Relevant bibliographies by topics / Polymorphic transformations

Academic literature on the topic 'Polymorphic transformations'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Polymorphic transformations"

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Khoj, Manal A., Colan E. Hughes, Kenneth D. M. Harris, and Benson M. Kariuki. "Polymorphic phase transformations of 3-chloro-trans-cinnamic acid and its solid solution with 3-bromo-trans-cinnamic acid." Acta Crystallographica Section C Structural Chemistry 74, no. 8 (July 13, 2018): 923–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053229618009269.

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We have investigated the polymorphic phase transformations above ambient temperature for 3-chloro-trans-cinnamic acid (3-ClCA, C9H7ClO2) and a solid solution of 3-ClCA and 3-bromo-trans-cinnamic acid (3-BrCA, C9H7BrO2). At 413 K, the γ polymorph of 3-ClCA transforms to the β polymorph. Interestingly, the structure of the β polymorph of 3-ClCA obtained in this transformation is different from the structure of the β polymorph of 3-BrCA obtained in the corresponding polymorphic transformation from the γ polymorph of 3-BrCA, even though the γ polymorphs of 3-ClCA and 3-BrCA are isostructural. We also report a high-temperature phase transformation from a γ-type structure to a β-type structure for a solid solution of 3-ClCA and 3-BrCA (with a molar ratio close to 1:1). The γ polymorph of the solid solution is isostructural with the γ polymorphs of pure 3-ClCA and pure 3-BrCA, while the β-type structure produced in the phase transformation is structurally similar to the β polymorph of pure 3-BrCA.
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Takeguchi, Seiya, Arisa Sato, Hironori Hondoh, Mio Aoki, Hidetaka Uehara, and Satoru Ueno. "Multiple β Forms of Saturated Monoacid Triacylglycerol Crystals." Molecules 25, no. 21 (November 2, 2020): 5086. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25215086.

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We have investigated the polymorphism of triacylglycerol (TAG) crystals as they affect the qualities such as shelf life, mouth feel, and texture of chocolate and other products. Saturated monoacid TAGs, like trilaurin, are considered as models for TAG crystallization; however, there is still debate about the number of their polymorphs that exist. In this study, we characterized a set of novel polymorphs, β forms of saturated monoacid TAGs, which were obtained via different pathways depending on the crystallization history, by polarized light microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and differential scanning calorimetry. Saturated monoacid TAGs were crystallized as the unstable polymorphs, the α or β’ forms first, and then they were transformed into β forms by solid–solid transformations. The β form that had transformed from β’ changed its morphology by a polymorphic transformation, while the β form made from the α form kept its spherulite morphology. The β forms obtained showed different melting points. Additional heat treatment promoted further polymorphic transformation. Four novel β forms were found for each of the saturated monoacid TAGs, trilaurin, trimyristin, tripalmitin, and tristearin. They showed similar polymorphism with the same subcell packing.
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Kinelovskii S.A. "Similarity between shock-induced polymorphic transitions in the silica system." Technical Physics 92, no. 6 (2022): 695. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tp.2022.06.54415.320-21.

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A set of experimental data on the thermodynamic parameters of polymorphic transitions in the silica system is considered. Analysis of these parameters in dimensionless form is performed. A fundamental result of the analysis is that the thermodynamic parameters of all silica polymorphs after transitions are described by a single universal Hugoniot of polymorphic transition. It is shown that the two-shock model of polymorphic transformations proposed earlier by the author describes all the results obtained in the analysis. A joint consideration of the experimental data and model calculations leads to the conclusion that during a polymorphic transformation, the density of the new phase is determined from the condition that the elastic pressure components after the first shock and after the polymorphic transition are equal. Keywords: silica, quartz, coesite, stishovite, fused quartz, quartz ceramic, polymorphic transformation, similarity, Hugoniot.
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Spivak L. V., Kirchanov V. S., and Shchepina N. E. "Polymorphic transformations in iodine titanium." Physics of the Solid State 64, no. 11 (2022): 1784. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/pss.2022.11.54208.400.

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Based on the analysis of differential scanning calorimetry data, the possibility of classifying the observed endothermic or exothermic transformations as phase transformations of the first oder is considered. Two approaches have been implemented. The first is based on the correspondence between the temperatures of the maximum conversion rate and the temperatures of the extrema on the second derivative of the differential scanning calorimetry signal with respect to temperature. In the second approach, the phase transformation is considered as a kind of kinetic reaction of a chemical process with the determination of some parameters included in the kinetic equations. In this case, the order parameter of such reaction n is obtained from the analysis of the differential scanning calorimetry signal shape in the region of phase transformation registration temperatures. Using the example of experiments carried out during thermal cycling of titanium iodide samples, it is shown that both the first and second approaches make it possible to fairly adequately attribute the processes that cause calorimetric effects on the dependences of differential scanning calorimetry to first-order phase transitions. In particular, the obtained results of differential scanning calorimetry during heating and cooling of iodide titanium show that polymorphic transformations in it are realized by various mechanisms depending on the rate of thermal cycling and the thermal history of the metal. Keywords: activation energy, titanium, calorimetry, polymorphism, structure, approximation.
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Кинеловский, С. А. "Подобие ударно-волновых полиморфных переходов в системе кремнезема." Журнал технической физики 92, no. 6 (2022): 822. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/jtf.2022.06.52511.320-21.

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A set of experimental data on the thermodynamic parameters of polymorphic transitions in the silica system is considered. Analysis of these parameters in dimensionless form is performed. A fundamental result of the analysis is that the thermodynamic parameters of all silica polymorphs after transitions are described by a single universal Hugoniot of polymorphic transition. It is shown that the two-shock model of polymorphic transformations proposed earlier by the author describes all the results obtained in the analysis. A joint consideration of the experimental data and model calculations leads to the conclusion that during a polymorphic transformation, the density of the new phase is determined from the condition that the elastic pressure components after the first shock and after the polymorphic transition are equal.
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Lapina, Yu T., A. S. Savitskii, E. V. Motina, N. V. Bychin, A. A. Lobanova, and N. I. Golovina. "Polymorphic transformations of hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane." Russian Journal of Applied Chemistry 82, no. 10 (October 2009): 1821–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1070427209100140.

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Kuzmin, V. S., V. V. Chernyshev, and A. I. Luttseva. "X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION IN QUALITY CONTROL OF MEDICINES." Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products 8, no. 3 (September 26, 2018): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2018-8-3-158-161.

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X-ray powder diffraction is one of the methods used for detection and analysis of polymorphic forms of pharmaceutical substances. The article elucidates the concept of polymorphism, briefly explains physical characteristics of this phenomenon, conditions of polymorphic transformations and the prevalence of polymorphic forms among drug substances. It should be noted that polymorphism is observed in drug substances belonging to different pharmacologic classes. Polymorphic forms of the same drug substance have different solubility, melting point, resistance to oxidation and to other destructive processes, and, consequently, different surface properties which affect both the rate of absorption of the drug substances and their stability as components of dosage forms. This calls for the need to control the quality of drug substances for potential presence of polymorphic forms. The use of diffraction methods for examination of cryomodified forms of various biologically active compounds obtained by evaporation and subsequent precipitation at low temperatures resulted in obtaining polycrystalline substances with new properties. The article provides results of examination of crystalline modifications of phenazepam in the form of α- and β-polymorphs, tilorone, fabomotizole, zolendronic acid and dehydroepiandrosterone. It was demonstrated that the use of X-ray diffraction analysis for examination and quality control of polymorphic forms of drugs is a necessary component of identification testing.
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L. V. Spivak and N.E. Shchepina. "Features of polymorphic transformation during heating and cooling of cobalt." Technical Physics 92, no. 4 (2022): 478. http://dx.doi.org/10.21883/tp.2022.04.53604.295-21.

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Differential scanning calorimetry was used to study the regularities of polymorphic α↔β-transformation in polycrystalline cobalt. The value of the activation energy of the α->β-transformation during heating of cobalt (290-50 kJ/mol), enthalpy and entropy, depending on the thermal history of the metal, is determined. It is shown that the mechanisms of recrystallization under heating are closer to the first-order I phase transformations. When cooling under conditions of limited diffusion mobility of cobalt atoms, recrystallization is apparently carried out due to the passage of several diffusion-free mechanisms of phase transformation, implemented in close temperature ranges. Keywords: activation energy, cobalt, calorimetry, polymorphism, enthalpy, entropy.
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Blagden, N. "Monitoring polymorphic transformations in solution." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 61, a1 (August 23, 2005): c438. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767305081602.

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Estrin, E. I. "Kinetic modes of polymorphic transformations." Journal de Physique IV (Proceedings) 112 (October 2003): 41–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:2003838.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polymorphic transformations"

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Strege, Christine. "On (pseudo- ) polymorphic phase transformations." [S.l. : s.n.], 2004. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=974120006.

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Sheridan, Andrew Keith. "Kinetics and temperature- and pressure-induced polymorphic phase transformations in molecular crystals." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.322597.

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Soltani, Morteza. "Strength, fracture morphology, and polymorphic phase transformations in phosphate-bonded high-alumina refractory compositions." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/19060.

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Dharmayat, Spoorthi. "Polymorphic transformation of pharmaceutical compounds." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507688.

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Shimobayashi, Norimasa. "High Temperature Transmission Electron Microscopy of the Polymorphic Phase Transformation in Ca-poor Pyroxenes." 京都大学 (Kyoto University), 1989. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/86417.

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Souza, Kellen Christina Dutra de. "Preparação e caracterização de estruturas polimórficas da tolbutamida e nifedipina." Universidade Federal Fluminense, 2005. http://www.bdtd.ndc.uff.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=1334.

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Fundação Carlos Chagas Filho de Amparo a Pesquisa do Estado do Rio de Janeiro
Neste estudo foram preparados polimorfos do fármaco tolbutamida, um hipoglicemiante oral usado no tratamento dos Diabetes Mellitus tipo II. Foram também preparados polimorfos da nifedipina, fármaco usado no tratamento das desordens cardiovasculares, como angina pectoris e hipertensão. A preparação dos polimorfos foi mediada por solvente, ou seja, foi em função do solvente usado nas etapas de cristalização e de precipitação das espécies. Um método de resfriamento rápido por nitrogênio líquido também foi utilizado. Técnicas analíticas como a espectrofotometria de infravermelho, a calorimetria diferencial de varredura, a difratometria de raio-X e a microscopia eletrônica de varredura foram úteis para a caracterização dos produtos obtidos experimentalmente. Os resultados comprovaram que dois polimorfos da tolbutamida foram preparados, ambos com estrutura cristalina. No caso da nifedipina, dois polimorfos foram preparados e a caracterização mostrou que um destes foi obtido num estado amorfo enquanto o outro estava sob forma cristalina. A instabilidade da nifedipina no estado amorfo foi monitorada pela técnica de calorimetria diferencial de varredura que, através de diferentes curvas, mostrou uma transformação rápida para uma estrutura cristalina. Esta mesma técnica aliada à termogravimetria confirmou a obtenção de um terceiro produto da nifedipina, de estrutura cristalina, que foi considerado um pseudopolimorfo por ser uma espécie solvatada. Ao final do procedimento experimental e da avaliação dos resultados foi sugerido um esquema, passo a passo, para obtenção e caracterização de polimorfos de uma substância
In this study the polymorphs of tolbutamide, an oral hypoglicemiant used on Diabetes Mellitus type II treatment, and of nifedipine, a drug used in the cardiovascular disorders treatment, were prepared. All crystalline forms were obtained by crystallization from different solvents. Tolbutamide was isolated only in crystalline forms and nifedipine in two crystalline forms and in the amorphous form prepared by melting and subsequent cooling. The polymorphs from each drug were characterized by powder x-ray diffraction (PDRX), infrared spectroscopy (IR), Raman spectroscopy (FT-RAMAN), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The results proved that two different crystalline forms of tolbutamide were obtained and two crystalline form to nifedipine, one of them as a pseudo-polymorph. The characterization confirmed that melting and quickly cooling procedure prepared amorphous nifedipine. Differential scanning calorimetry technique generated curves whose data proved that the amorphous nifedipine is a very unstable form. Thermogravimetry confirmed a pseudo-polymorphs preparation of nifedipine. In spite of the modification observed on the profile of X-ray diffraction, because of the solvent present, was possible to prove that this solvated form have an crystalline structure. A methodology was proposed step by step to prepare and characterize polymorphs of a substance
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Chan, Fung Choy. "Powder X-ray diffraction studies of structural and kinetic aspects of polymorphism." Thesis, King's College London (University of London), 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.327050.

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Spektor, Kristina. "Extreme water catalyzed transformations of SiO2, TiO2 and LiAlSiO4." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Institutionen för material- och miljökemi (MMK), 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-124010.

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The dramatic change in properties of water near its critical point (i.e. T = 374 °C and p = 22.1 MPa, note: 100 MPa = 0.1 GPa = 1 kbar ≈ 1000 atm) has been a subject of numerous studies and also lead to the development of various applications (e.g. in waste destruction, biomass processing, and the synthesis of advanced ceramic materials). However, comparatively little is known about the behavior of water at gigapascal pressures. The present study attempts to explore catalytical properties and reactivity of extreme water with respect to several oxide systems: SiO2, TiO2 and LiAlSiO4. “Extreme water” here is defined as existing at p,T conditions of 0.25–10 GPa and 200–1000 °C, thus considering both supercritical fluid and hot compressed ice. The study shows that extreme water can make high pressure mineral phases accessible at relatively mild T conditions. At the same time, high pressure aqueous environments appear efficient in stabilizing novel metastable structures and may be considered as a general route for synthesizing new materials. The hydrothermal treatment of SiO2 glass at 10 GPa and 300–550 °C yielded an unusual ultrahydrous form of stishovite with up to 3% of structural water. At the same time, the extreme water environment enhanced notably the kinetics of stishovite formation, making it accessible at unprecedentedly low temperatures. Thus, for the SiO2–H2O system water acts as both catalyst and reactant. For TiO2 a hydrothermal high pressure treatment proved to be of high importance for overcoming the kinetical hindrance of the rutile – TiO2-II transformation. 6 GPa and 650 °C were established as the mildest conditions for synthesizing pure TiO2-II phase in less than two hours. The crystallization of LiAlSiO4 glass in an extreme water environment yielded a number of different phases. In the low pressure region (0.25 – 2 GPa) mainly a zeolite (Li-ABW) and a dense anhydrous aluminosilicate (α-eucryptite) were obtained. At pressures above 5 GPa the formation of novel pyroxene-like structures with crystallographic amounts of structural water was observed. The overall conclusion of this study is that extreme water environments show a great potential for catalyzing phase transitions in oxide systems and for stabilizing novel structures via structural water incorporation.

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Manuscript. Paper 4: Manuscript.

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Ray, Kamal Kanti. "Characterization of phase state, morphological, mechanical and electrical properties of nano- and macro-dimensional materials." Diss., University of Iowa, 2019. https://ir.uiowa.edu/etd/7017.

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The importance of studying the physico-chemical properties of nano-dimensional materials has gained significant attention in the fields of semiconductors, pharmaceuticals, materials science, and atmospheric chemistry owing to the differences in physical properties between macro- and nano-dimensional solids. Nonetheless, direct studies of physical properties of materials at nanoscale is limited in part due to their inherent size constraints and experimental limitations. However, development of atomic force microscopy (AFM) led to the implementation of methods to characterize a wide range of physical properties, including – but not limited to – mechanical properties, electrical properties, viscoelastic properties, and surface tension. Herein, the dissertation focuses on AFM-based method development for characterization of atmospheric particles as well as understanding the relationship between structure and physical properties of organic solids at both macro- and nano-dimensions. In the atmospheric chemistry realm, the combined aerosol effect on the climate and environment has significant uncertainty in part due to lack of direct characterization of their physico-chemical properties. The difficulty in assessing the physical and chemical properties arises due to the presence of diversified aerosol sources, which in turn influences the size, morphology, phase states and chemical compositions. Sea spray aerosols (SSAs) are the second-largest source of aerosols in the atmosphere. Studying SSAs – especially in submicrometer-dimensions – requires high-resolution microscopy techniques such as AFM. AFM can be used for imaging of individual aerosols, quantifying organic volume fraction for core-shell morphologies, measuring water uptake, quantifying surface tension of individual droplets, and measuring mechanical and viscoelastic properties of materials. Herein, we employed AFM-based morphology and force spectroscopy studies to correlate the 3D morphology, phase state, and viscoelastic properties of selected single-component chemical systems found in sea spray aerosol (SSA). We established a quantitative framework toward differentiation of the solid, semisolid and liquid phase states of individual particles by utilizing both relative indentation depth (RID) and viscoelastic response distance (VRD) data obtained from the force−distance plots. Moreover, we established a semi-quantitative and quick phase assessment by measuring the aspect ratio (AR) that refers the extent of particle spreading as a result of impaction. Overall, the established AFM-based quantitative and semi-quantitative phase identification method can be utilized to assess the phases of aerosols irrespective of chemical identity. Next, we investigated the factors that may control the electrical and mechanical properties of pharmaceutical and organic semiconducting materials in nano- and macro-dimensions. Understanding the structure-property relationship of materials, especially in the nano-dimension, is necessary for proper drug design and development of organic semiconducting materials. In this context, cocrystals provide a means to modulate the physico-chemical properties of organic solids. For example, the modulation of the mechanical properties is important in the pharmaceutical industry for improving the tabletability. The mechanical properties may be affected by packing arrangement, interaction strength and type, and atomic and chemical composition. Herein, we report the influence of alkane and alkene functional groups on the mechanical properties of organic solids based on salicylic acid (SA). The approach affords both isostructural and polymorphic solids. The isostructural alkane functional solid exhibits a two-fold larger Young’s modulus (YM) compared to the cocrystal with the alkene, where the YM refers to the stiffness of the material. Here, the higher YM values are attributed to the presence of a bifurcated weak C-H···O interactions involving the alkane and neighboring SA molecules. On the other hand, in the case of alkene polymorphisms, molecular packing with column arrangement shows higher YM values compared to the herringbone arrangements. Thus, functional groups and crystal arrangements influence the stiffness of the solid organic cocrystals. Moreover, we report the modulation of mechanical properties of salicylic acid (SA) through cocrystallization by variation of propane and butane functionality with bipyridine coformers. We show that the variation of propane and butane functionality in bipyridine coformer with salicylic acid leads to synthesis of cocrystal and salt-cocrystal, respectively. The AFM nanoindentation study revealed that the Young’s modulus values follow the order salicylic acid < cocrystal << salt-cocrystal. The highest Young’s modulus values of the salt-cocrystal, among the studied systems, are attributed to the presence of strong N+–H···O– and O–H···O– interactions. On the other hand, higher Young’s modulus values of the propane-based cocrystal compared to the macro-dimensional salicylic acid are attributed to the stronger O–H ···N hydrogen bonding. Thus, homologous alkane functional groups can influence the mechanical properties of the organic solid crystals. Additionally, in situ solid-solid polymorphic phase transformation and nucleation of a metastable and elusive polymorph of SA cocrystals in combination with 4,4’-bipyridine were studied. Understanding the solid-solid phase transformations and nucleation mechanisms are important for proper control over the parameters associated with the synthesis of targeted crystalline solids with desired crystal structure. Using in situ powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD) and terahertz time domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS) data we showed that the Form II polymorph transforms to Form I over time. AFM imaging and nanoindentation techniques were utilized to follow and quantify in real-time the solid-solid polymorphic transformation of the metastable Form II to the thermodynamically stable Form I on a single crystal basis. AFM in situ single crystal data revealed that the metastable Form II has a rod-shaped morphology and relatively high elasticity (Young’s modulus), which transforms to prism-shaped nanocrystals of much smaller sizes with significantly reduced elasticity. The AFM imaging reveals that the single crystals on the order of 80-150 nm to undergo catastrophic changes in morphology that are consistent with cracking and popping owing to a release of mechanical stress during the transformation. The nucleation mechanism for the polymorphic transformation is not spatially localized and occurs over the entire crystal surface. The higher mechanical properties of the metastable Form II is due to the presence of the additional interlayer C-H···O interactions. Furthermore, we have studied the electrical properties of boron-based cocrystals. More specifically, cocrystallization of a nonconductive 2,4-difluorophenylboronic ester catechol adduct of a 4,4’-bipyridine (BEA) host with two aromatic semiconducting guests (pyrene and tetrathiafulvalene) generated conductive cocrystals with variable charge carrier mobilities. Charge carrier mobilities of the cocrystals with either pyrene or tetrathiafulvalene were measured using conducting probe AFM (CP-AFM). The incorporation of π-rich aromatic guests through face-to-face and edge-to-face π-contacts results in electrically conductive cocrystals. The cocrystal with tetrathiafulvalene as a guest shows approximately 7 times higher charge carrier mobility than the cocrystal with pyrene. Overall, the current dissertation demonstrates the AFM-based method development and applications towards materials characterization to measure the morphological, electrical, mechanical, and phase-states at both nano- and macro-dimensions. The high spatial precision of the methods developed enables us to better understand the controlling factors for materials design and processing across nano- and macro-dimensions.
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Schweinefuß, Maria E., Sergej Springer, Igor A. Baburin, Todor Hikov, Klaus Huber, Stefano Leoni, and Michael Wiebcke. "Zeolitic imidazolate framework-71 nanocrystals and a novel SOD-type polymorph: solution mediated phase transformations, phase selection via coordination modulation and a density functional theory derived energy landscape." Royal Society of Chemistry, 2014. https://tud.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A36102.

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We report a rapid additive-free synthesis of nanocrystals (NCs) of RHO-type ZIF-71 (1) of composition [Zn(dcim)₂] (dcim = 4,5-dichloroimidazolate) in 1-propanol as solvent at room temperature. NC-1 has a size of 30–60 nm and exhibits permanent microporosity with a surface area (SBET = 970 m² g−¹) comparable to that of microcrystalline material. When kept under the mother solution NC-1 undergoes transformation into a novel SOD-type polymorph (2), which in turn converts into known ZIF-72 (3) with lcs topology. It is shown that microcrystals (MCs) of 2 can be favourably synthesised using 1-methylimidazole as a coordination modulator. NC-2 with size <200 nm was prepared using NC-ZIF-8 as a template with SOD topology in a solvent assisted ligand exchange-related process. DFT-assisted Rietveld analysis of powder XRD data revealed that novel polymorph 2 possesses an unusual SOD framework conformation. 2 was further characterised with regard to microporosity (SBET = 597 m² g−¹) and thermal as well as chemical stability. DFT calculations were performed to search for further potentially existing but not-yet synthesised polymorphs in the [Zn(dcim)₂] system.
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Books on the topic "Polymorphic transformations"

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Ahn, Shinbyoung. Polymorphism, phase transformations and crystal engineering of hydrogen-bonded solids. Birmingham: University of Birmingham, 1999.

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Phillips, Lynne. Genders, Spaces, Places. Oxford University Press, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/acrefore/9780190846626.013.193.

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The concepts of gender, space, and place have significant social and political implications for the kind of world that people inhabit and the kinds of lives we can lead. That there has been a transformation in thinking about these concepts is indicated in references today to pluralized (and polymorphic) spaces, to the waxing, and waning of distinctions between space and place, and to the idea that gender, space, and place are something produced rather than simply lived in, or ventured into. These subtle shifts hint at a complex history of ideas about what constitutes gender, space, and/or place and how we might understand the connections and disjunctures between and among them. The theoretical roots of space act as the starting point for discussion, since these have a longer historical record than work which also explicitly includes gender. Western conceptions of space have drawn primarily from early Greek philosophers and mathematicians, and these conceptions indicate an early distinction between a philosophy of space and a pre-scientific notion of space. From here, the development of feminist methods has become essential for revealing how spatial thinking informs ideas about gender. These methods include deconstructing canons, asking the profoundly spatial question of “Where are the women?” and “ungendering” space. These methodological strategies reveal the extent to which the central concerns of feminism today have spatial and place-based dimensions.
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Whitworth, Caroline, and Stewart Fleming. Malignant hypertension. Edited by Neil Turner. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199592548.003.0216.

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Malignant hypertension (MH) is recognized clinically by elevated blood pressure together with retinal haemorrhages or exudates with or without papilloedema (grades III or IV hypertensive retinopathy); and may constitute a hypertensive emergency or crisis when complicated by evidence of end-organ damage including microangiopathic haemolysis, encephalopathy, left ventricular failure, and renal failure. Though reversible, it remains a significant cause of end-stage renal failure, and of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular morbidity and mortality in developing countries.MH can complicate pre-existing hypertension arising from diverse aetiologies, but most commonly develops from essential hypertension. The absolute level of blood pressure appears not to be critical to the development of MH, but the rate of rise of blood pressure may well be relevant in the pathogenesis. The pathogenesis of this transformation remains unclear.The pathological hallmark of MH is the presence of fibrinoid necrosis (medial vascular smooth muscle cell necrosis and fibrin deposition within the intima) involving the resistance arterioles in many organs. Fibrinoid necrosis is not specific to MH and this appearance is seen in other conditions causing a thrombotic microangiopathy such as haemolytic uraemic syndrome, scleroderma renal crisis, antiphospholipid syndrome, and acute vascular rejection post transplant. MH can both cause a thrombotic microangiopathy (TMA) but can also complicate underlying conditions associated with TMA.The pathophysiological factors that interact to generate and sustain this condition remain poorly understood. Risk factors include Afro-Caribbean race, smoking history, younger age of onset of hypertension, previous pregnancy, and untreated hypertension associated with non-compliance or cessation of antihypertensive therapy.Evidence from clinical studies and animal models point to a central role for the intrarenal renin–angiotensin system (RAS) in MH; there is good evidence for renal vasoconstriction and activation of the renal paracrine RAS potentiating MH once established; however, there may also be a role in the predisposition of MH suggested by presence of increased risk conferred by an ACE gene polymorphism in humans and polymorphisms for both ACE and AT1 receptor in an animal model of spontaneous MH. Other vasoactive mediators such as the endothelin and the inflammatory response may be important contributing to and increasing endothelial damage. There have been no randomized controlled trials to define the best treatment approach, but progressive lowering of pressures over days is considered safest unless made more urgent by critical clinical state. It seems logical to introduce ACE inhibition cautiously and early, but in view of the risk of rapid pressure lowering some recommend delay.
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Book chapters on the topic "Polymorphic transformations"

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Marcos, Celia. "Polymorphism and Polymorphic Transformations Transformation Order—Disorder." In Springer Textbooks in Earth Sciences, Geography and Environment, 235–48. Cham: Springer Nature Switzerland, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-96783-3_9.

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Funtikov, A. I., and M. N. Pavlovsky. "Shock Waves and Polymorphic Phase Transformations in Solids." In High-Pressure Shock Compression of Solids VII, 197–223. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4048-6_6.

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Kanel, G. I., V. E. Fortov, and S. V. Razorenov. "Polymorphic Transformations and Phase Transitions in Shock-Compressed Solids." In Shock-Wave Phenomena and the Properties of Condensed Matter, 189–216. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4757-4282-4_6.

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Kaneko, Fumitoshi. "Polymorphic and Polytypic Transformations during Crystallization of Long-Chain Compounds." In Molecular Interactions and Time-Space Organization in Macromolecular Systems, 45–53. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-60226-9_5.

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Löwe, Michael. "Polymorphic Sesqui-Pushout Graph Rewriting." In Graph Transformation, 3–18. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-21145-9_1.

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Govindarajan, Ramprakash, and Raj Suryanarayanan. "Processing-induced Phase Transformations and Their Implications on Pharmaceutical Product Quality." In Polymorphism, 333–64. Weinheim, FRG: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/3527607889.ch13.

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Brazhkin, Vadim V., Yoshinori Katayama, Masami Kanzaki, and Alexander G. Lyapin. "Pressure-Driven Liquid-Liquid Transformations and Corresponding Bizarre Viscosity Behavior." In Liquid Polymorphism, 29–50. Hoboken, NJ, USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9781118540350.ch2.

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Löwe, Michael, Harald König, and Christoph Schulz. "Polymorphic Single-Pushout Graph Transformation." In Fundamental Approaches to Software Engineering, 355–69. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-54804-8_25.

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Schrijvers, Tom, Maurice Bruynooghe, and John P. Gallagher. "From Monomorphic to Polymorphic Well-Typings and Beyond." In Logic-Based Program Synthesis and Transformation, 152–67. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-00515-2_11.

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Thakral, Seema, Ramprakash Govindarajan, and Raj Suryanarayanan. "Processing-Induced Phase Transformations and Their Implications on Pharmaceutical Product Quality." In Polymorphism in the Pharmaceutical Industry, 329–80. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527697847.ch12.

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Conference papers on the topic "Polymorphic transformations"

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"Martensitic Structural Transformations of Fluorographene Polymorphic Varieties." In Shape Memory Alloys 2018. Materials Research Forum LLC, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.21741/9781644900017-28.

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Petrovtsev, A. V. "Modeling Polymorphic Transformations of Quartzite in Dynamic Processes." In SHOCK COMPRESSION OF CONDENSED MATTER - 2003: Proceedings of the Conference of the American Physical Society Topical Group on Shock Compression of Condensed Matter. AIP, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.1780229.

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Zhikhareva, Irina, Vadim Schmidt, Natalya Smirnova, and Oleg Vorobyev. "Polymorphic transformations in iron and Fe-Ni alloy coatings." In MECHANICS, RESOURCE AND DIAGNOSTICS OF MATERIALS AND STRUCTURES (MRDMS-2016): Proceedings of the 10th International Conference on Mechanics, Resource and Diagnostics of Materials and Structures. Author(s), 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4967153.

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Yin, Tingting, Jiaxu Yan, and Ze Xiang Shen. "Stability of CH3NH3PbBr3 and evolution of H-bonding during its polymorphic transformations." In 2017 Opto-Electronics and Communications Conference (OECC) and Photonics Global Conference (PGC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/oecc.2017.8114984.

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Yan, Jiaxu, Tingting Yin, and Ze Xiang Shen. "Hydrogen-bonding evolution during the polymorphic transformations in CH3NH3PbBr3: Experiment and theory." In 2017 IEEE 12th Nanotechnology Materials and Devices Conference (NMDC). IEEE, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/nmdc.2017.8350548.

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BELYAEV, Igor, Alexey STEPNOV, Viacheslav BAZHENOV, Artem PAVLOV, and Andrei KIREEV. "Influence OF POLYMORPHIC TRANSFORMATIONS ON THE POROSITY OF PLAsMa-sprayed PRODUCTS FROM PURE ALUMINUM OXIDE." In METAL 2019. TANGER Ltd., 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37904/metal.2019.728.

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Chauvin, Camille, Frédéric Zucchini, and David Palma de Barros. "Study on phase transformation in Tin under dynamic compression." In 2019 15th Hypervelocity Impact Symposium. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/hvis2019-027.

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Abstract We propose to study experimentally the polymorphic transition of Tin under dynamic compression. These transformations have been investigated for a long time through usual velocity measurements under shock from ambient condition. At CEA Gramat we have improved our understanding of such phase transformations through both experimental and theoretical means. Experimental velocity measurements have long suggested that non equilibrium behavior and kinetics is an important part of the dynamic compression response of materials undergoing phase transformations. Empirical kinetic models can in many cases reproduce the experimental velocity profiles, but without clearly identifying the nature of the transition. For nearly two decades, the CEA Gramat operates several gas guns for shock loading and high pulsed power (HPP) drivers dedicated to Isentropic Compression Experiments (ICE) up to several GPa. These experimental devices and associated diagnostics (velocimetry and temperature measurements and x-ray diffraction experiments) help to begin to study kinetics under dynamic transition in a more rigorous manner. We have used these experiments to examine various compression paths and have used the results to improve equation of state (EOS) models incorporated in our numerical codes. The latter can be used to run simulations starting with ambient initial conditions, then load metallic materials from various non ambient initial temperatures. This can significantly extend the range of our studies into previously unexplored thermodynamic paths. We propose to describe our preheating devices for gas gun experiments and our HPP driver, and to present our preliminary results on shock loading and on isentropic compression at various initial temperatures, to explore the phase diagram of Tin. In addition, we present the design of promising testing on X-ray diffraction under shock to help to develop a more physical kinetic model relying on nucleation and growth mechanisms, which are implemented in our continuum level codes.
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Kharlamov, Y., J. A. Chattha, and M. Kharlamov. "The Effects of Deposition Parameters and Gaseous Detonation Equipment Design on the Coating Formation." In ITSC2005, edited by E. Lugscheider. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2005p1139.

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Abstract By use of up-to-date methods of gaseous detonation spraying it is possible to obtain coatings with wide range of thermal and kinetic energy of sprayed particles and their state (liquid, solid, semiliquid, with change of their chemical and phase composition duration of stay in impulse hot gaseous detonation jet, etc.). The philosophy of gas detonation sprayed coating structure and properties control include next basic methods: (1) change of values and ratio of thermal and kinetic energy of sprayed particles; (2) governing of thickness and sizes of single layers of coating (“coating spot“), D-Gun rate of fire, and relative velocity of moving of D-Gun and workpart; (3) change of dispersion and shape of powder particles; (4) regulation of thermal cycle of coating in process of spraying by use preliminary, concomitant or post spraying heating or cooling; (5) use of variable spraying modes for obtaining of individual layers and zones of coating (change of composition and flow rate of gases and powder, D-Gun fire rate, powder dispersion, distance of spraying, etc.); (6) settlement of ratio between percentage of amorphous, microcrystalline and crystalline phases, metastable and equilibrium phases by selection of rational conditions of spraying; (7) control of degree of physico-chemical transformations into powder particles (polymorphic transformations, dissociation, oxidation, interaction between components of composite powders, etc.), change of time of particles stay into gas products flow, composition and parameters of gaseous medium, etc.; (8) alloying of sprayed powders as for assurance of necessary properties of coatings as for improvement of their inclination to coating formation (oxidation resistance into high temperature gas flow, inclination of seizure, etc.); (9) use of composite powders; (10) spraying at mode with powder particles which have premelting temperature at time of coating formation; (11) treatment of sprayed coatings (thermal, thermo-chemical, thermo-mechanical, etc.); (12) control of coating macrostructure by successive deposition of layers, bands and spots of coatings with smooth or abrupt change of composition, deposition of discrete coatings; etc.
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Hermanto, Martin Wijaya, Richard D. Braatz, and Min-Sen Chiu. "Optimal Control of Polymorphic Transformation in Batch Pharmaceutical Crystallization." In 2007 IEEE International Conference on Control Applications. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cca.2007.4389221.

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Hermanto, Martin Wijaya, Richard D. Braatz, and Min-Sen Chiu. "Optimal Control of Polymorphic Transformation in Batch Pharmaceutical Crystallization." In 2007 IEEE 22nd International Symposium on Intelligent Control. IEEE, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/isic.2007.4359795.

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Reports on the topic "Polymorphic transformations"

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Carlson, L. W., J. M. Grazier, D. J. Holcomb, S. T. Montgomery, and D. H. Zeuch. Uniaxial Compression Experiments on PZT 95/5-2Nb Ceramic: Evidence for an Orientation-Dependent, ''Maximum Compressive Stress'' Criterion for Onset of the F(R1)()A(O) Polymorphic Phase Transformation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), January 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/3862.

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Zeuch, D. H., S. T. Montgomery, and D. J. Zimmerer. The effects of non-hydrostatic compression and applied electric field on the electromechanical behavior of poled PZT 95/5-2Nb ceramic during the F{sub R1} {yields} A{sub 0} polymorphic phase transformation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/135537.

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Perl-Treves, Rafael, Rebecca Grumet, Nurit Katzir, and Jack E. Staub. Ethylene Mediated Regulation of Sex Expression in Cucumis. United States Department of Agriculture, January 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2005.7586536.bard.

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Monoecious species such as melon and cucumber develop separate male and female (or bisexual) flowers on the same plant individual. They display complex genetic and hormonal regulation of sex patterns along the plant. Ethylene is known to play an important role in promoting femaleness and inhibiting male development, but many questions regarding critical sites of ethylene production versus perception, the relationship between ethylene and the sex determining loci, and the possible differences between melon and cucumber in this respect are still open. The general goal of the project was to elucidate the role of ethylene in determining flower sex in Cucumis species, melon and cucumber. The specific Objectives were: 1. Clone and characterize expression patterns of cucumber genes involved in ethylene biosynthesis and perception. 2. Genetic mapping of cloned genes and markers with respect to sex loci in melon and cucumber. 3. Produce and analyze transgenic melons altered in ethylene production or perception. In the course of the project, some modifications/adjustments were made: under Objective 2 (genetic mapping) a set of new mapping populations had to be developed, to allow better detection of polymorphism. Under Objective 3, cucumber transformation systems became available to us and we included this second model species in our plan. The main findings of our study support the pivotal role of ethylene in cucumber and melon sex determination and later stages of reproductive development. Modifying ethylene production resulted in profound alteration of sex patterns in melon: femaleness increased, and also flower maturation and fruit set were enhanced, resulting in earlier, more concentrated fruit yield in the field. Such effect was previously unknown and could have agronomic value. Our results also demonstrate the great importance of ethylene sensitivity in sex expression. Ethylene perception genes are expressed in sex-related patterns, e.g., gynoecious lines express higher levels of receptor-transcripts, and copper treatments that activate the receptor can increase femaleness. Transgenic cucumbers with increased expression of an ethylene receptor showed enhanced femaleness. Melons that expressed a defective receptor produced fewer hermaphrodite flowers and were insensitive to exogenous ethylene. When the expression of defective receptor was restricted to specific floral whorls, we saw that pistils were not inhibited by the blocked perception at the fourth whorl. Such unexpected findings suggest an indirect effect of ethylene on the affected whorl; it also points at interesting differences between melon and cucumber regarding the mode of action of ethylene. Such effects will require further study. Finally, our project also generated and tested a set of novel genetic tools for finer identification of sex determining genes in the two species and for efficient breeding for these characters. Populations that will allow easier linkage analysis of candidate genes with each sex locus were developed. Moreover, effects of modifier genes on the major femaleness trait were resolved. QTL analysis of femaleness and related developmental traits was conducted, and a comprehensive set of Near Isogenic Lines that differ in specific QTLs were prepared and made available for the private and public research. Marker assisted selection (MAS) of femaleness and fruit yield components was directly compared with phenotypic selection in field trials, and the relative efficiency of MAS was demonstrated. Such level of genetic resolution and such advanced tools were not used before to study these traits, that act as primary yield components to determine economic yields of cucurbits. In addition, this project resulted in the establishment of workable transformation procedures in our laboratories and these can be further utilized to study the function of sex-related genes in detail.
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Droby, Samir, Joseph W. Eckert, Shulamit Manulis, and Rajesh K. Mehra. Ecology, Population Dynamics and Genetic Diversity of Epiphytic Yeast Antagonists of Postharvest Diseases of Fruits. United States Department of Agriculture, October 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/1994.7568777.bard.

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One of the emerging technologies is the use of microbial agents for the control of postharvest diseases of fruits and vegetables. A number of antagonistic microorganisms have been discovered which have the potential to effectively control postharvest diseases. Some of this technology has been patented and commercial products such as AspireTM (Ecogen Corporatin, Langhorne, PA, USA), Biosave 10TM and Biosave 11TM (Ecoscience Inc., Worchester, MA, USA) have been registered for commercial use. The principal investigator of this project was involved in developing the yeast-based biofungicide-AspireTM and testing its efficacy under commercial conditions. This research project was initiated to fill the gap between the knowledge available on development and commercial implementation of yeast biocontrol agents and basic understanding of various aspects related to introducing yeast antagonists to fruit surfaces, along with verification of population genetics. The main objectives of this study were: Study ecology, population dynamics and genetic diversity of the yeast antagonists Candida guilliermondii, C. oleophila, and Debaryomyces hansenii, and study the effect of preharvest application of the yeast antagonist C. oleophila naturally occurring epiphytic microbial population and on the development of postharvest diseases of citrus fruit during storage. Our findings, which were detailed in several publications, have shown that an epiphytic yeast population of grapefruit able to grow under high osmotic conditions and a wide range of temperatures was isolated and characterized for its biocontrol activity against green mold decay caused by Penicillium digitatum. Techniques based on random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) and arbitrary primed polymerase chain reaction (ap-PCR), as well as homologies between sequences of the rDNA internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and 5.8S gene, were used to characterize the composition of the yeast population and to determine the genetic relationship among predominant yeast species. Epiphytic yeasts exhibiting the highest biocontrol activity against P. digitatum on grapefruit were identified as Candida guilliermondii, C. oleophila, C. sake, and Debaryomyces hansenii, while C. guilliermondii was the most predominant species. RAPD and ap-PCR analysis of the osmotolerant yeast population showed two different, major groups. The sequences of the ITS regions and the 5.8S gene of the yeast isolates, previously identified as belonging to different species, were found to be identical. Following the need to develop a genetically marked strain of the yeast C. oleophila, to be used in population dynamics studies, a transformation system for the yeast was developed. Histidine auxotrophy of C. oloephila produced using ethyl methanesulfonate were transformed with plasmids containing HIS3, HIS4 and HIS5 genes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In one mutant histidin auxotrophy was complemented by the HIS5 gene of S. cerevisiae is functionally homologous to the HIS5 gene in V. oleophila. Southern blot analysis showed that the plasmid containing the S. cerevisiae HIS5 gene was integrated at a different location every C. oleophila HIS+ transformant. There were no detectable physiological differences between C. oleophila strain I-182 and the transformants. The biological control ability of C. oleophila was not affected by the transformation. A genetically marked (with b-glucuronidase gene) transformant of C. oleophila colonized wounds on orange fruits and its population increased under field conditions. Effect of preharvest application of the yeast C. oleophila on population dynamics of epiphytic microbial population on wounded and unwounded grapefruit surface in the orchard and after harvest was also studied. In addition, the effect of preharvest application of the yeast C. oleophila on the development of postharvest decay was evaluated. Population studies conducted in the orchard showed that in control, non-treated fruit, colonization of wounded and unwounded grapefruit surface by naturally occurring filamentous fungi did not vary throughout the incubation period on the tree. On the other hand, colonization of intact and wounded fruit surface by naturally occurring yeasts was different. Yeasts colonized wounded surface rapidly and increased in numbers to about two orders of magnitude as compared to unwounded surface. On fruit treated with the yeast and kept on the tree, a different picture of fungal and yeast population had emerged. The detected fungal population on the yeast-treated intact surface was dramatically reduced and in treated wounds no fungi was detected. Yeast population on intact surface was relatively high immediately after the application of AspireTM and decreased to than 70% of that detected initially. In wounds, yeast population increased from 2.5 x 104 to about 4x106 after 72 hours of incubation at 20oC. Results of tests conducted to evaluate the effect of preharvest application of AspireTM on the development of postharvest decay indicated the validity of the approach.
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