Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polyploïdes'
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Giraud, Delphine. "Dynamique des éléments transposables et évolution du génome des spartines polyploïdes." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN1B057.
Full textWe explored the consequences of divergent speciation or reticulate evolution (resulting from hybridization) during diversification of the Spartina genus in the last 6-10 MY, based on the analysis of repeated sequences, their expression and regulation. Transposable element amounts, genome size, and phylogenetic relationships were found correlated, although differential dynamics of specific transposable element families or satellite sequences were encountered according to lineages, and to divergence times following the speciation events. The abundance of transposable elements appears related to their level of expression and the role of small RNAs in their control. This regulation is rapidly established following interspecific hybridization and explains the "genomic quiescence" (absence of transposable element “burst”) detected in the recent allododecaploid S. anglica. Annotations of transposable elements and small RNAs, new reference transcriptomes generated for different species during this work represent additional resources that will allow a more comprehensive exploration of the Spartina genome history and dynamics for a better understanding of the genomic mechanisms involved in the adaptation and ecology of these “ecosystem engineers” species
Boutte, Julien. "Identification et évolution des séquences orthologues par séquençage massif chez les polyploïdes." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015REN1S154/document.
Full textNext generation sequencing (NGS) technologies offer new opportunities to explore polyploid genomes and their corresponding transcriptomes. However, transcriptome assemblies and identification of homoeologous gene copies (duplicated by polyploidy) remain challenging, particularly in the context of recurrent polyploidy and the absence of diploid reference parents. Spartina species (Poaceae, Chloridoideae) represent an excellent system to study the short term consequences of hybridization and polyploidization in natural populations. The European S. maritima (hexaploid) hybridized twice with the American S. alterniflora (hexaploid) following its recent introduction to Europe, which resulted in the formation of two homoploid hybrids (S. x townsendii and S. x neyrautii). Whole genome duplication of S. x townsendii resulted in the fertile new allododecaploid S. anglica species (during the 19th century) that has now invaded saltmarshes on several continents. Identification of duplicated genes in S. anglica and its parental species is critical to understand its evolutionary success but their high ploidy levels require the development of adapted tools. In this context, we developed and validated different bioinformatics tools to detect polymorphisms and identify the different haplotypes from NGS datasets. These approaches enabled the study of the heterogeneity of the highly repeated 45S rDNA in S. maritima. In order to develop transcriptomic resources for these species, 5 new reference transcriptomes (110 423 annotated contigs for the 5 species with 37 867 non-redundant contigs) were assembled and annotated. Co-alignments of parental and hybrid/allopolyploid haplotypes allowed the identification of homoeoSNPs discriminating homoelogs. The divergence between duplicated genes was used to identify and confirm the recent duplication events in Spartina. Phylogenomic approaches on Spartina were also initiated in this thesis in the perspective of exploring the evolutionary history of the duplicated copies
Rousseau, Mathieu. "Origine et évolution des génomes des espèces diploïdes et polyploïdes du genre Fragaria (fraisier)." Bordeaux 1, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008BOR13567.
Full textBelcram, Harry. "Organisation, évolution et fonctionnement des gènes majeurs de domestication (Q/q) chez les blés polyploïdes." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EVRY0026/document.
Full textIn 2006, and after a century of investigations, the major domestication gene in polyploid wheat (5AQ), involved in non free threshing and spike easy beating, among many other traits, has been identified as a homolog of Apetala2 gene of Arabidopsis. While this represents an important breakthrough, nothing was yet known about the role of other homoeologs of the Q/q gene present in tetraploid (Triticum turgidum) and hexaploid (T. aestivum) wheat. In this context, my PhD thesis consists in characterizing organization, evolution and function of the major wheat domestication (Q/q) gene and its homoeologs in polyploid wheat. I realized first comparative sequencing and analysis of 11 genomic regions (BAC clones) spanning the Q/q gene homolog’s in different hexaploid, tetraploid and diploid wheat; constituting the most important comparative analysis done for this group of species. Comparisons show that only Q/q gene homologs are conserved in different genomes and across different ploidy levels and that the 5Bq homoeolog is pseudogenized in hexaploid wheat. The remaining genomic sequences, constituted of ~80% of transposable elements (TEs) are completely different when comparing A, B, D and S genomes between each others. On the contrary, TEs are more conserved between different haplotypes of a same genome and continue their active insertion and deletion dynamic, leading to 19 identified synteny breaks. Among these, I identified the first active Hélitron in wheat inserted into the 5Bq pseudogene of a hexaploid wheat cv. Renan. The Hélitron insertion was subsequently retraced as recently occurring whereas it could have been originated from the wild wheat Aegilops ventricosa which has been introgressed into hexaploid wheat. Functional analysis comparing phenotype, domestication traits, expression and interaction between different Q/q homoeologs was rendered possible using series of “deletion lines”, where one or several homoeologs were deleted. This allows determining the hyper-functionalization of 5AQ and the subfunctionalization of 5Dq and more interestingly the subfunctionalization of the pseudogene 5Bq. All three homoeologs were shown to contribute to the domestication traits and regulate each others.Precise sequence comparison of 5AQ and 5Aq alleles from different domesticated and wild genotypes allow identification of a SNP mutation, associated with domestication, in the target site of a micro RNA (miR172). Using an adapted semi-quantitative RACE-PCR, I showed that the mutation leads to less cleaved mRNA of the 5AQ gene by the miR172 and consequently its higher expression than the 5Aq allele. This also suggests a general role of miR172 in regulating the different homoeologs of the Q/q gene
Rousseau, Hélène. "Evolution des génomes polyploïdes et innovations fonctionnelles : contexte phylogénétique et origine du DMSP chez les spartines." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017REN1B031.
Full textDimethylsulfoniopropionate (DMSP) is an ecologically important molecule produced by most marine phytoplankton species, but very rarely by flowering plants: only in a few genera (including Spartina in Poaceae). Despite the different enzymatic steps involved in DMSP biosynthesis are well known, the origin of the function and the genes encoding the different enzymes are yet to be discovered. To explore the evolutionary mechanisms involved in the DMSP accumulation in Spartina, we used various approaches, including biochemical analyses, metabolomics, transcriptomics, comparative genomics and phylogenetics. Notably, we demonstrate that the ability to synthesize DMSP evolved once in the Spartina genus, sometimes 3-10 million years ago. This functional innovation occurred following the emergence of the hexaploid clade, and was inherited by all Spartina species deriving from this hexaploid ancestor. Spartina species belonging to the tetraploid clade and their deriving species do not accumulate DMSP (whatever their ploidy level). Using Poaceae sequenced genomes as well as Spartina genomic and transcriptomic resources obtained in our laboratory, candidate genes involved in the four different enzymatic steps of the DMSP biosynthesis pathway were searched. Identifying genes involved in the intermediate (2nd and 3rd) steps that are specific to this pathway was particularly challenging as only putative enzymatic activities have been proposed so far (corresponding protein sequences and genes are unknown). A set of candidate genes potentially involved in these two steps (with decarboxylase and amine oxydase activities) were identified and their transcription levels were compared among DMSP producing (DMSP+) and non-producing (DMSP-) Spartina species. Their putative cellular localization was also predicted. Moreover, enzymatic activity assays open new hypotheses and research perspectives regarding this enigmatic biosynthesis pathway in Spartina
Némorin, Alice. "Acquisition de connaissances sur la génétique de l'espèce Dioscorea alata L. pour la production de variétés polyploïdes." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AGUY0519/document.
Full textWe studied polyploidisation phenomena in the yam Dioscorea alata that includes three cytotypes -diploid (2n=40), triploid (2n=60) and tetraploid (2n=80) -in order to optimise polyploid hybrid production strategies. In this complex polyploid, the increase in ploidy is correlated with an increase in vigour and higher and more stable yields. We first showed the autotetraploidy of tetraploid varieties using three different approaches: heredity analyses of microsatellite markers, the observation of double reduction phenomena, and the study of meiosis of pollen mother cells. We then determined the mechanisms most likely to be at the origin of natural polyploids through the study of the transmission of parental heterozygoty using microsatellites and the study of incompatibilities at the endosperm level at the time of different intracytotypic and intercytotypic crosses using flow cytometry. The results obtained reveal that the polyploids of D. alata probably appeared through the formation of non-reduced gametes of diploid clones. The triploid pool would then have been constituted and diversified through the female pathway as a result of the non-viability of intercytotypic crosses and the sterility of female and male triploids. The tetraploid pool would have appeared as a result of the union of two non-reduced gametes of diploid clones (bilateral sexual polyploidisation). This pool would then have diversified through intercytotypic crosses with the formation of 2n gamètes through both the female and the male pathway, as well as by intracytotypic crosses within the 4X pool
Ferreira, de Carvalho Julie. "Évolution du génome des spartines polyploïdes envahissant les marais salés : apport des nouvelles techniques de séquençage haut-débit." Phd thesis, Université Rennes 1, 2013. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00795861.
Full textAlbertin, Warren. "Régulation de l'expression des gènes dupliqués chez les polyploïdes : approche protéomique appliquée à l'analyse de Brassicacées autopolyploïdes et allopolyploïdes." Paris 11, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA112161.
Full textPolyploidisation is a major evolutionary process in eukaryotes most flowering plants are polyploids or paleopolyploids, including major crop species understanding the mechanisms of regulation of duplicated gene expression in polyploids is thus essential for evolutionary genetics and plant breeding. The purposes of these thesis were i- to describe homologous gene expression in an autopolyploid (in which ihe chromosome sets originated from the same species) and in an allopolyploid model (in which the homeologous chromosome sets derived from more than one species through hybridization); ii- to characterize the genes targeted by differential gene regulation during polyploidisaiion and iii- t0 precise the underlying mechanisms. We first studied a brassica oleracea autopolyploidy series involving haploid, diploid and tetraploid cabbages. Gene expression was investigated at the protein level using comparative proteomics. Our results indicated that genome doubling did not alter significantly the proteomes of green tissues in b. Oleracea. To study gene expression during the early steps of allopolyploid formation, the oilseed rape b. Napus allotetraploid model was chosen. Comparative proteomics was applied to neo-synthesized b. Napus and its diploid progenitors b. Rapa and b. Oleracea. Several deviations from the additivity hypothesis (predicting a midparent proteome for the amphiploids) were observed (26-39% of polypeptides) non-stochastic gene expression re-patterning was found since 98% of the detected variations were reproducible in four independently created amphiploids the identification of the proteins displaying non-additive patterns is under process
Fortuné, Philippe. "Phylogénie et dynamique des gènes dupliqués chez les plantes polyploïdes : évolution dans les genres Bromus L. et Spartina Schreb. (Poaceae)." Rennes 1, 2007. http://www.theses.fr/2007REN1S029.
Full textGenome duplication is an important speciation process in plants promoting diversification and adaptation. This work aims at unravelling the evolutionary history of polyploid lineages in genus Bromus and Spartina (Poaceae) that display polyploid species of ecological interest, due to their rapid expansion. Various phylogenetic analyses based on sequences from the chloroplast and the nuclear genomes have helped to elucidate the origin of the polyploidy. Reticulate evolution through allopolyploidy appears to be the rule in these groups, having an important impact on the ecological success of these species. Variable retention rates of homeologues were encountered for the nuclear Waxy gene depending on the lineages. The nuclear Waxy gene presented a variable retention rate of the homeologous copies depending on the lineages. No relaxation of selective constraints was detected on the retained gene copies
Cavé-Radet, Armand. "Évolution de la tolérance aux Hydrocarbures Aromatiques Polycycliques (HAPs) chez les spartines polyploïdes : analyses physiologiques et régulations transcriptomiques par les micro-ARNs." Thesis, Rennes 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018REN1B064/document.
Full textWe explored mechanisms involved in tolerance to organic xenobiotics belonging to PAHs (phenanthrene), in the context of allopolyploid speciation (hybrid genome duplication). We developed a comparative approach, using a recent allopolyploidization model including the hexaploid parental species S. alterniflora and S. maritima, and the allopolyploid S. anglica, which resulted from genome doubling of the F1 hybrid S. x townsendii. Integrative approach based on physiological and molecular analyses highlights that hybridization and genome doubling enhance tolerance to xenobiotics in Spartina. The paternal parent S. maritima exhibits higher sensitivity compared to the maternal parent S. alterniflora. Various transcriptomic analyses were performed, to identify de novo stress responsive transcripts, and to annotate small RNAs (miRNAs, their target genes, and siRNAs) involved in gene expression and transposable element regulations. Differential expression analyses in response to stress allowed us to develop a putative miRNA regulatory network (miRNA/target genes) in response to PAH, functionally validated in Arabidopsis as heterologous system. An exploratory profiling of Spartina rhizosphere microbiome exposed to phenanthrene was also performed to characterize environmental degradation abilities, in the perspective of optimizing green remediation strategies
Pawula, Clovis. "Rosa gallica L. and other Gallic roses : origin(s) and role in the genesis of cultivated roses." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Angers, 2023. http://www.theses.fr/2023ANGE0065.
Full textRosa gallica L., a perennial, tetraploid, heterozygous species that propagates naturally by seed and sucker, occurs in the wild, mainly in Europe, and as cultivars. In France, its wild genetic diversity is geographically structured. In addition, this species is thought to be at the origin of the first horticultural groups (Hybrid Gallica, Centifolia, Alba, Damas...) of roses from which modern roses are derived by hybridization. The aims of this thesis are (1) to identify the factors responsible for the structure of French populations by characterizing European wild diversity, and (2) to assess the contribution of R. gallica to the first horticultural groups. Nearly 1,600 individuals, both wild, sampled over almost the entire European range, and cultivated were genotyped by sequencing newlydeveloped microsatellites. To analyze these data in polyploids, a method for predicting ploidy levels was developed. French diversity is particularly structured compared to the rest of Europe, suggesting multiple origins in France. As in the rest of Europe, populations on the eastern side of France seem to have originated by natural dispersal from a glacial refugium located further south. In contrast, populations on the western side of the country appear to be the result of more recent humanor natural dispersal. Unlike the Hybrid Gallica, the other ancient horticultural groups are the result of interspecific hybridizations. These findings represent a step towards understanding the evolutionary history of R. gallica
Sivager, Gary. "Identification des déterminants physiologiques et moléculaires à l'origine de la réponse différentielle d'agrumes diploïdes et polyploïdes vis-à-vis de la maladie du Huanglongbing (HLB)." Thesis, Antilles, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ANTI0738.
Full textConsidered as the most devastating bacterial disease in cultivated citrus, Huanglongbing (HLB), also called citrus greening or yellow dragon disease in French is present all over the world except in the Mediterranean basin and in the Middle East. The bacterium responsible for this disease is a non-cultivable gram-negative bacillus-like alphaproteobacteria called Candidatus Liberibacter transmitted by psyllids Diaphorina citri and Trioza erytreae. There are three strains of this bacterium, Candidatus Liberibacter asiaticus (CLas; Las), Candidatus Liberibacter americanus (CLam; Lam) and Candidatus Liberibacter africanus (CLaf; Laf). Once infected by the HLB bacterium, the tree's response is to induce callose synthesis in the phloem pores, thus preventing the transfer of the elaborated sap to the sink organs such as fruit or roots. The consequence of this blockage will be asymmetric mottling in leaves of infected trees due to the accumulation of photosynthetic products such as starch. In addition, HLB will induce oxidative stress, characterized by the synthesis of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which will be detrimental to the trees. Contrary to the leaves, no deposition of callose can be observed in the roots, justifying the fact that they are considered as a reservoir because they would be the place of multiplication and development of the bacteria. Therefore, the degradation of the roots observed would be due to a direct action of the bacterium and not indirectly as at the leaf level. Altogether, this will lead to the drop of leaves, fruit but also to the degradation of the roots, thus leading to a decrease in fruit production. Citrus are usually diploid (n = 9 or 18 chromosomes). Nevertheless, it does exist citrus polyploid, which behave better in abiotic stress condition than diploid varieties. Polyploidy is a phenomenon that has shown advantages in the plant kingdom notably in term of adaptation. Indeed, in polyploid, cells and organs are larger than in their respective diploids. Their defense systems against oxidative stresses generated by biotic or abiotic stresses are usually more efficient. In this thesis, the first study focuses on the impact of ploidy regarding HLB disease, using two varieties of lime trees: Mexican lime diploid (2x) and the triploid Persian (3x) grafted with a 2x rootstock by doing physiological, microscopic and biochemical analyses.The second study of this thesis was performed on citrumelo Swingle 2x and tetraploid (4x) rootstocks grafted with the same 2x and 3x varieties of the first study. The study was focused at the root level.The third study was performed on the same experimental design of the 2nd study and focused on the study of the expression of the genomes, completed by hormonal and metabolome analyses.Finally, although the metabolome results are preliminary, the results showed that there was an impact of the disease on the synthetized compounds depending of the ploidy of the rootstock and that there were specific relationship between the graft and rootstock
Farhat, Perla. "Exploration génétique de la polyploïdie du genre Juniperus (Cupressaceae)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS125.
Full textPolyploidy is considered as an important phenomenon and a key driving force for plant diversification and evolution. Few natural polyploid species have been described in Juniperus, a coniferous genus represented by 75 species of evergreen trees or shrubs widely distributed in the North Hemisphere. The occurrence of polyploidy in the evolution of this genus as well as a more comprehensive view of pathways that were involved in these polyploidization events are explored in this research work. Genome size (GS) and ploidy level assessments were conducted on 111/115 taxa using flow-cytometry and chromosome counts. Juniperus holds an exceptionally high rate of polyploidy, 15 taxa being tetraploids and just one (J. foetidissima) being hexaploid. It represents the only hexaploid conifer discovered to date after Sequoia sempervirens. We also used phylogenetically-informed trait evolution modelling approaches to determine ancestral GS in the three clades of Juniperus and to reconstruct the evolutionary process of polyploidization in Juniperus. At least 10 polyploidization events have occurred during Juniperus evolution and diversification. We then explored the origin of polyploidy in selected Mediterranean species. The GS variation and the ploidy level of two J. sabina varieties were estimated: J. sabina var. sabina sampled populations were shown to be diploid, while J. sabina var. balkanensis populations were all tetraploid. The latter has been postulated to have arisen from an ancient hybridization between the tetraploid J. thurifera and the diploid J. sabina. In the French Alps, where J. sabina var. sabina and J. thurifera occur in sympatry, individuals with intermediate morphologies between these two species are observed. Evidences based on GS assessments, ITS and chloroplastic sequences demonstrated these individuals as triploid hybrids. Finally, the use of AFLP markers to decipher phylogenetic relationships between Mediterranean and Eastern Mediterranean species showed that multiple lineages contributes to Juniperus diversity and shed light on some polyploid taxa origins. While the Lebanese populations of the hexaploid J. foetidissima are issued from a unique ancestral lineage, the Greek population seems to be the result of an unequal admixture of two ancient lineages. These two lineages contribute also to the tetraploid J. thurifera. This analysis showed also that the Mediteranean J. excelsa and the African taxa J. procera shares the same ancestral lineage. However, further analyses are needed for a more complete interpretation of the data. The importance of interspecific hybridization and of polyploidization in the evolution of Juniperus species argues in favor of the development of researches aiming at understanding the link between these mechanisms and the adaptation of those species to a wide range of extreme habitats. Such future researches should contribute to predict how conifer species may adapt to dramatic changes in the Earth’s climate
Szadkowski, Emmanuel. "Devenir des génomes et des gènes dans un contexte polyploïde : cas du colza (Brassica napus L.)." Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011NSARC101.
Full textAllopolyploidy plays a key role in Angiosperm speciation and biodiversity. Allopolyploid species are good models to understand how genes and genome redundancy are managed at the confrontation of two genomes in resynthesized plants from known progenitors. Progenitors of oilseed rape (Brassica napus (AACC, 2n=38) are close to B. Rapa (AA, 2n=20) and B. Oleracea (CC, 2n=18). Homoeologous recombination (between parental genomes) is detected after some generations of resynthesized B. Napus, while gene expression is strongly modified as early as in F1 hybrids. This work focused on the magnitude of structural modifications at onset of polyploid formation and their consequences on homoeologous gene expression. Using cytogenetic approach, we studied the first meiosis of F1 hybrids (AC genome) and their derived S0 plants (AACC genome) obtained through somatic doubling or using its female unreduced gametes. Homoeologous recombination in their progrenies was studied by molecular approach, focusing on two highly syntenic homoeologous chromosomes (A1 and C1) to maximize homoeologous recombination probability. We finally studied gene expression in homoeologous regions on A1 and C1 where recombination occurred and modulates their copy number. We showed that the first meiosis of B. Napus blends genomes (Szadkowski et al. , 2010), in a magnitude that depend upon polyploid formation pathways and cytoplasm. These genetic rearrangements bias homoeologous gene expression even at heterozygous stage. My results provide new clues to understand genetic and gene expression instability in young polyploid species like B. Napus
Ater, Mohamed. "Variations et fertilité du pollen dans le complexe polyploïde du roseau Phragmites australis (Cav. ) Trin. Ex Steud." Paris 11, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985PA112150.
Full textPuig, Pierre-Emmanuel. "Polyploïdie suivie de dépolyploïdisation : une modalité de développement de la résistance aux médicaments anticancéreux." Dijon, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008DIJOMU06.
Full textFor determining the long‐term effect of DNA damaging agents used at pharmacologically‐relevant concentrations on different cancer cell lines in vitro and in vivo. We exposed cells at low concentration in vitro, then cell cultures were observed for several weeks, including through videomicroscopy. In these conditions, tumor cells did not undergo apoptosis and death, but immediately arrested their proliferation. Nevertheless, they continued to replicate DNA through endocycles, leading to progressive polyploidy, then multinucleation. These polyploidy multinucleate giant cells survived for several weeks. However, colonies of small, rapidly proliferating, diploid tumor cells appeared among the monolayers of giant, multinucleate, polyploidy cells during the weeks following cisplatin exposure. Their incidence was low, in the order of 10‐6 or 10‐7, but, due to their rapid proliferation, these cells invaded the entire culture surface. Interestingly, the same sequence was observed in vivo when rats bearing a subcutaneously established PROb tumor received cisplatin at the maximal tolerated dose. Firstly, the tumors stopped their progression or regressed partially; at this stage, tumors were constituted by large, often multinucleate, non proliferating cancer cells. After several weeks, tumors resumed their progression; they were then constituted by small, mononucleate, rapidly proliferating cancer cells. These results, demonstrate that apoptosis and death cannot be the unique response of cancer cells exposed to chemotherapy. A similar phenomenon can contribute to the frequent recurrence of clinical malignancies, even after an apparently satisfactory initial response to chemotherapy
Greffier, Laurent. "Obtention et caractérisation d'autotétraploïdes chez trois espèces de brassica apparentées : B. Nigra (L) Koch, B. Rapa (L.) Et B. Juncea (L.) Czern." Dijon, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994DIJOS038.
Full textHerrera-Pinilla, Juan Carlos. "Amélioration génétique de l'espèce polyploïde Coffea arabica L. : maîtrise de son introgression par les espèces diploïdes de caféiers." Montpellier, ENSA, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENSA0019.
Full textThe cultivated c. Arabica species is characterised by low genetic diversity and the transfer of desired traits from diploid relatives has be en a continuous priority in coffee breeding. In this study we anal ysed the main factors affecting gene introgression from diploid species to the c. Arabica genome through interspecific hybridisation. Genome differentia tion between constitutive genomes of c. Arabica and the parental genome of c. Canephora were studied by in situ genomic hybridisation (gish). Intergenomic recombination into bc1 plants invol ving tetraploid interspecific hybrids were evidenced using species-specific markers (aflp, rflp and microsatellites). Factors affecting gene introgression to c. Arabica through interspecific triploid hybrids were also anal ysed. Two main factors were identified as limiting gene trans fer: the diploid parent used for production of triploid hybrids, and the utilisation of triploid hybrids as male parents for the backcross. A rational utilisation of either triploid or tetraploid hybrids are discussed with regard to particular selection strategies
Gentric, Géraldine. "Altérations de la polyploïdie hépatocytaire au cours du développement des hépatopathies stéatosiques dites non-alcooliques." Thesis, Paris 5, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA05T065/document.
Full textAbdullatif, Maha. "Étude comparée de l'hybride Fatshedera lizei Guillaumin et ses parents : aspects caryologique, palynologique et polyploïdie expérimentale." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112304.
Full textThe purpose of the present work is, fundamentally, a better knowledge of the natural hybride sterile Fatshedera lizei (Fatsia japonica x Hedera helix var. Hibernica). A study of the cytological and palynological point of vue aims to precise its origin. In the applicated fiels his experimental polyploidisation has been tried to make it fertile. On the caryological plan, the hybrid and its parents display an important inter individual variability of the values 2 n, because each individual is a chromosomical mosaics. The vegetative multiplication which exploits the mitotics anomalies maintains and diversifies this mosaics. The nature of the parental gamets responsible of the appearance of Fatshedera liezi has been equally researched. On the palynological plan, this intergenerical hybrid (63 % of anormal grains) displays qualitative and quantitative characters intermediate between the characters of its parents, but it appears more akin to his femel parent Fatsia japonica for its tectum. The doubly of the chromosomical number by the action of colchicine appears too difficult and only partial
Combes, Gavalda Marie-Christine. "Polyploïdie et adaptation des plantes : caractérisation et variation de l'expression des gènes homoélogues chez le caféier Coffea arabica." Thesis, Montpellier, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015MONTS115/document.
Full textPolyploidy is a prominent mode of speciation and a recurrent process during plant evolution. Allopolyploidization, that involves inter-species hybridization and genome doubling, can induce an extensive array of genomic rearrangements and gene expression changes generating plants with new abilities to adaptation. The study of the merger of divergent gene expression regulatory networks seems fundamental to elucidate the role of conciliation processes in the gene expression variations.The genus Coffea that contains diploid species able to hybridize and C. arabica a recent allopolyploid between two low divergent diploid species C. eugenioides and C. canephora, represents an appropriate model for this study. Indeed C. arabica can be grown in regions with marked variations in thermal amplitude while the parental species are less adapted to temperature variations. The aims of the present work are, on one hand, the study of the effects of hybridization on the expression and regulation of genes and on the other hand, the analysis of homeologous gene expression variation in response to changing environment.To examine the immediate effects of hybridization, the expression and regulation of genes in F1 hybrids between C. canephora and C. eugenioides were analyzed by genome-wide RNA-seq technology. Parental species are distinguished by an important proportion of trans-regulatory divergences. In hybrids, among divergently expressed genes between parental species and hybrids, 77% are expressed like one parent (expression level dominance). Gene expression was shown to result from the expression of both alleles, with occasional bias toward one genome. The gene expression patterns appear determined by complex combinations of cis- and trans-regulatory divergences of parental species and by intertwined parental trans-regulatory factors. The gene expression level depends on the simultaneous up and down-regulation of both alleles and the observed biased expression level dominance seems to be derived from the asymmetric effects of trans-regulatory parental factors on regulation of alleles. In the allopolyploid, at the genomic scale, both homeologous genes are also inter-regulated and contribute to the transcriptome.The transcriptome of leaves from C. arabica cultivated at different growing temperatures suitable for one or the other parental species was examined to analyze the variation of homeologous gene expression in variable conditions. The relative subgenome contributions to the transcriptome appear to be only marginally altered by the growing conditions. C. arabica’s ability to tolerate a broader range of growing temperatures than its diploid parents does not result from differential use of homeologs. The transcriptional response after a recent or old hybridization event was characterized by these studies. The genetic bases of the variations in allelic expression after the merger of parental gene expression regulatory networks, were elucidated and a model of regulation of homeologous gene expression in C. arabica is proposed. Keywords : allopolyploidy, hybridization, homeolog, Allelic Specific Expression (ASE), cis- trans-regulation, transcriptome, RNA-seq, adaptation, coffee tree
Gonzalo, Adrian. "Voies de formation des crossovers méiotiques chez une espèce allopolyploïde, le colza (Brassica napus)." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017SACLS352.
Full textMeiotic recombination ensures, through the formation of crossovers (COs), both faithful chromosome transmission and allelic shuffling over generations; it is at the heart of Mendelian heredity, evolution and plant breeding. Two crossover pathways co-exist in plants. The main pathway (class I) is dependent on MSH4 (and additional proteins). The secondary pathway produces only a few MSH4-independent (class II) crossovers during wild-type meiosis that are limited in number by anti-crossover proteins such as FANCM. These pathways have been extensively described in diploid species, disregarding one of the most pervasive features of crop genomes: polyploidy. This is a major gap in our understanding because the presence of more than two related sets of chromosomes leads both to extra partners for crossover formation and additional copies for all meiotic genes, which make meiotic recombination more intricate. This thesis aims at exploring the interplay between meiotic recombination pathways and polyploidy using mutants for two recombination genes in allotetraploid Brassica napus (AACC; 2n=38) and its diploid progenitor, B. rapa (AA; 2n=20). I have first tested the extent to which class I and class II pathways contribute to inter-homolog and inter-homoeolog (between A and C chromosomes) crossover formation by analyzing how crossovers are affected as the number of functional MSH4 copies decreases. I showed that inter-homolog crossover formation is impaired only when the two MSH4 copies are lost, any other combination of msh4 mutations resulting in wild-type crossover numbers. I also observed that, when class I crossovers are completely abolished in B. napus, the highest frequency of class II crossover ever reported among plant msh4 mutants is observed. I reproduced this result using B. rapa msh4 mutants, thereby demonstrating that increased class II crossover frequencies is not specific to B.napus, but could instead be a general feature of the Brassicaceae. In B. napus allohaploids (AC), where crossovers are forced to occur between homeologs, MSH4 copies no longer complement each other perfectly; counter to the situation in euploids, the number of MSH4-dependent crossovers formed between homoeologs fluctuates with MSH4 dosage in these plants, and approximate zero when all MSH4 copies are depleted. Altogether, my results illustrate two novel specific properties of inter-homeolog crossovers: a greater sensitivity to MSH4 dosage for class I pathway and a lower efficiency for class II.Next, I characterized cytologically B. napus fancm mutants to confirm that boosting class II crossovers would not be detrimental to B. napus meiosis. However, a prudential interpretation of these results is demanded since the B. napus fancm alleles retained residual anti-crossover activity. This has prompted me to set up a TILLING-by-sequencing procedure in order to produce new recombination mutants in B. napus. I also combined the B. rapa fancm and msh4 mutations to test whether the former is sufficient to fix the meiotic defects resulting from the latter. I showed that, similarly to what had been observed in Arabidopsis thaliana, fancm mutation boost COs to such a point that it restores bivalent formation in B. rapa msh4 background. My results therefore confirmed that the function of FANCM is conserved in B. rapa. Overall, the findings and achievements of this thesis make a step forward dissection of CO pathways during allopolyploid meiosis. They indicate that meiotic adaptation to allopolyploidy mainly involve the class I crossover pathway and could be achieved by limiting its efficiency (e.g. by decreasing gene copy number)
Hardy, Olivier J. "Structure spatiale de la variation génétique et relations entre cytotypes dans des populations d'un complexe polyploïde :centaurea jacea l. s.l." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211819.
Full textArdouin, Pierre Jacques. "Analyse, par la biochimie flavonique, de la structure génétique et de l'organisation évolutive d'un complexe polyploïde : Dactylis glomerata L. (Gramineae)." Lyon 1, 1985. http://www.theses.fr/1985LYO11652.
Full textPortillo, Lemus Luis Octavio. "Système de reproduction, polyploïdie et diversité génétique des populations invasives de Ludwigia grandiflora subsp hexapetala en France." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2021. http://www.theses.fr/2021NSARA088.
Full textIn a context of successful colonization of invasive species, understanding of an invasion front is essential in order to identify management levers. In France, Ludwigia grandiflora subsp hexapetala has invaded most river systems with fertile and sterile populations. The objectives of this thesis were the identification of factors influencing its sexual reproduction and the characterisation of its genetic diversity in order to infer the efficient mode of reproduction and to understand the history of the invasion front.Floral biology and fructification of fertile and sterile populations in different climatic conditions and after different controlled crosses as well as the genetic diversity of the populations via a set of SNP molecular markers were evaluated. These studied showed that the sexual reproduction of Ludwigia grandiflora subsp hexapetala is under the control of a "late-acting" heteromorphic self-incompatibility system of the distyle-homostyle type. We have identified two invasion fronts with two meeting points. The majority efficient breeding system is clonality with an allogamy signal at the level of the 2 diversity hot spots, suggesting management prioritization at their levels. These studies could be extended to other invasion fronts in Europe and the USA
Zini, Cyrille. "Structure d'un locus de résistance à la rouille chez une espèce hautement polyploïde, la canne à sucre (2n=ca 12x=ca 115)." Thesis, Montpellier 2, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010MON20105/document.
Full textModern sugarcane cultivars are high polyploids, aneuploids derived interspecific crosses between two polyploid species, domesticated sugar species Saccharum officinarum and a wild species Saccharum spontaneum. The major gene for sustainable resistance to brown rust, Bru1 was identified in the modern cultivar R570. An map-based approach has been undertaken and has built a first physical map. It includes seven haplotype hom(e)ologous which one corresponds to the haplotype carrying Bru1 which includes seven BACs that overlap only partially, including two gaps. It was shown that this situation results from the presence of an insertion in the target haplotype. To fill the two gaps, two strategies using the annotation of BACs were used: (i) Based on the good genes conservation between haplotypes hom(e)ologous and (ii) by using markers flanking the two gaps. These strategies have enabled us to fill one of two gaps, partially cover the second and show that the resistance gene would be in the insertion. We identified a candidate gene corresponding to a serine/threonine kinase located in the insertion. Expression tests were performed in normal condition to see if this gene is expressed but no amplification was obtained. Meanwhile, the search for the origin of the insertion present on the target haplotype was undertaken by tracing its origin in the genealogy of R570 and analysing a library of clones of Saccharum spp containing different types of cane sugar. Results on the genealogy we tend to say that this insertion is old and were sent to R570 via S. barberi
Grandont, Laurie. "Caractérisation de variations naturelles de fréquence de crossovers chez le colza (Brassica napus)." Thesis, Paris 11, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA112034.
Full textMeiosis is a fundamental process required to produce gametes, ensure genome stability and generate diversity within species by creating new chromosome/allele combinations. For all these outcomes the exclusive formation of crossovers (CO) between homologous chromosomes is required. This condition is more difficult to fulfil in allopolyploid species that have more than two sets of chromosomes still able to recombine together. Although polyploidy has been particularly prevalent in plants, little is known about meiosis in polyploids. During my thesis I have analyzed the effect of polyploidy on CO formation and frequency, using oilseed rape (Brassica napus, AACC, 2n=38) as model. My work aimed to investigate (i) the effect of ploidy level on the rate of meiotic COs and (ii) the causes for the observed difference in CO rate between allohaploid plants (AC) produced from different B. napus varieties. To address these questions, I have combined a series of cytological, immunocytological and cytogenetical analyses.My work first indicates that polyploidization leads to increase CO frequency. I showed that the number of COs progressively increases from the diploid (1,6 CO/bivalent) to the tetraploid (2 CO/bivalent) and is maximal in the triploid (2,8 CO/bivalent). In the second part, I have shown that the difference of meiotic behaviors between B. napus allohaploids appears at a late stage of meiosis. This difference seems to be due to a difference in the propensity to form CO between the two varieties rather than a difference in the stringency of homology recognition. This difference could be related to the difference in the pattern and/or chronology of HEI10 (a key protein involved in the interfering CO pathway) signals along chromosomes during prophase I in both euploids (AACC) and allohaploids (AC).My results thus puts under the spotlight the link that may exist between (i) the regulation of CO rate between homologous chromosomes and (ii) the suppression of COs between non-homologous chromosomes in polyploid species
Ste-Marie, Alexandre. "Les effets du peptide MTPG-43 sur les cellules mégacaryocytaires humaines." Thesis, Université Laval, 2008. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2008/25520/25520.pdf.
Full textLafuma, Lucille. "L' invasion de Senecio inaequidens (Asteraceae) en Europe : une approche évolutive." Montpellier, ENSA, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003ENSA0025.
Full textSenecio inaequidens (Asteraceae), native fÏ'om South-Africa, was accidentally introduced in Europe in the beginning of the twentieth century and now spreads all over Eeurope ftom Spain to Denmark. This thesis aims at determining evolutionary shifts during invasion of S. Inaequidens. We reviewed data and bibliography on the biology of the species and its history of colonisation. We have shown: (1) that only tetraploid individuals are occuring in Europe, whereas both ploidy level, diploid and tetraploid, were found in South- Africa; (2) that Senecio inaequidens, Senecio madagascariensis and Senecio harveianus probably refers to the same species. We have shown that a self-incompatibility system was maintained during the invasion of S. Inaequidens and we suggest that selection may have favoured the evolution of dominance interactions of self- incompatibility during invasion to increase mate availability. Secondly, we have sorne evidence of a genetic bottleneck at the introduction of the species in the north of Europe, but we have found no general tendency of the evolution of quantitative traits genetic variation during invasion. Ln the 1ast part of the thesis, we were interested in the evolution of phenotypic characters. We have found no shift in dispersaI allocation following introduction, but a surprising decrease of dispersal allocation during range expansion in the north of Europe. Plasticity to water stress in phenological traits and reproductive characteristics has changed between native range and the introduction area in north Europe
Srisuwan, Saranya. "Origine et évolution du génome au sein du complexe d'espèces d'Ipomoea batatas (L. ) Lam, la patate douce." Paris 11, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA112191.
Full textSabot, François. "Caracterisation et évolution des éléments transposables au sein du génome des espèces du complexe Triticum/Aegilops." Clermont-Ferrand 2, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004CLF22553.
Full textAhmed, Dalel. "Analyse de l’hérédité des fragments chromosomiques et de l’association phénotype / génotype au sein de populations d’agrumes triploïdes d’origine interspécifique." Thesis, Corte, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020CORT0002.
Full textMany citrus breeding programs based on ploidy manipulation have been developed worldwide to meet market and farmers’ expectations. Seedlessness is a particularly sought-after characteristic that can be obtained by triploidization. Triploid hybrids can be recovered from the formation of unreduced gametes through 2x X 2x crosses, or through interploid hybridizations (2x X 4x or 4x X 2x). In addition, citrus fruits are characterized by highly heterozygous and complex phylogenomic structures, often deriving from an interspecific origin. Understanding the mechanisms underlying the formation of diploid gametes and discovering the phylogenomic structures are essential for optimizing citrus breeding schemes. Within this framework, the objectives of this thesis have been: (i) the implementation of a genotyping by sequencing (GBS) based approach for deciphering the phylogenomic structures of citrus fruits with different levels of ploidy, (ii) the evaluation of the potential of a doubled-diploid lime variety for implementing a reconstruction breeding strategy of a triploid ideotype based on interploid hybridization, (iii) the study of the phenotypic variations within diploid and triploid mandarin hybrid populations according to the ploidy level and the variety used as female parent, and (iv) the establishment of genetic maps of the parents of mandarin hybrid populations and the analysis of unreduced gamete structures from GBS data.The analysis of the GBS data of varieties belonging to the Citrus genus, some of which representing the four ancestral taxa, revealed 15946 SNP markers diagnostic (DSNP) of the Citrus basic taxa. These markers were used to infer the phylogenomic structures of citrus species and varieties, based on a maximum likelihood method. The pipeline has been implemented online under the name of “TraceAncestor”. It allows generating the phylogenomic karyotypes of species whose reproductive behavior resulted in an interspecific mosaic of large genomic fragments from several ancestral taxa. This tool was successfully used to decipher, for the first time, the karyotypes of 16 diploid citrus varieties, four triploid and one tetraploid lime.One hundred and fifty eight KASPar markers diagnostic of C. micrantha have been successfully developed to analyse the segregation of the doubled-diploid 'Giant Key' lime. GBS data of 272 triploid hybrid limes, coming from a cross between various diploid lemons and the tetraploid 'Giant Key' lime, revealed a predominantly disomic segregation and a high parental heterozygosity restitution. Although limited, the interspecific recombination allowed to establish the first genetic map of the tetraploid 'Giant Key' lime, which showed high synteny and colinearity with the clementine reference genome. Our results reinforce the hypothesized interploid hybridization origin of the triploid ‘Tahiti’ lime, and validate the ‘Tahiti’ ideotype diversification project based on a phylogenomic reconstructing strategy.Diploid and triploid mandarin hybrid populations resulting from reciprocal crosses between ‘Fortune’ mandarin and ‘Ellendale’ tangor have been phenotyped and genotyped by GBS. Statistical analyses of phenotypic data highlighted a parental dosage effect which affected sugar and acidity levels. Two high-density parental genetic maps were developed using GBS data of the diploid populations. The SDR mechanism was identified at the origin of the female diplogametes that generated the triploid hybrids. Higher recombination rates were found in the 2n gametes than in the haploid ones. Two QTLs for juice weight and acidity level were detected in triploids. The analysis of segregation distortions evidenced, at the beginning of chromosome 7, a probable major pollen gene for gametophytic self-incompatibility.Acquired knowledge as well as the tools and methods developed during this thesis will allow a more efficient exploitation of citrus diversity for implementing triploid breeding programs
Vanderhoeven, Sonia. "Etude biosystématique du complexe polyploïde Centaurea subg. Jacea (Asteraceae) en Belgique et dans les régions voisines :variation génétique et différenciation écologique de populations di- et tétraploïdes." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211413.
Full textRobert, Aude. "Cycle cellulaire et centrosome : rôle de la protéine du transport intraflagellaire, Polaris, dans la transition G1/S : rôle des centrosomes dans le maintien de la tétraploïdie hépatocytaire." Paris 6, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006PA066314.
Full textBajon, Robert. "Étude biosystématique du complexe spécifique du "Koeleria cristata (L. ) Pers. " S. L. (Poaceae) en France." Paris 11, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989PA112075.
Full textDinh, Thi Vinh Ha. "Development and characterization of the Brachypodium species polyploid model." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLE024.
Full textPolyploidy consisting in whole genome duplication is an important evolutionary force widespread in eukaryote and very prominent in angiosperms. Species of the plant Brachypodium genus emerged as an important monocot and polyploid model. Among these species, the annual allopolyploid B. hybridum (2n=30), derived from hybridizations between B. distachyon (2n=10) and B. stacei (2n=20), was shown to be polyphyletic. The two parental species have similar genome content and ploidy level but an asymmetric chromosome evolution where B. distachyon has two times less chromosomes that are two times bigger than those of B. stacei.The objective of my PhD program consisted in developing a valuable Brachypodium polyploid model by synthesizing autopolyploids and allopolyploids and then their characterizing at the phenotype, cytogenetic and genomic levels.Autotetraploids were generated from two inbred lines of B. distachyon and three ones of B. stacei, through colchicine treatments. The genome doubling was validated by flow cytometry and karyotyping with fluorescent in situ hybridization analyses. All autopolyploids showed stability in phenotype as well as karyotype except those of line ABR114 of B. stacei that showed various aneuploid progenies. Quantitative comparison of inflorescences and flag leaves characters showed that both B. distachyon and B. stacei autotetraploids generally exceeded their diploid progenitors, but their fertility was reduced as illustrated by the lower number of seeds per inflorescence.Synthetic allotetraploids were generated through interspecific hybridization between various lines of B. distachyon and B. stacei species. While sterile amphihaploid F1 interspecific hybrids were obtained at low frequencies (0,15% or 0,245% of crosses) when B. distachyon was used as the maternal parent, no hybrids were obtained from reciprocal crosses or when autotetraploids of the parental species were crossed. Genome doubling through colchicine treatment restored fertility where doubled F1 plants produced a few S1 seeds (first selfed generation). S1 plants of allo3-1×5 were fertile and gave rise to further generations whereas those of allo21×114 were sterile. The synthetic allotetraploids were shown to be highly-stable and resembled the natural B. hybridum allopolyploid at the phenotypic, cytogenetic and genomic levels.I have used the Illumina next generation sequencing (NGS) methodology to characterize the different polyploids at the levels of: (i) The DNA resequencing to reveal genetic changes, (ii) The transcriptome analysis through RNA-Sequencing and (iii) CpG methylation through bisulfite sequencing. A total of 13 genotypes containing synthetic autopolyploids, synthetic allopolyploids and the natural diploid species B. distachyon, B. stacei and the allopolyploid B. hybridum have characterized. A wide range of possibilities of comparison could be then realized, when the genomes sequences of all three species will be available.The availability of sequence genome sequence of B. distachyon allowed a pilot gene expression comparison between diploids and autopolyploids of Bd3-1. Diploids and autotetrapolyploids of of Bd3-1 showed similar expression for most of the genes (95.25%). Only 4.75% of total genes were differentially expressed genes, the major proportion of which (1053 genes, 82%) were down-expressed in autotetraploids with important enrichment in genome maintenance functions such as nuclear chromosome segregation, DNA repair, DNA replication, homologous recombination.The successful creation of stable autotetraploids and synthetic B. hybridum allopolyploids together with genome wide characterization using NGS offer the possibility to unravel clues of success of polyploidy in angiosperms
Ricci, Sébastien. "Stratégies d’hybridation entre rosiers sauvages et cultivés : approches génétique, cytologique et moléculaire." Aix-Marseille 3, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AIX30025.
Full textGene flow between diploid wild rose species and tetraploid cultivars, requires to overcome ploidy barriers. Use of fertile triploid hybrid as genetic bridge seems to be promising. These hybrids show particular meiosis (production of both haploid and diploid pollen), and allow gene flow between diploid parent and tetraploid descendants via diploid gametes. In vitro chromosome doubling of diploid wild species, or haploïdisation of tetraploid cultivars appeared genotype-dependent, and success rates are still low. Use of unreduced gametes produced by diploid genotypes seems to be an attractive way, despite the complexity and the variability of this trait, which is largely susceptible to environmental conditions. Genes coding for cyclins, RhCYCB1;1 and RhCYCB2;1, potentially involved in meiosis control, were isolated. These could allow studies of how environmental conditions affect microsporogenesis
Ahodantin, James. "Protéine HBx du virus de l'hépatite B : impacts sur la polyploïdisation hépatique au cours du développement et de la maladie du foie." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066373/document.
Full textHepatitis B virus X protein (HBx) is involved in the development of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). However, how HBx promotes genetic instability or DNA damage during liver proliferation remains unclear. For that, we used mice transgenic for the full-length HBx (FL-HBx) to investigated the impact of HBx expression on polyploidization during normal liver proliferation and in liver diseases (fibrosis : carbon tetrachloride and HCC : diethyl nitrosamine, treatments). During postnatal liver development as well as in liver diseases, FL-HBx inhibits liver binucleation and triggers early production of polyploid nuclei (≥ 4n). These features were associated with aberrant G1/S and G2/M transitions and the propagation of DNA damage. Furthermore, hepatitis B virus infection, in liver humanized mouse model, shows similar deregulation of hepatocytes polyploidization. In FL-HBx animals, HCC initiation was associated with impairment of ChK1 activation and Mre11 and Rad51 expression (DNA repair proteins), inhibited apoptosis and upregulated IL-6 transcription while in fibrosis, increased expression of α-sma, PdgfR-β, TGF-β, TNF-α as well as a defect in glutamine synthetase expression were observed. In addition, treated FL-HBx animals displayed marked alterations to the cell cycle associated with stronger expression of HCC progenitor cell markers (Ly6D, GpC3, AFP). Finally, we showed that FL-HBx protein induces pathological polyploidization of hepatocytes by upregulating PLK1 through p38/ERK Mapks pathways. That promotes a loss of genomic integrity and an increase of hepatocytes expressing tumor progenitor cell markers during liver fibrosis and HCC initiation
Nano, Maddalena. "Identification of the molecular mechanisms generating genetic instability in polyploid cells." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066263.
Full textPolyploidy, which derives from whole-genome duplication events, is normally a potent inhibitor of cell proliferation, but plays important roles during the early steps of tumorigenesis. However, how the gain of multiple sets of chromosomes promotes the generation of unbalanced karyotypes typical of cancer cells remains to be investigated. Using a number of conditions that affect cytokinesis, I established a model system to study the consequences of polyploidy in the neural stem cells (NSCs) of Drosophila and in the wing disc (WD). Importantly, while polyploidy is rapidly eliminated from the WD, polyploid NSCs continue to proliferate. Polyploid NSCs are characterized by early-onset genetic instability and two sources account for the generation of unstable karyotypes: mitotic errors and high-levels of DNA damage. DNA damage in polyploid NSCs arises, at least in part, from the inability of polyploid cells to restrain cell cycle progression in response to incomplete DNA replication. Surprisingly, I found that multiple nuclear domains in the same polyploid NSC can exhibit asynchrony in cell cycle progression, with delayed nuclear domains experiencing acute DNA damage at mitotic entry. I show that DNA damage in polyploid NSCs can be reduced over-expressing Chk1, the main downstream kinase engaged by ATR in the DNA damage response. I also show that uncontrolled proliferation of genetically unstable polyploid NSCs holds tumorigenic potential in transplantation assays. Overall, my results show that the tolerance to polyploidy is tissue dependent and that a complex network of events contributes to the generation of unbalanced karyotypes in polyploid NSCs
Blary, Aurélien. "Towards a functional characterization of meiotic recombination in rapeseed : analysis of the meiotic transcriptome and hyper-recombinant mutants." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016SACLS576/document.
Full textMeiotic recombination driven by Crossing-Over (CO) is a limiting factor for the efficiency of plant breeding. One way to produce hyper-recombinant plants is to use the existing interspecific variability for recombination frequencies. Identification of the causal polymorphisms, either link to gene sequence or expression, represents a long-term endeavour. Another possibility is to mutate anti-meiotic CO genes. In rapeseed, a young allotetraploid species (AACC, 2n=38), both of these approaches are possible. First I wanted to check how much varies the meiotic transcriptome between 2 varieties that differ in term of recombination between homoeologous chromosomes (inherited from parental genomes). Unexpectedly, the meiotic transcriptome turned out to be very variable, the main source of this variation being notably the origin of the genome (A or C) and the variety. I also showed that homoeologous exchanges (HEs; the replacement of one chromosomal region with a duplicate of the homeologous region) contributed to this variation and led to large changes in expression both between and within varieties. Then I assessed whether FANCM, an anti-CO protein identified in Arabidopis thaliana had the same function in the Brassica genus. In Brassica rapa, a fancm mutant complements as expected a meiosis mutant defective in the main formation pathway for the formation of meiotic COs. In Brassica napus, I observed a slight increase in both homologous and homoeologous recombination frequencies. This work emphasizes the importance of characterizing HEs in allopolyploids species. Beyond their impact on gene content and expression, HEs most have likely phenotypic consequences. This study also presents an example of translational biology for an important trait in crop breeding
Le, Cunff Loïc. "Contribution au clonage positionnel d'un gène de résistance à la rouille chez un haut polyploïde, la canne à sucre : exploitation des relations synténiques avec le sorgho et le riz." Montpellier 2, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MON20226.
Full textModern cultivars of sugarcane are derived from interspecific crosses performed two polyploidy species, a domesticated sugar producing species, S. Officinarum L (2n = 8x=80) and a wild species, S. Spontaneum L. (2n = 5x=40 to 2n=16x=128). In the modern cultivar R570, a major gene (Bru1) conferring resistance to brown rust has been identified. Map-based cloning of a rust resistance gene (Bru1) represents a major challenge given the high polypoidy, aneuploidy and interspecific nature of this genome. To overcome this difficulty, we exploited the good syntenic relation between sugarcane, sorghum and rice. We, in first step, constructed the physical maps covering the sorghum region orthologous at the target region in sugarcane. The BAC-ends of the sorghum contig were used as probes to build a fine map around the target gene in the sugarcane cultivar R570. In second step we have identified the rice sequence orthologous region of the target region and we have compared it to the database of SUCEST contening 250 000 EST of sugarcane. The ADNc identified were used as probes to increase the resolution of the fine map around the target gene in sugarcane. This approch helped us to decrease the genetic size of the target area to 0,56 cM. The mapped probes were used to screen two BAC library of R570. Due to hughly polyploidy and heterozygousof sugarcane, in the identified BAC just a few belonged to the target haplotype. Three of identified BAC cover all the target region on another hom(e)ologous haplotypes when eight identied BAC of the target haplotype don’t cover completely it. This difference of size between hom(e)ologous haplotypes was probably due to an insertion. The BAC-ends and subclones of sugarcane BAC were used to increase the number of markers on the fine map. Sixteen markers was now mapped around Bru1, one was mapped at 0,14 cM distally and one at 0,28 cM proximally to Bru1 and fourteen markers cosegregating with Bru1. At the same time, a desequilibrium linkage approch was tested to decrease the size of the target area containing Bru1
Hénocq, Laura. "Histoire évolutive d’un groupe mésopolyploïde chez les Brassicaceae : approches transcriptomiques et phylogénomiques pour évaluer les conséquences de la polyploïdie sur l’évolution du système d’auto-incompatibilité." Thesis, Lille 1, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LIL1R019/document.
Full textWhole genome duplication events are common in flowering plants and especially within the Brassicaceae family. For example, the common ancestor of the Brassiceae tribe has experienced two successive WGD events, generating a whole genome triplication (WGT). WGD events are generally followed by a diploidization process involving genetic, epigenetic and structural changes leading to a diploid genome. Furthermore, after such an event, the dynamic of transposable elements is disturbed, which can lead to an increase in translocation events. In one lineage of the Brassiceae tribe, a decrease of molecular divergence among alleles and a genomic translocation have been observed at the self-incompatibility locus (S locus). We suspect that these patterns are associated with the allopolyploidy events. Using phylogenomic approaches combined with S-locus diversity analyses, we aim at determining whether the bottleneck observed at the S-locus in the Brassiceae tribe is contemporaneous with the inferred whole genome triplication and whether these events are also associated with the translocation of the S-locus. My analyses suggest that all Brassiceae species share the same whole genome triplication event as well as a loss of phylogenetic diversity at the S-locus predating the divergence of Brassiceae lineages. Nevertheless, my data do not allow me to conclude about the association between the genomic translocation of the S locus and the whole genome triplication event, although they indicate that the translocation found in Brassica is shared by several Brassiceae clades
Baumel, Alex. "Contexte phylogénétique et conséquences génomiques de l'hybridation et de la polyploi͏̈die: : les enseignements d'une jeune espèce, Spartina anglica C.E. Hubbard (Poacées)." Rennes 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN10141.
Full textEudeline, Benoït. "La Tétraploi͏̈die chez les mollusques bivalves : application à la production de triploi͏̈des chez l'huître creuse crassostrea gigas : étude comparée de la gamétogenèse et des métabolismes associés chez les diploi͏̈des, triploi͏̈des et tétraploi͏̈des." Rennes 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004REN10015.
Full textMerlen, Grégory. "Contrôle de la prolifération et de la polyploïdisation hépatique : rôles de l'insuline et de l'AMP-activated protein kinase." Paris 6, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA066527.
Full textChalabi, Smahane. "Caractérisation de la reprogrammation de l'expression des gènes chez les blés allopyloïdes." Thesis, Evry-Val d'Essonne, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014EVRY0040.
Full textPolyploidy is a major evolutionary force, especially in angiosperms, all of which species have undergone recurrent polyploidization events during their evolution.In order to understand reprogramming of gene expression in response to polyploidy in the economically important wheat species (genera Triticum and Aegilops), I used an original model that consists in decreasing and reincreasing ploidy levels. Thus, the allotetraploid T. turgidum (BBAA) is extracted from the allohexaploid bread wheat T. aestivum (BBAADD), consisting in decreasing ploidy level. This extracted allotetraploid is crossed with the diploid species Ae. tauschii (DD) to synthesize an allohexaploid wheat, consisting in re-increasing ploidy level.The characterization of reprogramming of gene expression in response to decreasing and re-increasing ploidy levels was done here using first microarray technologies and then massive parallel mRNA sequencing (RNA-Seq), that has been rendered possible by the recent ‘draft' hexaploid wheat genome sequencing and subsequently the availability of the three homoeologs sequences (Ah, Bh, Dh) of 8605 genes. Adequate bioinformatics and statistics methods have been adopted and/or developed and used.My work reveals a partitioning of global expression of genes into that of their constituent homoeologs in different wheats allopolyploids. Most of homoeologs contribute equally to the overall gene expression and a low proportion reveals a bias towards one homoeolog, without showing a global dominance of a specific sub-genome. The partitioning and concerted expression of homoeologs is also established in wheat. Most homoeologs increase their expression when separated and reduce their expression levels when joined together in a higher ploidy level. For most genes, Ah and Bh homoeolog expression in allohexaploid wheat is equal to 2/3 of their expression level in the extracted allotetraploid wheat whereas the Dh homoeolog expression level is equal to 1/3 of that in the wheat diploid genome. This concerted change in homoeolog expression maintains the global gene expression at nearly similar levels in different ploidy levels.Results obtained in this work contribute to our understanding of global gene expression regulation and its partitioning between constituent homoeologs at different ploidy levels. Functional analysis of the different gene expression categories would reveal important gene functional categories that are regulated in response to polyploidy
Avramova, Marta. "Génétique des populations et diversité de l’espèce Brettanomyces bruxellensis : étude de la tolérance aux sulfites." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017BORD0911/document.
Full textBrettanomyces bruxellensis is a microorganism described as the first cause of microbial spoilage of wine. Its industrial relevance is highlighted by the fact that this yeast is isolated from different substrates such as beer, kombucha, bioethanol fermentation molasses and others. This project aims to explore the genetic diversity of the species by studying a large population of isolates from various geographical and ecological niches. For this purpose, a robust genotyping method (microsatellite analysis) was optimized and applied on the population, thus highlighting the coexistence of diploid and triploid populations worldwide. Further, the relation between genotypic clustering and physiological traits was studied. Namely, sulphite tolerance assay was performed on a subset of strains representative of the total population. The results reveal a link between genetic group and growth profile in the presence of sulphur dioxide. Competition experiments in presence of sulphites highlight a selective advantage of sulphite tolerant strains compared to sulphite sensitive ones, thus suggesting a specific adaptation to the main antimicrobial used in winemaking. This work contributes to a deeper understanding of this wine spoilage microorganism in means of genetic and phenotypic diversity and sheds light on putative evolutionary strategies for adaptation to human related environment of this non-conventional model yeast species
Lepers, Sandra. "Etude de la diversité génétique et de la structure du génome des vanilliers cultivés en Polynésie française." Paris 11, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010PA112319.
Full textVanilla was introduced in French Polynesia during the nineteenth century and has been propagated using vegetative reproduction, however today tahitian vanilla plants are different from vanilla plants supposed to have been introduced (Vanilla planifolia G. Jacskon, Vanilla pompona Schiede). With the French polynesian project to renew the tahitian vanilla production and with the implementation of an «Appellation d'origine Vanille de Tahiti» a marketing and quality control project, the tahitian vanilla origin has to be investigated. It is necessary to determine whether observed morphological diversity is related to genetic diversity and to elucidate processes which have lead to this diversity. These points are also necessary to further vanilla plant breeding. Historical reports and comparisons of ITS and AFLP markers between Vanilla species suggest that tahitian vanilla Vanilla tahitensis J. W. Moore is of hybrid origin and that its maternal parent is Vanilla planifolia. The second parent has not been found but seems to be closely related to the Vanilla odorata Presl. Species. As for its maternaI parent, and despite its hybrid origin, Vanilla tahitensis exhibits cytogenetical abnormalities: strong aneuploidy and progressive partial endoreduplication. However the pollen grain observations indicate a return to euploid chromosome number, indicating a complex regulation process. Flow cytometry and chromosome counts revealed three ploidy levels among the different morphotypes collected in traditional plantations: diploid ('Tahiti', 'Rea rea', 'Parahurahu', 'Oviri'), triploid ('sterile') and tetraploid ('Haapape', 'Tahiti long'). Comparing AFLP markers between tahitian vanilla accessions and the genetic linkage map of the most widely cultivated type 'Tahiti' suggest that all diploid types result from autopollination of the 'Tahiti' type. The second most cultivated type 'Haapape', which is tetraploid, should result from endoreduplication of the 'Tahiti' type and the other tetraploid types, and may result from autopollination of 'Haapape'. These results will allow the begining of a tahitian vanilla breeding program, while providing information to establish the protection of tahitian vanilla varieties. These results will permit a short-term and a mean-term assistance to tahitian growers in the sustainable development of vanilla
Dessauw, Dominique. "Étude des facteurs de la stérilité du bananier (Musa spp. ) et des relations cytotaxinomiques entre M. Acuminata Colla et M. Balbisiana Colla." Paris 11, 1987. http://www.theses.fr/1987PA112397.
Full textTwo species are involved in the genetic background of edible bananas Musa acuminata Colla and M. B albisiana Colla (2n = 22). Inter or intra-specific differences do not exist between nuclear DNA amounts of 3 clones of the 2 species, determined by Feulgen cytophotometry. Nuclear DNA content amounst to 2. 7 pq per 2C nucleus. Meiotic chromosome pairing is good between both species at 2n, 3n and 4n levels. In the present state of knowledge, no significant difference can be shown between the 2 genomes. Chromosome changes reduce fertility. They result from hybridization between individuals of different geographic areas. Rate of spherical tetrads and pollen fertility are significantly correlated, which could give a special meaning to the orientation of the 2 homeotypic mitosis of the dyad. Female fertility of chromosome origin is increased in edible clones by embryo-sac development or fertilization failure and by abnormal relationships between embryo and endosperm. The wild tetraploids induced by colchicine treatment of seedlings have a slower growth rate and reduced numbers of female flowers and a lower female fertility. A mean of 3 potential quadrivalents are formed in the PMC. Tetraploid male fertility is good with a possibility of morphological separation of haploid and diploid gametophytes. Wild bananas interest in breeding scheme is discussed
Refoufi, Aïcha. "Etude des espèces et hybrides du complexe polyploi͏̈de Agropyron du littoral breton : caractérisation de leur constitution génomique par hybridation in situ. Analyse de leur diversité génétique." Rennes 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001REN10055.
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