Journal articles: 'Polymers Recycling'

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Yuan, Liyun, and Yong Shen. "A Review of Research on Recyclable Polymer Materials." MATEC Web of Conferences 363 (2022): 01025. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236301025.

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Polymer materials have been widely used in applications ranging from aerospace, automobile transportation, medical and health care due to their excellent properties. The current linear production and disposal model of polymeric materials has raised concerns about the continuous consumption of limited fossil fuels and the severe environmental crises. To address the dual challenges of the environment and resources, it is necessary to develop sustainable polymers and more promising recycling strategies. This contribution summarizes the recent research on the preparation of sustainable polymers and their chemical recycling, including polyesters, polycarbonates, polythioesters and polyurethanes.

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Hawkins, W. L. "Recycling of polymers." Conservation & Recycling 10, no. 1 (January 1987): 15–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0361-3658(87)90003-8.

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Et. al., Balwant Singh,. "Processing and Recycling of thermoplastic polymers: Current Scenario and Future Challenges." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 2 (April 11, 2021): 2744–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i2.2303.

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Thermoplastic polymers are extensively utilized in electronics, aerospace, automobile and additive manufacturing industries due to low cost, low temperature processing and reusability. Thermoplastics of different grades and chemical structures arereadily available in the market They can be reusedand reshaped, and also can be manufactured with less weight proportion as compared to the metals and ceramics by providing same strength of material. As a result, the plastics products in the market are getting popular day by day with high demand of customized products due to inception of additive manufacturing technologies. In any case, the issue of recycling these materials is challenge due to enormous energy requirements and varying chemical composition of different polymers. There are both mechanical and financial issues that restrict the advancements in this field. The recycling process of polymers can be done by the four different ways such as primary recycling process, secondary recycling process, tertiary recycling process and quaternary recycling process which can be discussed in this systematic review with practical examples. The modifications and implementation of these polymer waste recycling techniques could help to reduce wastage and save material cost which would directly affect the economy of contemporary industries.

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SANDA, Fumio. "Chemical Recycling of Polymers." Kobunshi 52, no. 4 (2003): 275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/kobunshi.52.275.

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Kaminsky, W. "Thermal recycling of polymers." Journal of Analytical and Applied Pyrolysis 8 (April 1985): 439–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-2370(85)80042-5.

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SEMINOG, V. V., and V. D. MYSHAK. "RECYCLING, MODIFICATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF NEW COMPOSITE MATERIALS BASED ON POLYMER WASTE." Polymer journal 44, no. 4 (December 15, 2022): 255–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/polymerj.44.04.255.

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The review article considers the current problem of environmental pollution with polymer waste. To solve one of the highest priority tasks, their recycling is considered, which is advisable from an economic, practical and scientific point of view. An assessment of the resources of secondary polymeric raw materials was made. The main ways of utilization of polymeric waste are given. The features of polymer waste recycling methods are determined. The issues of modification of polymer wastes are considered and the main methods of compatibilization of polymer mixtures are shown. Particular attention is paid to the methods and mechanisms of compatibilization of polymer composites based on recycled thermoplastics and crumb rubber from waste tires as a means of obtaining new composite polymer materials with valuable performance properties. The dependence of the properties of polymer composites on the filler concentration, particle size and shape, surface treatment methods, type and content, modifying additives and compatibilizers is shown. The creation of polymer composites based on secondary polymers and fillers of various nature contributes to the solution of social and economic problems of polymer waste.

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Harmsen, Paulien, Michiel Scheffer, and Harriette Bos. "Textiles for Circular Fashion: The Logic behind Recycling Options." Sustainability 13, no. 17 (August 30, 2021): 9714. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13179714.

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For the textile industry to become sustainable, knowledge of the origin and production of resources is an important theme. It is expected that recycled feedstock will form a significant part of future resources to be used. Textile recycling (especially post-consumer waste) is still in its infancy and will be a major challenge in the coming years. Three fundamental problems hamper a better understanding of the developments on textile recycling: the current classification of textile fibres (natural or manufactured) does not support textile recycling, there is no standard definition of textile recycling technologies, and there is a lack of clear communication about the technological progress (by industry and brands) and benefits of textile recycling from a consumer perspective. This may hamper the much-needed further development of textile recycling. This paper presents a new fibre classification based on chemical groups and bonds that form the backbone of the polymers of which the fibres are made and that impart characteristic properties to the fibres. In addition, a new classification of textile recycling was designed based on the polymer structure of the fibres. These methods make it possible to unravel the logic and preferred recycling routes for different fibres, thereby facilitating communication on recycling. We concluded that there are good recycling options for mono-material streams within the cellulose, polyamide and polyester groups. For blended textiles, the perspective is promising for fibre blends within a single polymer group, while combinations of different polymers may pose problems in recycling.

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Paladiichuk, Yuriy, and Inna Telyatnuk. "JUSTIFICATION OF METHODS OF POLYMERIC WASTE PROCESSING IN AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION." ENGINEERING, ENERGY, TRANSPORT AIC, no. 4(115) (December 24, 2021): 97–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.37128/2520-6168-2021-4-11.

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The development of industry has led to the unlimited technological application of polymers, ranging from plastic bags, rubber, fabrics, paper and other materials. Displacing traditional materials, polymer products began to be used in agriculture. Polymers are used to make films for soil cover (mulching), anti-hail nets, shaft bushings, gears, body parts, tanks for storage and transportation of fertilizers and working fluids and many other parts. The operational properties of polymer products are becoming more and more perfect, but at the same time the methods of polymer waste management and their utilization are being developed and complicated. Over time, they can no longer be used for their intended purpose, so they are discarded and sent to landfills, while polymers are valuable structural materials and their reuse will not only be positive for the environment, but can also become a profitable branch of the agro-industrial complex. Pellet production is one of the methods of recycling polymer waste, which in the future can be used for the production of new parts, as well as added to the composition of composite materials based on organic or mineral fillers. This article examines the problem of recycling polymer waste by improving their processing technologies. The analysis of existing methods of utilization and processing of polymeric waste generated in agriculture is carried out. Determination of physical and mechanical properties of polymer waste, in particular thermoplastics. Taking into account the received information, conclusions are made and the analysis of methods of utilization and processing of polymeric waste in secondary raw materials is carried out.

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Hadi, Jasim, Faisal Najmuldeen, and Iqbal Ahmed. "Quality restoration of waste polyolefin plastic material through the dissolution-reprecipitation technique." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 20, no. 2 (2014): 163–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq120526119h.

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This study examines the restoration of waste plastic polymers based on LDPE, HDPE or PP through dissolution/reprecipitation. Experimental conditions of the recycling process, including type of solvent/non-solvent, original polymer concentration and dissolution temperature were optimized. Results revealed that by using the different prepared solvents/non-solvents at various ratios and temperatures, the polymer recovery was always greater than 94%. The FTIR spectra and the thermal properties (melting point and crystallinity) of the polymers before and after recycling were measured using Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC). Mechanical properties of the waste polymer before and after recycling were also measured. Besides small occasional deviations, the properties did not change. The tensile strength at maximum load was 7.1, 18.8, and 7.4 MPa for the recycled LDPE, HDPE and PP, respectively and 7.78, 18.54 and 7.86 MPa for the virgin polymer. For the waste, the strength was 6.2, 15.58 and 6.76 MPa.

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Sikorska, Wanda, Marta Musioł, Barbara Zawidlak-Węgrzyńska, and Joanna Rydz. "End-of-Life Options for (Bio)degradable Polymers in the Circular Economy." Advances in Polymer Technology 2021 (April 10, 2021): 1–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/6695140.

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End-of-life options for plastics include recycling and energy recovery (incineration). Taking into account the polymeric waste, recycling is the intentional action that is aimed at reducing the amount of waste deposited in landfills by industrial use of this waste to obtain raw materials and energy. The incineration of waste leads to recovery of the energy only. Recycling methods divide on mechanical (reuse of waste as a full-valuable raw material for further processing), chemical (feedstock recycling), and organic (composting and anaerobic digestion). The type of recycling is selected in terms of the polymeric material, origin of the waste, possible toxicity of the waste, and its flammability. The (bio)degradable polymers show the suitability for every recycling methods. But recycling method should be used in such a form that it is economically justified in a given case. Organic recycling in a circular economy is considered to be the most appropriate technology for the disposal of compostable waste. It is addressed for plastics capable for industrial composting such as cellulose films, starch blends, and polyesters. The biological treatment of organic waste leads also to a decrease of landfills and thereby reducing methane emissions from them. If we add to their biodegradability the absence of toxicity, we have a biotechnological product of great industrial interest. The paper presents the overview on end-of-life options useful for the (bio)degradable polymers. The principles of the circular economy and its today development were also discussed.

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Hamarat, Ibrahim, Emel Kuram, and Babur Ozcelik. "Investigation the mechanical, rheological, and morphological properties of acrylonitrile butadiene styrene blends with different recycling number content." Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering 232, no. 4 (July 4, 2017): 449–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0954408917717994.

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In this study, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene polymer was exposed to 12 injection cycles to investigate the influence of recycling number on the mechanical, rheological, and morphological properties. Also, binary and ternary blends including different weight percentages and recycling number of virgin–recycled polymers were prepared. A slight decrement was found in the tensile strength values with recycling number. All blends including recycled polymer (binary or ternary) gave lower tensile strength values with respect to 100% virgin polymer. Strain at break value was decreased after twelve times recycling; however, no clear tendency was observed with the presence of different ratios of virgin polymer to recycled polymer. Impact strength of the polymer decreased with recycling number. There was relatively large drop in the third recycling, from 72 kJ/m2 to 38.5 kJ/m2; however, further recycling induced in a slower drop in the impact strength to 32.5 kJ/m2. All blends including recycled material gave lower impact strength values as compared to 100% virgin polymer. It was observed that the melt flow index values increased with the recycling number, a total of 26.53% after twelve times recycling. All blends containing recycled material showed higher melt flow index values as compared to 100% virgin polymer.

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Sharifah Shahnaz, Syed Bakar, Rita Khanna, Sahajwalla Veena, Hussin Kamarudin, N. Z. Noimam, and Sung Ting Sam. "Characterizations on the Effect of Processing of Polymers Blend with Petroleum Coke (Part I)." Advanced Materials Research 795 (September 2013): 644–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.795.644.

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Global demand for plastics has grown significantly over the past decades, and will continue to expand with rising income levels in emerging economies; a number of approaches have been used to recycle polymer waste. While chemical recycling is one of the key methods used as it recovers and reuses the polymer in high-end product; new avenues for waste recycling need to be developed. In-depth interfacial behaviour investigation was carried out to study interactions between polymers and petroleum coke (PC). Polypropylene (PP), polyethylene (PE) and polystyrene (PS) polymers are three major polymers that abundantly found in waste streams were chosen and their properties and the effect of petroleum coke presence on the degradation process of polymer have been characterized. The polymer was mixed and homogenized prior pyrolysis up to 600C. The residues yield after pyrolysis was collected and analyzed.

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Vora, Nemi, Peter R. Christensen, Jérémy Demarteau, Nawa Raj Baral, Jay D. Keasling, Brett A. Helms, and Corinne D. Scown. "Leveling the cost and carbon footprint of circular polymers that are chemically recycled to monomer." Science Advances 7, no. 15 (April 2021): eabf0187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.abf0187.

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Mechanical recycling of polymers downgrades them such that they are unusable after a few cycles. Alternatively, chemical recycling to monomer offers a means to recover the embodied chemical feedstocks for remanufacturing. However, only a limited number of commodity polymers may be chemically recycled, and the processes remain resource intensive. We use systems analysis to quantify the costs and life-cycle carbon footprints of virgin and chemically recycled polydiketoenamines (PDKs), next-generation polymers that depolymerize under ambient conditions in strong acid. The cost of producing virgin PDK resin using unoptimized processes is ~30-fold higher than recycling them, and the cost of recycled PDK resin ($1.5 kg−1) is on par with PET and HDPE, and below that of polyurethanes. Virgin resin production is carbon intensive (86 kg CO2e kg−1), while chemical recycling emits only 2 kg CO2e kg−1. This cost and emissions disparity provides a strong incentive to recover and recycle future polymer waste.

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Grigorescu, Ramona Marina, Madalina Elena Grigore, Paul Ghioca, Lorena Iancu, Cristian-Andi Nicolae, Rodica-Mariana Ion, Sofia Teodorescu, and Elena Ramona Andrei. "Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment Study regarding the plastic composition." Materiale Plastice 56, no. 1 (March 30, 2019): 77–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/mp.19.1.5127.

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Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) generated in large amounts due to the development of IT and telecommunication industry is considered an important concern for environmental protection. The complex polymer composition of WEEE can be determined in order to consider a proper recycling process for polymeric materials. The aim of the study was to identify the constituent polymers by: density, burning test, solubility, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), thermo-gravimetric analysis (ATG). The research led to a majority of polystyrenic polymers, together with polyesters, polycarbonates and polyamides.

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Flizikowski, Józef, Weronika Kruszelnicka, and Marek Macko. "The Development of Efficient Contaminated Polymer Materials Shredding in Recycling Processes." Polymers 13, no. 5 (February 26, 2021): 713. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13050713.

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Recently, a dynamic increase in the number of polymer elements ending their life cycle has been observed. There are three main ways of dealing with polymer waste: reuse in an unchanged form, recycling (both material and energy), and disposal (mainly in the form of landfilling or incineration). The legislation of European countries promotes in particular two forms of waste management: reuse and recycling. Recycling processes are used to recover materials and energy especially from contaminated waste, which are structurally changed by other materials, friction, temperature, machine, process, etc. The recycling of polymers, especially of multi-plastic structural elements, requires the use of special technological installations and a series of preparatory operations, including crushing and separating. Due to the universality and necessity of materials processing in recycling engineering, in particular size reduction, the aim of this study is to organize and systematize knowledge about shredding in the recycling process of end-of-life polymeric materials. This could help properly design these processes in the context of sustainable development and circular economy. Firstly, an overview of the possibilities of end-of-life plastics management was made, and the meaning of shredding in the end-of-life pathways was described. Then, the development of comminution in recycling processes was presented, with special emphasis given to quasi-cutting as the dominant mode of comminution of polymeric materials. The phenomenon of quasi-cutting, as well as factors related to the material, the operation of the shredding machine, and the technological process affecting it were described. Research conducted on quasi-cutting as a phenomenon when cutting single material samples and quasi-cutting as a machine process was characterized. Then, issues regarding recycling potentials in the context of shredding were systematized. Considerations included the areas of material, technical, energy, human, and control potentials. Presented bases and models can be used to support the innovation of creative activities, i.e., environmentally friendly actions, that produce specific positive environmental results in the mechanical processing of recycled and reused materials. The literature survey indicates the need to explore the environmental aspect of the shredding process in recycling and connect the shredding process variables with environmental consequences. This will help to design and control the processes to get the lowest possible environmental burdens.

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Filimonova, L., E. Matys, N. Skvortsova, and E. Valiullina. "Finding Ways to Solve Problems of Waste Recycling: Biodegradable Hemp Materials." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 988, no. 3 (February 1, 2022): 032040. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/988/3/032040.

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Abstract The importance of polymeric materials in modern life can hardly be overestimated. The annual growth of their production and consumption is one of the main directions of the development of the world economy. At the same time, the problem of recycling polymer waste after the end of the use of products made on their basis arises (according to various sources, only 10-15% of all produced polymers are used for the manufacture of containers). Fully biodegradable plastics are practically non-existent today. Any of the proposed solutions has its own advantages and disadvantages, which require commensuration with consumer characteristics, price, production costs. Independent examinations show that a truly complete degradation of polymers is possible only if they are made from plant materials. The article discusses the rationale for the feasibility of building a plant for the production of biodegradable materials based on plant materials in the Tyumen region.

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Russo, Sofia, Alicia Valero, Antonio Valero, and Marta Iglesias-Émbil. "Exergy-Based Assessment of Polymers Production and Recycling: An Application to the Automotive Sector." Energies 14, no. 2 (January 12, 2021): 363. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14020363.

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In the last century, the economic growth has been accompanied by a worldwide diffusion of polymers for multiple applications. However, there is a growing attention to the environmental pollution and energy consumption linked to the unconditional use of plastic. In the present work, exergy is used as a measure of the resource consumption during the life cycle of polymers. Nine commercially diffused polymers are chosen, and their production chains are identified according to the “grave to cradle” approach. The global Embodied Exergy (EE) is calculated as the sum of the contribution of each step of the chain, including the production process and the Exergy Replacement Cost (ERC) of the fossil fuel. Then, recycling routes and the associated exergy consumption are analysed. Thermodynamic recycling indexes are developed depending on the final product, namely the crude polymeric material and the oil derivatives or structural molecules. The main results show that some commonly used polymers have a considerable impact in terms of EE (e.g., PET). Recycling indexes encourage the recycling processes, which are always energetically convenient (from 10% to 60% of exergy savings) compared with the production from virgin raw material. Results from EE calculation are used for the thermodynamic assessment of the plastic content of vehicle components, to obtain useful information for recycling practices development.

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Matsuzaki, Takehiko, Akifumi Ueno, and Yoshihiro Sugi. "Catalytic Recycling of Organic Polymers." Materia Japan 33, no. 5 (1994): 531–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2320/materia.33.531.

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Morgan, R. E., L. B. Weaver, and M. Munstermann. "Commercial Recycling of Rim Polymers." Journal of Cellular Plastics 29, no. 5 (September 1993): 427–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021955x9302900521.

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Erenkov, O. Yu. "Intensification of Thermoplastic Polymers Recycling." Chemical and Petroleum Engineering 53, no. 5-6 (September 2017): 332–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10556-017-0343-5.

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KAMINSKY, W. "Recycling of polymers by pyrolysis." Le Journal de Physique IV 03, no. C7 (November 1993): C7–1543—C7–1552. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/jp4:19937241.

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Francis, Raju, and Beena Sethi. "Catalytic Feedstock Recycling of Polymers." Advances in Materials Physics and Chemistry 02, no. 04 (2012): 263–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/ampc.2012.24b067.

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Ignatyev, Igor A., Wim Thielemans, and Bob Vander Beke. "Recycling of Polymers: A Review." ChemSusChem 7, no. 6 (May 8, 2014): 1579–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cssc.201300898.

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Kreiger, M., G. C. Anzalone, M. L. Mulder, A. Glover, and J. M. Pearce. "Distributed Recycling of Post-Consumer Plastic Waste in Rural Areas." MRS Proceedings 1492 (2013): 91–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/opl.2013.258.

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ABSTRACTAlthough the environmental benefits of recycling plastics are well established and most geographic locations within the U.S. offer some plastic recycling, recycling rates are often low. Low recycling rates are often observed in conventional centralized recycling plants due to the challenge of collection and transportation for high-volume low-weight polymers. The recycling rates decline further when low population density, rural and relatively isolated communities are investigated because of the distance to recycling centers makes recycling difficult and both economically and energetically inefficient. The recent development of a class of open source hardware tools (e.g. RecycleBots) able to convert post-consumer plastic waste to polymer filament for 3-D printing offer a means to increase recycling rates by enabling distributed recycling. In addition, to reducing the amount of plastic disposed of in landfills, distributed recycling may also provide low-income families a means to supplement their income with domestic production of small plastic goods. This study investigates the environmental impacts of polymer recycling. A life-cycle analysis (LCA) for centralized plastic recycling is compared to the implementation of distributed recycling in rural areas. Environmental impact of both recycling scenarios is quantified in terms of energy use per unit mass of recycled plastic. A sensitivity analysis is used to determine the environmental impacts of both systems as a function of distance to recycling centers. The results of this LCA study indicate that distributed recycling of HDPE for rural regions is energetically favorable to either using virgin resin or conventional recycling processes. This study indicates that the technical progress in solar photovoltaic devices, open-source 3-D printing and polymer filament extrusion have made distributed polymer recycling and upcycling technically viable.

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Vidakis, Nectarios, Markos Petousis, and Athena Maniadi. "Sustainable Additive Manufacturing: Mechanical Response of High-Density Polyethylene over Multiple Recycling Processes." Recycling 6, no. 1 (January 4, 2021): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/recycling6010004.

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Polymer recycling is nowadays in high-demand due to an increase in polymers demand and production. Recycling of such materials is mostly a thermomechanical process that modifies their overall mechanical behavior. The present research work focuses on the recyclability of high-density polyethylene (HDPE), one of the most recycled materials globally, for use in additive manufacturing (AM). A thorough investigation was carried out to determine the effect of the continuous recycling on mechanical, structural, and thermal responses of HDPE polymer via a process that isolates the thermomechanical treatment from other parameters such as aging, contamination, etc. Fused filament fabrication (FFF) specimens were produced from virgin and recycled materials and were experimentally tested and evaluated in tension, flexion, impact, and micro-hardness. A thorough thermal and morphological analysis was also performed. The overall results of this study show that the mechanical properties of the recycled HDPE polymer were generally improved over the recycling repetitions for a certain number of recycling steps, making the HDPE recycling a viable option for circular use. Repetitions two to five had the optimum overall mechanical behavior, indicating a significant positive impact of the HDPE polymer recycling aside from the environmental one.

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da Silva, Daniel José, and Hélio Wiebeck. "Current options for characterizing, sorting, and recycling polymeric waste." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 36, no. 4 (April 15, 2020): 284–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1477760620918603.

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Several researches and technologies on polymer recycling have been driven and justified by the uncontrolled and crescent polymer waste generation in the world. Herein, a critical and concise review on the recent and well-established recycling practices for polymer waste is presented, taking into account not only thermoplastics (or plastics) but also thermosets and elastomers. Moreover, sorting and characterization techniques for polymer waste recycling are detailed and their importance is discussed. An in-depth analysis of the literature indicated that novel and advanced recycling methods for polymeric waste (PW) present difficulties to be applied in the industrial sector, mainly the scientific innovations in the chemical recycling area. In the current scenario, new challenges for the recycling sector are linked to highly contaminated PW from electrical, electronic, and medical products.

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Vidakis, Nectarios, Markos Petousis, Athena Maniadi, Emmanuel Koudoumas, Achilles Vairis, and John Kechagias. "Sustainable Additive Manufacturing: Mechanical Response of Acrylonitrile-Butadiene-Styrene over Multiple Recycling Processes." Sustainability 12, no. 9 (April 27, 2020): 3568. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12093568.

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Sustainability in additive manufacturing refers mainly to the recycling rate of polymers and composites used in fused filament fabrication (FFF), which nowadays are rapidly increasing in volume and value. Recycling of such materials is mostly a thermomechanical process that modifies their overall mechanical behavior. The present research work focuses on the acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) polymer, which is the second most popular material used in FFF-3D printing. In order to investigate the effect of the recycling courses on the mechanical response of the ABS polymer, an experimental simulation of the recycling process that isolates the thermomechanical treatment from other parameters (i.e., contamination, ageing, etc.) has been performed. To quantify the effect of repeated recycling processes on the mechanic response of the ABS polymer, a wide variety of mechanical tests were conducted on FFF-printed specimens. Regarding this, standard tensile, compression, flexion, impact and micro-hardness tests were performed per recycle repetition. The findings prove that the mechanical response of the recycled ABS polymer is generally improved over the recycling repetitions for a certain number of repetitions. An optimum overall mechanical behavior is found between the third and the fifth repetition, indicating a significant positive impact of the ABS polymer recycling, besides the environmental one.

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Mihelčič, Mohor, Alen Oseli, Miroslav Huskić, and Lidija Slemenik Perše. "Influence of Stabilization Additive on Rheological, Thermal and Mechanical Properties of Recycled Polypropylene." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 12, 2022): 5438. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245438.

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To decrease the amount of plastic waste, the use of recycling techniques become a necessity. However, numerous recycling cycles result in the mechanical, thermal, and chemical degradation of the polymer, which leads to an inefficient use of recycled polymers for the production of plastic products. In this study, the effects of recycling and the improvement of polymer performance with the incorporation of an additive into recycled polypropylene was studied by spectroscopic, rheological, optical, and mechanical characterization techniques. The results showed that after 20 recycling steps of mechanical processing of polypropylene, the main degradation processes of polypropylene are chain scission of polymer chains and oxidation, which can be improved by the addition of a stabilizing additive. It was shown that a small amount of an additive significantly improves the properties of the recycled polypropylene up to the 20th reprocessing cycle. The use of an additive improves the rheological properties of the recycled melt, surface properties, and time-dependent mechanical properties of solid polypropylene since it was shown that the additive acts as a hardener and additionally crosslinks the recycled polymer chains.

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Vidakis, Nectarios, Markos Petousis, Lazaros Tzounis, Athena Maniadi, Emmanouil Velidakis, Nicolaos Mountakis, Dimitrios Papageorgiou, Marco Liebscher, and Viktor Mechtcherine. "Sustainable Additive Manufacturing: Mechanical Response of Polypropylene over Multiple Recycling Processes." Sustainability 13, no. 1 (December 25, 2020): 159. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13010159.

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The recycling of polymeric materials has received a steadily growing scientific and industrial interest due to the increase in demand and production of durable and lightweight plastic parts. Recycling of such materials is mostly based on thermomechanical processes that significantly affect the mechanical, as well as the overall physicochemical properties of polymers. The study at hand focuses on the recyclability of Fused Filament Fabrication (FFF) 3D printed Polypropylene (PP) for a certain number of recycling courses (six in total), and its effect on the mechanical properties of 3D printed parts. Namely, 3D printed specimens were fabricated from non-recycled and recycled PP material, and further experimentally tested regarding their mechanical properties in tension, flexion, impact, and microhardness. Comprehensive dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), Raman spectroscopy, and morphological investigations by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) were performed for the different 3D printed PP samples. The overall results showed that there is an overall slight increase in the material’s mechanical properties, both in tension and in flexion mode, while the DSC characterization indicates an increase in the polymer crystallinity over the recycling course.

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Hildebrandt, Jakob, Alberto Bezama, and Daniela Thrän. "Cascade use indicators for selected biopolymers: Are we aiming for the right solutions in the design for recycling of bio-based polymers?" Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 35, no. 4 (January 18, 2017): 367–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x16683445.

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When surveying the trends and criteria for the design for recycling (DfR) of bio-based polymers, priorities appear to lie in energy recovery at the end of the product life of durable products, such as bio-based thermosets. Non-durable products made of thermoplastic polymers exhibit good properties for material recycling. The latter commonly enjoy growing material recycling quotas in countries that enforce a landfill ban. Quantitative and qualitative indicators are needed for characterizing progress in the development towards more recycling friendly bio-based polymers. This would enable the deficits in recycling bio-based plastics to be tracked and improved. The aim of this paper is to analyse the trends in the DfR of bio-based polymers and the constraints posed by the recycling infrastructure on plastic polymers from a systems perspective. This analysis produces recommendations on how life cycle assessment indicators can be introduced into the dialogue between designers and recyclers in order to promote DfR principles to enhance the cascading use of bio-based polymers within the bioeconomy, and to meet circular economy goals.

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Hadi, Arkan J., Ghazi Faisal Najmuldeen, and Kamal Bin Yusoh. "Dissolution/reprecipitation technique for waste polyolefin recycling using new pure and blend organic solvents." Journal of Polymer Engineering 33, no. 5 (August 1, 2013): 471–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2013-0027.

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Abstract Restoration of waste polymer based on low-density polyethylene (LDPE), high-density polyethylene (HDPE) and polypropylene (PP) is studied using the dissolution/reprecipitation method. In this technique, pure turpentine, turpentine/petroleum ether (PetE) and turpentine/benzene as solvents with different fractions and PetE and n-hexane as non-solvents were examined. Commercial polymer products (packaging food, bags, laboratory plastic materials, detergent containers) used as raw materials were optimized with model polymers. Polymer recoveries in every case were <94%. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectra and tensile mechanical properties of the samples before and after recycling were measured. Potential recycling-based degradation of the polymer was further investigated by measuring the thermal properties (melting point and crystallinity), before and after recycling, using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The blend solvents were seen as good solvents for all polyolefins used and the dissolution temperature was less than the pure solvent at the same time. High reconditioning was observed in most recycled samples, with no significant difference from the virgin materials. The studied technique seems to be viable for waste polyolefin polymer recycling.

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Scaffaro, Roberto, Alberto Di Bartolo, and Nadka Tz Dintcheva. "Matrix and Filler Recycling of Carbon and Glass Fiber-Reinforced Polymer Composites: A Review." Polymers 13, no. 21 (November 4, 2021): 3817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213817.

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Fiber-reinforced polymers (FRPs) are low-density, high-performance composite materials, which find important applications in the automotive, aerospace, and energy industry, to only cite a few. With the increasing concerns about sustainability and environment risks, the problem of the recycling of such complex composite systems has been emerging in politics, industry, and academia. The issue is exacerbated by the increased use of FRPs in the automotive industry and by the expected decommissioning of airplanes and wind turbines amounting to thousands of metric tons of composite materials. Currently, the recycling of FRPs downcycles the entire composite to some form of reinforcement material (typically for cements) or degrades the polymer matrix to recover the fibers. Following the principles of sustainability, the reuse and recycling of the whole composite—fiber and polymer—should be promoted. In this review paper, we report on recent research works that achieve the recycling of both the fiber and matrix phase of FRP composites, with the polymer being either directly recovered or converted to value-added monomers and oligomers.

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Korley, LaShanda T. J., Thomas H. Epps, Brett A. Helms, and Anthony J. Ryan. "Toward polymer upcycling—adding value and tackling circularity." Science 373, no. 6550 (July 1, 2021): 66–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.abg4503.

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Plastics have revolutionized modern life, but have created a global waste crisis driven by our reliance and demand for low-cost, disposable materials. New approaches are vital to address challenges related to plastics waste heterogeneity, along with the property reductions induced by mechanical recycling. Chemical recycling and upcycling of polymers may enable circularity through separation strategies, chemistries that promote closed-loop recycling inherent to macromolecular design, and transformative processes that shift the life-cycle landscape. Polymer upcycling schemes may enable lower-energy pathways and minimal environmental impacts compared with traditional mechanical and chemical recycling. The emergence of industrial adoption of recycling and upcycling approaches is encouraging, solidifying the critical role for these strategies in addressing the fate of plastics and driving advances in next-generation materials design.

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Wieser, Martin, Andreas Schaur, Seraphin Hubert Unterberger, and Roman Lackner. "On the Effect of Recycled Polyolefins on the Thermorheological Performance of Polymer-Modified Bitumen Used for Roofing-Applications." Sustainability 13, no. 6 (March 16, 2021): 3284. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13063284.

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In order to meet the technical specifications in roofing applications, the bitumen used for this purpose is standardly modified by polymers. This, in general, allows the re-use of recycled polymer during the production of polymer-modified bitumen (PmB), simultaneously reducing the amount of polymeric waste. Recycling processes, however, may degrade or contaminate polymers, leading to reduced crystallinity and lower melting temperature. Six different recycled polyolefins (high crystallinity: iPP, HDPE; reduced crystallinity: APP, PP Copolymer; waxy polyolefins: Wax 105, Wax 115) were assessed on their suitability for roofing applications. Mixing characteristics, polymer distribution and thermo-mechanical properties of the PmB samples were determined, employing fluorescence microscopy, modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC) and dynamic shear rheometry (DSR). Depending on mixing properties, two levels of polymer content (5 and 16 wt% or 16 and 30 wt%) were considered. High crystallinity polymers exhibited the biggest increase in |G*| and lowest phase angle. Reduced crystallinity polymers were more easily dispersed and showed improved |G*| and phase angle. Waxy polyolefins improved bitumen similarly to reduced crystallinity polymers and are easily dispersed. The results suggest, that a reduced crystallinity or lower melting temperature of the recycled polymers resulting from degradation or contamination may be beneficial, resulting in improved mixing behavior and a more homogeneous distribution of the polymer within the bitumen.

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Scaffaro, Roberto, Andrea Maio, Fiorenza Sutera, Emmanuel Gulino, and Marco Morreale. "Degradation and Recycling of Films Based on Biodegradable Polymers: A Short Review." Polymers 11, no. 4 (April 9, 2019): 651. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11040651.

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The environmental performance of biodegradable materials has attracted attention from the academic and the industrial research over the recent years. Currently, degradation behavior and possible recyclability features, as well as actual recycling paths of such systems, are crucial to give them both durability and eco-sustainability. This paper presents a review of the degradation behaviour of biodegradable polymers and related composites, with particular concern for multi-layer films. The processing of biodegradable polymeric films and the manufacturing and properties of multilayer films based on biodegradable polymers will be discussed. The results and data collected show that: poly-lactic acid (PLA), poly-butylene adipate-co-terephthalate (PBAT) and poly-caprolactone (PCL) are the most used biodegradable polymers, but are prone to hydrolytic degradation during processing; environmental degradation is favored by enzymes, and can take place within weeks, while in water it can take from months to years; thermal degradation during recycling basically follows a hydrolytic path, due to moisture and high temperatures (β-scissions and transesterification) which may compromise processing and recycling; ultraviolet (UV) and thermal stabilization can be adequately performed using suitable stabilizers.

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Blesgen, A., A. Blum, J. P. Hildebrand, J. Ruwwe, E. Schweissinger, and C. Zander. "Closing Loops – Chemical Recycling of Polymers." Chemie Ingenieur Technik 94, no. 9 (August 25, 2022): 1292. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cite.202255152.

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Devasahayam, Sheila, Raman Singh, and Vladimir Strezov. "Recycling and Resource Recovery from Polymers." Polymers 14, no. 10 (May 16, 2022): 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14102020.

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Yao, Shigeru. "Biopolymers, Eco-friendly Polymers and Recycling." Seikei-Kakou 34, no. 9 (August 20, 2022): 341. http://dx.doi.org/10.4325/seikeikakou.34.341_2.

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Donatelli, A., M. Schioppa, F. Valentino, A. Scalone, F. De Pascalis, M. Nacucchi, and F. Caretto. "Characterization of Composites Manufactured Through Reshaping of EoL Thermoplastic Polymers Reinforced with Recycled Carbon Fibers." Journal of Materials and Applications 11, no. 2 (November 15, 2022): 46–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.32732/jma.2022.11.2.46.

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This article investigates if and at what extent a recycling process based on grinding, melting and re-shaping of recycled carbon fibers reinforced thermoplastic polymers (rCFRPs) can affect their physical, mechanical and thermal properties. The aim is to establish if they can be taken into consideration in the manufacturing of new composite materials in different sectors: automotive, marine, sporting goods, etc. Composites materials were submitted to the measurement of the fibers length they are composed of, and then analyzed by means of tensile and impact tests and a dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). All the characterizations were performed to both initial and recycled composites and, in some cases, they were replied also after the intermediate accelerated aging. Characterization performed confirmed that, as expected, the recycling process affects the properties of the composites, but in different manners and to a different extent when different polymers are involved. Tensile and impact tests pointed out that the polypropylene based composites showed a less stiff and a more brittle behaviour after the recycling process and the DMA confirmed this evidence, highlighting in addition a more viscous behavior of the polymer after the recycling. Conversely, the polyamide 6 based composites increased their stiffness and ductility after the recycling. For all the composites the tensile strength dropped, confirming the weakening of the materials.

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Choudhury, Arup, Mandira Mukherjee, and Basudam Adhikari. "Recycling of Edible Oil Pouches: Composition and Thermal Stability." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 21, no. 2 (May 2005): 117–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776060502100203.

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Recycled polyethylene containing very small amounts of nylon-6 or PET, which is the source of flexible oil pouches, may find applications as raw materials for other polymer products after the recycled polymer is properly identified and characterized before reprocessing. Proper identification and characterization of the polymer components present in the waste has considerable importance for obtaining value-added products. In this investigation, post-use oil pouch films, collected from municipal garbage, were first subjected to sorting, washing and drying. Then the dried films were fractionated by dissolving in solvents. The isolated component polymers were characterized and identified by solvent fractionation, FTIR, DSC-TGA and WAXD analysis.

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WANJEK, Herbert, and Thomas MUHLENBERND. "Polymers and Environment II. Plastic Waste Recycling: Feedstock Recycling in Germany." KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 50, no. 11 (1993): 899–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/koron.50.899.

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Titone, Vincenzo, Maria Chiara Mistretta, Luigi Botta, and Francesco Paolo La Mantia. "Toward the Decarbonization of Plastic: Monopolymer Blend of Virgin and Recycled Bio-Based, Biodegradable Polymer." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 8, 2022): 5362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245362.

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Decarbonization of plastics is based on two main pillars: bio-based polymers and recycling. Mechanical recycling of biodegradable polymers could improve the social, economic and environmental impact of the use of these materials. In this regard, the aim of this study was to investigate whether concentrations of the same recycled biopolymer could significantly affect the rheological and mechanical properties of biodegradable monopolymer blends. Monopolymer blends are blends made of the same polymers, virgin and recycled. A sample of commercially available biodegradable blend was reprocessed in a single-screw extruder until two extrusion cycles were completed. These samples were exposed to grinding and melt reprocessed with 75% and 90% of the same virgin polymer. The blends were characterized by tensile tests and rheological tests. The results obtained showed that while multiple extrusions affected the mechanical and rheological properties of the polymer, the concentration of the reprocessed material present in the blends only very slightly affected the properties of the virgin material. In addition, the experimentally observed trends were accurately predicted by the additive model adopted.

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Stadler, Bernhard M., and Johannes G. de Vries. "Chemical upcycling ofpolymers." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 379, no. 2209 (September 13, 2021): 20200341. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2020.0341.

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As the production volume of polymers increases, so does the amount of plastic waste. Plastic recycling is one of the concepts to address in this issue. Unfortunately, only a small fraction of plastic waste is recycled. Even with the development of polymers for closed loop recycling that can be in theory reprocessed infinitely the inherent dilemma is that because of collection, cleaning and separation processes the obtained materials simply are not cost competitive with virgin materials. Chemical upcycling, the conversion of polymers to higher valuable products, either polymeric or monomeric, could mitigate this issue. In the following article, we highlight recent examples in this young but fast-growing field. This article is part of the theme issue 'Bio-derived and bioinspired sustainable advanced materials for emerging technologies (part 2)'.

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Larsen, Kari. "Recycling wind." Reinforced Plastics 53, no. 1 (January 2009): 20–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-3617(09)70043-8.

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Jacob, Amanda. "Recycling composites." Reinforced Plastics 55, no. 3 (May 2011): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-3617(11)70037-6.

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Goodenough, Adye. "Recycling challenge." Reinforced Plastics 44, no. 9 (September 2000): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0034-3617(00)80148-4.

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Limburg, Marco, Jan Stockschläder, and Peter Quicker. "Thermal treatment of carbon fibre reinforced polymers (Part 1: Recycling)." Waste Management & Research: The Journal for a Sustainable Circular Economy 37, no. 1_suppl (January 2019): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0734242x18820251.

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The increasing use of carbon fibre reinforced polymers requires suitable disposing and recycling options, the latter being especially attractive due to the high production cost of the material. Reclaiming the fibres from their polymer matrix however is not without challenges. Pyrolysis leads to a decay of the polymer matrix but may also leave solid carbon residues on the fibre. These residues prevent fibre sizing and thereby reuse in new materials. In state of the art, these residues are removed via thermal treatment in oxygen containing atmospheres. This however may damage the fibre’s tensile strength. Within the scope of this work, carbon dioxide and water vapour were used to remove the carbon residues. This aims to eliminate or at least minimize fibre damage. Improved quality of reclaimed fibres can make fibre reuse more desirable by enabling the production of high-quality recycling products. Still, even under ideal recycling conditions the fibres will shorten with every new life-cycle due to production-based blending. Fibre disposal pathways will therefore always also be necessary. The problems of thermal fibre disintegration are summarized in the second part of this article (Part 2: Energy recovery).

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Aubakirov, Yermek, Firuza Akhmetova, Zheneta Tashmukhambetova, Larissa Sassykova, Ayazhan Kurmangaliyeva, Aizat Gumarova, Kanat Narikov, and Kalamgali Tanakoz. "Application of natural zeolite for recycling of polymer waste." MATEC Web of Conferences 340 (2021): 01002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202134001002.

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Recently, the ways of obtaining alternative energy resources in the production of gasoline and diesel fuels have been considered. Using physico-chemical methods, nitrogen and sulfur-containing compounds in gasoline, diesel distillates obtained from polymer residues can be determined. Currently, a promising method is the processing of polymer materials into liquid fuel fractions and organic products. In this method, the destruction of the polymer series with the formation of low-molecular hydrocarbons occurred. The process was carried out at a temperature of 400-450°C at atmospheric or elevated pressure in the presence or in the absence of a catalyst. Both pure polymers and various polymer wastes, containing organic orinorganic waste that does notrequire special cleaning, were used. This technology allows you not only to eliminate wastes, but also to obtain a large number of commercial products.

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Moeser, Katrin. "Enzymatic Degradation of Epoxy Resins: An Approach for the Recycling of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymers." Advanced Materials Research 1018 (September 2014): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.1018.131.

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Carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRPs), particularly epoxy resins, are increasingly applied in innovative products nowadays. At the end of the life cycle of those products, CFRP waste has to be disposed in an ecological way. As of today, no energy effective recycling method is available to recover the valuable carbon fibers in a good quality. The presented study aims to exploit the ability of biological systems in order to efficiently and specifically degrade the polymer and release carbon fibers with minimal material strain. In a first approach environmental microorganisms for degrading the polymer component of epoxy composites into small fragments have to be identified. An analytical method will be developed to identify and quantify the polymer degradation. In a following step, the enzymes that are produced by the microorganisms and are essential for the polymer degradation will be identified, cloned, produced in a high amount and characterized in CFRP recycling studies.

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Almeida, Suzete, Sila Ozkan, Diogo Gonçalves, Ivo Paulo, Carla S. G. P. Queirós, Olga Ferreira, João Bordado, and Rui Galhano dos Santos. "A Brief Evaluation of Antioxidants, Antistatics, and Plasticizers Additives from Natural Sources for Polymers Formulation." Polymers 15, no. 1 (December 20, 2022): 6. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym15010006.

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The circular economy plays an important role in the preparation and recycling of polymers. Research groups in different fields, such as materials science, pharmaceutical and engineering, have focused on building sustainable polymers to minimize the release of toxic products. Recent studies focused on the circular economy have suggested developing new polymeric materials based on renewable and sustainable sources, such as using biomass waste to obtain raw materials to prepare new functional bio-additives. This review presents some of the main characteristics of common polymer additives, such as antioxidants, antistatic agents and plasticizers, and recent research in developing bio-alternatives. Examples of these alternatives include the use of polysaccharides from agro-industrial waste streams that can be used as antioxidants, and chitosan which can be used as an antistatic agent.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymers Recycling'

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