray and TEM results. Keywords: Serpentine, PP/serpentine composites, SCA, PP-g-MA, serpentine nanocomposites
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Nguyen, Quang Tran. "Process for Improving the Exfoliation and Dispersion of Nanoclay Particles into Polymer Matrices Using Supercritical Carbon Dioxide." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27596.
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An environmentally benign process, which uses supercritical carbon dioxide (sc-CO2) as a processing aid, was developed in this work to help exfoliate and disperse nanoclay into the polymer matrices at high clay content. The process involves the use of a pressurized CO2 chamber to assist in the exfoliation and delivery of the clay into a stream of polypropylene (PP) melt within the extruder. This CO2 method was evaluated and compared to other conventional processing techniques.
It was observed that the conventional direct-melt compounding methods, with and without the direct injection of CO2, did not show much improvement in the mechanical properties due to their inability to adequately exfoliate the nanoparticles into the polymer matrix. The commercial RTP sample prepared using a TSE and a MA compatibilizer showed moderate improvements in the clay dispersion and properties due to high shear forces and mixing capabilities of TSE. The most improvements were seen from the technique of using the pressurized CO2 chamber, which directly injected pre-mixed sc-CO2 and nanoclay into the polypropylene melt during extrusion. It was observed that the mechanical properties of the PP nanocomposites prepared using the CO2 chamber technique, especially when combined with maleic anhydride (MA) compatibilizer, outperformed those of the commercial RTP samples and those of samples prepared using conventional melt compounding techniques. WAXD and TEM data showed a good degree of exfoliation for clay concentrations as high as 6.8 wt% when the clay was expanded and mixed with CO2. At this concentration, mechanical properties such as yield strength and modulus increased by as much as 13% and 69%, respectively, relative to the pure PP, and approximately 15% higher than those of samples prepared by direct melt compounding (without the use of CO2). Furthermore, yield-like behavior in the viscosity and a plateau in the low-frequency behavior of storage modulus, Gâ , was also attributed to polymer-clay interaction due to strong hydrogen bonding between MA groups and the hydroxyl groups on the clay surface, not just solely to the formation of percolation network due to exfoliation between clay platelets that is commonly reported in literature for clay-filled functionalized polypropylene.Ph. D.
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Lee, Byoung-Jo. "Nucleating agent-assisted preparation of polyprolylene (PP)/polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) nanocomposites and their characterization." Akron, OH : University of Akron, 2009. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=akron1247779040.
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Dissertation (Ph. D.)--University of Akron, Dept. of Polymer Engineering, 2009."August, 2009." Title from electronic dissertation title page (viewed 9/23/2009) Advisor, Sadhan C. Jana; Committee members, Avraam I. Isayev, James L. White, George G. Chase, Shing-Chung Josh Wong; Department Chair, Sadhan C. Jana; Dean of the College, Stephen Z. D. Cheng; Dean of the Graduate School, George R. Newkome. Includes bibliographical references.
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Vamvounis, Emmanouil. "Polypropylene ternary nanocomposites with layered silicates and single-walled carbon nanotubes." Thesis, University of Manchester, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.499936.
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Normand, Guillaume. "Nanocomposites à matrice polypropylène renforcée par argile lamellaire - Etude de la relation procédé-structure." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PSLEM053/document.
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Cette thèse porte sur la relation entre le procédé de préparation et la structure des nanocomposites polypropylène/argile. Les échantillons ont été préparés au mélangeur interne dans un premier temps. Des observations au microscope électronique à balayage, complétées par des analyses en diffraction des rayons X ainsi que des mesures rhéologiques ont permis de caractériser l’état de dispersion de l’argile à différentes échelles au sein du matériau. Nous avons comparé trois argiles organophiles et montré que la compatibilité chimique entre l’argile et la matrice est un facteur primordial afin d’obtenir une bonne dispersion : la Cloisite 20 et la Dellite 67G montrent de bons états de dispersion à toutes les échelles au contraire de la Cloisite 30B. Nous avons ensuite mis en évidence l’influence de la vitesse de rotation ainsi que du temps de mélange sur l’état de dispersion de l’argile. Le seuil de percolation de l’argile dans le polypropylène a été déterminé. Le lien entre état de dispersion et cristallinité du polypropylène a également été étudié.Les échantillons ont ensuite été préparés par extrusion bivis. L’influence de la vitesse de rotation sur l’état de dispersion de l’argile a été mise en évidence, tout autant que la dégradation de la matrice aux plus fortes vitesses. L’évolution de l’état de dispersion le long de la vis a montré que si l’intercalation était rapidement atteinte sur la vis, l’exfoliation progressait linéairement avant de saturer sur les dernières zones. L’utilisation d’une température de régulation plus faible ou d’une matrice plus visqueuse n’ont pas permis d’améliorer l’état de dispersion de l’argile ni d’éviter la dégradation de la matrice. Enfin, l’utilisation du logiciel Ludovic© a permis de mieux appréhender les phénomènes thermomécaniques mis en jeu lors de l’extrusion, mais également d’optimiser le procédéThis PhD focuses on the relationship between the preparation process and the structure of polypropylene/clay nanocomposites. First, the samples were prepared via an internal mixer. Scanning electron microscopy observations, completed by X-ray diffraction analysis and rheology measurements enabled us to characterize the clay dispersion state in the nanocomposite at different scales. Three organoclays were compared. It was shown that the chemical compatibility between the clay and the matrix was essential to ensure a good dispersion: Cloisite 20 and Dellite 67G showed good dispersion states at all scales, whereas Cloisite 30B did not. The influence of rotor speed and mixing time on the clay dispersion state was shown. The percolation threshold of the clay was determined. The link between dispersion state and crystallinity was also studied.The samples were then prepared via a twin-screw extruder. The influence of screw speed on the clay dispersion state was demonstrated, as well as the matrix degradation at high screw speed. The evolution of the dispersion state along the screw profile showed that intercalation was reached early in the screw profile, whereas exfoliation evolved linearly until the last mixing elements. A lower barrel temperature, as well as a more viscous matrix did not improve the clay dispersion state, and did not prevent the matrix degradation. Finally, the Ludovic© software allowed us to apprehend the thermomechanical phenomena involved during extrusion, but also to optimize the process
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Al-Shehri, Abdulhadi S. "Tensile and fracture behaviour of isotropic and die-drawn polypropylene-clay nanocomposites : compounding, processing, characterization and mechanical properties of isotropic and die-drawn polypropylene/clay/polypropylene maleic anhydride composites." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5223.
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As a preliminary starting point for the present study, physical and mechanical properties of polypropylene nanocomposites (PPNCs) for samples received from Queen's University Belfast have been evaluated. Subsequently, polymer/clay nanocomposite material has been produced at Bradford. Mixing and processing routes have been explored, and mechanical properties for the different compounded samples have been studied. Clay intercalation structure has received particular attention to support the ultimate objective of optimising tensile and fracture behaviour of isotropic and die-drawn PPNCs. Solid-state molecular orientation has been introduced to PPNCs by the die-drawing process. Tensile stress-strain measurements with video-extensometry and tensile fracture of double edge-notched tensile specimens have been used to evaluate the Young's modulus at three different strain rates and the total work of fracture toughness at three different notch lengths. The polymer composite was analyzed by differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, polarizing optical microscopy, wide angle x-ray diffraction, and transmission electron microscopy. 3% and 5% clay systems at various compatibilizer (PPMA) loadings were prepared by three different mixing routes for the isotropic sheets, produced by compression moulding, and tensile bars, produced by injection moulding process. Die-drawn oriented tensile bars were drawn to draw ratio of 2, 3 and 4. The results from the Queen's University Belfast samples showed a decrement in tensile strength at yield. This might be explained by poor bonding, which refers to poor dispersion. Voids that can be supported by intercalated PP/clay phases might be responsible for improvement of elongation at break. The use of PPMA and an intensive mixing regime with a two-step master batch process overcame the compatibility issue and achieved around 40% and 50% increase in modulus for 3% and 5% clay systems respectively. This improvement of the two systems was reduced after drawing to around 15% and 25% compared with drawn PP. The work of fracture is increased either by adding nanoclay or by drawing to low draw ratio, or both. At moderate and high draw ratios, PPNCs may undergo either an increase in the size of microvoids at low clay loading or coalescence of microvoids at high clay loading, eventually leading to an earlier failure than with neat PP. The adoption of PPMA loading using an appropriate mixing route and clay loading can create a balance between the PPMA stiffness effect and the degree of bonding between clay particles and isotropic or oriented polymer molecules. Spherulites size, d-spacing of silicate layers, and nanoparticles distribution of intercalated microtactoids with possible semi-exfoliated particles have been suggested to optimize the final PPNCs property.
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Shepherd, Céline. "New routes for functionalised nanoparticles for polymer nanocomposites." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2016. https://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:b148b604-80c9-464f-937c-0b3f1553468a.
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Polymer nanocomposites represent a class of advanced, multifunctional materials, combining the attractive features of both nanomaterials and polymers. The level of dispersion of the nanoparticles directly controls the extent to which nanocomposites can maximize the unique attributes of their nano-scale fillers. However, as a consequence of the tendency of nanofillers to agglomerate, the anticipated superior properties of polymer nanocomposites are yet to be realised, and remain merely a theoretical prediction. As a result, the surface chemistry of nanofillers is often tailored to reduce the attractive interparticle interactions that promote agglomeration. This modification can also be used to enhance the interfacial interactions between the nanofiller and polymer matrices to achieve improved filler dispersion. Accordingly, this thesis addresses this challenge in nanocomposite technology by investigating the chemical surface functionalisation of various nanoparticles in order to produce polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites with superior electrical, mechanical and thermal properties. Part I describes covalent modification of nanosilica, microsilica, furnace Carbon Black (CB), acetylene black (ACB) and carbon nanotube (CNT) nanomaterials by carbene insertion and azo-coupling reactions, in a series of studies, in order to tailor their surfaces for application in polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites. The surface characterisation of the modified nanomaterials was assessed in detail using XPS, CHN, SSNMR, BET, ATR-IR and thermal analysis techniques. The surface grafting densities were estimated to be of the order of 1013 and 1014 molecules/cm2 and additionally, SSNMR provided direct evidence of the diarylcarbene reaction to the silica surface. Following nanocomposite production with PP by solvent mixing methods, the macroscopic properties were studied demonstrating altered electrical, mechanical and thermal properties following assessment of the DC conductivity, dielectric properties, thermal analysis (TGA, DSC, DMA) and morphological measurements. In particular, the introduction to the CB surface of a diaryl complex with terminal dodecyl hydrocarbon chains demonstrated substantial improvements to the DC electrical and dielectric properties of the PP nanocomposites. Part II explores the non-covalent surface functionalisation of CB and ACB by the physisorption of the non-ionic surfactant Triton-X-100. Various protocols were developed in which an optimal surface loading for CB was determined by treatment at 0.024 mM(aq). In addition, the modification procedure was combined with the granulation protocol of ACB in an effort to evaluate the potential for industrial applications. The degree of surface functionalisation was extensively characterised by BET, XPS, thermal analysis, UV-Vis and ATR-IR analyses. PP nanocomposites produced by solvent and melt mixing methods demonstrated similar conductive properties following the nanoscale modification, however morphological, dielectric and thermal analysis indicated altered interfacial interactions demonstrating improved mechanical properties.
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Domenech, Trystan. "Structure et propriétés de nanocomposites polypropylène/argile lamellaire préparés par mélange à l'état fondu." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2012. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00684786.
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Ce travail de thèse porte sur les liens entre les conditions opératoires du procédé de mise en œuvre par mélange à l'état fondu et la structure de nanocomposites polypropylène/argile, ainsi que sur l'influence de l'état de dispersion de l'argile sur les propriétés mécaniques des matériaux obtenus. L'étude est basée sur des essais expérimentaux. Les analyses structurales sont réalisées en s'appuyant sur la rhéologie, la diffraction de rayons X ainsi que sur des observations en microscopie électronique.Les études en mélangeur interne ont montré, d'une part, que l'augmentation de la concentration en agent compatibilisant (PP-g-MA) favorise la dispersion de l'argile à l'échelle manométrique tout en augmentant la fragilité des nanocomposites, et d'autre part, que le mélange par voie mélange maître permet d'améliorer considérablement l'état de dispersion comparativement à la voie directe. Les essais réalisés en extrusion bivis corotative ont permis de mettre en évidence l'impact de la vitesse de rotation des vis (N), du débit d'alimentation (Q) et de la température de régulation (Trég) sur l'état de dispersion. L'influence de ces trois variables peut être décrite à l'aide d'un paramètre unique : l'énergie mécanique spécifique (EMS). L'accroissement de l'EMS entraîne une augmentation du niveau d'exfoliation jusqu'à une valeur critique au-delà de laquelle les conditions opératoires ne semblent plus influencer l'état de dispersion. Une relation entre le module de Young des nanocomposites et le niveau d'exfoliation a été établie. Le logiciel LUDOVIC© nous a permis de montrer que l'EMS permet également une bonne description de la progression de l'état de dispersion le long du profil d'extrusion. Enfin, l'étude du comportement thixotrope des nanocomposites à l'état fondu a notamment permis de comprendre que le principe de superposition temps-température ne s'applique pas systématiquement aux nanocomposites étant donné leur caractère évolutif.
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Erdmann, Michael. "Entwicklung innovativer Compatibilizer-Systeme für Polypropylen-Nanocomposites auf der Basis organophiler Schichtsilikate." Berlin Logos-Verl, 2009. http://d-nb.info/997726830/04.
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Chu, Chun. "Development of polymer nanocomposites for automotive applications." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/37128.
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Polymer nanocomposites (PNCs) have gained significant interest because they have outstanding performance that allows cost reduction, weight reduction, and product improvement. This research study focuses on the manufacture and characterization of PNCs in order to explore their potential in automotive applications. More specifically, polypropylene (PP) nanocomposites reinforced with xGnP and nanokaolin were fabricated by manufacturing methods that optimize their performances. Exfoliated graphite nanoplatelets (xGnP) are promising nanofillers that are cost effective and multifunctional with superior mechanical, thermo-mechanical and electrical properties. Nanokaolin is a newly introduced natural mineral mind in Georgia that has not been studied as of now. PNCs reinforced with these two nanofillers were characterized in terms of mechanical, thermo-mechanical, and various other properties, and then compared to talc- reinforced PP composites, which are the current state of the art for rear bumpers used by Honda Motor. Characterization results indicated that xGnP had better performance than talc and nanokaolin. Furthermore, the addition of xGnP introduces electrical conductivity in the PNCs, leading to more potential uses for PNCs in automotive applications such as the ability to be electrostatic painted. In order to fabricate PNCs with a desired conductivity value, there is need for a design tool that can predict electrical conductivity. Existing electrical conductivity models were examined in terms of model characteristics and parameters, and model predictions were compared to the experimental data. The percolation threshold is the most important parameter in these models, but it is difficult to determine experimentally, that is why a correlation between thermo-mechanical properties and electrical conductivity is also investigated in this study.
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Zhang, Yan. "Relationship between morphology, crystallization behavior and mechanical properties of polypropylene micro- and nanocomposites /." View abstract or full-text, 2004. http://library.ust.hk/cgi/db/thesis.pl?CENG%202004%20ZHANG.
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Shen, Yucai. "Processing and properties of melt processed polypropylene-clay and polylethylene terephthalate-clay nanocomposites." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.546426.
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ANDRADE, Daniela de Lourdes Anjos Coutinho Simões. "Influência das variáveis de processo na formação e propriedades de nanocompósitos polipropileno/bentonita." Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, 2009. http://dspace.sti.ufcg.edu.br:8080/jspui/handle/riufcg/1691.
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DANIELA DE LOURDES ANJOS COUTINHO SIMÕES ANDRADE - TESE (PPGEP) 2009.pdf: 2248344 bytes, checksum: 28a93ae4236853f59fe35037c2ab6f28 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-12T12:56:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 DANIELA DE LOURDES ANJOS COUTINHO SIMÕES ANDRADE - TESE (PPGEP) 2009.pdf: 2248344 bytes, checksum: 28a93ae4236853f59fe35037c2ab6f28 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009
A proposta deste trabalho foi preparar nanocompósitos de polipropileno/compatibilizante/bentonita, pelo método de intercalação na fusão, utilizando como carga uma argila sódica comercial Argel, fornecida por uma indústria local, purificada e modificada organicamente com um sal quaternário de amônio empregando diferentes métodos de preparação. Ao longo do trabalho foram utilizadas duas matrizes e dois tipos de compatibilizantes: PP H103, PP H401, Polipropileno modificado com anidrido maleico (PP-g-MA) e Copolímero de etileno e álcool vinílico (EVOH), respectivamente. As argilas foram caracterizadas por difração de raios-X (DRX), espectroscopia de infravermelho (FTIR) e análise termogravimétrica (TG) visando determinar o método de preparação mais eficiente para obtenção das argilas organofílicas. Uma vez determinado o melhor procedimento para organofilização, na segunda parte deste estudo, avaliou-se o efeito do tipo e teor de argila organofílica, bem como o tipo e teor de compatibilizante nas propriedades de filmes de polipropileno. De acordo com os resultados preliminares deste estudo, há uma indicação de que os filmes de nanocompósitos PP/PP-g-MA/argila organofílica, contendo 1% de argila organofílica e 15% de polipropileno modificado com anidrido maléico (PP-g-MA) podem ser promissores para o mercado de embalagens e poderão em um futuro próximo serem usados como um novo produto por empresas nacionais.
The purpose of this work is to prepare nanocomposites of polypropylene/compatibilizer/bentonite, by melting intercalation, with a commercial sodium clay – Argel – as filler. This clay was organically purified and modified by different methods, with a quaternary ammonium salt. The clays were characterized by X-Ray diffraction (XRD), infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermogravimetric analyses (TG) to determine the most efficient preparation method. Before that, in the second stage of this study, the influence of the type and contend of organoclay in the properties of the polypropylene films was measured; the same was done for the compatibilizer. The preliminary results indicate that the nanocomposites film with 1% of organoclay and 15% of polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride show promise as packing materials and may be used, in the near future, as a new product by the national industry.
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Minisini, Benoit. "Modélisation et simulation moléculaire d'un matériau nanocomposite à base de polypropylène chargé de nanoparticules lamellaires." Le Mans, 2004. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2004/2004LEMA1001.pdf.
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Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le cadre des recherches fondamentales et appliquées visant à mieux comprendre les propriétés physico-chimiques des matériaux polymères nanocomposites. Au moyen de calculs quantiques nous avons montré que la réactivité de surface de la montmorillonite est fonction de sa configuration atomique au niveau de la couche octaédrique. Puis nous avons étudié la réactivité de différents surfactants utilisés dans l'étape d'organomodification de la nanocharge. Les propriétés electrostatiques de différents groupements polaires susceptibles d'être greffés sur le polypropylène ont aussi été analysés. En utilisant la mécanique moléculaire classique nous avons montré l'influence des surfactants sur les propriétés de la montmorillonite organomodifiée. Puis une analyse du nanocomposite complet incluant, un type de montmorillonite, un surfactant et différents polypropylènes fonctionnarisés a été effectuée à l'aide de la dynamique moléculaire classiqueThis thesis lies in the scope of the fondamental and industriel research aiming Io better understand the physicochemical properties of nanocomposite polymer. Thanks Io an ab inito method we have shown a link between the reactivity of the montmorillonite surface and the oclahedral configuration. Then, the reactivity of différent surfactants used for the organo- modification of the montmorillonite is studied. Electrostatic properties of différent functional groups which could be grafted onto polyolefine are also studied. The influence of the surfactant on the organoclay properties is investigated with the classical molecular mechanic method. Classical molecular dynamies on graft polypropylene-surfactant-montmorillonite systems are performed to calculaie the interaction energies. Eventually, we study the role of binder of the surfactant
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Minisini, Benoit Tsobnang François. "Modélisation et simulation moléculaire d'un matériau nanocomposite à base de polypropylène chargé de nanoparticules lamellaires." [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2004. http://cyberdoc.univ-lemans.fr/theses/2004/2004LEMA1001.pdf.
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Kanbur, Yasin. "Conductive Polymer Nanocomposites Of Polypropylene And Organic Field Effect Transistors With Polyethylene Gate Dielectric." Phd thesis, METU, 2011. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/12613312/index.pdf.
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One of the aim of this study is to prepare conductive polymer nanocomposites of polypropylene to obtain better mechanical and electrical properties. Composite materials based on conductive fillers dispersed within insulating thermoplastic matrices have wide range of application. For this purpose, conductive polymer nanocomposites of polypropylene with nano dimentional conductive fillers like carbon black, carbon nanotube and fullerene were prepared. Their mechanical, electrical and thermal properties were investigated.
Polypropylene (PP)/carbon black (CB) composites at different compositions were prepared via melt blending of PP with CB. The effect of CB content on mechanical and electrical properties was studied. Test samples were prepared by injection molding and compression molding techniques. Also, the effect of processing type on mechanical and electrical properties was investigated. Composites become semiconductive with the addition of 2 wt% CB.
Polypropylene (PP) / Carbon Nanotube (CNT) and Polypropylene / Fullerene composites were prepared by melt mixing. CNT&rsquos and fullerenes were surface functionalized with HNO3 : H2SO4 before composite preparation. The CNT and fullerene content in the composites were varied as 0.5, 1.0, 2.0 and 3.0 % by weight. For the composites which contain surface modified CNT and fullerene four different compatibilizers were used. These were selected as TritonX-100, Poly(ethylene-block-polyethylene glycol), Maleic anhydride grafted Polypropylene and Cetramium Bromide. The effect of surface functionalization and different compatibilizer on mechanical, thermal and electrical properties were investigated. Best value of these properties were observed for the composites which were prepared with maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene and cetramium bromide. Another aim of this study is to built and characterize transistors which have polyethylene as dielectric layers. While doing this, polyethylene layer was deposited on gate electrode using vacuum evaporation system. Fullerene , Pentacene ve Indigo were used as semiconductor layer. Transistors work with low voltage and high on/off ratio were built with Aluminum oxide - PE and PE dielectrics.
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Xiao, Dan. "Development and Investigation of High-Performance Fire Retardant Polypropylene Nanocomposites via High Energy Electrons." Doctoral thesis, Saechsische Landesbibliothek- Staats- und Universitaetsbibliothek Dresden, 2017. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:14-qucosa-229650.
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Polypropylene (PP) has excellent mechanical and chemical properties. Thus, it is used in a wide range of applications. However, like for most polymers, the high flammability of PP limits its application in various fields requiring specific flame-retardant standards. Some of halogenated flame retardants are restricted by European Community directives ROHs, WEEE and REACH. Now metallic hydroxides flame retardants are widely used in industry, but the high loading (about 60 wt %) seriously destroys the mechanical properties of polymeric materials. To improve the performance of flame retardant polymers, an environment-friendly electron beam (EB) technology has been successfully used in modifying flame retardant and polymer matrix.
In this work, high efficient functional intumescent flame retardants and functional surfactant are designed and prepared for EB technology. In-depth studies the thermal stability, fire behavior and mechanical properties of these flame retardant PP composites have been studied. The possible graft-linking and cross-linking mechanisms of such EB modified composites can be well established. Specially, it is shown that the novel surfactant has better thermal stability in comparison to traditionally used modifiers.
Another part of this work deals with the exploration of novel allylamine polyphosphate (AAPP) as flame retardant crosslinker for PP by electron beam (EB) treatment. Multifunctional AAPP showed unique efficient intumescent flame retardant properties. The limiting oxygen index (LOI) value and the effective melt drop resistance in UL-94 test of multifunctional flame retardant PP composites is greatly enhanced. In the cone calorimeter test, a reduction of peak heat release rate, total heat release and smoke production is achieved. Moreover, EB treatment increased the thermal stability of these designed flame retardant PP composites. Furthermore, AAPP provided an excellent quality of char residue in the combustion stage due to P−N−C and P−O−C structure. In addition, synergistic mechanism of AAPP with montmorillonite (MMT) was explored.
Finally, different EB parameters have been used to modify fire retardant polymer nanocomposites. The effects of EB treatment on thermal stability, fire behavior and mechanical properties of fire retardant PP nanocomposites have been discussed. The heat release, the production of toxic gases and the mass loss of EB modified fire retardant PP nanocomposites are delayed in accordance to the result of cone calorimeter test. Based on these results high performance fire retardant polymer nanocomposites can be developed for industrial applications such as insulated material of wire, cable, etc.
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Chinellato, Anne Cristine. "Etude d'un procédé d'élaboration et caractérisation de nanocomposites à base de polypropylène et de montmorillonite." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy, INPL, 2005. http://docnum.univ-lorraine.fr/public/INPL/2005_CHINELLATO_A_C.pdf.
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Ce travail concerne l'élaboration de nanocomposites à base de polypropylène/montmorillonite organophile (PP/o-MMT). Son but premier a été d'étudier l'efficacité d'un PP greffé acide acrylique (PP-g-AA) en tant qu'agent compatibilisant pour promouvoir l'intercalation et/ou l'exfoliation de l'o-MMT dans le PP, d'une part ; et les structures et les propriétés des composites obtenus, d'autre part. Deux sortes de PP-g-AA contenant la même quantité d'acide acrylique (6 % poids) mais ayant des masses molaires différentes ont été utilisés. La quantité de l'o-MMT utilisée a été de 0, 1 ou 5 % en poids et le rapport PP-g-AA/o-MMT de 0:1, 1:1, 2:1 ou 5:1 en poids. Les analyses aux rayons-X et par microscopie électronique à transmission ont montré qu'en l'absence de PP-g-AA, la structure du PP/o-MMT était similaire à celle d'un microcomposite conventionnel. Par contre, l'adition de PP-g-AA a rendu possible la formation des nanocomposites intercalés. Par rapport au PP pur, les PP/o-MMT ont montré une augmentation de la stabilité thermique d'environ 40°C ainsi qu'une augmentation en module élastique d'environ 30%. Cependant, cette augmentation a toujours été accompagnée d'une diminution de la résistance au choc des nanocomposites. L'incorporation de l'o-MMT dans le PP a toujours permis de diminuer sa perméabilité au CO2 et l'addition du PP-g-AA a renforcé cet effet. Une diminution de 50% a été réalisée. Ces résultats ont permis de conclure que le PP-g-AA était un agent compatibilisant efficace pour promouvoir l'intercalation et/ou exfoliation de l'o-MMT dans le PP. Les deux PP-g-AA semblaient avoir une efficacité similaire. De manière générale, les composites contenant une plus grande quantité de PP-g-AA présentaient de meilleures propriétésThis work dealt with polypropylene/organically modified montmorillonite (PP/o-MMT) nanocomposites. The main objective was to study the efficiency of using an acrylic acid modified PP (PP-g-AA) as a compatibilizer to promote the intercalation and/or exfoliation of the o-MMT in the PP, on the one hand; and the structures and properties of the resulting composites, on the other hand. Two kinds of PP-g-AA having the same acrylic acid content (6 wt. %) and differing in molar mass were used. The o-MMT content was 0, 1, or 5 wt. % and the PP-g-AA/o-MMT mass ratio was 0:1, 1:1, 2:1 or 5:1. X-ray diffraction and transmission electronic microscopy showed that without PP-g-AA, the structure of the PP/o-MMT was like that of a conventional micro-composite. With PP-g-AA, the o-MMT was intercalated. Compared to the neat PP, the PP/o-MMT showed an increase in thermal stability of up to 40°C and 30% in elastic modulus. However this increase was concomitant to a decrease in impact strength as the compatibilizer/montmorilonite mass ratio increased. Incorporation of the o-MMT in the PP always led to a decrease in CO2 permeability and the degree of decrease was more significant for compatibilized PP/o-MMT composites (better intercalation/exfoliation) reaching up to 50% with respect to the virgin PP. Based on the above results, it was concluded that the PP-g-AA was efficient to promote the intercalation/exfoliation of the o-MMT in the PP. However, there seemed no significant differences between the two PP-g-AA compatibilizers. Overall, for both PP-g-AA, better properties were obtained for higher PP-g-AA/o-MMT mass ratio
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Chinellato, Anne Cristine Hu Guo Hua. "Etude d'un procédé d'élaboration et caractérisation de nanocomposites à base de polypropylène et de montmorillonite." Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy : INPL, 2005. http://www.scd.inpl-nancy.fr/theses/2005_CHINELLATO_A_C.pdf.
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Oliveira, Camila Fernanda de Paula. "Melhoria da resistência no estado fundido do polipropileno através da adição de nanoargilas." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-20082010-162643/.
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Neste trabalho foram obtidos nanocompósitos de polipropileno (PP) e argilas. Três tipos de PP com índices de fluidez de 1,5; 2,2 e 37,9 g/10min (230ºC/216kg) foram utilizados. O PP com maior índice de fluidez é um produto modificado com peróxido. Essas amostras de PP foram misturadas ao masterbatch da Nanocor nanoMax®-PP. Concentrações de masterbatch variando de 3 a 12% em peso foram utilizadas. Os compósitos foram obtidos em uma extrusora dupla rosca e em um misturador. O Masterbatch foi caracterizado por fluorescência de raios X, difração de raios X (DRX) e por espectroscopia no infravermelho (FTIR). Os compósitos foram caracterizados por DRX, microscopia ótica (MO) e de transmissão (MET), e reologicamente. A caracterização reológica foi realizada conduzindo ensaios de varredura de tempo e ensaios de Cisalhamento Oscilatório de Pequena Amplitude (COPA) no regime de viscoelasticidade linear. Ensaios utilizando uma matriz cônica que permite a avaliação da viscosidade elongacional foram também conduzidos. Com essa matriz foi também possível a avaliação da viscosidade de cisalhamento dos compósitos para taxas de cisalhamento que correspondem a regime de viscoelasticidade linear. Os resultados da caracterização do Masterbatch mostraram que este consiste de uma mistura de polipropileno enxertado com anidrido maleico e uma argila do tipo esmectita, predominantemente montmorilonita (MMT). O espaçamento basal das argilas nos compósitos obtidos foi maior do que aquele da argila no masterbatch para todos os compósitos, diminuindo com o aumento da concentração de masterbatch no compósito. A viscosidade dos compostos obtidos aumentou com o tempo durante os ensaios de varredura de tempo devido a variações morfológicas. Essas variações foram mais importantes quando a freqüência utilizada no ensaio era menor. Essas variações foram correlacionadas com a evolução da morfologia dos compostos em função do tempo. O módulo de armazenamento obtido nos ensaios de COPA a baixas frequências para os compósitos foi maior do que o módulo dos polímeros puros para concentrações de argila acima de 6%. Esse aumento do módulo foi muito mais intenso para o PP de maior índice de fluidez. Os ensaios de caracterização reológica utilizando a matriz cônica mostraram que os nanocompósitos não seguem a Regra de Cox-Merz e que para o PP de maior índice de fluidez a viscosidade elongacional aumenta com o aumento da concentração de masterbatch.In this work nanocomposites of polypropylene (PP) were obtained. Three types of PP with melt flow rates of 1,5; 2,2 e 37,9 g/10min (230ºC/216kg) were used. The PP with the largest melt flow rate is a product modified with peroxide. These samples were mixed with PP masterbatch Nanocor nanoMax ®-PP. Masterbatch in different concentrations ranging from 3 to 12 wt%. The composites were obtained using a twin screw extruder and internal mixer. The masterbatch was characterized by X-ray fluorescence, X-ray diffraction (XRD) and infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The composites were characterized by XRD, optical microscopy (OM) and transmission (TEM) and rheologically. The rheological characterization was made carrying out time sweep, small amplitude oscillatory shear (SAOS) tests in order to study the rheological behavior on the linear viscoelastic regime. Tests using a conical diewith which it is possible to measure elongational viscosity were also conducted. The shear viscosity at high shear rates was evaluated using a slit die The characterization results showed that the masterbatch is a mixture of polypropylene grafted with maleic anhydride and a smectite type clay, predominantly montmorillonite (MMT). The basal spacing of clay in the composites was greater than that of the clay within the masterbatch for every composites. It was shown to decrease with increasing concentration of masterbatch in the composite. The viscosity of composites increased during the time sweep experiments. This evolution of viscosity was attributed to changes of morphology of the composites. These variations were more important when the frequency used in the test was lower. The storage modulus obtained during COPA at low frequencies for composites was higher than the modulus of the pure polymers when the clay content was above 6%. This increase in modulus was greater for the lower melt flow index PP The rheological tests performed using the slit die showed that Cox-Merz rule was not valid for the composites. The elongational viscosity was shown to increase with increasing concentration of masterbatch.
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Bar, Marcia. "Estudo da fotooxidação de nanocomposito PP/bentonita." UNIVERSIDADE ESTADUAL DE PONTA GROSSA, 2008. http://tede2.uepg.br/jspui/handle/prefix/1387.
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Previous issue date: 2008-10-24Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
The cation exchange of the bentonite and its processing are important factors to the polimeric nanocomposite formulation. The objective of this work was to produce nanocomposites of polypropylene / sodium bentonite and polypropylene / organophilic bentonite through melt intercalation and analyze the degradation produced by ultraviolet irradiation. Cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide (C17H38BrN), Cetremide®, was used to organophilize the bentonite clay. Corotating twin screw extruder was used to process the nanocomposite; injection molded specimens were used for the flexural test and optical micrographs; hot pressed samples were used for DSC, XRD and FTIR. The XRD results showed that the samples of nature bentonite obtained better interaction with de polymer rather than treated clay, and produced intercalated nanocomposite. The degradation by ultraviolet irradiation was observed after 24 hours of exposition. All the samples showed the same photoproducts and at the same proportion until 240 hours of UV exposition; at higher times, 480 hours of UV exposition, the organophilize bentonite composite showed higher degradation than other ones. The flexural modulus decreased with degradation time. The degradation occurs due chromophores impurities presented in the samples, thus samples with clay show higher degradation, and organophilic clay contains ammonium salt that contribute to increase the degradation.
A troca de cátions da bentonita e o processamento são fatores muito importantes para a formação de nanocompósitos poliméricos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi produzir nanocompósitos de polipropileno / bentonita sódica e polipropileno / bentonita organofílica pelo método de intercalação no estado fundido e avaliar a degradação devido a exposição das amostras a irradiação ultravioleta. Foi usado o sal quaternário de amônio cetil trimetilamoneobrometo (C17H38BrN), Cetremide®,para obter a bentonita organofílica. No processamento foi usado uma extrusora de rosca dupla corrotacional; para o ensaio de flexão e de microscopia ótica foram usadas amostras injetadas; para o ensaio de DSC, DRX e FTIR foram usadas amostras prensadas a quente. Os resultados de raios-X mostraram que as amostras com bentonita natural tiveram uma melhor interação com o polímero do que a argila tratada, e formaram um nanocompósito intercalado. Os efeitos dos raios ultravioleta na degradação já são perceptíveis após 24 horas de exposição. Todas as amostras apresentam os mesmo foto-produtos e na mesma proporção até 240 horas de exposição UV; com tempos maiores, 480 horas de exposição, o compósito formado pela argila organofílica apresenta uma degradação mais acentuada que os outros materiais. O módulo de flexão diminuiu com o tempo de degradação; as trincas superficiais aumentaram com o tempo de degradação. A degradação ocorre devido as impurezas cromóforas presentes nas amostras, desta forma, amostras em cuja composição tem argila são mais degradadas, e no caso da argila organofílica ainda tem a presença do sal de amônio que também contribui para o aumento da degradação.