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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymorphic control'

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Author: Grafiati
Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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1

Kuzmin, V. S., V. V. Chernyshev, and A. I. Luttseva. "X-RAY POWDER DIFFRACTION IN QUALITY CONTROL OF MEDICINES." Bulletin of the Scientific Centre for Expert Evaluation of Medicinal Products 8, no. 3 (September 26, 2018): 158–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.30895/1991-2919-2018-8-3-158-161.

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X-ray powder diffraction is one of the methods used for detection and analysis of polymorphic forms of pharmaceutical substances. The article elucidates the concept of polymorphism, briefly explains physical characteristics of this phenomenon, conditions of polymorphic transformations and the prevalence of polymorphic forms among drug substances. It should be noted that polymorphism is observed in drug substances belonging to different pharmacologic classes. Polymorphic forms of the same drug substance have different solubility, melting point, resistance to oxidation and to other destructive processes, and, consequently, different surface properties which affect both the rate of absorption of the drug substances and their stability as components of dosage forms. This calls for the need to control the quality of drug substances for potential presence of polymorphic forms. The use of diffraction methods for examination of cryomodified forms of various biologically active compounds obtained by evaporation and subsequent precipitation at low temperatures resulted in obtaining polycrystalline substances with new properties. The article provides results of examination of crystalline modifications of phenazepam in the form of α- and β-polymorphs, tilorone, fabomotizole, zolendronic acid and dehydroepiandrosterone. It was demonstrated that the use of X-ray diffraction analysis for examination and quality control of polymorphic forms of drugs is a necessary component of identification testing.
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2

Ângelo, Marilene, Jennifer Jacon, Olimpia Maria Santos, Edith Cristina Cazedey, Rudy Bonfilio, Antônio Carlos Doriguetto, and Magali Benjamim de Araújo. "Occurrence of polymorphism in famotidine raw materials." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C1563. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314084368.

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Polymorphs are compounds with the same chemical composition, however the molecules are arranged in at least two different ways in the solid state. Famotidine is a histamine H2-receptor antagonist inhibitor of gastric secretion and widely used in gastric and duodenal ulcer disease. Two polymorphs are described for famotidine, A and B. The polymorph A is the most thermodynamically stable form and polymorph B is the kinetically favored form being marketed because it presents greater pharmacological activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of famotidine polymorphs in five raw materials acquired from different suppliers. The reference standard (USP) was also analyzed. All samples were characterized by powder X-ray diffraction (PXRD), infrared spectrophotometry (IR-ATR) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). PXRD analysis enables us to identify form B in five raw material samples and in the reference standard (USP). However, one of the raw materials additionally shows the presence of polymorphic form A. The DSC and IR-ATR techniques were essential to identify the polymorphic forms of famotidine confirming the results obtained by PXRD. Since the presence of polymorphs can compromise the effectiveness and safety of medicines and there is no official methodology of analysis and control of polymorphism in famotidine raw materials, the polymorphic contamination found in this study are being further analyzed and their physicochemical properties are being evaluated.
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3

Wantha, Lek. "Kinetics of the Solution-Mediated Polymorphic Transformation of Organic Compounds." Current Pharmaceutical Design 24, no. 21 (October 15, 2018): 2383–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1381612824666180601093228.

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Polymorphism is a behavior of a substance to crystallize into more than one district crystal structures. Preferential formation of a polymorph depends strongly on the kinetics of the relevant mechanisms. Solutionmediated polymorphic transformation is an important mechanism in crystallization of organic compounds from solution. Knowing its kinetics allows us to understand the process and control the polymorphic formation. In this review, concepts, kinetics, and process modeling of crystallization and solution-mediated polymorphic transformation are examined and summarized.
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4

Yang, Yuxin, Jia Liu, Anna Hu, Ting Nie, Zeneng Cheng, and Wenjie Liu. "A Critical Review on Engineering of d-Mannitol Crystals: Properties, Applications, and Polymorphic Control." Crystals 12, no. 8 (August 1, 2022): 1080. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12081080.

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d-mannitol is a common six-carbon sugar alcohol, which is widely used in food, chemical, pharmaceutical, and other industries. Polymorphism is defined as the ability of materials to crystallize into different crystal structures. It has been reported for a long time that d-mannitol has three polymorphs: β, δ, and α. These different polymorphs have unique physicochemical properties, thus affecting the industrial applications of d-mannitol. In this review, we firstly introduced the characteristics of different d-mannitol polymorphs, e.g., crystal structure, morphology, molecular conformational energy, stability, solubility and the analytical techniques of d-mannitol polymorphisms. Then, we described the different strategies for the preparation of d-mannitol crystals and focused on the polymorphic control of d-mannitol crystals in the products. Furthermore, the factors of the formation of different d-mannitol polymorphisms were summarized. Finally, the application of mannitol polymorphism was summarized. The purpose of this paper is to provide new ideas for a more personalized design of d-mannitol for various applications, especially as a pharmaceutical excipient. Meanwhile, the theoretical overview on polymorphic transformation of d-mannitol may shed some light on the crystal design study of other polycrystalline materials.
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5

Brady, John J., Brittney L. Argirakis, Alexander D. Gordon, Richard T. Lareau, and Barry T. Smith. "Polymorphic Phase Control of RDX-Based Explosives." Applied Spectroscopy 72, no. 1 (August 25, 2017): 28–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0003702817712259.

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The polymorphic phase of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) was examined as a function of mass loading, solvent, and sample deposition technique. When RDX was deposited at a high mass loading, the vibrational modes in the obtained Raman spectra were indicative of concomitant polymorphism as both the α-RDX and β-RDX phases were present. At low mass loadings, only β-RDX was observed regardless of solvent when using the drop cast crystallization method. However, α-RDX (the thermodynamically stable polymorphic phase observed with visible quantities of the explosive) was observed when RDX deposits were dry transferred. Observation of α-RDX was independent of the initial mass loading or the initial deposition solvent when using the dry transfer methodology. These data indicate that the use of the dry transfer preparation method can be used to successfully prepare RDX-based test articles with the α-RDX phase regardless of the solvent used to initially dissolve the RDX, the initial deposition technique, or the mass loading.
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6

Li, Keyao, Monalisa Roy, Madiha Nisar, Lawrence W.-Y. Wong, Herman H.-Y. Sung, Richard K. Haynes, and Ian D. Williams. "Control of 11-Aza:4-X-SalA Cocrystal Polymorphs Using Heteroseeds That Switch On/Off Halogen Bonding." Crystals 12, no. 10 (September 27, 2022): 1368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101368.

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A family of: 1:1 cocrystals 11-Aza:4-X-SalA have been prepared from the potent anti-malarial compound 11-azaartemisinin with 4-halosalicylic acids. When X = 4-Cl, 4-Br and 4-I, two conformational polymorphs can be isolated in each case. Monoclinic type-I was found previously for parent 11-Aza:SalA (1) and 11-Aza:4-Br-SalA (3a) which have polar 21 stacks of molecular pairs with no short halogen bond contacts between stacks. Orthorhombic type-II is found for 4-Cl (3b) and 4-I (4b) from solution growth. This has a translational stack of molecular pairs involving a conformational change of the acid-lactam hetero-synthon and supramolecular association of stacks via halogen bonds. Notably, phase pure polymorph type-I can be formed for 4-Cl (3a) and 4-I (4a) by hetero-seeding with 11-Aza:SalA, whist conversely phase pure type-II for 4-Br (2b) can be formed using homo-seeding from liquid assisted grinding (LAG) product. This work demonstrates both the viability of engineering polymorphic cocrystal forms using hetero-seeds and the involvement of halogen bonds in helping to discriminate quite different polymorphic types.
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7

Mukhammadieva, Guzel F., T. G. Kutlina, D. O. Karimov, Ya V. Valova, P. V. Serebryakov, A. V. Melent’Ev, A. B. Bakirov, A. U. Shagalina, and E. F. Idiyatullina. "THE EVALUATION OF RISK OF DEVELOPMENT AND COURSE OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA ON THE BASIS OF POLYMORPHISM OF GENE TNFA." Health Care of the Russian Federation 61, no. 3 (May 24, 2019): 128–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0044-197x-2017-61-3-128-132.

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The bronchial asthma is one of the most widespread multi-factorial diseases developing in interaction of environmental and genetic factors. The purpose of this study was to analyze association of polymorphism of gene TNFA with risk of development of bronchial asthma considering clinical form of disease. The polymerase chain reaction technique was applied to analyze polymorphic locus rs1800629 of gene TNFA in patients with bronchial asthma (n=133) and control group (n=195). The analysis of rate of polymorphism of gene TNFA established reliable increasing of rate of allele A in group of patients with bronchial asthma as compared with control sample. According the coefficient of chances ratio, the risk of development of bronchial asthma if there is allele A of polymorphic locus rs1800629 of gene TNFA increases more than twice (OR=2,53; 95% CI 1,45-4,43). At that, various firms of bronchial asthma have specific features in distribution of rates of genotypes of polymorphic locus rs1800629 of gene TNFA. It is demonstrated that among agents of genotypes GA of polymorphic modification of rs1800629 of gene TNFA patients with mixed form of bronchial asthma were found more frequently than among agents of genotypes GG. The obtained results provide ground to suppose that polymorphic modification of rs1800629 of gene TNFA shows certain damaging effect under various clinical forms of bronchial asthma.
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8

Labine-Romain, Mackenzie, Sabrina Beckmann, Mohan Bhadbhade, Saroj Bhattacharyya, Michael Manefield, Christopher E. Marjo, and Anne M. Rich. "Polymorphs of Neutral Red, a Redox-Mediating Phenazine in Biological Systems." Australian Journal of Chemistry 70, no. 9 (2017): 1032. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch17141.

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Neutral red 1 is a heterocyclic phenazine that, as a crystalline solid, has been observed to accelerate microbial methane generation from coal. Scale-up to an industrial process will require large quantities of neutral red crystals, hence an understanding of any polymorphic behaviour is essential for careful control of this process. A room-temperature structure of 1 (Form I) has been reported previously, and this study describes a new polymorph (Form II) crystallising from aqueous solution at 50°C, or transforming from Form I over an incubation time of one week at 70°C. Single-crystal X-ray diffraction has been used to study the molecular arrangements and intermolecular interactions in the new polymorph, and compared with those found in the room temperature form. Both polymorphs have been characterised using Raman and infrared spectroscopy, and a synthetic mixture of polymorphs successfully imaged using Raman spectroscopy. Raman imaging is proposed as a quality control method for small quantities of sample to ensure the correct polymorph is produced as a feedstock for this new methanogenesis process.
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9

Czernek, Jiří, and Jiří Brus. "Polymorphic Forms of Valinomycin Investigated by NMR Crystallography." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 14 (July 11, 2020): 4907. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21144907.

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A dodecadepsipeptide valinomycin (VLM) has been most recently reported to be a potential anti-coronavirus drug that could be efficiently produced on a large scale. It is thus of importance to study solid-phase forms of VLM in order to be able to ensure its polymorphic purity in drug formulations. The previously available solid-state NMR (SSNMR) data are combined with the plane-wave DFT computations in the NMR crystallography framework. Structural/spectroscopical predictions (the PBE functional/GIPAW method) are obtained to characterize four polymorphs of VLM. Interactions which confer a conformational stability to VLM molecules in these crystalline forms are described in detail. The way how various structural factors affect the values of SSNMR parameters is thoroughly analyzed, and several SSNMR markers of the respective VLM polymorphs are identified. The markers are connected to hydrogen bonding effects upon the corresponding (13C/15N/1H) isotropic chemical shifts of (CO, Namid, Hamid, Hα) VLM backbone nuclei. These results are expected to be crucial for polymorph control of VLM and in probing its interactions in dosage forms.
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10

Gabdulkhaev, Mukhammet N., Marat A. Ziganshin, Aleksey V. Buzyurov, Christoph Schick, Svetlana E. Solovieva, Elena V. Popova, Aidar T. Gubaidullin, and Valery V. Gorbatchuk. "Smart control of calixarene polymorphic states." CrystEngComm 22, no. 42 (2020): 7002–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ce01070g.

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11

Malysheva, I. E., L. V. Topchieva, E. L. Tikhonovich, I. V. Kurbatova, and O. V. Balan. "Association of FOXP3 gene -3279 C>A polymorphism with the risk of pulmonary sarcoidosis." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 89, no. 12 (December 15, 2017): 64–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/terarkh2017891264-67.

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Aim. To investigate the association of the polymorphic marker -3279 C>A of the FOXP3 gene with the risk of pulmonary sarcoidosis (PS) and to estimate the transcription level of this gene in the carriers of different genotypes of this polymorphic marker. Subjects and methods. The investigation included 99 patients of Russian ethnicity (mean age, 45.41±1.31 years) living in the Republic of Karelia, who were diagnosed with persistent PS, and 116 healthy donors (mean age, 42.06±1.30 years) in the control group. The alleles and genotypes of the polymorphic marker -3279 C>A of the FOXP3 gene were identified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-restriction fragment length polymorphism. The number of transcripts of the studied gene in the peripheral blood leukocytes of healthy donors and PS patients was determined with real-time PCR. Results. The control group and the PS patient one had no statistically significant differences in the distribution of the frequencies of alleles and genotypes by the polymorphic marker –308G>A of the FOXP3 gene (p > 0.05). The number of FOXP3 gene transcripts was not statistically significantly different in the peripheral blood leukocytes of patients with PS and control individuals. No statistically significant differences were observed in the mRNA expression levels in the above-mentioned gene in the carriers of different genotypes by the polymorphic marker -3279 C>A of the FOXP3 gene in all examined groups. Conclusion. The polymorphic marker -3279 C>A of the FOXP3 gene is unassociated with the risk of PS.
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12

Bialkevich, A. G., A. V. Sukalo, I. A. Kazyra, N. V. Nikitchenko, N. V. Savina, and R. I. Goncharova. "POLYMORPHISM OF STAT4, PTPN22, VEGF, TGF-B, PDCD1 AND PD-L1 GENES IN CHILDREN WITH HEREDITARY NEPHRITIS AND POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE." Medical Journal, no. 2(75) (2021): 49–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.51922/1818-426x.2021.2.49.

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The study of the molecular and genetic nature of inherited kidney diseases is relevant in modern nephrology. It allows us to establish the etiology, develop new methods of treatment and prevention. The aim of the research was to study the genetic polymorphism of STAT4, PTPN22, VEGF, TGF-B, PDCD1 and PD-L1 in children with hereditary kidney diseases. The study included patients with hereditary nephritis (n = 40), polycystic kidney disease (n = 26) and chil dren without kidney diseases (n = 416). We use a standard method of phenol-chloroform extraction to isolate genomic DNA. Polymorphic variants of genes were determined using such methods of polymerase chain reaction (PCR) as estriction fragment length polymorphism PCR and real-time PCR. Genotyping of polymorphic of loci rs7574865 and rs 3821236 of the STAT4 gene in the group of patients with polycystic kidney disease compared with the control was observed significant differences in genotype frequencies in boys. The development of polycystic kidney disease is associated with the presence of genotypes GT + TT and minor allele T of the polymorphic locus rs7574865 of the STAT4 gene and genotypes GA + AA and allele A of the polymorphic locus rs3821236 of the STAT4 gene which is especially pronounced in groups of male patients. Analysis of the frequency distribution of genotypes/alleles in the boys confirmed a significant association of the CC genotype and the minor allele C of polymorphic locus rs2297136 of the PD-L1 gene with the risk of development of hereditary nephritis. The frequencies of genotypes/alleles of the polymorphic loci of PTPN22 rs2476601, TGF-B rs1800469, PDCD1 rs11568821 and VEGF rs699947, rs2010963 in children with hereditary nephritis and polycystic kidney disease didn't significantly differ from the similar indicators in the control group.
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13

Hong, Seung Ho, Young-Ree Kim, Yeo Min Yoon, Won Ki Min, Sa Il Chun, and Jin Q. Kim. "Association between HaeIII polymorphism of scavenger receptor class B type I gene and plasma HDL-cholesterol concentration." Annals of Clinical Biochemistry: International Journal of Laboratory Medicine 39, no. 5 (September 1, 2002): 478–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/000456302320314485.

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Background: Evidence has recently been found for significant associations between genetic variation within the scavenger receptor class B type I gene ( SR-BI), plasma lipids and anthropometric measurements in healthy Caucasians. The present case-control study was conducted to determine whether there is an association between three polymorphisms identified by the restriction endonucleases HaeIII, AluI and ApaI of SR-BI and coronary artery disease (CAD) in Korean subjects. Methods: DNA was extracted from 137 subjects with CAD and 124 age-matched controls; it was amplified using the polymerase chain reaction. Individual alleles at each of the three polymorphic sites were identified by digestion with the appropriate restriction enzyme. Results: Only a single allele was identified at the AluI and ApaI polymorphic sites. The frequency of the common (+) allele at the HaeIII polymorphic site was higher in CAD patients than in the controls ( P = 0·001). The concentrations of plasma HDL-cholesterol and apolipoprotein AI also varied significantly among HaeIII genotypes in the CAD patients. The common (+) allele of the HaeIII polymorphism was associated with a lower body mass index in female controls. Conclusions: Allele frequencies of the AluI and ApaI polymorphisms in this study were different to those in a Caucasian population studied previously, suggesting a difference in the genetic background. Further comparative studies of SR-BI polymorphism in other racial or ethnic groups should therefore prove to be of value.
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14

Hudspeth, Jessica, Darren Goossens, and Richard Welberry. "Diffuse scattering in the polymorphs of p(N-methylbenzylidene)-p-methylaniline." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C627. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314093723.

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Polymorphism refers to the ability of a solid to exist in more than one crystal structure. Apart from being of scientific interest, it is of practical importance in the pharmaceutical and chemical manufacturing industries. In pharmaceuticals the polymorphic form of the substance can affect the ease of manufacture or the rate of uptake by the human body [1]. There is consequently a great need to be able to understand, predict and control polymorphism. This work is part of a larger study using diffuse scattering methods to investigate the role of molecular flexibility and disorder in polymorphism. Diffuse scattering is sensitive to two-body correlations so can provide information about the intermolecular interactions that cannot be obtained from the Bragg peaks, such as how the displacement or orientation of a molecule is correlated with that of its neighbours. p-(N-methylbenzylidene)-p-methylaniline (MeMe) is a model system for studying polymorphic behaviour. The system is trimorphic with all three polymorphs exhibiting highly structured diffuse scattering patterns [2]. The short-range order has been modelled using the program ZMC in which the molecules are allowed to interact via Hooke's law springs and brought to thermal equilibrium using a Monte Carlo algorithm [3]. Here we present a comparison of the diffuse scattering in the different forms of MeMe and assess how successfully different models for the intermolecular interactions reproduce the observed diffuse scattering data.
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15

Zastrozhina, A. K., I. N. Zakharova, D. A. Sychev, E. A. Grishina, and K. A. Ryzhikova. "Association of CYP3A5 (6986A>G) gene polymorphism with the effectiveness of anti-inflammatory therapy in children with bronchial asthma." Rossiyskiy Vestnik Perinatologii i Pediatrii (Russian Bulletin of Perinatology and Pediatrics) 64, no. 3 (June 30, 2019): 73–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.21508/1027-4065-2019-64-3-73-77.

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Inhaled glucocorticosteroids are the main drugs used to control bronchial asthma in children. P450-cytochrome of 3A (CYP3A) family is involved in their metabolism. CYP3A5-isoenzyme plays the leading role in the respiratory tract. We described 6986A>G polymorphism in the CYP3A5 gene encoding this isoenzyme.Aim of the study. To evaluate the association of CYP3A5 (6986A> G) gene polymorphism with the effectiveness of drugs in children with bronchial asthma.Materials and methods. We examined 108 children from 6 to 17 years with bronchial asthma. The allergist carried out the dynamic outpatient polyclinic follow-up of patients, assessed the symptoms of the disease and corrected the corresponding basic therapy. All children underwent genotyping for the 6986A> G polymorphic marker of the CYP3A5 gene.Results. Ten (9.26%) children were heterozygous for the 6986A> G polymorphic marker of the CYP3A5 gene (AG genotype). The authors obtained statistically significant differences in the frequency of the AG genotype between the patients receiving control therapy for bronchial asthma of the 1st – 2nd stage and the patients with control therapy of the 3rd and higher stages in accordance with GINA criteria (p=0.031). In the group with severe bronchial asthma, the number of heterozygotes for the 6986A> G polymorphic marker of the CYP3A5 gene was significantly higher than among children with a mild course of the disease (p=0.029).Conclusion. The AG genotype and A-allele (CYP3A5 gene, A6986A> G polymorphism) are associated with the need for greater volume of control therapy for bronchial asthma and they are risk factors of a more severe course of the disease.
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16

Isakova, Zh T., E. T. Talaibekova, D. A. Asambaeva, A. S. Kerimkulova, O. S. Lunegova, and A. A. Aldashev. "Association of the polymorphic marker Glu23Lys in the KCNJ11 gene with hypertension in Kyrgyz patients." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 89, no. 1 (January 15, 2017): 14–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.17116/terarkh201789114-17.

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Aim. To study the association of the polymorphic marker Glu23Lys in the KCNJ11 with the development of hypertension in Kyrgyz patients. Subjects and methods. This case-control study enrolled 214 unrelated ethnic Kyrgyzes, in which a study group included 152 hypertensive patients (82 men and 70 women) and a control group consisted of 109 apparently healthy individuals (61 men and 48 women). The examinees’ mean age was 55.2±10.1 years. Hypertension was verified when blood pressure (BP) was above 140/90 mm Hg. Polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis was used to identify the polymorphic marker Glu23Lys in the KCNJ11 gene. Results. In the hypertension and control groups, the prevalence of 3 genotypes (Glu23Glu, Glu23Lys, and Lys23Lys) of the Glu23Lys polymorphism in the KCNJ11 gene differed significantly (χ2=8.04; p=0.018). The Lys23Lys and Glu23Lys genotypes were statistically more frequently recorded in the hypertension group and the homozygous Glu23Glu genotype was, on the contrary, more common in the control group than in the study one. In the hypertension group, the 23Lys allele frequency was statistically significantly higher than that in the control one (χ2=7.36; p=0.0067). The carriage of the 23Lys allele increased the risk of hypertension by 1.68 times (odds ratio (OR), 1.68; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.17—2.41), that of the Glu23 allele had, on the contrary, a protective effect (OR, 0.60; 95% CI, 0.41—0.86). Conclusion. The polymorphic marker Glu23Lys in the KCNJ11 gene is associated with hypertension in the Kyrgyzes. The 23Lys allele is a marker for the higher risk of hypertension.
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17

Harper, Robert, and Mark Lillibridge. "Operational interpretations of an extension of Fω with control operators." Journal of Functional Programming 6, no. 3 (May 1996): 393–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0956796800001775.

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AbstractWe study the operational semantics of an extension of Girard's System Fω with two control operators: an abort operation that abandons the current control context, and a callcc operation that captures the current control context. Two classes of operational semantics are considered, each with a call-by-value and a call-by-name variant, differing in their treatment of polymorphic abstraction and instantiation. Under the standard semantics, polymorphic abstractions are values and polymorphic instantiation is a significant computation step; under the ML-like semantics evaluation proceeds beneath polymorphic abstractions and polymorphic instantiation is computationally insignificant. Compositional, type-preserving continuation-passing style (cps) transformation algorithms are given for the standard semantics, resulting in terms on which all four evaluation strategies coincide. This has as a corollary the soundness and termination of well-typed programs under the standard evaluation strategies. In contrast, such results are obtained for the call-by-value ML-like strategy only for a restricted sub-language in which constructor abstractions are limited to values. The ML-like call-by-name semantics is indistinguishable from the standard call-by-name semantics when attention is limited to complete programs.
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18

Tamura, R., M. Horiguchi, S. Iwama, E. Shimano, H. Tsue, and H. Takahashi. "Control of polymorphic transition inducing preferential enrichment." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations of Crystallography 64, a1 (August 23, 2008): C390. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s0108767308087539.

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19

Tamura, Rui, Sekai Iwama, and Rajesh G. Gonnade. "Control of polymorphic transition inducing preferential enrichment." CrystEngComm 13, no. 17 (2011): 5269. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c1ce05294b.

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20

Anggraheni, Yuliana Galih Dyan, Enung Sri Mulyaningsih, Dody Priadi, Puspita Deswina, Yuli Sulistyowati, Eko Binnaryo Mei Adi, Ambar Yuswi Perdani, Fiqolbi Nuro, and Yashanti Berlinda Paradisa. "Polymorphic Identification of Simple Sequence Repeat (SSR) Marker for Developing Aluminum-Tolerance Upland Rice." Jurnal Biodjati 5, no. 1 (May 30, 2020): 50–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.15575/biodjati.v5i1.7990.

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SSR marker is one of the genetic markers widely applied in plant breeding programs. The application of molecular markers in plant breeding is meant to accelerate the selection of cross-progeny. The research aimed to identify the SSR primers polymorphism between the parent and control that linked to Al tolerance and verify the cross-progeny of five crosses. The result gained from 37 SSR primers used in this study showed that only nine primers are polymorphic. These nine polymorphic primers are RM257, RM214, RM247, RM205, RM490, RM262, RM569, RM271, and RM19. The application of polymorphic markers on five cross-progeny which have shown the same band pattern as the parents and tolerant control on the use of 9 SSR primers recorded as follows: RM257 2 lines, RM214 5 lines, RM247 5 lines, RM205 lines, RM490 13 lines, RM262 5 lines, RM569 7 lines, RM271 4 lines, and RM19 6 lines. The selected SSR primers linked to Al tolerance in this research can be used as a reference for molecular breeding strategies to develop new Al tolerance rice varieties in dryland conditions.
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21

Berezikova, Ye N., M. G. Pustovetova, S. N. Shilov, A. V. Yefremov, A. T. Teplyakov, I. D. Safronov, and Ye N. Samsonova. "Effects of caspase 8 gene polymorphism on the risks for development/course of chronic heart failure." Patologiya krovoobrashcheniya i kardiokhirurgiya 17, no. 2 (October 10, 2015): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.21688/1681-3472-2013-4-45-49.

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The aim of the study was to identify genetic determinants of increased risks for heart failure severity. Clinical and genetic aspects of the effects of gene polymorphism caspase 8 (polymorphic loci -652(6N)I/D and D302H) on the risks for development and severity of chronic heart failure (CHF) in patients with coronary artery disease were investigated. 277 patients with CHF were studied (182 males and 95 females aged 45 to 65 years (mean age 59.27.7 years). Genotypes were identified by using RFLP analysis of PCR products. The control group included 136 people (mean age 53.64.8 years) who had no symptoms of cardiovascular disorders. The presence of del allele and genotype del/del polymorphic locus -652(6N)I/D gene caspase 8 was associated with an increased risk for heart failure, while the allele ins and genotype ins/ins were found to serve as protective factors. Allele ins and genotype ins/ins polymorphic locus -652(6N)I/D gene caspase 8 proved to be associated with protective effects on the course of CHF in patients with coronary artery disease, while allele del and genotype del/del could be considered as predictors of an unfavorable course of the disease. The analysis revealed no significant differences in the frequency distribution of genotypes and alleles of polymorphic loci D302H gene caspase 8 in patients with chronic heart failure and in the control group, as well as in the dependence on the functional class of heart failure. The definition of polymorphism -652(6N)I/D gene caspase 8 can be recommended for early prediction of risks and severity of heart failure.
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McManus, D. P. "Enzyme analyses of natural populations of Schistocephalus solidus and Ligula intestinalis." Journal of Helminthology 59, no. 4 (December 1985): 323–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022149x00025906.

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ABSTRACTResults are reported of enzyme analyses, following isoelectric focusing (IEF) in polyacrylamide gels, of Plerocercoids of the pseudophyllidean cestodes Ligula intestinalis and Schistocephalus solidus. No polymorphic variants were detectable for the enzymes lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), malate dehydrogenase(MDH), glucose phosphate isomerase (GPI) or phosphoglucomutase (PGM) in 34 individuals of S. solidus. Similarly, no variants were observed in LDH, MDH or GPI of 159 individuals of L. intestinalis collected from four cyprinid fish species from several locations in southern England. In contrast, PGM of L. intestinalis is Polymorphic. The enzyme appears to be controlled by three loci and one of these loci, designated PGM-2, is Polymorphic with three recognizable phenotypes. The polymorphism is not related to the species orgeographical origin of infected fish and it does not reflect strain variation in L. intestinalis. Instead, it is typical of a genetic polymorphism under the control of two co-dominant alleles. Such a balanced polymorphism requires that cross-fertilization must occur, at least transiently, in L. intestinalis. The work indicates that enzymes can be used as markers in future genetic studies with cestodes, and that the combination of IEF and zymogram analysis represents an important method for the detection of cross-fertilization in these worms.
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Bertoni, Serena, Nadia Passerini, and Beatrice Albertini. "Liquid Lipids Act as Polymorphic Modifiers of Tristearin-Based Formulations Produced by Melting Technologies." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 7 (July 16, 2021): 1089. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13071089.

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Despite the growing interest in lipid-based formulations, their polymorphism is still a challenge in the pharmaceutical industry. Understanding and controlling the polymorphic behavior of lipids is a key element for achieving the quality and preventing stability issues. This study aims to evaluate the impact of different oral-approved liquid lipids (LL) on the polymorphism, phase transitions and structure of solid lipid-based formulations and explore their influence on drug release. The LL investigated were isopropyl myristate, ethyl oleate, oleic acid, medium chain trigycerides, vitamin E acetate, glyceryl monooleate, lecithin and sorbitane monooleate. Spray-congealing was selected as an example of a melting-based solvent-free manufacturing method to produce microparticles (MPs) of tristearin (Dynasan®118). During the production process, tristearin MPs crystallized in the metastable α-form. Stability studied evidenced a slow phase transition to the stable β-polymorph overtime, with the presence of the α-form still detected after 60 days of storage at 25 °C. The addition of 10% w/w of LL promoted the transition of tristearin from the α-form to the stable β-form with a kinetic varying from few minutes to days, depending on the specific LL. The combination of various techniques (DSC, X-ray diffraction analysis, Hot-stage polarized light microscopy, SEM) showed that the addition of LL significantly modified the crystal structure of tristearin-based formulations at different length scales. Both the polymorphic form and the LL addition had a strong influence on the release behavior of a model hydrophilic drug (caffeine). Overall, the addition of LL can be considered an interesting approach to control triglyceride crystallization in the β-form. From the industrial viewpoint, this approach might be advantageous as any polymorphic change will be complete before storage, hence enabling the production of stable lipid formulations.
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Chattopadhyay, Basab, and Yves Geerts. "Substrate Induced Polymorphism in Organic Thin Films." Acta Crystallographica Section A Foundations and Advances 70, a1 (August 5, 2014): C728. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2053273314092717.

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The presence of substrate induced polymorphic phases in thin films is an intriguing phenomenon with the physical and chemical factors responsible for its formation are not yet clearly understood. In particular, this is really crucial in the field of organic electronics, where the charge-transport properties are highly dependent on crystal packing, especially for organic field-effect transistors where charge transport occurs at the interface between the organic semiconductor and the dielectric. In pharmaceutical sector, thin film drug delivery is the new emerging alternative to traditional tablets and oral suspensions. The need to identify and control polymorphism induced by the substrate is thus very crucial. In this presentation, we report the structure and morphological changes associated with a substrate induced polymorphic phases in a discotic liquid crystal and a rod shaped DPP-thiophene-based molecule [1, 2]. The bulk compound and the thin films are characterized by a combination of various X-ray diffraction methods to investigate the structural properties. Atomic force microscopy and polarized optical microscopy are used to determine the thin film morphologies. This is the first experimental proof of presence of a substrate induced phase in discotic liquid crystal showcasing an unique example where the 2-D liquid crystalline phase converts to a 3-D crystal plastic phase due to nucleation caused by the solid substrate over a time scale of a month or longer. The presentation also highlights the importance of polymorphism in DPP-thiophene-based material and the specific organization that could arise from the interaction with the substrate depending on the growing conditions. Here the exact structural and the spectroscopic signatures of different polymorphic forms in bulk and in thin films could be identified. These are clearly factors to consider to induce the formation of a particular polymorph and to help to design deposition methodologies.
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Kidd, W. Christopher, Peter Varlashkin, and Chia-yu Li. "The applicability of powder X-ray diffraction to the quantification of drug substance polymorphs using a model organic system." Powder Diffraction 8, no. 3 (September 1993): 180–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0885715600018157.

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With a new emphasis on the control of polymorphism in pharmaceutical production, the need for methods to quantify polymorphic forms has arisen. Techniques using X-ray powder diffraction are increasingly being used to characterize the phases of drug substances that exist in multiple crystal forms. Current methods to identify the polymorphic phases in a drug substance include microscopy, infrared spectroscopy, thermal analysis (DSC/TGA), solid state NMR, and X-ray powder diffraction. Of the aforementioned techniques, X-ray powder diffraction provides the most effective approach to identify and quantify the different crystal phases of a pharmaceutical compound. This work is intended as a guide to the characterization and quantification of an organic crystalline system using X-ray diffraction. The approaches suggested are intended to provide assistance not only from an in-process pharmaceutical manufacturing standpoint, but also for routine quality assurance screening of polymorphic drug substances.
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Li, L., A. J. Fijneman, J. A. Kaandorp, J. Aizenberg, and W. L. Noorduin. "Directed nucleation and growth by balancing local supersaturation and substrate/nucleus lattice mismatch." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 115, no. 14 (March 19, 2018): 3575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1712911115.

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Controlling nucleation and growth is crucial in biological and artificial mineralization and self-assembly processes. The nucleation barrier is determined by the chemistry of the interfaces at which crystallization occurs and local supersaturation. Although chemically tailored substrates and lattice mismatches are routinely used to modify energy landscape at the substrate/nucleus interface and thereby steer heterogeneous nucleation, strategies to combine this with control over local supersaturations have remained virtually unexplored. Here we demonstrate simultaneous control over both parameters to direct the positioning and growth direction of mineralizing compounds on preselected polymorphic substrates. We exploit the polymorphic nature of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) to locally manipulate the carbonate concentration and lattice mismatch between the nucleus and substrate, such that barium carbonate (BaCO3) and strontium carbonate (SrCO3) nucleate only on specific CaCO3 polymorphs. Based on this approach we position different materials and shapes on predetermined CaCO3 polymorphs in sequential steps, and guide the growth direction using locally created supersaturations. These results shed light on nature’s remarkable mineralization capabilities and outline fabrication strategies for advanced materials, such as ceramics, photonic structures, and semiconductors.
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Berezikova, E. N., S. D. Mayanskaya, L. A. Garaeva, S. N. Shilov, A. V. Efremov, A. T. Teplyakov, I. D. Safronov, M. G. Pustovetova, E. N. Samsonova, and Y. Y. Torim. "Brain natriuretic peptide gene polymorphism in patients with congestive heart failure." Kazan medical journal 94, no. 4 (December 15, 2013): 433–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/kmj1944.

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Aim. To study the influence of brain natriuretic peptide gene polymorphism (polymorphic locus Т-381С) on brain natriuretic peptide serum level and congestive heart failure onset risk and clinical features in patients with coronary heart disease. Methods. 412 patients with congestive heart failure were examined. Genotyping was performed by polymerase chain reaction. Brain natriuretic peptide N-terminal fragment level was assessed by ELISA. The control group included 211 healthy controls with no signs of cardiovascular pathology on examination. Results. In healthy people with C/C genotype the level of brain natriuretic peptide N-terminal fragment was significantly higher in comparison with people carrying T/T genotype. It was found that the T allele and T/T genotype of the T-381C natriuretic peptide gene polymorphic locus was associated with high risk, severity and unfavorable clinical course of congestive heart failure in patients with coronary heart disease. At the same time, the C allele and C/C genotype emerged as a protective factor regarding the risk, severity and clinical course of the disease. Conclusion. T/T genotype carriers of the of the T-381C natriuretic peptide gene polymorphic locus are a special subgroup associated with high risk of congestive heart failure onset and unfavorable clinical course. Therefore these patients with coronary heart disease should be considered as a group requiring an out-patient control and preventive measures targeted on congestive heart failure and premature mortality prevention.
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Maksimova, MYu, YuI Dubovitskaya, MV Krotenkova, and AA Shabalina. "Prothrombogenic polymorphic variants of hemostatic and folate metabolism genes In patients with aseptic cerebral venous thrombosis." IMMUNO-ONCOLOGY, no. 5 (October 16, 2019): 79–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.24075/brsmu.2019.065.

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Cerebral venous sinus thrombosis (CVT) becomes the cause of stroke in less than 1% of patients. In 20-30% of patients, the cause of thrombosis remains unclear, and thrombosis is considered idiopathic. Inherited hypercoagulable conditions significantly increase the risk of CVT. The aim of the study was to evaluate the frequency of prothrombogenic polymorphic variants of hemostatic and methionine-homocysteine metabolism genes alleles and genotypes in patients with aseptic CVT. Fifty one patients aged 18–75 with aseptic CVT were examined. The control group included 36 healthy volunteers. Neuroimaging methods included brain MRI in standard modes (T1, T2, T2 d-f (FLAIR), DWI) and MR venosinusography. All patients were surveyed to identify carriers of prothrombogenic polymorphic variants of hemostatic and folate metabolism genes alleles and genotypes. Prothrombogenic polymorphic variants of hemostatic genes were detected in 94% of patients, and the variants of the methionine-homocysteine metabolism genes were observed in 86% of patients. The differences between distributions of alleles and genotypes 5G6754G of the PAI-1 gene, G103T of the FXIIIA1 gene, A66G of the MTRR gene, A2756G of the MTR gene in the group of patients with CVT and in the control group were significant. Allele 4G, genotypes 4G/4G and 5G/4G of 5G6754G polymorphism of the PAI-1 gene; allele T of G103Т polymorphism of the FXIIIA1 gene; allele G and genotype A/G of A66G polymorphism of the MTRR gene; allele G and genotype A/G of A2756G polymorphism of the MTR gene correlated with aseptic CVT. It was concluded that the gene polymorphisms 5G6754G (PAI-1), G103T (FXIIIA1), A66G (MTRR) and A2756G (MTR) carriage increased the risk of aseptic CVT and did not affect the thrombosis clinical manifestations.
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29

Luo, W., Z. Zhang, and X. Wang. "Designing polymorphic circuits with polymorphic gates: a general design approach." IET Circuits, Devices & Systems 1, no. 6 (2007): 470. http://dx.doi.org/10.1049/iet-cds:20070057.

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30

Lebedenko, A. A., T. P. Shkurat, E. V. Mashkina, O. E. Semernik, T. K. Dreyzina, and E. B. Tyurina. "ASSOCIATION OF MATRIX METALLOPROTEINASES GENE POLYMORPHISM WITH CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS OF BRONCHIAL ASTHMA IN CHILDREN." Medical Immunology (Russia) 20, no. 6 (December 15, 2018): 905–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.15789/1563-0625-2018-6-905-912.

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In the present study, we have examined association between different polymorphic variants of metalloproteinases genes and clinical manifestations of bronchial asthma in children. We observed 103 patients including 42 children with an established diagnosis of asthma. Moreover, 61 persons were examined in the control group. All patients underwent genetic testing by allele-specific polymerase chain reaction. In particular, 320A>C polymorphic locus of ММР20 gene; Val275Ala ММР20, and -8202A>G gene ММР9 were analyzed.We have found that 30 patients (71.4% of total) had bronchial asthma of mild severity, 9 children (21.4%) exhibited moderate degree, and 3 patients (7%) had severe-grade disease. Homozygous C/C variant of the polymorphic ММР20 gene, 320A>C heterozygous variant of the ММР20 Val275Ala polymorphism, and heterozygous locus of -8202A>G ММР9 gene were found to be most frequent among the children with asthma. Generally, we have observed that the frequencies of the studied alleles and genotypes did not significantly differ berween the asthma patients and children from the control group (p < 0.05). However, in patients with GGgenotype of -8202A>G ММР9 polymorphism combined with homozygosity for the C allele of ММР20 320A>C, a more severe disease was observed, being combined with polyvalent sensitization and high total IgE levels in blood serum.In conclusion, frequencies of alleles and genotypes among patients with asthma did not show any statistically significant differences from the group of healthy children. The patients homozygous for G allele of ММР9 -8202A>G polymorphism gene and for the C allele ММР20 gene (320A>C) seem to be predisposed for a more severe clinical course of the disease.
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Murnane, Darragh, Christopher Marriott, and Gary P. Martin. "Polymorphic control of inhalation microparticles prepared by crystallization." International Journal of Pharmaceutics 361, no. 1-2 (September 2008): 141–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.05.033.

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32

Petunina, N. A., N. S. Martirosian, L. V. Trukhina, S. V. Saakyan, O. G. Panteleeva, A. M. Burdennyy, and V. V. Nosikov. "Association between polymorphic markers in candidate genes and the risk of manifestationof endocrine ophthalmopathy in patients with Graves’ disease." Terapevticheskii arkhiv 90, no. 10 (October 15, 2018): 35–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.26442/terarkh201890104-39.

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Aim. To analyze the association between the polymorphic markers in CTLA4, TNF, IL10 and IL16 genes and the risk of manifestation of endocrine ophthalmopathy (EO) in patients with Graves’ disease (GD). Materials and methods. Case-control study included 248 patients with GD. Using polymerase chain reaction we studied the distribution of alleles and genotypes of polymorphic markers such as A60G (rs3087243) in CTLA4 gene, G(-308)A (rs1800629) in TNF gene, G(-1082)A (rs1800896) in IL10 gene, T3249C (rs4778641) in IL16 gene among 141 patients with Graves’ disease and EO and 107 patients with GD without EO. Results and discussion. The frequencies of A alleles and the AA genotypes were significantly increased and the frequencies of G alleles and the GG genotype polymorphic markers rs3087243 of CTLA4 gene and rs1800896 of IL10 gene, as well as the GG genotype polymorphic marker rs1800629 of TNF gene were reduced in patients with GD and EO. The polymorphism in CTLA4 gene was also associated with the activity and the severity of EO. The comparative analysis of the allele and genotype frequency distribution of polymorphic markers of IL16 gene did not show the significant difference. Conclusion. The risk of manifestation and the development of EO in patients with Graves’ disease can be caused by not only environmental, but also genetic risk factors.
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Rosmaina, Rosmaina, Dedi Mulyadi, Rita Elfianis, and Zulfahmi Zulfahmi. "KERAGAMAN GENETIK MUTAN M-2 CABAI MERAH KERITING (Capsicum annuum L.) BERDASARKAN PENANDA RAPD." Jurnal Agroteknologi 10, no. 2 (March 20, 2020): 92. http://dx.doi.org/10.24014/ja.v10i2.8780.

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Chili is an important horticultural plant in Indonesia. This research aims to carry out RAPD analysis on Mutant M2 of chili pepper (Capsicum annuum L.). Six M2 genotypes of chili irradiated by gamma ray and control plants were amplified by 16 random primers. The amplification results of M2 chili with 16 primers produced 118 loci, with fragment sizes ranging from 150-2000 bp. The number of polymorphic loci was 96 loci and the percentage of polymorphic loci was 83.23%. The DNA fragment polymorphism produced in this research was relatively high and it showed that the gamma ray mutagen applied produced high chili genetic diversity. The value of genetic similarity between control plants and mutant plants ranged from 0.7474 to 0.4874. UPGMA dendogram classified seven genotypes tested into three groups, the first group consisted of mutants R2U6 and R2U17, the second group was mutants R1U14 and R1U17, and the third group was mutants R2U8, mutants R2U2 and control plants. The finding of this research can be used as a basic selection of genetic material for chili’s breeding in the future.
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34

Чуйкин, Олег, Oleg Chuykin, Орест ТОПОЛЬНИЦКИЙ, Orest TOPOL'NICKIY, Марсель Гильманов, Marsel' Gil'manov, Татьяна Викторова, Tat'yana Viktorova, Наталья Макушева, and Natal'ya Makusheva. "IMPORTANCE OF THE DETERMINATION OF POLYMORPHIC VARIANTS -1298A> C AND -677C> T METHYLENETHERADHYDROPHOLATE REDUCTASE GENE IN PREDICTION OF THE CONGENITAL PATHOLOGY OF MAXILLOFACIAL AREA." Actual problems in dentistry 14, no. 2 (July 25, 2018): 126–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18481/2077-7566-2018-14-2-126-130.

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Study of the determination of the polymorphic variants -1298A> C and -677C> T of the gene of methylenetetrahydrofolatereductase (MTHFR) in predicting the congenital pathology of the maxillofacial area. Objectives. To study the role of polymorphisms -1298A> C and -677C> T of the MTHFR folate cycle gene in the formation in patients with congenital pathology of the maxillofacial area. Methods. We analyzed the frequency distribution of genotypes and alleles according to polymorphism 1298 A> C of the MTHFR gene. We also analyzed the frequency distribution of genotypes and alleles according to polymorphism 677C> T of the MTHFR gene in a group of patients (n = 37) with congenital pathology of the maxillofacial area and control group (n = 46). Results. Genetic marker of the disease congenital pathology of the maxillofacial area is the genotype of the SS polymorphic locus 1298 A> C of the MTHFR gene. Its frequency was 13.6% against 2% in the control. In the calculation of odds ratios index following values were obtained: OR-7,32; CI95% -1.51-48.51. The results confirm the predictive value of a mutant CC genotype -1298A>C MTHFR gene as a risk of congenital disease pathology maxillofacial area. There was no statistically significant differences between patients and the control group for the distribution of frequencies of genotypes and alleles of the locus 677 C> T of the MTHFR gene. Conclusions. Genetic marker of congenital pathology of the maxillofacial area is the genotype of the SS polymorphic locus 1298 A> C of the MTHFR gene. The obtained data can be used, to predict a congenital pathology of the maxillofacial area with the purpose of treatment and prevention.
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Kuznetsova, O. O., S. Yu Nikulina, A. A. Chernova, V. N. Maximov, and G. V. Matyushin. "β-1-adrenoreceptor gene polymorphism role in the development of dilated cardiomyopathy." Russian Medical Inquiry 4, no. 7 (2020): 394–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.32364/2587-6821-2020-4-7-394-398.

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Aim: to identify patterns of development of idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) and ischemic cardiomyopathy (ICM) by studying the rs 1801252 (Ser49Gly) polymorphic variant of the ADRB1 gene.Patients and Methods: a cohort of 221 patients (mean age — 55.30±9.69 years) was examined. All respondents underwent a standard set of laboratory and instrumental examinations, including coronary angiography. The first group included 111 patients with IDC, 99 of them (89.2%) were men, who were excluded from probable factors of dilated cardiomyopathy. The second group included 110 patients with IDC, including 100 (91.5%) men who had reliable signs of CHD. The control group included 221 people (mean age — 53.6±4.8 years) without signs of cardiovascular diseases. A molecular genetic study of the rs 1801252 (Ser49Gly) polymorphism of the ADRB1 gene was performed in all patients and in the control group. Results: among patients with IDC of both gender, 70.3% were carriers of the common homozygous A145A genotype, 27.0% of the heterozygous A145G genotype, and 2.7% of the rare homozygous G145G genotype. In the control group, there was also a predominant number of patients who carried the homozygous genotype for the common A145A allele — 71.9%. Carriers of the heterozygous A145G genotype were 25.3%, and the homozygous G145G genotype for a rare allele — 2.7%. The analysis of the genotypes frequency distribution of the polymorphic locus rs 1801252 (Ser49Gly) of the ADRB1 gene in patients with IDC and in the control group showed no differences. In the group of patients with ICM, the frequency of the common homozygous A145A genotype was 68.2%, there were fewer patients with the heterozygous A145G genotype — 29.1%, and the rare homozygous G145G genotype was detected in 2.7% of cases. There was no association with the ICM 1801252 (Ser49Gly) polymorphism of the ADRB1 gene in the group of patients with ICM, since the results of comparison with the control group data showed no statistically significant differences. At the same time, there were differences in the frequency of alleles of the polymorphic locus rs1801252 (Ser49Gly) of the ADRB1 gene: in male patients with IDC and ICM, the 145A allele was statistically significantly more common (p=0.0001) than in the control group.Conclusion: the data obtained suggest that the carrier of the 145A allele of the ADRB1 gene may serve as an additional risk factor for the development of dilated cardiomyopathy.KEYWORDS: dilated cardiomyopathy, ischemic cardiomyopathy, genetic polymorphism, β-1-adrenergic receptor gene, heart failure, genetic predisposition.FOR CITATION: Kuznetsova O.O., Nikulina S.Yu., Chernova A.A. et al. β-1-adrenoreceptor gene polymorphism role in the development of dilated cardiomyopathy. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2020;4(7):394–398. DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2020-4-7-394-398.
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36

Winkelmann, Dianne C., Laura D. Querengesser, and Ross B. Hodgetts. "Growth hormone restriction fragment length polymorphisms that segregate with 42-day live weight of mice." Genome 33, no. 2 (April 1, 1990): 235–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/g90-037.

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The known correlation between growth hormone levels and growth rate in a number of species prompted us to examine if polymorphic restriction fragment alleles at the growth hormone locus in mice might be associated with differentiable rates of growth. An F2 population of mice was generated from crosses between a line selected for high 42-day weight and an unselected control line. The original selected and control lines exhibited mean 42-day weights of 30.6 ± 3.8 and 20.5 ± 2.6 g, respectively. Since the two lines also differed with respect to the restriction fragments detected by hybridization to a rat growth hormone cDNA probe, an analysis of the F2 generation was carried out to determine whether this polymorphism could be considered a quantitative trait locus for 42-day weight. The results of the analysis indicated that a polymorphic HindIII restriction fragment was correlated (P < 0.05) with 42-day weight. However, the allele that was positively correlated with weight was the one that was fixed in the original control line, rather than the one from the selected line. While these findings support the potential use of restriction fragment length polymorphisms in quantitative trait evaluation of livestock, they also emphasize the requirement for testing such potential quantitative trait loci in the appropriate genetic background.Key words: mice, growth rate, quantitative trait loci, restriction fragment length polymorphism.
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37

Foster, Jonathan A., Krishna K. Damodaran, Antoine Maurin, Graeme M. Day, Hugh P. G. Thompson, Gary J. Cameron, Jenifer Cuesta Bernal, and Jonathan W. Steed. "Pharmaceutical polymorph control in a drug-mimetic supramolecular gel." Chemical Science 8, no. 1 (2017): 78–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6sc04126d.

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38

Razgildina, Natalia D., Valentina V. Miroshnikova, Aleksey V. Fomichev, Ekaterina V. Malisheva, Alexandra A. Panteleeva, and Sofia N. Pchelina. "Investigation of paraoxonase 1 activity of the workers at the plant, who have long-term contact with organophosphorus compounds." Ecological genetics 15, no. 1 (March 15, 2017): 57. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/ecogen15157-63.

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Background. Liver enzyme paraoxonase 1 (PON1) plays an important role in protection the organism from toxic effects of organophosphorus compounds (OPs) via their hydrolysis whose rate and efficiency depend on PON1 serum level activity. PON1 activity is largely determined by the polymorphic variants of the PON1 gene. Effect of long-term work with exposure to the toxic OPs on the PON1 activity is almost unknown. The aim of the present work was to study the effect of long-term work with exposure to the toxic OPs on PON1 serum enzymatic activity depending on polymorphisms Q191R, L54M, C(-108)T PON1 gene. Materials and methods. PON1 serum enzymatic activity and PON1 polymorphisms were determined in men, who were categorized in 2 groups: workers of companies providing storage and disposal of the OPs (68) and control group (37). The PON1 191, PON1 55 and PON1 108 polymorphisms were studied by polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism. PON1 serum enzymatic activity was measured by a spectrophotometric method using paraoxon. Results. PON1 activity in workers with exposure to the toxic OPs relative was increased compared to the control group (p = 0,027). Differences in serum PON1 activity was shown for the carriers of certain genotypes of the PON1 gene: PON1 serum activity was higher in workers compared to controls only for LL genotype (L54M polymorphism) and C allele (C(-108)T polymorphism) carriers (p < 0,001 and p = 0,002, correspondently). Conclusion. We suggest that the increase in serum PON1 activity in workers providing storage and disposal of OPs could be modulated with the polymorphic variants of the PON1 gene.
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39

Padrela, L. M., B. Castro-Dominguez, A. Ziaee, B. Long, K. M. Ryan, G. Walker, and E. J. O'Reilly. "Co-crystal polymorphic control by nanodroplet and electrical confinement." CrystEngComm 21, no. 18 (2019): 2845–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ce00060g.

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The polymorphic control of the co-crystal carbamazepine–saccharin (CBZ–SAC) metastable form II was achieved by nano-droplet confinement in tandem with droplet surface charging induced by electrospraying the precursor solution.
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40

Hassan, HJ, M. Orlando, A. Leonardi, C. Chelucci, R. Guerriero, PM Mannucci, G. Mariani, and C. Peschle. "Intragenic Factor IX restriction site polymorphism in hemophilia B variants." Blood 65, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 441–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v65.2.441.441.

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Abstract This study includes 47 normal subjects and 25 hemophilia B patients without inhibitor(s), showing different factor IX coagulant activity and antigen levels. Genomic DNA, digested with various restriction endonucleases, was hybridized with two different factor IX probes, ie, the cDNA and the subgenomic probe for the intragenic TaqI polymorphic site. cDNA restriction patterns suggest absence of gross rearrangements and/or deletions in all hemophilic patients. The frequency of the X chromosome bearing the TaqI polymorphic site is 0.32 +/- 0.09 in hemophilic subjects v 0.36 +/- 0.06 in normal control subjects, the latter value being comparable to that reported for the normal British population. No association between this polymorphism and hemophilia B variants has been observed, thus indicating that a wide spectrum of mutations underlies this blood-clotting disorder and particularly each of its variants.
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41

Hassan, HJ, M. Orlando, A. Leonardi, C. Chelucci, R. Guerriero, PM Mannucci, G. Mariani, and C. Peschle. "Intragenic Factor IX restriction site polymorphism in hemophilia B variants." Blood 65, no. 2 (February 1, 1985): 441–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1182/blood.v65.2.441.bloodjournal652441.

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This study includes 47 normal subjects and 25 hemophilia B patients without inhibitor(s), showing different factor IX coagulant activity and antigen levels. Genomic DNA, digested with various restriction endonucleases, was hybridized with two different factor IX probes, ie, the cDNA and the subgenomic probe for the intragenic TaqI polymorphic site. cDNA restriction patterns suggest absence of gross rearrangements and/or deletions in all hemophilic patients. The frequency of the X chromosome bearing the TaqI polymorphic site is 0.32 +/- 0.09 in hemophilic subjects v 0.36 +/- 0.06 in normal control subjects, the latter value being comparable to that reported for the normal British population. No association between this polymorphism and hemophilia B variants has been observed, thus indicating that a wide spectrum of mutations underlies this blood-clotting disorder and particularly each of its variants.
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42

Mykolaivna Semianiv, Marianna, Larysa Petrivna Sydorchuk, Valentyna Stepanivna Dzhuryak, Oleg Vasylovich Gerush, Alina Oleksandrivna Palamar, Natalia Yaroslavivna Muzyka, Oksana Mykolaivna Korovenkova, et al. "Association of AGTR1 (rs5186), VDR (rs2228570) genes polymorphism with blood pressure elevation in patients with essential arterial hypertension." Journal of Medicine and Life 14, no. 6 (December 2021): 782–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.25122/jml-2021-0018.

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Essential arterial hypertension (EAH) is a polygenic disease due to environmental, genetic, and epigenomic factors. The study aimed to establish the association of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of AGTR1 (rs5186) and VDR (rs2228570) genes with the blood pressure (BP) elevation in EAH patients. 100 EAH subjects with hypertensive-mediated organ damaging (2nd stage), moderate, high, or very high cardiovascular risk were recruited into the case-control study. There were 70.83% females and 29.17% males, mean age 57.86±7.81 y.o. The control group included 60 healthy individuals of relevant age and gender distribution. Estimation of AGTR1 (rs5186) and VDR (rs2228570) gene polymorphism was performed by Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction. In EAH patients, the AGTR1 gene (rs5186) mutation occurs with a frequency of 2.78% in the absence of such among healthy individuals. The VDR (rs2228570) gene mutation occurs with a frequency of 23% cases. The C-allele carriers’ (AGTR1 gene) numbers with 2nd and 3rd BP values degree dominate over AA-genotype patients by 25.32% (χ2=4.52; р=0.033). VDR gene (rs2228570) polymorphic variants do not link to BP elevation values. Thus, the C-allele of the AGTR1 gene (rs5186) is associated with BP elevation in hypertensive patients. BP values do not depend on VDR gene (rs2228570) polymorphic variants.
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Terekhov, Roman Petrovich, Denis Igorevich Pankov, Ekaterina Aleksandrovna Anfinogenova, and Irina Anatolievna Selivanova. "Polymorphism control of active pharmaceutical ingredients." Farmacevticheskoe delo i tehnologija lekarstv (Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Technology), no. 6 (September 15, 2021): 37–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/med-13-2112-03.

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Рolymorphism is receiving increasing attention due to its influence on the physicochemical and pharmacological properties of the active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) while maintaining the molecular structure. This review is devoted to the problem of APIs phase state control both at the development stage and during the circulation of the drug. The term «polymorphism» has different definitions depending on the branch of science. There is no unambiguous solution to this issue in the regulatory documentation of pharmaceutical industry either. Based on the analysis of literary sources, the article presents a comparison of pharmacopeia methods, recommended in Russian and foreign regulatory documents for the analysis of polymorphism of medicinal substances, including state pharmacopeias of Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, the USA, and Japan, as well as international pharmacopeias of the European Economic Union and the Eurasian Economic Union. The trend on using a complex of high-tech equipment is revealed. A systematic approach to analysis based on X-ray diffraction, thermal, spectral, microscopic, biological, and physical methods for determining constants makes it possible not only to identify the polymorphic modification of API, but also to characterize its structure, morphology, physicochemical properties and pharmacological activity. In the Russian Federation, the phenomenon of polymorphism is being studied especially intensively, and some control methods, such as biological methods, are validated only in Russian pharmacopeia. A promising direction for further research is the improvement and harmonization of regulatory documentation within the framework of this chemical and technological field of pharmacy. A global approach will help to reduce not only the probability of poor-quality products entering the market, but also the costs of establishing the authenticity of the active pharmaceutical ingredient produced.
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Ramazanova, F. U., V. E. Radzinsky, M. B. Khamoshina, M. M. Azova, and A. Ismailova. "Role of polymorphic loci <i>VDR</i> rs10735810, <i>MTHFR</i> rs1801131, <i>MTHFR</i> rs1801133, <i>MTR</i> rs1805087,<i> MTRR</i> rs1801394 AND <i>VEGFA</i> rs3025039 in missed abortion: A prospective cohort study." Kuban Scientific Medical Bulletin 29, no. 3 (June 26, 2022): 46–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.25207/1608-6228-2022-29-3-46-61.

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Background. Premature termination of pregnancy, including miscarriage, remains among the critical problems in modern obstetrics and gynaecology practices. In the context of early gestational failure and the notion that 80% of early miscarriages are triggered by genetic reset — some natural filter — an analysis of current knowledge of the genetic aspects of missed abortion (MA) appears relevant.Objectives. A study of the haplotype frequencies for VDR rs10735810, MTHFR rs1801131, MTHFR rs1801133, MTR rs1805087, MTRR rs1801394 and VEGFA rs3025039 polymorphic loci and their association with vitamin D deficiency in women with missed abortion.Methods. A total of 178 women aged 18 to 41 years were examined. The main cohort consisted of MA patients (n = 101) who were divided between cohort I (n = 58; patients with primary MA) and cohort II (n = 43; patients with recurrent MA). The control cohort (n = 77) consisted of women with a successful pregnancy (Z34.0) entailing a term and live birth. Genotyping of polymorphic loci VDR rs10735810, MTHFR rs1801131, MTHFR rs1801133, MTR rs1805087, MTRR rs1801394 and VEGFA rs3025039 was performed in 177 patients. Total serum 25(OH) D (n = 99) was determined by mass spectrometry. Statistical analysis was carried out using the Statistica v. 10 data analysis software (StatSoft, Russia; TIBCO, USA). Results. No differences were revealed for the frequencies of studied haplotypes between MA women and those who gave birth to healthy full-term newborns (p >0.1). No association was found between first-trimester MA and the presence of polymorphic loci variants (p >0.1). The GG haplotype of gene VDR is even less frequent in recurrent MA patients than in control (14.0% vs. 23.7%; OR = 2.29; 95% CI: 0.738–7.075). The GG haplotype of gene MTR has a 2-fold higher frequency in primary MA patients compared to control, albeit at no statistical significance (8.6 vs. 4.0%). Haplotype TT of the gene VEGF polymorphism occurs even less frequently in primary MA patients than in control (3.5 vs. 7.9%, respectively). Patients with first-trimester MA exhibited an association between vitamin D deficiency and the frequency of polymorphic variants VDR rs10735810 (p = 0.0304) and MTHFR rs1801133 (p = 0.0180). The other studied genes did not reveal such an association.Conclusion. The study demonstrates a pathogenetic association of polymorphic variants VDR rs10735810 and MTHFR rs1801133 with missed abortion and vitamin D deficiency.
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Gao, Jiabin, Mohan M. Bhadbhade, and Roger Bishop. "Solvent–guest control of two extremely similar tetrahydrofuran inclusion structures." Acta Crystallographica Section B Structural Science, Crystal Engineering and Materials 70, no. 1 (January 16, 2014): 126–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1107/s2052520613031727.

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Racemic 2,4,6,8-tetracarbomethoxybicyclo[3.3.0]octa-2,6-diene-3,7-diol, C16H18O10(1), was known previously to yield two solvent-free polymorphs and also a clathrate inclusion crystal form. Crystallization of (1) yields two inclusion compounds containing tetrahydrofuran (THF): (1)4·THF is obtained from a mixture of THF and methanol, whereas (1)2·THF is obtained from pure THF. The X-ray crystal structures reveal that the two compounds are extremely similar and that their host arrangements are essentially identical. They differ, however, in the proportion, orientation and host–guest interaction of the included THF molecules. The disordered guest molecules in (1)4·THF are oriented along the guest channel direction, whereas in (1)2·THF they lie across the channel. This unusual solvent–guest control of inclusion structures has implications relating to the formation of polymorphic structures and other competing crystal forms.
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Amir-Mohammadian, Sepehr, and Mehran S. Fallah. "Noninterference in a predicative polymorphic calculus for access control." Computer Languages, Systems & Structures 39, no. 3 (October 2013): 109–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.cl.2013.06.001.

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47

Thiers, B. H. "A case-control study of polymorphic eruption of pregnancy." Yearbook of Dermatology and Dermatologic Surgery 2009 (January 2009): 300–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0093-3619(08)79059-2.

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48

Regnier, Stephanie, Virginie Fermand, Pierre Levy, Serge Uzan, and Selim Aractingi. "A case-control study of polymorphic eruption of pregnancy." Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 58, no. 1 (January 2008): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jaad.2007.08.015.

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49

Chunming, Qiao, Mei Yousong, Yoo Myungsik, and Zhang Xijun. "Polymorphic Control for Cost-Effective Design of Optical Networks." European Transactions on Telecommunications 11, no. 1 (January 2000): 17–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ett.4460110104.

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50

Hermanto, Martin Wijaya, Min-Sen Chiu, Xing-Yi Woo, and Richard D. Braatz. "Robust optimal control of polymorphic transformation in batch crystallization." AIChE Journal 53, no. 10 (2007): 2643–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aic.11266.

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