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Journal articles on the topic 'Polypropylene blends; Gamma radiation'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 6 September 2023

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1

Sirin, Mehtap, Mehmet Sadrettin Zeybek, Kamil Sirin, and Yüksel Abali. "Effect of gamma irradiation on the thermal and mechanical behaviour of polypropylene and polyethylene blends." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 194 (May 2022): 110034. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2022.110034.

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2

Wang, Wenzhao, Xiaochao Zhang, Zongyuan Mao, and Weiquan Zhao. "Effects of gamma radiation on the impact strength of polypropylene (PP)/high density polyethylene (HDPE) blends." Results in Physics 12 (March 2019): 2169–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rinp.2019.02.020.

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3

Perera, R., C. Albano, J. González, P. Silva, and M. Ichazo. "The effect of gamma radiation on the properties of polypropylene blends with styrene–butadiene–styrene copolymers." Polymer Degradation and Stability 85, no. 2 (August 2004): 741–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2003.09.020.

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4

Dewi, Rozanna, Novi Sylvia, and Zulnazri Zulnazri. "The Effect of Radiation Technology on Surface Morphology of Sago Based Eco-friendly Plastic." Proceedings of Malikussaleh International Conference on Multidisciplinary Studies (MICoMS) 3 (December 17, 2022): 00003. http://dx.doi.org/10.29103/micoms.v3i.41.

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The variety and production continue of plastic has increased and it has brought difficulties in dealing with plastic waste disposed to nature and cannot be decomposed in a long time. Modified thermoplastic starch derived from sago palm crosslinked with polyurethane prepolymer obtained from diphenyl methane diisocyanate and castor oil polyol had better mechanical, thermal and chemical characteristics than bioplastics. In this study, eco-friendly plastics from sago starch modified with prepolymer polyurethane with the addition of chitosan as additive and polypropylene or polyethylene as matrix was produced. The research method conducted were consisting of several stages, preparation of thermoplastic starch, blending thermoplastic starch with polypropylene or polyethylene and plastic irradiation technology using gamma rays with dosage of 5, 10 and 20 kilogray (kGy). The effect of radiation technology on surface morphology of sago based eco-friendly plastic was analysed through Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) analysis to observe the effect of gamma rays exposure to the plastic surface. The result showed that the dots appearance on the surface and possibly shown non-uniformity of plastic surface due to less homogeneity of mixture when stirred. Thermoplastic starch was not blended perfectly into PP and this could be due to high temperature different required to melt PP while thermoplastic starch as an organic material cannot stand high temperature and become scorched at high temperature. To overcome this problem, mixing time should be increased to ensure high homogeneity. Overall, SEM analysis showed radiation does not provide effect to plastic surface morphology, which means it did not ruin the polymer structure as well as its binding. Similar appearance observed on the plastic surface morphology before and after radiation, even with highest radiation dose. From the analysis, it can be stated that radiation technology does not influence plastic surface structure, hence plastic binding was remain the same

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5

Djiporovic-Momcilovic, Milanka. "The influence of irradiated wood filler on some properties of polypropylene - wood composites." Bulletin of the Faculty of Forestry, no. 95 (2007): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/gsf0795073d.

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The problem of compatibility between the wood filler and thermoplastic matrix is of essential importance in composite production. Numerous methods have been developed for increasing this compatibility, which is still representing a challenging objective of composite research throughout the world. The research into these methods is primarily directed towards their efficiency from the viewpoint of the composite performance and their economical acceptability. The latter is of particular importance for the composite production in the developing countries with respect to the shortage of the corresponding funds. With this respect, the utilization of ionizing radiation might have considerable advantages. In this research, the beech wood flour was irradiated by a dose of 10 kGy of 60Co gamma rays for purpose of provoking the changes by the ionizing effect. The effects of ionizing radiation upon the properties of wood particles have been examined by IR spectroscopy and by determination of contents of hydroxyl groups in wood by acetylating as an indirect method. All these methods have been expected to reveal the chemical effects of the applied radiation treatment. The irradiated and the control wood flour were used in order to produce the samples of composite with polypropylene. The polypropylene-wood flour (PP-WF) composites were produced with 40% of wood particles having fraction size 0.3 mm. The melt-blended composites were modified with amido-acrylic acid (AMACA) as a new coupling agent synthesized for this propose in amount of 6 wt.% (based on wood filler) and successively with 0.05 wt.% (based on PP) of organic peroxide during mixing step. The composites containing coupling agents showed superior mechanical properties, compared to the untreated one. The highest extent of improvement of tensile was achieved in PP-WFl composites modified with AMACA coupling agent.

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6

Hassan Rezk, A. M., M. M. Senna, and E. M. Abdel-Bary. "Gamma-radiation stabilization of polypropylene." Polymer International 28, no. 4 (1992): 265–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.4990280404.

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7

Yoshiga, Adriana, Harumi Otaguro, Luís Filipe C. P. Lima, Beatriz W. H. Artel, Duclerc F. Parra, Jeferson Rodrigues Bueno, Rodrigo Shinzato, Marcelo Farrah, and Ademar B. Lugão. "Study of polypropylene/polybutene blends modified by gamma irradiation and (high melt strength polypropylene)/polybutene blends." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 265, no. 1 (December 2007): 130–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.08.038.

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8

Chaudhari, C. V., K. A. Dubey, Y. K. Bhardwaj, G. Naxane, K. S. S. Sarma, and S. Sabharwal. "Effect of electron beam radiation on the polypropylene/polyethylene blends: Radiation stabilization of polypropylene." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 263, no. 2 (October 2007): 451–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.06.027.

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9

Balaji, Ananad Bellam, Chantara Thevy Ratnam, Mohammad Khalid, and Rashmi Walvekar. "E-beam sterilizable thermoplastics elastomers for healthcare devices: Mechanical, morphology, and in vivo studies." Journal of Biomaterials Applications 32, no. 8 (January 3, 2018): 1049–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0885328217750476.

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The effect of electron beam radiation on ethylene–propylene diene terpolymer/polypropylene blends is studied as an attempt to develop radiation sterilizable polypropylene/ethylene–propylene diene terpolymer blends suitable for medical devices. The polypropylene/ethylene–propylene diene terpolymer blends with mixing ratios of 80/20, 50/50, 20/80 were prepared in an internal mixer at 165°C and a rotor speed of 50 rpm/min followed by compression molding. The blends and the individual components were radiated using 3.0 MeV electron beam accelerator at doses ranging from 0 to 100 kGy in air and room temperature. All the samples were tested for tensile strength, elongation at break, hardness, impact strength, and morphological properties. After exposing to 25 and 100 kGy radiation doses, 50% PP blend was selected for in vivo studies. Results revealed that radiation-induced crosslinking is dominating in EPDM dominant blends, while radiation-induced degradation is prevailing in PP dominant blends. The 20% PP blend was found to be most compatible for 20–60 kGy radiation sterilization. The retention in impact strength with enhanced tensile strength of 20% PP blend at 20–60 kGy believed to be associated with increased compatibility between PP and EPDM along with the radiation-induced crosslinking. The scanning electron micrographs of the fracture surfaces of the PP/EPDM blends showed evidences consistent with the above contentation. The in vivo studies provide an instinct that the radiated blends are safe to be used for healthcare devices.

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10

Li, Min, Li Guang Xiao, and Hong Kai Zhao. "Effect of Electron Beam Irradiation on the Polypropylene/Syndiotactic 1,2-Polybutadiene Blends: Radiation Stabilization of Polypropylene." Advanced Materials Research 581-582 (October 2012): 627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.581-582.627.

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The effect of electron beam irradiation on polypropylene (PP), syndiotactic 1,2-polybutadiene (sPB) and their blends were studied. They were irradiated with the doses of 20 kGy, 60 kGy, 80 kGy and 100 kGy. Scanning electron microscopy and mechanical test were carried out to characterize the irradiated samples. When PP/sPB blends were irradiated, a part of PP macroradicals created by irradiation acts either as crosslinking agent making the PP and sPB crosslink or it is grafted onto sPB in the interface, which results in the interfacial adhesion stronger between PP and sPB compared with unirradiated PP/sPB blends. Significant improvement of mechanical properties has been obtained by the addition of sPB in the PP matrix when irradiated. The presence of sPB obviously decreases the PP sensitivity to radiation effects.

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11

Chutamas, Maneewong, Sunthornvarabhas Jackapon, and Klana Rong Sriroth. "Evaluation of Gamma Radiation on NR/PHBV Blends." Applied Mechanics and Materials 300-301 (February 2013): 1325–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.300-301.1325.

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Natural rubber (NR) was compounded with polyhydroxybutyrate-co-hydroxyvalerate (PHBV) to improve mechanical properties for making a composite to be used in packaging applications. Gamma radiation technique was used to improve adhesion properties between these materials. The results showed that gamma radiation could induce cross-linking between NR and PHBV. The SEM micrograph illustrated the radiated NR/PHBV blends with gamma dose 5 kGy, 10 kGy and 15 kGy presenting a good adhesion at the blend interface. The investigation by FTIR, showing the appearance of small peaks at 2950 and 2997 cm-1 related to CH3 asymmetric stretching, also confirmed the cross-linking after the exposure of the NR/PHBV blend to gamma radiation. Also, the tensile results supported cross-linking between NR and PHBV. The elongation at break of NR/PHBV blend decreased when increasing dosage of gamma ray from 0 kGy to 15 kGy.

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12

Lai, Josephine, Kunashiny Ramash, Chantara Thevy Ratnam, Rubiyah Baini, Nur Amalina Shairah Abdul Samat, and S. Sar-ee. "Physico-Mechanical Properties Polypropylene/Ethylene-Propylene Diene Monomer (PP/EPDM) Binary Blends." Journal of Applied Research and Technology 20, no. 5 (October 31, 2022): 546–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.22201/icat.24486736e.2022.20.5.1419.

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This study was to develop a radiation sterilized polypropylene/ethylene-propylene diene monomer (PP/EPDM) binary blends using melt blending and the mechanical properties of the blends were studied. The PP/EPDM binary blends were prepared in the ratios of 80:20, 60:40, 50:50, 40:60 and 20:80. The binary blends were then compressed for 12 minutes using the Hot and Cold Press machine and were cut into 1mm, 3mm and 6mm thickness for tensile test, impact test, hardness test and Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy analysis. The results showed that higher EPDM content binary blends were more elastic and had better energy absorption compared to lower EPDM ratio binary blends. With the introduction of 100kGy radiation dose, the binary blends performed better in Young modulus with crosslinking formed within the molecules. Among the PP/EPDM binary blends, 20:80 PP/EPDM blends performed the best in both physical and mechanical properties. This binary blend was suitable for medical devices.

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13

Albano, Carmen, Rebeca Poleo, Jacobo Reyes, Miren Ichazo, Jeannette González, and Maria Brito. "Mechanical Behavior Of The Polypropylene + Woodflour And Polypropylene + Sisal Fiber Blends Subjected To Gamma Irradiation." Materials Research Innovations 9, no. 1 (March 2005): 14–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14328917.2005.11784871.

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14

Abdel-Aziz, M. M., E. M. Abdel-Bary, M. M. Abou Zaid, and A. A. El Miligy. "Effect of Gamma Radiation on EPDM/LDPE Blends." Journal of Elastomers & Plastics 24, no. 3 (July 1992): 178–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/009524439202400303.

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15

Przybytniak, Grażyna, Krzysztof Mirkowski, Andrzej Rafalski, Andrzej Nowicki, and Ewa Kornacka. "Radiation degradation of blends polypropylene/poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate)." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 76, no. 8-9 (August 2007): 1312–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2007.02.022.

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16

Sarcinelli, L., A. Valenza, and G. Spadaro. "Inverse response of polypropylene to gamma radiation under vacuum." Polymer 38, no. 10 (May 1997): 2307–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(96)00807-5.

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17

Mukherjee, A. K., and P. K. Sharma. "Coupling of glass fiber with polypropylene by gamma radiation." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 30, no. 4 (April 1985): 1707–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.1985.070300435.

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18

Lugão, A. B., B. W. H. Artel, A. Yoshiga, L. F. C. P. Lima, D. F. Parra, J. R. Bueno, S. Liberman, M. Farrah, W. R. Terçariol, and H. Otaguro. "Production of high melt strength polypropylene by gamma irradiation." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 76, no. 11-12 (November 2007): 1691–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2007.03.013.

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19

Kalapakdee, Siriruck, Thirawudh Pongprayoon, Kasinee Hemvichian, Phiriyatorn Suwanmala, and Wararat Kangsumrith. "Mechanical Properties of Poly(lactic acid) / Thermoplastic Starch Blends Crosslinked by Gamma Radiation." Advanced Materials Research 781-784 (September 2013): 467–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.781-784.467.

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This research aims to determine the influences of radiation-induced crosslinking on the mechanical properties of polymer blends between poly (lactic acid) (PLA) and thermoplastic starch (TPS). PLA and TPS were mixed at different ratios (90:10, 80:20, 70:30, 60:40) in the presence of a crosslinking agent using a twin screw extruder. The blends were compression molded into films. The film samples were irradiated by gamma radiation at different doses. Gel fraction was used to determine crosslinking efficiency. Results showed that gamma radiation was able to induce crosslinking for PLA/TPS blends. The gel fraction and mechanical properties decreased with increasing TPS content. The optimum ratio of PLA:TPS with the maximum gel fraction and mechanical properties was 90:10 and the optimum dose was 40 kGy by gamma radiation.

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20

Spadaro, G., E. Calderaro, and A. Valenza. "Compatibilization of polyethylene/polyamide 6 blends through gamma-radiation." Applied Radiation and Isotopes 45, no. 3 (March 1994): 399–400. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-8043(94)90092-2.

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21

Martínez-Pardo, Ma Esther, and Ricardo Vera-Graziano. "Gamma radiation induced crosslinking of polyethylene/ethylene—vinylacetate blends." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 45, no. 1 (January 1995): 93–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0969-806x(94)e0004-3.

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22

Chen, Jin Zhou, Qian Wang, Ming Jun Niu, Kai Guo, Xin Fa Li, and Jing Wu Wang. "Effect of γ-Radiation on the Property of Polypropylene/Nylon-6 Blends." Advanced Materials Research 320 (August 2011): 69–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.320.69.

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Blends PP/PA (100:18) was prepared by means of melt-mixing using a twin- screw extruder, and the effects of γ-radiation in air on their stability under lower radiation dose (≤5kGy) at a fixed dose rate of 110Gy/min have been researched. The effects of nylon-6 (PA-6), trimethyrol-propane trimethacrylate (TMPTA), maleated polypropylene (mPP) and γ-radiation dose (D) on melt flow ability, mechanical property, thermal property and morphology of the blends were investigated. It was noted that its tensile strength (σs) and Young’s modulus (E) increased with the addition of TMPTA, while its elongation (ε) and melt flowing rate (MFR) decreased. Compatibilizer mPP and TMPTA could improve the compatibility of the PP/PA-6. Its heat resistance was superior to PP. There was little effect of γ-radiation in air on their σs, E and ε when irradiation dose ranged from 0.1 to 5.0kGy.

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23

Mathakari, N. L., V. N. Bhoraskar, and S. D. Dhole. "Co-60 gamma radiation assisted diffusion of iodine in polypropylene." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 268, no. 17-18 (September 2010): 2750–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2010.06.042.

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24

Mokhtar, Samia M., and Magdy W. Sabaa. "Gamma Radiation-induced Graft Copolymerization of - Phenylmaleimide onto Polypropylene Films." Polymer International 42, no. 3 (March 1997): 340–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/(sici)1097-0126(199703)42:3<340::aid-pi730>3.0.co;2-e.

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25

Carvalho Mesquita, Taciene, Maria Cecília Evangelista Vasconcelos Schiassi, Amanda Maria Teixeira Lago, Ítalo Careli-Gondim, Laís Mesquita Silva, Nathasha de Azevedo Lira, Elisângela Elena Nunes Carvalho, and Luiz Carlos de Oliveira Lima. "Grape juice blends treated with gamma irradiation evaluated during storage." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 168 (March 2020): 108570. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2019.108570.

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26

Pereira, Nilson Casimiro, Mauro Cesar Terence, D. F. Bruzadin, G. J. M. Fechine, Leila F. de Miranda, and Renato Meneghetti Peres. "Study of Modification of PP/EPDM Compounds by Ultraviolet and Gamma Radiation Using Recycled Polypropylene Collected after EPDM Waste Processing as Raw Materials." Defect and Diffusion Forum 354 (June 2014): 49–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.354.49.

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As the polypropylene resin of high consumption, has as a consequence, the same feature among the resins most discarded after use. This generates high amount of waste in landfills, causing environmental problems, because the polypropylene presents difficulty in the short term, degradation by micro-organisms in the trash. Thus, this resin recycling proposals are always welcome, raising the possibility of reuse, and reducing the concentration of the landfills, thereby helping to minimize the negative effects of its disposal on the environment. Some manufacturers of rubber products, using as raw materials EPDM, report that are discarded after processing the waste, largely in landfills. Thus, the proposed reuse of byproduct, also will not contribute to the degradation of the environment. The aim of this work was to produce compositions (mixtures) with different concentrations of polypropylene and EPDM recycled materials, and evaluate the effect of ultraviolet and gamma radiation, rheological properties, thermal, mechanical and morphological, of the composites. The compounds obtained showed that waste rubber modified thermoplastic properties of polypropylene when irradiated by both UV radiation, such as gamma radiation.Comparing the hardness and impact tests, it was observed that the values decreased with respect to the material not irradiated (UV or gamma). This effect is due mainly to the presence of the EPDM rubber, because the PP when subjected to gamma radiation or UV at low doses has an increase in mechanical properties.

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27

El Salmawi, Kariman M. "Gamma Radiation‐Induced Crosslinked PVA/Chitosan Blends for Wound Dressing." Journal of Macromolecular Science, Part A 44, no. 5 (March 2007): 541–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10601320701235891.

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28

Kodama, Y., L. D. B. Machado, C. Giovedi, and K. Nakayama. "Gamma radiation effect on structural properties of PLLA/PCL blends." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 265, no. 1 (December 2007): 294–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2007.08.062.

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29

Elshereafy, E., Maysa A. Mohamed, M. M. EL-Zayat, and A. A. El Miligy. "Gamma radiation curing of nitrile rubber/high density polyethylene blends." Journal of Radioanalytical and Nuclear Chemistry 293, no. 3 (May 4, 2012): 941–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10967-012-1801-3.

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30

Ferreira, Flávia Gonçalves Domingues, Maria Alice Gomes de Andrade Lima, Yêda Medeiros Bastos de Almeida, and Glória Maria Vinhas. "Biodegradation of LDPE/Modified Starch Blends Sterilized with Gamma Radiation." Journal of Polymers and the Environment 18, no. 3 (May 19, 2010): 196–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10924-010-0202-3.

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31

Steller, Ryszard, Danuta Żuchowska, Wanda Meissner, Dominik Paukszta, and Józef Garbarczyk. "Crystalline structure of polypropylene in blends with thermoplastic elastomers after electron beam irradiation." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 75, no. 2 (February 2006): 259–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2005.05.018.

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32

Kaur, Inderjeet, and B. N. Misra. "Gamma radiation induced graft copolymerization of acrylate monomers onto isotactic polypropylene." Desalination 64 (January 1987): 271–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0011-9164(87)90102-0.

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33

Martínez-Barrera, Gonzalo, Enrique Vigueras Santiago, Susana Hernández López, Osman Gencel, and Fernando Ureña-Nuñez. "Polypropylene Fibers as Reinforcements of Polyester-Based Composites." International Journal of Polymer Science 2013 (2013): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/143894.

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Effects of gamma radiation and the polypropylene fibers on compressive properties of polymer concrete composites (PC) were studied. The PCs had a composition of 30 wt% of unsaturated polyester resin and 70 wt% of marble particles which have three different sizes (small, medium, and large). The PCs were submitted to 200, 250, and 300 kGy of radiation doses. The results show that the compressive properties depend on the combination of the polypropylene fiber concentration and the applied radiation dose. The compressive strength value is highest when using medium particle size, 0.1 vol% of polypropylene fibers and 250 kGy of dose; moreover, the compressive modulus decreases when increasing the particle size.

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34

Chen, Jian, Xingyi Huang, Pingkai Jiang, and Genlin Wang. "Protection of SEBS/PS blends against gamma radiation by aromatic compounds." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 112, no. 2 (April 15, 2009): 1076–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.29552.

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35

Ashok, Neelesh, Meera Balachandran, and Falix Lawrence. "Organo-modified layered silicate nanocomposites of EPDM–chlorobutyl rubber blends for enhanced performance in γ radiation and hydrocarbon environment." Journal of Composite Materials 52, no. 23 (March 14, 2018): 3219–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021998318763504.

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In this work, blends of ethylene propylene diene monomer rubber and chlorobutyl rubber were reinforced with organo-modified layered silicate (nanoclay) to enhance their performance in radiation as well as hydrocarbons environments. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites increased (up to 57%) and solvent transport coefficients decreased (by 30%) with increasing nanoclay content. The enhancement in properties was attributed to the dispersion of nanoclay platelets in the ethylene propylene diene monomer–chlorobutyl rubber blends and the chemical interaction between nanoclay and the polymer which were confirmed by morphological and spectroscopic analysis, respectively. The effect of nanofiller content on the mechanical properties, solvent uptake and thermal degradation of blends exposed to gamma radiation was investigated by irradiating the nanocomposites with gamma rays for cumulative doses of 0.5, 1 and 2 MGy. The ethylene propylene diene monomer–chlorobutyl rubber nanocomposites with 5 phr nanoclay had the best retention of mechanical properties and solvent sorption coefficients on exposure to radiation. Depending on the dose of cumulative radiation exposure, chain scission and/or crosslinking occurred in the nanocomposites, resulting in varying degrees of changes in properties.

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36

Susilawati and Aris Doyan. "Effects of Gamma Radiation on Electrical Conductivity of PVA-CH Composites." Materials Science Forum 827 (August 2015): 180–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.827.180.

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Keywords: Gamma radiation, electrical conductivity, PVA-CH compositesAbstract.The effects of radiation on polymer composite PVA-based organic blends containing chlorine have been studied for their potential applications in electrochemical devices. The polymer composite PVA-Chloral Hydrate (CH) were blended separately with 23, 34, 45 and 57% CH. The composite films were prepared by solvent-casting method and each film has been irradiated with g-rays at different doses up to 12 kGy. The electrical properties have been studied using an impedance analyzer of LCR meter in the frequency range from 20 Hz to 1 MHz. The conductivity-dose relation study revealed that increase in conductivity of the irradiated PVA-CH blends with increasing dose up to 12 kGy. The increase in the conductivity with dose is attributed to the increase of ionic carriers in the composites induced by radiation scission of CH molecules and also due to hydrolysis of water.

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37

Moori, Tatiana Mayumi, Mauro Cesar Terence, Nilson Casimiro Pereira, Sonia Braunstein Faldini, and Leila Figueiredo de Miranda. "Characterization of Gamma Irradiated PP/LDPE Blend." Defect and Diffusion Forum 353 (May 2014): 90–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ddf.353.90.

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This study analyzed nine polypropylene (PP) and low-density polyethylene (LDPE) blends where the mass concentrations of each sample were changed, proportionally. The aim was to investigate the tensile strength by means of these polymers best combination, before and after its exposal to gamma rays. The results showed that the 20/80 - PP/LDPE blend had a better performance concerning mechanical properties after irradiation, where the maximums tensile stress had an average increase of 30% in 30 and 50 kGy doses and 33% in the 200 kGy dose. On the other hand, it was verified that the higher blend's PP concentration, the higher its tensile strength will be (except for 100 kGy and 200 kGy doses which PP concentration over 70% can cause eventual degradation in the polymeric chains of the blend).

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38

ABDEL GHAFFAR, A. M., and H. E. ALI. "Radiation modification of the properties of polypropylene/carboxymethyl cellulose blends and their biodegradability." Bulletin of Materials Science 39, no. 7 (December 2016): 1809–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12034-016-1312-x.

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39

Maimaitiming, Aizezi, Maojiang Zhang, Hairong Tan, Minglei Wang, Mingxing Zhang, Jiangtao Hu, Zhe Xing, and Guozhong Wu. "High-Strength Triple Shape Memory Elastomers from Radiation-Vulcanized Polyolefin Elastomer/Polypropylene Blends." ACS Applied Polymer Materials 1, no. 7 (May 30, 2019): 1735–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsapm.9b00289.

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40

Djourelov, N., T. Suzuki, V. P. Shantarovich, T. Dobreva, and Y. Ito. "Transitions and relaxations in gamma-irradiated polypropylene studied by positron annihilation lifetime spectroscopy." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 72, no. 1 (January 2005): 13–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2003.12.049.

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41

Djourelov, N., T. Suzuki, Y. Ito, V. Shantarovich, and K. Kondo. "Gamma and positron irradiation effects on polypropylene studied by coincidence Doppler broadening spectroscopy." Radiation Physics and Chemistry 72, no. 6 (April 2005): 687–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.radphyschem.2004.04.133.

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42

Kalkis, Valdis, Ingars Reinholds, Janis Zicans, Remo Merijs-Meri, Juris Bitenieks, and Ivans Bockovs. "Radiation-chemically modified PP/CNT composites." e-Polymers 14, no. 4 (July 1, 2014): 259–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2013-0092.

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AbstractIn this work, the authors studied the effects of electron beam (EB)-induced changes in stress-strain characteristics, heat shrinkage stresses, and structure characteristics on polypropylene (PP) composites containing bisphenol-A-dimethacrylate (BPDMA) as the radiation sensitizer and different contents of multi-walled carbon nanotube (CNT) filler (0–2 wt.%). The effect of stearic acid (SA) as the surface modifier on the improvement of CNT dispersion in the PP matrix was also studied. Initially, PP blends with different contents (up to 10 wt.%) of BPDMA were prepared to determine the effective concentration of the sensitizer for the modification of the PP matrix. PP/BPDMA composites and blends filled with CNTs were irradiated up to 25–50 kGy of radiation doses. The properties of unirradiated compositions and those modified by EB, were compared. Radiation-induced changes were confirmed by gel fraction and by the changes in Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectra. The results showed an increase in Young’s modulus, yield strength, and thermal-relaxation stresses for the irradiated PP/CNT compositions grafted with 3 wt.% of BPDMA and compatibilized with SA.

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Spadaro, G., R. De Gregorio, A. Galia, A. Valenza, and G. Filardo. "Gamma radiation induced maleation of polypropylene using supercritical CO 2 : preliminary results." Polymer 41, no. 9 (April 2000): 3491–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0032-3861(99)00588-1.

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Naguib, H. F., R. O. Aly, M. W. Sabaa, and S. M. Mokhtar. "Gamma radiation induced graft copolymerization of vinylimidazole-acrylic acid onto polypropylene films." Polymer Testing 22, no. 7 (October 2003): 825–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0142-9418(03)00018-7.

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Yoshiga, Adriana, Harumi Otaguro, Duclerc Fernandes Parra, Luís Filipe C. P. Lima, and Ademar B. Lugao. "Controlled degradation and crosslinking of polypropylene induced by gamma radiation and acetylene." Polymer Bulletin 63, no. 3 (May 19, 2009): 397–409. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00289-009-0102-7.

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46

Yuee, Fang, and Shi Tianyi. "Polypropylene dialysis membrane prepared by cobalt-60 gamma-radiation-induced graft copolymerization." Journal of Membrane Science 39, no. 1 (October 1988): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0376-7388(00)80990-4.

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Milicevic, Dejan, and Edin Suljovrujic. "Properties of isotactic polypropylene irradiated in various atmospheres." Chemical Industry 64, no. 3 (2010): 201–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/hemind091221029m.

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In this paper, changes in structure and physical properties of stabilized isotactic polypropylene (iPP) were created by gamma irradiation, up to a dose of 700 kGy, in different media: air, deionized distilled (DD) water and acetylene. Two main effects occur when polyolefins, such as iPP, are subjected to ionizing radiation: crosslinking and scission of macromolecules. The domination of one or the other of these competitive processes is determined by both the structural peculiarities of the polymers and the experimental irradiation conditions. Gel and infrared (IR) spectroscopy measurements were used to determine the changes in the degree of network formation and oxidative degradation, respectively. Sol-gel analysis was studied in detail using the Charlesby-Pinner (C-P) equation. The radiation-induced changes in the structure and evolution of oxygen-containing species were also studied through dielectric loss (tan ?) analysis in a wide temperature and/or frequency range. Evolution of low temperature dielectric relaxations with gamma irradiation was investigated. The results showed that degradation was the major reaction in the initial step of irradiation, no matter what the atmosphere was. The C-P equation seemed applicable when stabilized iPP was irradiated within a certain dose range in various atmospheres. The iPP irradiated in acetylene/air had the lowest/highest values for oxidation level, dielectric losses, Dg and G(s)/G(x) values. The calculated Dg values are 1.5 and 5 times larger for the irradiation in DD water and air than for the acetylene. Furthermore, our data confirm that oxidation strongly affects the gel point but has a much lower effect on the G(S)/G(X) ratio. In the case of dielectric relaxation measurements, the connection between the oxidative degradation and dielectric properties is well established and is in good agreement with IR spectroscopy measurements. The amount of carbonyl, hydroperoxide and other polar groups is much higher for the irradiation in air than in other media, leading to higher dielectric losses. Disappearance of low temperature (? and ?) relaxations with gamma radiation confirmed great sensitivity of iPP structure to radiation-induced changes. Complete ?vanishing? of the ? relaxation in iPP samples irradiated in air is connected with a large radiation-induced oxidative degradation in this medium. Similar crosslinking, oxidation and dielectric behaviour was observed for the samples irradiated in water and acetylene, indicating DD water as a good crosslinking medium.

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Galimzyanova, Rezeda Yu, Maria S. Lisanevich, and Yuri N. Khakimullin. "Influence of Gamma and Electron Radiation on the Strength Characteristics of Nonwoven SMS Materials Based on Polypropylene." Key Engineering Materials 899 (September 8, 2021): 172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.899.172.

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Radiation sterilization is widely used to sterilize nonwoven SMS medical products. SMS materials have improved filtering and barrier properties, low bacteriopermeability and, due to these properties, are indispensable for medicine. They are used to make such important health care products as disposable surgical clothing and underwear. As a result of the research carried out, the effect of gamma and electron radiation, in the range of absorbed doses from 15 to 25 kGy, on the strength characteristics of nonwoven SMS materials based on polypropylene with a surface density of 35, 40, 50 g/cm2 was studied. It has been established that the strength characteristics (tensile strength, tensile strength, and tear strength) of nonwoven materials decrease after exposure to ionizing radiation. The higher the density of the material, the more its characteristics decrease after radiation sterilization. It was also found that gamma radiation, due to its nature, has a stronger effect on nonwoven materials based on polypropylene, and leads to a stronger decrease in strength characteristics. In general, for products sterilized by ionizing radiation and made from SMS materials, it is important to control the strength characteristics, primarily, the tensile strength in the transverse direction of the web stuff.

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Adem, E., G. Burillo, M. Avalos-Borja, and Ma P. Carreón. "Radiation compatibilization of polyamide-6/polypropylene blends, enhanced by the presence of compatibilizing agent." Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research Section B: Beam Interactions with Materials and Atoms 236, no. 1-4 (July 2005): 295–300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.nimb.2005.03.260.

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Hassan, Medhat M., Nagwa A. Badway, Mona Y. Elnaggar, and El-Sayed A. Hegazy. "Thermo-mechanical properties of devulcanized rubber/high crystalline polypropylene blends modified by ionizing radiation." Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry 19, no. 4 (July 2013): 1241–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jiec.2012.12.024.

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