Journal articles: 'Polypropylene Effect of temperature on'

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Apel, P. Yu, A. Yu Didyk, L. I. Kravets, V. I. Kuznetsov, and B. I. Fursov. "Registration temperature effect in polypropylene detectors." Nuclear Tracks and Radiation Measurements 22, no. 1-4 (January 1993): 93–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-8078(93)90023-w.

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Chen, Jianjun, Yueyue Jia, Zhiye Zhang, Xinlong Wang, and Lin Yang. "Effects of Chlorinated Polypropylene on the Conformation of Polypropylene in Polypropylene/Chlorinated Polypropylene/Polyaniline Composites." Journal of Spectroscopy 2015 (2015): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/317813.

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We investigated the changes in the conformation and crystalline structure of polypropylene (PP) using a combination of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), wide-angle X-ray diffraction (WAXD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) based on PP/chlorinated PP (CPP)/polyaniline (PANI) composites. The DSC heating thermograms and WAXD patterns of the PP/CPP/PANI composites showed that theβ-crystal was affected greatly by the CPP content. Characterization of the specific regularity in the infrared band variation showed that the conformational orders of the helical sequences in PP exhibited major changes that depended on the CPP content. Initially, the intensity ratio ofA840/A810increased with the CPP concentration and reached its maximum level when the CPP content was <13.22% before decreasing as the CPP content increased further. The effect of increased temperature on the conformation of PP was studied by in situ FTIR. Initially, the intensity ratio ofA999/A973decreased slowly with increasing the temperature up to 105°C before decreasing sharply with further increases in temperature and then decreasing slowly again when the temperature was higher than 128°C.

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Wadas, W., and E. Kosterna. "Effect of perforated foil and polypropylene fibre covers on development of early potato cultivars." Plant, Soil and Environment 53, No. 3 (January 7, 2008): 136–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/2223-pse.

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The effect of perforated polyethylene foil and polypropylene fibre cover on the development of the early potato cultivars Aksamitka and Cykada was investigated. The use of the covers resulted in an increase in the soil temperature at the depth of 100 mm on average by 2.2°C at 8 a.m. and by 4.0°C at 2 p.m. in the year with warm spring and by 1.5°C and 3.2°C in the year with cold spring, respectively. A higher increase in the soil temperature, on average by 1−2°C, was caused by the use of the perforated foil than by the use of the polypropylene fibre. The increase in the soil temperature as a result of covering forced the plant emergence on average by 5 days and shortened the period from planting to tuber setting by 5 days in comparison with the cultivation with no plant covering. The higher favourable effect of covering was obtained in the year with the lowest air and soil temperatures in May. The use of the covers at that time forced the plant emergence and shortened the period from planting to tuber setting on average by 6 days. A higher soil temperature increase was observed under the perforated foil than under the polypropylene fibre, which resulted in an earlier occurrence of the successive plant development phases, on average by 1−2 days.

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Chang, Chuan Peng, Shi Wu Huang, Xue Feng Li, Bo Tian, and Zi Yi Hou. "A Study of the Capability for Fire Resistance of Polypropylene Fibre Concrete." Advanced Materials Research 857 (December 2013): 116–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.857.116.

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The purpose of this paper is to examine the effect of various polypropylene fibre additions (length and content) to concrete on compressive strength and explosive spalling when subjected to high temperatures, which simulate the building or tunnel fires. The experimental results show that the compressive strength of polypropylene fiber concrete (PFC) and plain concrete decreases with increasing temperature. Fibre content in a certain range has a small effect on the compressive strength of the concrete, therefore the polypropylene (PP) fibers has a great influence on the anti-spalling behavior of concrete under fire loading to ensure the integrity of the structure. Keywords: concrete, polypropylene fibre, high temperature, compressive strength, spalling

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Proklamita, Tri Luchi, and Aloysius Ng Lende. "THE EFFECT OF POLYPROPYLENE THICKNESS AND TEMPERATURE ON THE QUALITY OF CAYENNE PEPPER DURING STORAGE." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 8, no. 10 (November 6, 2020): 278–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v8.i10.2020.1901.

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This study aims to determine the effect of different combinations of plastic thickness and temperature treatment combinations on the quality of cayenne pepper during storage, to determine the combination of plastic thickness and the right temperature to maintain the quality of cayenne pepper during storage. This study used a completely randomized design (CRD) with 9 treatments. The treatments tried in this study were thickness and temperature, namely Polypropylene 0.3 mm + tissue at 5°C, Polypropylene 0.3 mm + tissue at 10°C, Polypropylene 0.3 mm + tissue at 15°C, Polypropylene 0.4 mm + tissue at 5°C, Polypropylene 0.4 mm + tissue at 10°C, Polypropylene 0.4 mm + tissue at 15°C, Polypropylene 0.5 mm + tissue at 5°C, Polypropylene 0.5 mm + tissue at 10°C, Polypropylene 0.5 mm + tissue at 15°C. The treatment was repeated 3 times so that there were 27 experimental units. The results that showed the combination treatment of packaging thickness and temperature had a very significant effect on the storage quality of cayenne pepper on weight loss, vitamin C, texture, moisture content, and color, but had no significant effect on the color of the 8th day of the watershed. The combination treatment of plastic packaging thickness of 0.5 mm and temperature of 5°C can give the best effect on texture, vitamin C, moisture content, weight loss, and color, but at a thickness of 0.3 mm plastic and a temperature of 15°C does not give the best results on color 8th day.

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Seyam, Ahmed Maher, Samir Shihada, and Rita Nemes. "Effects of polypropylene fibers on ultra high performance concrete at elevated temperature." Concrete Structures 21 (2020): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.32970/cs.2020.1.2.

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This paper presents an experimental study to evaluate the influence of polypropylene on fire resistance of ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). Concrete mixtures are prepared by using different percentages of polypropylene fibres 0%, 0.75% and 1.5%, by volume. Samples are heated to 250 or 500 °C, for exposures 2.5 or 5 hours, and tested after cooling for compressive strength and flexural tensile strength. The research includes the use of mineral admixture of a recognized, polypropylene fibre, quartz sand, superplasticizers and without using any type of aggregates other than the quartz sand. The effect on subjected samples to elevated temperature up to 250 ºC and 500 ºC for durations 2.5 hours and 5 hours was studied for each mix and comparing the results of compressive strength and tensile strength among the mixes. Results obtained, showed that adding 0.75% of polypropylenes fibres only to a concrete mixture, improved the fire resistance of the concrete by 27% and 72% when the samples exposed to 250 ºC and 500 ºC for 2.5 hours respectively, compared with concrete mixes without fibres. In addition, the residual strength was improved by 39% and 14% when the samples exposed to 250 ºC and 500 ºC for 5 hours, respectively.

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Jiang, Binhui, Libo Cao, and Feng Zhu. "Dynamic tensile behavior of polypropylene with temperature effect." Composites Part B: Engineering 152 (November 2018): 300–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compositesb.2018.08.133.

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Koňáková, Dana, and Eva Vejmelková. "Reinforced Cement Composites – Effect of Hybrid Fibres on Selected Properties." Materials Science Forum 824 (July 2015): 179–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.824.179.

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In this article selected properties of a glass and polypropylene fibre reinforced cement composite materials are studied. They are determined either after preceding thermal treatment or during thermal loading. Basic physical properties (in concrete terms bulk density, matrix density and open porosity), mechanical properties (in concrete terms tensile strength and bending strength) are determined after subjecting the specimens to the pre-heating temperatures of 600°C, 800°C and 1000°C. The linear thermal expansion coefficient is measured directly as functions of temperature up to 1000°C. The critical temperature for the glass and polypropylene fibre reinforced cement composite when most properties are worsening in a significant way is found apparently 500°C.

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Ridwan, Muhammad, Hu Liang Jun, and Isamu Yoshitake. "Effect of polypropylene fibers on high strength mortar subjected to elevated temperature." E3S Web of Conferences 156 (2020): 05010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202015605010.

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This study focuses on the thermo-mechanical properties of mortar in the retrofitting cover of additional reinforcement for existing concrete structures. In addition, the residual mechanical properties of high strength mortar incorporating polypropylene fibers subjected to the effect of fiber length and the elevated temperature were investigated. Several experiments were conducted to determine the optimum mixture proportions of high strength mortar incorporating polypropylene fibers which had a slump-flow of 25–30 cm, compressive strength of 50 MPa or higher, and flexural strength of 4–8 MPa. Subsequently, an experiment was conducted by using high-strength mortar-blended polypropylene fibers with a length of 2 cm, and the ratio of fiber length to the diameter of cylinder mortar-specimens was 0.4. The experimental parameters were the weight volume of fibers (0 %, 0.5 %, 1 %, and 2%) and the heating temperature (100, 200 and 300 °C). The effect of the mixing parameters, including polypropylene length on compressive strength, slump-flow and the flexural strength of mortar were discussed. It is evident that fiber in the mortar cover influenced the initial and residual mechanical properties, such as elasticity, compressive strength, and Poisson’s ratio, of the mortar.

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Huang, Jun, Denis Rodrigue, and Ling Dong. "Effect of Temperature on the Viscoelastic Properties of Carbon Nanotube Reinforced Polypropylene Composites." Advances in Materials Science and Engineering 2021 (April 24, 2021): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6630408.

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Finite element method (FEM) is used to analyze the mechanical properties of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) reinforced polypropylene (PP) composites. Firstly, polypropylene is assumed as a viscoelastic material, while carbon nanotubes are assumed as linear elastic materials to study the effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of neat PP and CNT/PP nanocomposites. Secondly, to compare the viscoelastic properties of neat PP and CNT/PP nanocomposites, the relaxation time at a specific temperature is used to investigate the relaxation of the nanocomposites for fixed tensile displacements. Thirdly, the effect of CNT volume fraction on the viscoelastic properties of nanocomposites is studied at different temperatures. Finally, to better understand the stress distribution along the CNT axial direction, a single carbon nanotube is isolated in the matrix to compare the stress distribution with nonisolated CNTs.

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Audouin, L., S. Girois, L. Achimsky, and J. Verdu. "Effect of temperature on the photooxidation of polypropylene films." Polymer Degradation and Stability 60, no. 1 (April 1998): 137–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0141-3910(97)00042-6.

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Talukder, Fakhar Uddin, Md Sohanur Rahman, and Md kamrul Hassan. "Effects of Polypropylene Bag on Storage Properties of Litchi (Litchi Chinensis Sonn.)." Agricultural Science 2, no. 1 (May 3, 2020): p144. http://dx.doi.org/10.30560/as.v2n1p144.

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The present study was run in the laboratory of the Department of Horticulture, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh during the period of 15 May to September, 2016. The objectives of the study were to determine the effects of different postharvest treatments on the storage behaviour of litchi. Eight postharvest treatments viz., control, fruits stored in 50µ polypropylene bag at ambient temperature, fruits stored in 75µ polypropylene bag at ambient temperature, fruits stored in 100µ polypropylene bag at ambient temperature, fruits stored at 4ºC temperature, fruits stored in 50µ polypropylene bag at 4ºC temperature, fruits stored in 75µ polypropylene bag at 4ºC temperature, fruits stored in 100µ polypropylene bag at 4ºC temperature were assigned to the litchi fruits. The single factor experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications. 75µ polypropylene bag at low temperature (4ºC) caused minimal weight loss, whereas, the untreated fruits exhibited maximal weight loss. The pericarp turned brown within 4 days of storage in the untreated fruits, while polypropylene bags helped keep its bright red colour, but microbial decay was evident at the end of the storage period. Different postharvest treatments showed highly significant variation in the shelf life of litchi. Among the treated and untreated fruits, 75µ polypropylene bag at low temperature (4ºC) treatment exhibited better storage performance. The fruits kept in 75µ polypropylene bag at 4°C showed the highest shelf life (20.67 days) followed by 50µ polypropylene bag at 4°C (20.33 days), and it was the lowest in the untreated fruits (3 days).

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Wang, Wei, Xiaomin Guo, Liu Liu, Ruiyun Zhang, and Jianyong Yu. "Effect of Temperature and Strain Rate on the Flexural Behavior of Wood-Polypropylene Composites." Materials 12, no. 23 (December 2, 2019): 3987. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma12233987.

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The mechanical properties of wood-polypropylene composites exhibit typical viscoelasticity. However, there is little information on the mechanical properties of wood-polypropylene composites related to temperature and time, which limits the use of wood-polypropylene composites as structural components. Here, the effect of time (strain rate) and temperature on the flexural properties and the master curve of the storage modulus used to predict the long-term performance of wood-polypropylene composites were investigated. The results showed that the flexural strength and modulus increased linearly with the increase of wood contend, which can increase by 134% and 257% respectively when the mass fraction of wood powder reached 45%. Moreover, there was a positive linear relationship between flexural strength and ln strain rate, while the flexural strength and modulus decreased as temperature elevated. The storage modulus as a function of frequency (time) and temperature confirmed this trend. To evaluate the long-term performance, the storage modulus master curve was constructed and the respective activation energy was calculated, which revealed that the long-term performance of the samples depended on the matrix and the addition of an appropriate amount of wood powder was beneficial to improve their durability.

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Gupta, Vivek, and Gokulnath Venkadachalam. "A Review on Effect of Elevate Temperature on Properties of Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Steel Fiber, Glass Fiber and Polypropylene Fiber." International Journal of Research in Engineering, Science and Management 3, no. 10 (October 10, 2020): 9–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.47607/ijresm.2020.326.

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This paper presents an investigation into the efficiency of temperature-sensitive self-compacting concrete. Reviewing on self-compacted concrete, steel fibre, glass fibre, Polypropylene fibre. To this end, adding fibres (steel fibre, glass fibre, Polypropylene) content 1.2% for mixture of concrete material. When the cube samples were 28 days old. They have been heated to high temperatures. Each samples were heated to different temperatures for each concrete mixture (0ºC,100C, 200ºC). Then, Tests for weight loss and compressive strength were performed. The Observations of surface cracks were made after exposure to high temperatures. A significant loss of strength up to 30-40% for all concretes after 300ºC was observed, especially for concrete containing Polypropylene fibre, glass fibre, steel fibre. The fibres reduced the risk of explosive spalling and prevented it. Based on the results of the study, the output of fine aggregate concrete can be inferred.

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Resende, Heron Freitas, Elvys Dias Reis, Felipe Nascimento Arroyo, Matheus Henrique Morato de Moraes, Herisson Ferreira dos Santos, Enio Gomes da Silva, Francisco Antonio Rocco Lahr, et al. "Residual Mechanical Properties and Durability of High-Strength Concrete with Polypropylene Fibers in High Temperatures." Materials 15, no. 13 (July 5, 2022): 4711. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134711.

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Investigations into the fire resistance of high-strength concrete (HSC) is extremely important to optimize structural design in construction engineering. This work describes the influence of polypropylene fibers on the mechanical properties and durability of HSC at high temperatures (25, 100, 200, 400, 600 and 800 °C). HSC specimens with 2 kg/m3 composed of polypropylene fibers are tested in a temperature range of 25 to 800 °C, followed by microstructural analysis. In addition, a statistical analysis is designed to identify the effect of factors, namely temperature and polypropylene fibers, and their interactions on mechanical properties and water absorption, electrical resistivity, mass loss and ultrasonic velocity. Most of the properties are improved by the incorporation of fibers, obtaining highly predictable regression models. However, the polypropylene fibers reduce compressive strength but improve the residual mechanical properties up to 400 °C.

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Keykha, Amir Hamzeh. "Experimental investigation on the compressive strength of PFGP-covered concretes exposed to high temperature." Journal of Structural Fire Engineering 10, no. 4 (December 9, 2019): 399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jsfe-11-2018-0033.

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Purpose This study aims to investigate the effect of high temperature (600°C) on the compressive strength of concrete covered with a mixture of polypropylene fiber and gypsum plaster (PFGP). Design/methodology/approach To study the compressive strength of concrete specimens exposed to temperature, 16 cubic specimens (size: 150 mm × 150 mm × 150 mm) were made. After 28 days of processing and gaining the required strength of specimens, first, polypropylene fiber was mixed with gypsum plaster (CaSO4.2H2O) and then the concrete specimens were covered with this mixture. To cover the concrete specimens with the PFGP, the used PFGP thickness was 15 mm or 25 mm. The polypropylene rates mixed with the gypsum plaster were 1, 3 and 5 per cent. A total of 14 specimens, 12 of which were covered with PFGP, were exposed to high temperature in two target times of 90 and 180 min. Findings The results show that the PFGP as covering materials can improve the compressive strength lost because of the heating of the concrete specimens. The results also show that the presence of polypropylene fiber in gypsum plaster has the effect on the compressive strength lost because of the heating of the PFGP-covered concrete. The cover of PFGP having 3 per cent polypropylene fiber had the best effect on remained strength of the specimens. Originality/value The cover of PFGP having 3 per cent polypropylene fiber has the best effect on remained strength of the PFGP covered specimens exposed to temperature.

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Lin, Jeng-Shyong. "Effect of Heat Treatment on the Impact Strength of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polypropylene." Polymers and Polymer Composites 10, no. 8 (November 2002): 607–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110201000804.

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The improvement of the interfacial adhesion of glass fibre reinforced polypropylene composites by heat treatment was studied. Polypropylene blended with short glass fibres was injection moulded. The moulded specimens were heat treated at various temperatures and for various times. Characterization of the mechanical properties of the samples was performed, including measurement of the critical fibre length. Impact tests were performed. The fracture surfaces were examined using a scanning electron microscope. The results show that the impact strength increased with the testing temperature. At 25°C, the impact strength was dominated by the fibre fracture mechanism. At temperatures above 120°C, it was strongly influenced by the PP matrix. At higher temperatures, the impact strength increased significantly because of the formation of extra cracks.

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Lin, Jeng-Shyong. "Effect of Heat Treatment on the Tensile Strength of Glass Fibre Reinforced Polypropylene." Polymers and Polymer Composites 11, no. 5 (July 2003): 369–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739110301100503.

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Improvement of the interfacial adhesion by heat treatment of glass fibre reinforced polypropylene composite was studied. Polypropylene blended with glass fibres was injection-molded. The molded parts were heat treated at various temperatures for various times. Characterization of the mechanical properties of the resulting samples was performed including measurement of the critical fibre length, and differential scanning calorimetry. The results show that the critical fibre length increases while the tensile strength decreases with increasing testing temperature. At 25 and 80°C, heat treatment can improve the tensile strength. At or above 120°C, certain treatment conditions cause the tensile strength to drop significantly.

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Kirby, Matt, Benjamin Lewis, Benjamin Peterson, Juliana Anggono, and Walter Bradley. "The Effect of Coconut Shell Powder as Functional Filler in Polypropylene during Compounding and Subsequent Molding." E3S Web of Conferences 130 (2019): 01021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913001021.

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Fine powder produced from coconut shells (CSP) has been found to be excellent functional filler in polypropylene, significantly increasing flexural and tensile moduli, slightly increasing tensile strength, and good retention of Izod impact strength at weight percentages less than 20 %. The research presented in this paper explores the temperature processing window for coconut shell powder filled polypropylene and the change in the rheological behavior of the polypropylene due to the addition of CSP as functional filler in this processing temperature window. The reason for the simultaneous increase in flexural modulus, tensile strength, and good retention of Izod impact behavior is also investigated

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S. A., S. A., M. Y. Hashem, G. I. Mahmoud, K. F. Abd El-Gawad, H. R. El-Ramady, T. A. Alshaal, É. Domokos-Szabolcsy, N. Elhawat, J. Prokisch, and M. Fári. "Effects of Foliar Nutrition on Onion Seed Storage under Modified Atmosphere Packages." International Journal of Horticultural Science 19, no. 1-2 (March 3, 2013): 93–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.31421/ijhs/19/1-2/1089.

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Modified atmosphere packaging (MAP) and controlled atmosphere storage techniques to reduce the oxygen around the food are largely used for the preservation of fresh produce. There have been great technological advances in this area of preservation, particularly as it refers to improving the quality and shelf-stability of highly perishable food products, such as produce. Two successive winter seasons of 2008/2009 and 2009/2010 were conducted under sandy soil conditions to study the effect of spraying with 12 commercial compounds on onion seeds storage under modified atmosphere packages. Germination percent of seeds decreased in 5°C than storage in room temperature. Germination percent of seeds was gradually decreased with increasing the storage period. Packaging treatments had a significant effect on germination percent of seeds. All the packaging treatments had the higher germination percent than the paper package (control). The highest germination percent after 12 months of storage was recorded for the treatment with non perforated polypropylene in room temperature and polyethylene and non perforated polypropylene in 5°C. Catalase activity decreased with the prolongation of storage period. The non perforated polypropylene package had the highest catalase activity. The treatment with non perforated polypropylene had the highest catalase activity after 12 months of storage in both room and 5°C temperatures. Peroxidase activity of seeds was gradually decreased with increasing the storage period. The highest peroxidase activity after 12 months of storage was recorded in non perforated polypropylene in both storage temperatures.

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Jeencham, Rachasit, Nitinat Suppakarn, and Kasama Jarukumjorn. "Effect of Flame Retardant on Flame Retardancy and Mechanical Properties of Glass Fiber/Polypropylene Composites." Advanced Materials Research 264-265 (June 2011): 652–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.264-265.652.

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Composites based on polypropylene and glass fiber were prepared by melt mixing. The effect of magnesium hydroxide as a flame retardant on flammability and thermal behavior of glass fiber/polypropylene composites was studied. Ratio of glass fiber to magnesium hydroxide in each composite sample was varied. Maleic anhydride grafted polypropylene (MAPP) was used to improve the interfacial adhesion between polypropylene and fillers. Flammability and thermal behavior of the composites were examined using a horizontal burning test and a thermogravimetric analyzer, respectively. Morphology and mechanical properties of the composites were also investigated. Magnesium hydroxide reduced the flammability while improved thermal decomposition temperature of the polypropylene composites. However, magnesium hydroxide showed a negative impact on the tensile strength of the polypropylene composites.

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Zhang, Hong Jie, Zhi Li Zhong, Li Li Feng, and Xiao Ping Quan. "Research on Polypropylene Dyeing in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide." Advanced Materials Research 175-176 (January 2011): 646–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.175-176.646.

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Polypropylene fibers were dyed with Disperse dyes Blue 2B in Supercritical Carbon Dioxide at different temperature, pressure and time. The K/S value were determined and the effect of as temperature, pressure and dyeing time on the dyeing behaviours of disperse dyes on Polypropylene fibers were discussed. It was found that with the increase of dyeing temperature and pressure, the K/S value increased gradually, and dyeing effect was best after the fiber was dyed at 120 °C, 28 MPa for 20 min.

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An, Yanjie, Sihan Wang, Rui Li, Dezhu Shi, Yuxin Gao, and Lei Song. "Effect of different nucleating agent on crystallization kinetics and morphology of polypropylene." e-Polymers 19, no. 1 (May 8, 2019): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2019-0005.

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AbstractThe effects of phosphate nucleating agent (NA), carboxylate nucleating agent (MD), rosin type nucleating agent (WA) and sorbitol nucleating agent (NX) on crystallization behavior of isotactic polypropylene were investigated by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and polarized light microscopy (PLM). The results showed that different structure nucleating agents significantly affected the crystallization kinetics, rate and temperature of polypropylene. Among them, half crystallization time of NX nucleating agent was the shortest, which was 53.4 seconds, and the crystallization temperature was the highest, reaching 129.8°C.

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Kaczmarczyk, Grzegorz Piotr, Daniel Wałach, Eduardo Natividade-Jesus, and Rui Ferreira. "Change of the Structural Properties of High-Performance Concretes Subjected to Thermal Effects." Materials 15, no. 16 (August 20, 2022): 5753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15165753.

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The paper refers to studies of the structure of high-performance concrete with polypropylene fibre at different dosages. The authors see a research gap in the study of the effect of adding polypropylene fibre on the parameters of concrete exposed to high temperatures. The study takes into account the thermal effect—groups of samples were heated to 200 °C, 400 °C and 600 °C. The authors carried out basic tests to describe the changes in density, ultrasonic tests, uniaxial compression strength tests and tensile tests by splitting. The positive effect of polypropylene fibres is mainly observed between 20 °C and 200 °C. The melting of polypropylene fibres causes a delay in the development of micro-cracks in the structure of these concretes compared to HPC. Adding polypropylene fibres to the mixtures also increased the speed of ultrasonic wave propagation in the medium. The research was deepened with tomographic imaging. A description of the splitting surface was carried out. The results of tensile by splitting tests clearly show an increase in the relative failure area for unheated concretes in proportion to the number of fibres used. Changes in splitting surfaces under the influence of temperature are graphically illustrated. Furthermore, differences in the samples under the influence of heating at high temperatures are presented. Finally, the porosity development of all sample groups before and after heating at all temperatures is described.

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Rohman, Rohman, Anjar Prasetyo, Amri Abdulah, Karyadi Karyadi, Thiyana Thiyana, and Sukarman Sukarman. "The Effect of Temperature on Tensile Strength of Polypropylene Plate Material Using Hot Gas Welding (HGW) Method." Jurnal Teknik Mesin Mechanical Xplore 3, no. 1 (July 29, 2022): 9–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.36805/jtmmx.v3i1.2453.

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This study focuses on plastic welding, a technique that employs polypropylene plastic material in 3600-litre reservoir applications. The liquid pressure within it causes hydrostatic pressure in the reservoir. The pressure in the reservoir is approximately 0.01 N/mm2. This study aimed to determine how frequently polypropylene joints leak or sustain damage as a result of welding. Hot gas welding (HGW) with a v-groove connection type is employed (v-grove). Specimens of polypropylene were prepared in accordance with ASTM D638-I. In this study, the input parameters were chosen by varying the welding position and the machine's setting temperature. The results indicated that the required welding temperature for 5 mm-thick polypropylene plastic ranged between 220 and 280 degrees Celsius. In the tensile test on samples S1, S2, and S3, the average decrease in tensile strength of the three test objects was 13.84 N/mm2, 15.98 N/mm2, and 15.21 N/mm2, respectively

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LI, GUIQIN, JUN WANG, JIEMIN FENG, QING GUO, JUNLONG ZHOU, and PETER MITROUCHEV. "The Effect of Temperature on Mechanical Properties of Modified Polypropylene." JOURNAL OF POLYMER MATERIALS 35, no. 1 (March 30, 2018): 45–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32381/jpm.2018.35.01.4.

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Belal, A. E., A. A. Hamza, T. Z. N. Sokkar, M. A. El-Bakary, and K. M. Yassien. "Effect of temperature on the dispersion properties of polypropylene fibers." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 98, no. 3 (2005): 1135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.22100.

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Bas, Ayse B., Oktay Yilmaz, Anil Ibis, Mustafa Dogu, Kadir Kirkkopru, and Fatma S. Guner. "Melt flow properties of graphite nanoplatelets-filled polypropylene." Journal of Composite Materials 51, no. 19 (October 21, 2016): 2793–804. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998316675502.

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Rheological behavior of polypropylene/graphite nanoplatelet composites of varying content, temperature, and filler shape was investigated by capillary and rotational rheometers. Scanning electron microscope images were taken in order to examine the filler shape and interaction between fillers and polymer matrix. Viscosity measurements of polypropylene/graphite composites showed shear thinning behavior like neat polypropylene. Filler inclusion resulted in increase in shear viscosity and shear thinning behavior of composites. The effect of filler concentration on viscosity is more appreciable in the low shear rate region. PP/graphite nanoplatelet composites with larger interface between filler and polymer matrix were of greater shear viscosity values through the entire shear rate range. However, filler morphology did not affect shear viscosity in high shear rate region remarkably. Composite viscosity as a function of volume fraction was modeled by Maron–Pierce equation. As temperature increased, shear viscosities of polypropylene/graphite composites and neat PP melt decreased. Temperature has less effect on composite viscosity than on neat PP viscosity due to the restricting effect of fillers on polymer molecules.

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Dai, Xiying, Zhaoliang Xing, Wei Yang, Chong Zhang, Fei Li, Xin Chen, Chen Li, Jianjun Zhou, and Lin Li. "The Effect of Annealing on the Structure and Electric Performance of Polypropylene Films." International Journal of Polymer Science 2022 (November 8, 2022): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/5970484.

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Biaxially oriented polypropylene (BOPP) and uniaxially oriented polypropylene (UOPP) films were annealed. The effect of annealing temperature (Ta) on dielectric strength was studied. The electric breakdown strength (Eb) of BOPP and UOPP films changes in a quite different trend with the annealing process. Eb of BOPP films decreases with the increase in Ta, whereas Eb of UOPP films increases first and then decreases with Ta. The structural changes during annealing were investigated. The crystallinity rises with Ta, while the orientation degree and Eb show a similar trend with Ta. Although the crystallinity and crystal structure can affect Eb of polypropylene films, the orientation of chain segments has a much larger correlation with Eb. Our results indicate that the deterioration of the metallized BOPP film capacitor may originate from the orientation degree decrease of chain segments after experiencing high temperature.

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Lisanevich, M. S., Elvina R. Rakhmatullina, Yu N. Khakimullin, Rezeda Yu Galimzyanova, R. M. Akhmadullin, and Y. V. Perukhin. "The Effect of Polyquinone and Phenol-Phosphite Stabilizer on the Resistance of Polypropylene to Ionizing Radiation." Key Engineering Materials 816 (August 2019): 328–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.816.328.

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For polymeric materials intended for the manufacture of disposable sterile medical devices, resistance to sterilization methods is important. For the manufacture of disposable medical products is widely used polypropylene, destructive during radiation sterilization. It is established that the addition of polyquinone leads to a decrease in the destruction of polypropylene, which is manifested in a decrease in the values of the melt flow index and an increase in the degradation temperature of polypropylene of the irradiated compositions.

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Ellul, Maria D. "Plasticization of Polyolefin Elastomers, Semicrystalline Plastics and Blends Crosslinked in situ during Melt Mixing." Rubber Chemistry and Technology 71, no. 2 (May 1, 1998): 244–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.5254/1.3538482.

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Abstract Semi-crystalline polyolefins, e.g., polypropylene in its isotactic and syndiotactic forms, become brittle at low temperature due to their inherent crystallinity and relatively high Tg. It has been discovered that certain “non-polar” aliphatic esters, in particular monomeric tallates and sebacates can effect a large depression in Tg of the polypropylene amorphous component which is in line with free volume considerations. The melting point of the crystalline fraction was also depressed albeit to a much smaller extent. This successful plasticization of polypropylene was applied to heterophase systems with the elastomer crosslinked in situ during melt blending with polypropylene and in the presence of a plasticizer. The plasticizer was distributed in both polymer components of the blend. Therefore the glass transition temperatures of both the polypropylene and the elastomer phases could be greatly depressed through simultaneous plasticization of both polymer phases resulting in a supertough material at −40°C and below. Since only the amorphous component of polypropylene is plasticized, the crystalline fraction is not much affected and the upper service temperature range is maintained. The resulting TPEs have an excellent balance of engineering properties to −125°C and are much more elastic than unplasticized TPEs due to the suppression of yielding behavior.

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Phong, Nguyen Van, and Duong Thi Cam Nhung. "Effects of microperforated polypropylene film packaging on mangosteen fruits quality at low temperature storage." Journal of Experimental Biology and Agricultural Sciences 4, VIS (January 2, 2017): 706–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18006/2016.4(vis).706.713.

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Idan, Mahmoud Fadhel. "Non-linear creep of polypropylene utilizing multiple integral." International Journal of Advances in Applied Sciences 10, no. 4 (December 1, 2021): 288. http://dx.doi.org/10.11591/ijaas.v10.i4.pp288-296.

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<p>Multiple integral representation (MIR) has been used to represent studying the effect of temperature on the amount of nonlinear creep on the semi- crystalline polypropylene (PP) under the influence of axial elastic stress. To complete this research, the Kernel functions were selected, for the purpose of performing an analogy, and for arranging the conditions for the occurrence of the first, second and third expansion in a temperature range between 20 °C-60 °C, i.e., between the glass transition and softening temperatures, within the framework of the energy law. It was observed that the independent strain time increased non-linearly with increasing stress, and non-linearly decreased with increase in temperature, although the time parameter increased non-linearly with stress and temperature directly. In general, a very satisfactory agreement between theoretical and practical results on the MIR material was observed.</p>

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Wang, Fu You, Guo Li Zhang, Jia Lu Li, Yu Feng Zhang, L. Chen, and Ming Zhang. "Effect of Temperature on the Impact Performance of Short Fiber Reinforced Composites." Key Engineering Materials 458 (December 2010): 75–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.458.75.

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In order to test the impact performance of short glass fiber reinforced composite materials in different temperature, on the basis of molding process, the specimens of polypropylene modified resin based glass fiber reinforced composites were made, the impact performance of the materials with the different temperature of -35°C, 23°C and 80°C were tested. Results show that the maximum load of specimen can bear is gradually increased with the temperature increase, and the maximum impact load of specimen is 0.8722kN at -35°C, while the maximum impact load which is improved 38% is 1.2024kN at 80°C. Also the energy absorbed by composite materials increase with the temperature increase. Results also show that the composite materials manifest as plastic fracture in high temperatures and brittle fracture in low temperatures.

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35

Hashimoto, Yasuo, U. S. Ishiaku, Y. W. Leong, Hiroyuki Hamada, and Tetsuya Tsujii. "Effect of heat-sealing temperature on the failure criteria of oriented polypropylene/cast polypropylene heat seal." Polymer Engineering & Science 46, no. 2 (2005): 205–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.20452.

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36

Yasumlee, Nipawan, and Sirirat Wacharawichanant. "Morphology and Properties of Polyoxymethylene/Polypropylene/Microcrystalline Cellulose Composites." Key Engineering Materials 751 (August 2017): 264–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.751.264.

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The effects of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) on mechanical, thermal and morphological properties of polyoxymethylene (POM)/polypropylene (PP) blends at different compositions were investigated. The blends and composites were prepared by melt mixing using an internal mixer at 200°C. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis revealed phase separation between POM and PP phases due to the difference in polarity of POM and PP. When adding the MCC in the blends the morphology slightly changed due to the weak interaction between MCC and polymer phases. Incorporation of MCC at 5 phr could improve Young’s modulus of POM/PP blends. The storage modulus of the blends was improved after adding MCC 5 phr due to reinforcing effect of the MCC. The thermal properties found that the addition of MCC had no effect on the melting temperature of the blends. The blends exhibited higher decomposition temperature than pure POM. The blends showed the decomposition temperatures increased when increasing amount of PP content, which were higher than pure POM. Therefore, it may be inferred that the addition of PP could enhance the thermal stability of the POM/PP blends, but the addition of MCC did not improve the thermal stability.

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Liparoti, Sara, Vito Speranza, Giuseppe Titomanlio, and Roberto Pantani. "Effect of Rapid Mold Heating on the Structure and Performance of Injection-Molded Polypropylene." Polymers 12, no. 2 (February 5, 2020): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12020341.

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The tailoring by the process of the properties developed in the plastic objects is the more effective way to improve the sustainability of the plastic objects. The possibility to tailor to the final use the properties developed within the molded object requires further understanding of the relationship between the properties of the plastic objects and the process conduction. One of the main process parameters that allow adjusting the properties of molded objects is the mold temperature. In this work, a thin electrical heater was located below the cavity surface in order to obtain rapid and localized surface heating/cooling cycles during the injection molding process. An isotactic polypropylene was adopted for the molding tests, during which surface temperature was modulated in terms of values and heating times. The modulation of the cavity temperature was found able to control the distribution of relevant morphological characteristics, thus, properties along the sample thickness. In particular, lamellar thickness, crystallinity distribution, and orientation were analyzed by synchrotron X-ray experiments, and the morphology and elastic modulus were characterized by atomic force microscopy acquisitions carried out with a tool for the simultaneous nanomechanical characterization. The crystalline degree slightly increased with the cavity temperature, and this induced an increase in the elastic modulus when high temperatures were adopted for the cavity surface. The cavity temperature strongly influenced the orientation distribution that, on its turn, determined the highest values of the elastic modulus found in the shear layer. Furthermore, although the sample core, not experiencing a strong flow field, was not characterized by high levels of orientation, it might show high values of the elastic modulus if temperature and time during crystallization were sufficient. In particular, if the macromolecules spent adequate time at temperatures close to the crystallization temperature, they could achieve high levels of structuring and, thus, high values of elastic modulus.

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Kumar, Vinay, Manohar Singh Saini, Bikram Kishore Kanungo, and Shishir Sinha. "Study of Thermal Properties of Rice Husk Polypropylene (RHPP) Composites." Advanced Composites Letters 22, no. 6 (November 2013): 096369351302200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096369351302200601.

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Abundantly available rice husk was used to reinforce polypropylene for the development of rice husk polypropylene composites (RHPP) by extrusion and compression molding techniques. Maleic anhydride polypropylene (MAPP) compatibilizer and titanate coupling agent were used to improve the adhesion between rice husk and polypropylene. Effect of fillers such as mica, talc, zirconium oxide, silica and calcium carbonate on thermal properties of RHPP composites was studied. Improvement in heat deflection temperature (HDT), degradation temperature of RHPP was observed but enthalpies of melting and degradation decreased by the addition of these fillers. No significant change in melting point of composites was noticed by the addition of these fillers. Composites thus prepared to have applications in building, automobile, and sport sectors.

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39

Naguib, Hani E., Jin Wang, Chul B. Park, Anjan Mukhopadhyay, and Norbert Reichelt. "Effect of Recycling on the Rheological Properties and Foaming Behaviors of Branched Polypropylene." Cellular Polymers 22, no. 1 (January 2003): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026248930302200101.

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The effects of recycling of branched polypropylenes on their rheological properties and foamability are studied in this paper. The rheological properties and foamability of branched polypropylene are compared with those of the virgin sample. The main purpose of the study was to explore the possibility of using recycled materials to make the acceptable foam products. The recycled polypropylenes showed the lower melt strength due to the lowered molecular weight and disentanglement of molecules. However, the high-shear viscosities of the virgin and recycled resins exhibited almost the same values whereas the zero-shear rate viscosity was lower for recycled ones. The rheological behavior of the resins was correlated to the foaming behavior. It was observed that the contribution of the storage modulus (G’) was more pronounced than the loss modulus (G”). The foam morphology of recycled branched polypropylene and the virgin material was studied at various processing temperatures using a single-screw tandem foam extrusion system. The volume expansion ratio and cell population density results were correlated with the rheological data. Despite the noticeable drop in the melt strength, it was found that the foamability did not significantly deteriorate by recycling.

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40

Garcia, Mauro C. R., Aurelio C. S. Netto, and A. J. Pontes. "Assessment of the Shrinkage and Ejection Forces of Reinforced Polypropylene Based on Nanoclays and Short Glass Fibre." Materials Science Forum 730-732 (November 2012): 969–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.969.

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In this study the influence of nanoclay and glass fibre in the shrinkage and ejection forces in polypropylene matrix in tubular parts moulded by injection moulding were analysed. An instrumented mould was used to measure the part surface temperature and ejection forces in tubular parts. The materials used were a polypropylene homopolymer Domolen 1100L nanoclay for polyolefin nanocomposites P-802 Nanomax in percentages of 2%, 6% and 10% and a polypropylene homopolymer with content of 10% of glass fibre Domolen P1-013-V10-N and 30% of glass fibre Domolen P1-102-V30-N with 2% of nanoclay. The shrinkage and ejection forces were analysed. The results show that the incorporation of nanoclays decreases the shrinkage and ejection forces whereas glass fibre decreases the shrinkage and increase ejection forces due to the increase of the elastic modulus. The nanoclays decrease the ejection force when compared with glass fibre and pure PP. The effects of nanoclays are less pronounced than those of glass fibre. The effect of the mould temperatures on the ejection forces in the mouldings produced with the mentioned materials were also analysed. The ejection force decreases with the increase of the temperature of the mould.

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41

Hussain, Nur Fadzila, D. Sivakumar, Mohd Ahadlin bin Daud, Sivaraos, and Mohd Zulkefli Selamat. "Study of Interfacial Shear of Aluminium/Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunch Fiber Reinforced Polypropylene Fiber Metal Laminates." Applied Mechanics and Materials 789-790 (September 2015): 131–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.789-790.131.

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This paper examines the interfacial shear properties of a new fiber metal laminates based on oil palm fiber reinforced polypropylene. The adhesive shear strength based on two type of surface treatment technique had been studied to determine the best technique to ensure a good bonding for fiber metal laminates based on oil palm empty fruit bunch fiber reinforced polypropylene (EFB pp) composite and aluminium 6061. Adhesion between aluminum and EFB pp composite was achieved by incorporating modified polypropylene adhesive film and surface treatment of Al sheets. Differential Scanning Calorimetry test showed the suitable bonding temperature between the composite and glue to be between 140°C to 155°C which is lower than the melting temperature of polypropylene. The applied surface treatment of ethanol solvent wipe and NaOH chemical etch though have effect on the surface roughness but have no significant effect on the maximum adhesion shear stress. The modified polypropylene adhesive film selected for this work is suitable to bond EFB pp composite with aluminium 6061 and both surface treatment is equally suitable.

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42

Purbasari, Dian, and Erieztine Fitriya Sari. "Physical Quality of Fresh Cayenne Pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) with Different Types of Packaging during Low Temperature Storage." Jurnal Teknik Pertanian Lampung (Journal of Agricultural Engineering) 11, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 378. http://dx.doi.org/10.23960/jtep-l.v11i3.378-395.

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Cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens L.) is classified as a horticulture product that easly damaged and it can only survive for 2-3 days in room temperature conditions. In maintaining the quality and self life time of fresh cayenne pepper during storage it is recommended to use the packaging and storage at low temperature. The purpose of this study is to analize the effect of packaging type and storage length on the physical quality of fresh cayenne pepper during low temperature storage (5°C). This study used a complete randomized design method with two factors, each of which consisted of 3 levels, namely storage time (4, 8, and 12 days) and type of packaging (vacuum pack, perforated polypropyline plastic, and wrap plastic). The data were analized by using factorial Anova two mix factors test (α= 5%) and was followed up by Tukey test. The results showed that the best packaging was found in perforated polypropylene plastic with the lowest moisture content 76.45%, the lowest weight loss 3.87%, the highest texture (hardness) 0.027 N/mm², the highest lightness (L*) 44.52, the lowest redness (a*) 26.7, the lowest yellowness (b*) 10.97, the lowest ΔE 23.47, and the lowest water activity 0.889. Physical quality of fresh cayenne pepper can last up to 12 days at low temperature storage (5°C) using perforated polypropylene plastic. Keywords: Cayenne pepper, packaging, storage, low temperature, physical quality.

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43

Purohit, V., and R. A. Orzel. "Polypropylene: A Literature Review of the Thermal Decomposition Products and Toxicity." Journal of the American College of Toxicology 7, no. 2 (March 1988): 221–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.3109/10915818809014521.

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This report presents a comprehensive literature review of the thermal decomposition products of polypropylene evolved under pyrolytic and oxidative conditions and the acute toxicity of combustion products of this polymer. Generally, the pyrolysis products of polypropylene (300–700°C) were aliphatic saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons. The combustion of polypropylene in air (200–600°C) produced oxygenated hydrocarbons, aromatic hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbons, CO, CO2, and H2O. In general, as combustion temperature and time increased, the proportions of oxygenated and aliphatic hydrocarbons decreased, whereas the proportion of aromatic hydrocarbons increased. Using the University of San Francisco/National Aeronautical and Space Administration (USF/NASA) method under the fixed temperature program, time to death in mice caused by the combustion products of polypropylene decreased as the temperature was increased. Under the rising temperature mode, time to death decreased when polypropylene was combusted under airflow as compared to no airflow conditions. CO levels generated by the combustion of polypropylene were sufficient to produce the lethal effects observed. Using a test method developed at the University of Michigan, the combustion products of polypropylene were found to be 26 times more toxic under dynamic conditions (rising temperature) than under static conditions (fixed temperature).

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Lin, Tao, Zheng Wang, and Wen Jing Guo. "Cotton Fiber-Reinforced Polypropylene Composites." Applied Mechanics and Materials 138-139 (November 2011): 581–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.138-139.581.

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Cotton stalk is a by-product of cotton planting process, and a great resource as a raw biomass material for manufacturing value-added composite products. The fine structure and fiber size of the cortex, xylem of the cotton stalk were studied in this paper. In addition, a new method for the processing of cotton stalk filament was developed. Composites consisting of polypropylene (PP) and cotton stalk filament were prepared by hot pressing. The effects of PP content and compressing temperature on the mechanical properties of cotton stalk filament /PP composites were studied. The results show that elevated temperatures, all of the composites are substantially stiffer and stronger than that at lower temperature. PP content improves the intensity and adhesion of composites. Simultaneous optimization of composites properties indicates that the composites with PP content of 40% and the compressing temperature of 195°C would sufficient meet the requirements of the GB/T 4897.1-2003 standard. Bio-renewable materials such as cotton stalk can be used as reinforcing materials for plastic composites.

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45

Bouakkaz, AO, A. Albedah, B. Bachir Bouiadjra, Sohail MA Khan, F. Benyahia, and M. Elmeguenni. "Effect of temperature on the mechanical properties of polypropylene–talc composites." Journal of Thermoplastic Composite Materials 31, no. 7 (September 1, 2017): 896–912. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0892705717729016.

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In this study, the effect of the temperature and talc concentration on the mechanical properties of the polypropylene (PP) + talc composite is analysed. Tensile, impact, bending and dynamic mechanical tests were carried out to evaluate the mechanical properties of PP + talc composite and to analyse the effect of temperature variation on these properties. The obtained results show that the temperature increase has a very negative effect on the mechanical strength of the PP–talc composite but it can be significantly reduced by the augmentation of the talc content.

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46

Cen, Peishan, Erjian Wei, and Kunyun Tian. "Influence of Multistage Target Temperature and Cyclic Loading/Unloading on the Permeability of Polypropylene Fiber Concrete." Advances in Civil Engineering 2022 (March 25, 2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2022/6756069.

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Due to the combined effect of temperature and cyclic loading and unloading, the gas permeability of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete structures changes during service. However, the current gas permeability test of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete is based on a single influencing factor or a single test condition (monotonic loading), and the test conditions are quite different from the actual working conditions of the structure. To explore the permeability of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete under cyclic loading and unloading under the influence of temperature, based on the stress principle that the specimen does not have structural damage and according to the steady-state equation of Darcy’s law, the Cembureau method is adopted. The gas permeability of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete under single loading and unloading and multistage cyclic loading and unloading at eight target temperatures is tested by the triaxial permeability test system. The results showed that (1) when the target temperature was 120°C < T ≤ 200°C and 200°C < T ≤ 280°C, the fiber experienced two stages of “softening, melting-cooling recovery” and “melting and absorption,” which caused damage to the matrix pore structure. The gas permeability at 200°C and 280°C was 246 times and 350 times that at 22°C, respectively. (2) The damage degree of the matrix strength structure increases during cyclic loading and unloading, and the permeability loss rate during cyclic loading and unloading is 1.24∼1.57 times that of single loading and unloading. (3) The high target temperature leads to pore structure damage of the matrix, which not only affects the permeability of the matrix but also affects the strength structure of the matrix. When the stress ratio R ≥ 0.37, the pore structure damage and the strength structure damage of the specimen are superimposed, resulting in the antipermeability effect of the specimen developing in the unfavorable direction. The test simulated the actual working conditions of polypropylene fiber reinforced concrete, providing a reference for building fire protection, seismic design or postdisaster evaluation.

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Chen, Q., and R. B. Yu. "Effect of Talc on High-temperature ExothermicPeak and Properties of Polypropylene." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 359 (May 2018): 012031. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/359/1/012031.

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48

Bao, S. P., G. D. Liang, and S. C. Tjong. "Positive Temperature Coefficient Effect of Polypropylene/Carbon Nanotube/Montmorillonite Hybrid Nanocomposites." IEEE Transactions on Nanotechnology 8, no. 6 (November 2009): 729–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/tnano.2009.2023650.

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49

ARIYAMA, Takashi, Yasunari MORI, and Kenji KANEKO. "Effect of Strain Rate and Temperature on Deformation Properties in Polypropylene." Transactions of the Japan Society of Mechanical Engineers Series A 62, no. 595 (1996): 781–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1299/kikaia.62.781.

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50

Kitagawa, Masayoshi, and Tomohiko Matsutani. "Effect of time and temperature on nonlinear constitutive equation in polypropylene." Journal of Materials Science 23, no. 11 (November 1988): 4085–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01106840.

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