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Journal articles on the topic 'Polypropylene intumescent'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 8 March 2025

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1

Depeng, Li, Li Chixiang, Jiang Xiulei, Liu Tao, and Zhao Ling. "Synergistic effects of intumescent flame retardant and nano-CaCO3 on foamability and flame-retardant property of polypropylene composites foams." Journal of Cellular Plastics 54, no. 3 (July 12, 2017): 615–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x17720157.

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Synergistic effects of intumescent flame retardant and nano-CaCO3 on foamability and flame retardant property of polypropylene composites and their foams were carefully investigated. The differential scanning calorimetry results showed that the intumescent flame retardant played a plasticizing effect on the polypropylene/intumescent flame-retardant composites and accelerated the crystallization rate. The rheological properties and supercritical CO2-assisted molding foaming behaviors of the polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant/nano-CaCO3 composites showed that the nano-CaCO3 could enhance their foamability. Scanning electron microscopy pictures and mechanical properties of the polypropylene/intumescent flame-retardant composites foams indicated that the agglomeration of intumescent flame retardant would reduce the cell uniformity and even cause the cell collapse. Furthermore, the stress concentration, caused by the agglomeration, could reduce the mechanical properties of the PP composites foams. The synergistic effect of the nano-CaCO3 could improve the cell uniformity and reduce the stress concentration so that the mechanical properties of the polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant /nano-CaCO3 composites foams were improved. Moreover, the polypropylene/intumescent flame retardant/nano-CaCO3 composites foams had the higher limit oxygen index values than the polypropylene/intumescent flame-retardant foams. TGA results also showed that the nano-CaCO3 could improve the thermal stability of the polypropylene composites foams by forming compact carbon layer. The experimental results indicated that the foamability of the polypropylene composites and the flame-retardant property of their foams could be improved by the synergistic effects of intumescent flame retardant and nano-CaCO3.

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2

Bourbigot, S., M. Le Bras, and R. Delobel. "Fire Degradation of an Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene Using the Cone Calorimeter." Journal of Fire Sciences 13, no. 1 (January 1995): 3–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419501300101.

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This work studies the fire degradation of an intumescent for mulation Polypropylene (PP)-Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP)/Pentaerythri tol (PER) using the cone calorimeter. An intumescence model is described which introduces the notion of degradation front. From the weight loss data recorded by the cone calorimeter and the results of the invariant kinetic pa rameters method (given in appendix) applied to the PP and to the PP-APP/PER system, the respective temperatures of the degradation fronts are measured. A stability zone is shown where the protection is effective. The intumescent coating degrades then by forming a carbonaceous residue which reduces the heat flux evolved.

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3

Almeras, X., M. Le Bras, S. Bourbigot, P. Hornsby, G. Marosi, P. Anna, and F. Poutch. "Intumescent PP Blends." Polymers and Polymer Composites 11, no. 8 (November 2003): 691–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110301100808.

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One way to improve the fire performance of polymers is by the development of intumescent systems. The addition of ammonium polyphosphate/polyamide-6 is known to provide flame retardancy in many polymers via an intumescent process. The development of appropriate formulations is limited by their mechanical properties. This study shows that polypropylene based intumescent blends are efficient fire retardant systems and that acceptable mechanical properties can be obtained. It is also shown that adding talc improves the mechanical properties of intumescent polypropylene formulations without decreasing their fire retardancy.

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4

Zhou, Ying, Weidi He, Yifan Wu, Dinghong Xu, Xiaolang Chen, Min He, and Jianbing Guo. "Influence of thermo-oxidative aging on flame retardancy, thermal stability, and mechanical properties of long glass fiber–reinforced polypropylene composites filled with organic montmorillonite and intumescent flame retardant." Journal of Fire Sciences 37, no. 2 (March 2019): 176–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904119833014.

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In this work, the effect of thermo-oxidative aging on organic montmorillonite/intumescent flame retardant/long glass fiber–reinforced polypropylene composites was investigated for different exposure times at 140°C. Limiting oxygen index, Underwriters Laboratories-94 tests, cone calorimeter test, and thermogravimetric analysis were used to evaluate the flammability and thermal stability. The results of limiting oxygen index values, Underwriters Laboratories 94 test, and cone calorimeter test show that aging performs negative effect on the flame retardancy of organic montmorillonite/intumescent flame retardant/long glass fiber–reinforced polypropylene composites. Thermal oxidation aging markedly changes the decomposition process of organic montmorillonite/intumescent flame retardant/long glass fiber–reinforced polypropylene composites. The scanning electronic microscopy images of the external surface of composites indicate that many ground particles and micro-scale cracks are scattered in the surfaces of the composites after aging. The sharp micro-scale cracks and crazing formed on the surface promote the heat and oxygen to penetrate into the bulk of polypropylene matrix. According to the mechanical test results, the thermal oxidation aging reduces the tensile, flexural, and notched impact strengths of organic montmorillonite/intumescent flame retardant/long glass fiber–reinforced polypropylene composites.

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5

Wang, Ya Li, Xiao Ping Tang, and Xu Dong Tang. "Study of Synergistic Effects of Cerium Oxide on Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene System." Advanced Materials Research 887-888 (February 2014): 90–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.887-888.90.

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Melamine salt of pentaerythritol phosphate (PPM) was synthesized with phosphoric acid, pentaerythritol and melamine. This flame retardant polypropylene containing cerium oxide (CeO2) can be used as a synergistic agent for the flame retardancy of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene system. The pendulum impact tester and universal material machine were used to evaluate the mechanical properties of intmescent flame retardant system, the limiting oxygen index (LOI), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were used to evaluate the synergistic effects of CeO2. The LOI value of the system increased when reasonable amount of CeO2 was added, and it reached maximum (30%) when the mass fraction of PPM was 20% and CeO2 added was 1% of the PPM/PP system. The TGA data shows that CeO2 can enhance the thermal stability of the intumescent flame retardant polypropylene system at high temperature and effectively increase the char residue formation. The morphological structures observed with SEM demonstrate that reasonable amount of CeO2 can improve the morphologies of intumescent char layer and the properties of heat insulation and barrier material. The reasonable amount of CeO2 in the system can increase its impact strength and decrease its tensile properties.

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6

Le Bras, Michel, Sophie Duquesne, Magali Fois, Michel Grisel, and Franck Poutch. "Intumescent polypropylene/flax blends: a preliminary study." Polymer Degradation and Stability 88, no. 1 (April 2005): 80–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2004.04.028.

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7

Guan, Ya-Hui, Wang Liao, Zhao-Zan Xu, Ming-Jun Chen, Jian-Qian Huang, and Yu-Zhong Wang. "Improvement of the flame retardancy of wood-fibre/polypropylene composites with ideal mechanical properties by a novel intumescent flame retardant system." RSC Advances 5, no. 74 (2015): 59865–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ra08292g.

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To improve the flame retardancy and maintain the ideal mechanical properties of the widely used wood fibre reinforced polypropylene composite, a novel intumescent flame retardant system consisting of PTPA and APP was developed.

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8

Atabek Savas, Lemiye, Aysenur Mutlu, Ali Sinan Dike, Umit Tayfun, and Mehmet Dogan. "Effect of carbon fiber amount and length on flame retardant and mechanical properties of intumescent polypropylene composites." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 4 (May 25, 2017): 519–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998317710319.

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The effects of carbon fiber amount and length were studied on the flame retardant, thermal, and mechanical properties of the intumescent polypropylene composites. The flame retardant properties of the intumescent polypropylene-based composites were investigated using limiting oxygen index, vertical burning test (UL-94), and mass loss calorimeter. The mechanical properties of the composites were studied using tensile test and dynamic mechanical analysis. According to the flammability tests results, the antagonistic interaction was observed between carbon fiber and ammonium polyphosphate. The limiting oxygen index value reduced steadily as the added amount of carbon fiber increased. Mechanical test results revealed that the addition of carbon fiber increased the tensile strength and the elastic modulus as the added amount increased. No effect of carbon fiber length was observed on the flammability, fire performance, and tensile properties of composites, whereas the elastic modulus increased as the carbon fiber initial length increased.

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9

Peng, Chao, Shi Bin Nie, Lei Liu, Qi Lin He, Yuan Hu, and Fei Gao. "Synergistic Effects of Nanoporous Nickel Phosphates VSB-1 on Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene Composites." Advanced Materials Research 881-883 (January 2014): 863–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.881-883.863.

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Nanoporous nickel phosphates (VSB-1) was synthesized by hydrothermal method. Then VSB-1 was added to the ammonium polyphosphate and pentaerythritol system in polypropylene (PP) matrix.The synergistic effect of VSB-1 with intumescent flame retardants (IFR) was studied by cone calorimetry test. The results of cone calorimetry show that heat release rate peak (pHRR) and total heat release (THR) of intumescent flame retardant PP with 2wt% VSB-1 decrease remarkably compared with that of without VSB-1. The pHRR and THR decrease respectively from 1140 to 286.0 kW/m2, and from 96.0 to 63.2 MJ/m2.

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10

Tang, Yong, Yuan Hu, Baoguang Li, Lei Liu, Zhengzhou Wang, Zuyao Chen, and Weicheng Fan. "Polypropylene/montmorillonite nanocomposites and intumescent, flame-retardant montmorillonite synergism in polypropylene nanocomposites." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 42, no. 23 (2004): 6163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.20432.

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11

Chuanmei Jiao, Jun Zhang, and Feng Zhang. "Combustion Behavior of Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene Composites." Journal of Fire Sciences 26, no. 5 (September 2008): 455–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734904108092114.

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12

Bourbigot, Serge, Johan Sarazin, Tsilla Bensabath, Fabienne Samyn, and Maude Jimenez. "Intumescent polypropylene: Reaction to fire and mechanistic aspects." Fire Safety Journal 105 (April 2019): 261–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.03.007.

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13

Li, Guixun, Wanjie Wang, Shaokui Cao, Yanxia Cao, and Jingwu Wang. "Reactive, intumescent, halogen-free flame retardant for polypropylene." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 131, no. 7 (October 29, 2013): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.40054.

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14

Almeras, X., N. Renaut, C. Jama, M. Le Bras, A. Tóth, S. Bourbigot, Gy Marosi, and F. Poutch. "Structure and morphology of an intumescent polypropylene blend." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 93, no. 1 (April 14, 2004): 402–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.20470.

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15

Zhou, Pengxin, Li Huang, Delong Ma, Zhe Zhang, Shuhui Huo, Lei Wang, and Ziqiang Lei. "Effects of organopalygorskite on intumescent flame-retarded polypropylene." Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 24, no. 3 (December 2, 2016): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.21586.

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16

Zhao, Wei, and Ji Ping Liu. "Synergistic Effect of Nano Fe₂O₃ on Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene Systems." Advanced Materials Research 669 (March 2013): 233–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.669.233.

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Nano Fe2O3 were added into polypropylene (PP) / ammonium polyphosphate (APP) / melamine phosphate (MPOP) / 1-oxo-4-hydroxymethyl-2,6,7-trioxal-phosphabicyclo-[2.2.2]octane (PEPA) to prepare intumescent flame-retarded nanocomposites. The flame retardance and thermal stabilization and intumescent char layer have been investigated by UL-94 test, TGA and SEM. Result showed that the behavior of this intumescent system can be enhanced significantly by the addition of small amounts of nano Fe2O3. TGA results present higher thermal stability of the PP-IFR-Fe2O3 in high temperature when compared with the PP-IFR. SEM indicated the char layer from the PP-IFR-Fe2O3 system has a compact and tough char structure compared with the PP-IFR. Adding 0.3 wt% and 27 wt% IFR into PP, the PP-IFR-Fe2O3 system provided good fire retardant behavior, mechanical properties and achieved UL94 V-0 rating.

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17

Peng, Hongmei, and Qi Yang. "Investigation on the effect of supported synergistic catalyst with intumescent flame retardant in polypropylene." Journal of Polymer Engineering 41, no. 4 (February 23, 2021): 281–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2020-0225.

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Abstract In this paper, cerium nitrate supported silica was prepared as a new type of catalytic synergist to improve the flame retardancy in polypropylene. When 1% of Ce(NO3)2 supported SiO2 was added, the vertical combustion performance of UL-94 of polypropylene composites was improved to V-0, the limiting oxygen index (LOI) was increased to 33.5. From the thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), the residual carbon of C and D was increased by about 6% at high temperature compared with B. When adding supported catalyst, the heat release rate (HRR) and total heat release (THR) were significantly reduced according to the microscale combustion calorimetry (MCC), the HRR of sample E with 2% synergist was the lowest. The combustion behaviors of intumescent flame retardant sample B and sample D were analyzed by cone calorimeter test (CCT), the HRR of sample D with supported synergist was significantly reduced, and the PHRR decreased from 323 kW/m2 to 264 kW/m2. The morphologies of the residue chars after vertical combustion of polypropylene composites observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) gave positive evidence that the supported synergist could catalyze the decomposition of intumescent flame retardants into carbon, which was the main reason for improving the flame retardancy of materials.

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18

Ma, Zhi-Ling, Min Zhao, Han-Fang Hu, Hai-Tao Ding, and Jie Zhang. "Compatibilization of intumescent flame retardant/polypropylene composites based on ?-methacrylic acid grafted polypropylene." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 83, no. 14 (February 14, 2002): 3128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.10099.

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19

Ma, Zhi-Ling, Jun-Gang Gao, Hai-Jun Niu, Hai-Tao Ding, and Jie Zhang. "Polypropylene-intumescent flame-retardant composites based on meleated polypropylene as a coupling agent." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 85, no. 2 (April 26, 2002): 257–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.10534.

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20

Huang, N. H., Z. J. Chen, J. Q. Wang, and P. Wei. "Synergistic effects of sepiolite on intumescent flame retardant polypropylene." Express Polymer Letters 4, no. 12 (2010): 743–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2010.90.

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21

Gao, Shanjun, and Yunzhe Li. "Intumescent Flame-retardant Modification of Polypropylene/Carbon Fiber Composites." Journal of Wuhan University of Technology-Mater. Sci. Ed. 37, no. 2 (April 2022): 163–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11595-022-2513-3.

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22

Li, Na, Yin Xia, Zongwen Mao, Liang Wang, Yong Guan, and Anna Zheng. "Synergistic Effect of SiO2 on Intumescent Flame-retardant Polypropylene." Polymers and Polymer Composites 21, no. 7 (September 2013): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739111302100705.

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23

Wen, Panyue, Qilong Tai, Yuan Hu, and Richard K. K. Yuen. "Cyclotriphosphazene-Based Intumescent Flame Retardant against the Combustible Polypropylene." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 55, no. 29 (July 13, 2016): 8018–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.iecr.6b01527.

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24

Zhang, Feng, Jun Zhang, and Chuanmei Jiao. "Study on Char Structure of Intumescent Flame-Retardant Polypropylene." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 47, no. 11 (October 30, 2008): 1179–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602550802392001.

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25

Wang, Xinlong, Ye Song, and Jianchun Bao. "Synergistic Effects of Nano-BaWO4on Intumescent Flame-Retarded Polypropylene." Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering 48, no. 6 (May 18, 2009): 621–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03602550902824465.

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26

Nie, Shibin, Xueli Liu, Kun Wu, Guanglong Dai, and Yuan Hu. "Intumescent flame retardation of polypropylene/bamboo fiber semi-biocomposites." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 111, no. 1 (April 20, 2012): 425–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-012-2422-3.

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27

Wu, Na, and Rongjie Yang. "Effects of metal oxides on intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 22, no. 5 (April 15, 2011): 495–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.1539.

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28

Jimenez, M., S. Duquesne, and S. Bourbigot. "Fire protection of polypropylene and polycarbonate by intumescent coatings." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 23, no. 1 (November 30, 2010): 130–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.1809.

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29

Liang, J. Z., J. Q. Feng, S. Y. Zou, D. F. Liu, and S. D. Zhang. "Flame-Retardant and Flexural Properties of Polypropylene/Intumescent Composites." Advances in Polymer Technology 34, no. 3 (January 3, 2015): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adv.21504.

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30

Sanchez-Olivares, G., A. Sanchez-Solis, F. Calderas, L. Medina-Torres, E. E. Herrera-Valencia, A. Rivera-Gonzaga, and O. Manero. "Extrusion with ultrasound applied on intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene." Polymer Engineering & Science 53, no. 9 (February 25, 2013): 2018–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.23454.

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31

Wang, Xinlong, Ye Song, and Jianchun Bao. "Synergistic effects of nano-Mn0.4Zn0.6Fe2O4on intumescent flame-retarded polypropylene." Journal of Vinyl and Additive Technology 14, no. 3 (September 2008): 120–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/vnl.20152.

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32

Kahraman, Merve, and Nilgün Kızılcan. "Investigation of flame retardancy properties of polypropylene-colemanite and intumescent flame retardant additive blends." Synthesis and Sintering 2, no. 3 (September 10, 2022): 110–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.53063/synsint.2022.2397.

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Polypropylene (PP) represents a considerable proportion of polyolefins (PO) used in different industrial applications such as automobile components, textiles, packaging, insulation, medical devices, various housewares and household appliances due to its efficient cost, desirable mechanical, thermal and electrical properties, easy processability and recyclability. Because of its carbonaceous structure, PP is a highly flammable material with a LOI value of 18 that presents serious fire hazard. In this research, Intumescent flame retardant (IFR) and colemanite were added to polypropylene to compose 30% of the total mass of the polymeric compounds and the synergistic effect of colemanite with intumescent flame retardant (IFR) additive in PP was investigated by limiting oxygen index (LOI), glow wire test (GWT), UL-94 test and mechanical properties measurements. The LOI, UL 94 and glow wire test results showed that colemanite had a significant effect on flame retardancy and LOI value which can reach to 37.6 % with loading level of 2 wt.% colemanite at the total amount of flame retardant additives kept constant at 30 wt.%. Additionally, the PP/IFR compounds passed UL 94 V0 rating and both 750 °C and 850 °C glow wire tests and with 2-8 wt.% colemanite loading. According to TGA analyses, the results indicated that colemanite improved the thermal stability of PP/IFR compounds and also promoted the formation of char layer. When colemanite mineral added to polypropylene without IFR system, it has no effect on flame retardancy properties of polypropylene. When all properties have been taken into consideration, colemanite can be used up to 6 wt% in IFR.

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33

Zhou, Fu Long, Hong Zhi Wu, Ming Mei Sun, Xin Zhu, and Lin Sheng Tang. "Preparation of Melamine Formaldehyde Resin Modified with Pentaerythritol and its Flame Retardant Effect in Polypropylene." Materials Science Forum 1003 (July 2020): 205–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.1003.205.

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A new triazine charring agent, melamine formaldehyde resin modified with pentaerythritol (named as MF-MPOL), was synthesized through hydroxymethylation, condensation and etherification by using melamine, paraformaldehyde and pentaerythritol as raw materials, and characterized by solid-state 13C NMR and FT-IR. The intumescent flame retardant (IFR) consisting of MF-MPOL with ammonium polyphosphate has good flame retardancy in polypropylene (PP). The analysis of the residues obtained in cone calorimetry test showed that the IFR played a role of flame retardancy mainly in condensed phase. In other words, the porous and dense - continuous intumescent char layer formed during the burning process results in flame retardant effect by insulation of heat, oxygen and preventing the underlying PP from degradation and volatilization of pyrolytic products.

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34

Morice, Ludovic, Serge Bourbigot, and Jean-Marie Leroy. "Heat Transfer Study of Polypropylene-Based Intumescent Systems during Combustion." Journal of Fire Sciences 15, no. 5 (September 1997): 358–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/073490419701500502.

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We have studied the fire behavior and the heat transfer in the in tumescent formulations polypropylene (PP)-ammonium polyphosphate (APP)/pentaerythritol (PER) and PP-Hostaflam AP750 (AP750). We have shown that the fire proofing properties (LOI, UL-94 and cone calorimeter) of PP was strongly improved using the commercial additive AP750 in comparison with the system APP/PER. This is explained by the protection of the intumescent coating developed from PP-AP750 which is still efficient at high temperature (450-550°C) and which is developed faster. The measurement of temperature profiles in the conditions of the cone calorimeter shows that the temperatures reached with PP- AP750 are lower than these obtained with PP-APP/PER. Moreover, the tempera ture of PP-AP750 always remains lower than the temperature of the beginning of the fast degradation rate of PP which implies that there is never a fast degrada tion of the polymeric matrix. Finally, the computation of the temperature of the degradation front ( Td) allows to conclude that low Td and relatively high displace ment rate of the place of the degradation front is needed to increase the efficiency of intumescent systems.

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35

Li, Xin, and Yu Xiang Ou. "Thermal Degradation Behavior of Polypropylene and Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymer Treated with Intumescent Flame Retardants Containing Caged Bicyclic Phosphates." Advanced Materials Research 936 (June 2014): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.936.17.

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Polypropylene (PP) and ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (EVA) were treated with intumescent flame retardants containing caged bicyclic phosphates. The behavior of thermal degradation of the flame-retarded PP and EVA were studied by TG, DSC, and the FTIR spectra of PP’s residues at different temperature were recorded. In addition, the possible thermal degradation and char formation mechanisms were analyzed and discussed.

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36

Qi, Fei, Mengqi Tang, Na Wang, Nian Liu, Xiaolang Chen, Zhibin Zhang, Kun Zhang, and Xiong Lu. "Efficient organic–inorganic intumescent interfacial flame retardants to prepare flame retarded polypropylene with excellent performance." RSC Advances 7, no. 50 (2017): 31696–706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra04232a.

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An efficient and simple approach for the preparation of organic–inorganic intumescent interfacial flame retardants, aiming at enhancing the flame-retardant efficiency and interfacial adhesion between matrix and flame retardants was presented.

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37

Wang, Ning Ping, Hai Shan Tang, Lang Ping Xia, Si Chun Shao, Jie Zhu, and Zhi Han Peng. "Synthesis and Characterization of Triazine-Based Charring Agent and its Application in Flame Retarded Polypropylene." Advanced Materials Research 1033-1034 (October 2014): 623–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1033-1034.623.

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In this study, N,N-(2,4-diamino-1,3,5-triazinyl) diethylenetriamine were synthesized by cyanuric chloride, diethylenetriamine and ammonia with a novel process in three steps, and it can be used as charring agent in intumescent flame retardant. Its chemical structures were characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and elemental analysis. Meanwhile, the TGA results showed that triazine-based charring agent had good thermostability. Furthermore, the fire performancce of composites blended by the flame retardant and polypropylene was investigated by vertical burning test. The results revealed good fire retardancy that flame retardant polypropylene with 5.1wt% charring agent, 2.8wt% anti-dripping and 20.1wt% APP, was reached UL-94 V-0 rating.

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38

Wang, Yongliang, Baoqiang Liu, Ruiyang Chen, Yunfei Wang, Zhidong Han, Chunfeng Wang, and Ling Weng. "Synergistic Effect of Nano-Silica and Intumescent Flame Retardant on the Fire Reaction Properties of Polypropylene Composites." Materials 16, no. 13 (June 30, 2023): 4759. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16134759.

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Silica nanoparticles (nano-silica) were used as synergistic agents with ammonium polyphosphate (APP) and pentaerythritol (PER) to enhance flame retardancy of polypropylene (PP) in this research. The composites were prepared using a melt-mixing method. The influences of nano-silica on the fire performance of composites were thoroughly discussed, which promotes understanding of nano-silica on the flame-retardant performance of polypropylene composite. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) and energy-dispersive spectrometer (EDS) results indicated that the nano-silica with a diameter of about 95 ± 3.9 nm were dispersed favorably in the composite matrix, which might elevate its synergistic effect with intumescent flame retardant and improve the flame retardancy of polypropylene composite. The synergistic effects between nano-silica and intumescent flame retardant on PP composites were studied using the limiting oxygen index (LOI), UL-94 test, and cone calorimeter test (CCT). The total amount of flame retardant was maintained at 30%. When the dosage of nano-silica was 1 wt.%, the LOI value of PP/IFR/Si1.0 composite reached 27.3% and its UL-94 classification reached V-1. Based on the parameters of the CCT, the introduction of nano-silica induced composites with depressed heat release rate (HRR) and peak heat release rate (PHRR). The PHRR of PP/IFR/Si0.5 was only 295.8 kW/m2, which was 17% lower than that of PP/IFR. Moreover, the time to PHRR of PP/IFR/Si0.5 was delayed to 396 s, which was about 36 s later than that without nano-silica. EDS was used to quantitatively analyze the distribution of silica in charred residue. The EDS results indicated that the silica tended to accumulate on the surface during the fire. The surface accumulation characteristic of silica endows it with the enhanced flame-retardant properties of polypropylene composite at a very small dosage (as low as 1 wt.%).

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39

Zhang, F., J. Zhang, and Y. Wang. "Modeling study on the combustion of intumescent fire-retardant polypropylene." Express Polymer Letters 1, no. 3 (2007): 157–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.3144/expresspolymlett.2007.25.

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Wu, Qiang, and Baojun Qu. "Synergistic effects of silicotungistic acid on intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene." Polymer Degradation and Stability 74, no. 2 (January 2001): 255–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-3910(01)00155-0.

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41

Feng, Cai-min, Yi Zhang, Dong Lang, Si-wei Liu, Zhen-guo Chi, and Jia-rui Xu. "Flame Retardant Mechanism of a Novel Intumescent Flame Retardant Polypropylene." Procedia Engineering 52 (2013): 97–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proeng.2013.02.112.

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Lv, Pin, Zhengzhou Wang, Yuan Hu, and Minggao Yu. "Study on effect of polydimethylsiloxane in intumescent flame retardant polypropylene." Journal of Polymer Research 16, no. 2 (June 12, 2008): 81–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10965-008-9205-3.

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43

Lewin, Menachem, and Makoto Endo. "Catalysis of intumescent flame retardancy of polypropylene by metallic compounds." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 14, no. 1 (January 2003): 3–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.265.

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Jiao, Chuanmei, and Xilei Chen. "Flammability and thermal degradation of intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene composites." Polymer Engineering & Science 50, no. 4 (November 30, 2009): 767–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.21583.

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45

Tang, Yong, Yuan Hu, Shaofeng Wang, Zhou Gui, Zuyou Chen, and Weicheng Fan. "Intumescent flame retardant-montmorillonite synergism in polypropylene-layered silicate nanocomposites." Polymer International 52, no. 8 (2003): 1396–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.1270.

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Almeras, X., M. Le Bras, F. Poutch, S. Bourbigot, G. Marosi, and P. Anna. "Effect of fillers on fire retardancy of intumescent polypropylene blends." Macromolecular Symposia 198, no. 1 (August 2003): 435–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200350837.

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Ding, Siyin, Peng Liu, Chong Gao, Feng Wang, Yanfen Ding, Shimin Zhang, and Mingshu Yang. "Synergistic effect of cocondensed nanosilica in intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 30, no. 4 (January 22, 2019): 1116–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.4545.

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Ye, Lei, Qianghua Wu, and Baojun Qu. "Synergistic effects of fumed silica on intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 115, no. 6 (March 15, 2010): 3508–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.30585.

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Ma, Zhi-Ling, Jun-Gang Gao, and Li-Gai Bai. "Studies of polypropylene-intumescent flame-retardant composites based on etched polypropylene as a coupling agent." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 92, no. 3 (2004): 1388–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.13634.

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Sun, Yiliang, Jingwen Li, and Hongfu Li. "Flame Retardancy Performance of Continuous Glass-Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Halogen-Free Flame-Retardant Prepreg." Coatings 12, no. 7 (July 9, 2022): 976. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/coatings12070976.

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Thermoplastic resin matrix has a high melt viscosity, which is difficult to impregnate with fibers. The addition of flame retardant will further increase the viscosity of the melt and increase the difficulty of impregnation. It is possible to reduce the effect of flame retardant on melt viscosity by adding high-flow polypropylene. In this study, the effect of adding flame retardant on the impregnation quality of prepreg tape was investigated. By adding high-flow polypropylene to improve the melt viscosity of flame-retardant-modified polypropylene, continuous glass-fiber-reinforced polypropylene flame-retardant prepreg tape was successfully prepared. Intumescent flame retardant (IFR) was added at 20 wt%, 25 wt%, 30 wt% of the polypropylene matrixes, which were prepared by melt impregnation. The composites were analyzed with thermogravimetric analysis, limiting oxygen index testing, UL-94 flame retardancy testing, cone calorimeter testing (CCT) and scanning electron microscopy. Tests involving the flame retardant showed that when the added amount of flame retardant reached 25%, the UL-94 flame retardancy grade reached V0. Compared with the CCT sample heating data, taking economic considerations into account, 25 wt% IFR addition was the most suitable.

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