Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polymers Recycling'
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Guo, Haochen. "RECYCLING THERMOPLASTIC EVA (POLYETHYLENE-CO-VINYL ACETATE) WITH IMPROVED PROPERTIES." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1585673886043802.
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Parpart, Dawn Allison. "PET/nylon 66 polymer blends and carpet recycling." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1996. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/9139.
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Wong, Joseph Man 1959. "A nonplugging annulus control valve for extrusion of polymers and slurries." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/276855.
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An annular control valve was developed for the extrusion of wood slurries and polymers. The objective was to determine the optimal valve geometry: (1) to provide a linear pressure drop across the valve as a function of valve opening and (2) to eliminate the problem of valve plugging caused by the high solid content of the wood slurries. The approach was to model the non-Newtonian flow in a plasticating single-screw extruder. A finite-difference scheme was developed to model the flow through annular surfaces. The two flow equations were solved simultaneously and a parametric study was performed to determine the optimal valve geometry. The valve operability was evaluated for the extrusion of various mixtures of low-density polyethylene, sawdust, wood flour, and vacuum bottom. The experimental results were in good agreement with the model. In general, a linear valve characteristic was observed and the problem of valve plugging was not evident.
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Ruiz, Ilza Aparecida dos Santos. "Adição de EPDM ou anidrido maléico na blenda LDPE/PA6 e suas propriedades finais." Universidade de São Paulo, 2008. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3133/tde-11052009-133033/.
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Em virtude do crescente volume da utilização de embalagens multicamadas na preservação de alimentos, torna-se necessário o estudo visando a reciclagem desses materiais através de seu reaproveitamento como matéria-prima e a transformação em novos produtos ou materiais. Dentre os vários tipos de reciclagem utilizados atualmente, a formação de blendas poliméricas com material descartado apresenta-se como uma alternativa viável, pois se trata de uma atividade moderna que une o desenvolvimento tecnológico e a preservação ambiental. O presente trabalho faz um estudo sobre a reciclagem de resíduos de embalagens multicamadas pós-consumo no setor alimentício para a formação de uma blenda. O filme multicamada composto por poliamida 6 e polietileno de baixa densidade foi previamente moído para obtenção de flocos e a ele foi adicionado primeiramente o aditivo etileno-propileno-dieno monômero e em seguida foi feito uma nova mistura composta apenas de anidrido maléico com filme multicamada na forma de flocos, no intuito de melhorar as propriedades mecânicas das blendas formadas pelo processo da extrusão. Para a verificação dos resultados obtidos foram realizados testes de tração, alongamento e permeabilidade ao gás oxigênio no filme de poliamida 6 e polietileno, e ensaios mecânicos, análises térmicas e microscopia eletrônica de varredura nas blendas obtidas. Também se estudou o efeito da radiação (100 kGy) sobre as propriedades das blendas utilizando-se um acelerador de elétrons.In virtue of the increasing volume of the multilayers packings use in the food preservation, the study for the recycling of these materials through its reverse speed-exploitation as raw material and the transformation in new products or materials becomes necessary. Amongst some types of recycling used currently, the polymers blendes formation with discarded material is presented as a viable alternative, therefore if it deals with a modern activity that joins the technological development and the ambient preservation. The present research, therefore makes a study on the recycling of residues from multilayers packings after-consumes in the nourishing sector for the blend formation. The multilayer film composed by polyamide 6 and polyethylene of low density was previously worn out for flake attainment and it was added first the Ethylene-Propylene-Diene-Monomer (EPDM) additive and after that a new composed maleic anhydride mixture was made only with multilayer film in the flake form, in intention to improve the mechanical properties of blendes formed for the process of the drawing. For verification of the results assays had been carried through traction tests, rupture lengthening tests and permeability to the gas oxygen in the film of polyamide 6 and mechanical properties of blendes formed for the process of the drawing. For verification of the results assays had been carried through traction tests, rupture lengthening tests and permeability to the gas oxygen in the film of polyamide 6 and mechanical polyethylene, and assays, thermal analyses and scanning electronic microscopy in the blendes. It was also studied radiation dose (100 kGy) on the blends properties using an electron beam accelerator.
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Granowski, Gregory A. "Recycling of PVC and XLPE for High Impact Resistance in Spool Development." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2018. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc1157640/.
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My work focuses on taking waste wire-grade PVC = poly(vinyl chloride) and waste XLPE = cross-linked polyethylene and recycle them into small wire/cable spool technology in order to reduce waste cost and reduce cost of spool production. The PVC and XLPE were provided by Encore Wire Corp. of McKinney, TX; they have also defined the standard to which I am comparing my results. The end goal is to incorporate as much PVC and XLPE into the spools while maintaining material toughness, impact resistance, as well as cost-effectiveness in the implementation of the waste materials. The work has been divided into two primary sections, the first is focused on improving material strength through the addition of ceramic fillers. The second section is focused on adding PVC and XLPE into a stronger and highly cohesive polymer matrix and optimizing the concentration of the waste products. Since XLPE is non-polar while PVC is strongly polar, compatibilizers such as CPE (chlorinated polyethylene) and MA-DCP (maleic anhydride with dicumyl peroxide) were used to improve interactions between polar and non-polar constituents. Testing involved the tensile mechanical properties, tribology and thermal properties, namely dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA) and evaluation of thermal degradation by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Combining PVC and XLPE together is not economically feasible with current compatiblizers. At the same time, introduction of PVC waste or XLPE waste with sufficient properties of the resulting composites is doable.
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Mohammadzadeh, Maryam. "Characterization of recycled thermoplastic polymers." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Institutionen Ingenjörshögskolan, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-19650.
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In this study thermal and mechanical properties and chemical structure of four differentpolymers (PE, PP, polyASA and PVC) were investigated to find out if the recycled polymershad the same properties and can be used in the same applications as the virgins or not.FT-IR was used for investigation of chemical structure. TGA, DSC and thermal stability wereused to compare the thermal properties. Tensile test also used to examine the mechanicalproperties.All the tests showed the recycling process is not done completely well. The differences inresults for virgins and recycled samples are the reasons which verified this claim.The results obtained from this study clarifying that the amount of stabilizer in the recycledpolymers were considerably less than the amount in virgins, means that the company had notadded enough stabilizer during the recycling process.
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Wei, Ren, and Wolfgang Zimmermann. "Biocatalysis as a green route for recycling the recalcitrant plastic polyethylene terephthalate." Universität Leipzig, 2017. https://ul.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A21102.
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SOUZA, ELISEU W. de. "Estudo para fabricacao de refletores automobilisticos utilizando um material composito termofixo de um material termoplastico." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2010. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/9602.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Sommer, William J. "Supported catalysts, from polymers to gold nanoparticles supports." Diss., Available online, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2007, 2007. http://etd.gatech.edu/theses/available/etd-07062007-225935/.
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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Chemistry and Biochemistry, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2008.Christoph J. Fahrni, Committee Member ; Mostapha A. El-Sayed, Committee Member ; Christopher W. Jones, Committee Member ; Marcus Weck, Committee Chair ; E. Kent Barefield, Committee Member.
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ROSSINI, EDVALDO L. "Obtencao da blenda polimerica PET/PP/PE/EVA a partir de 'garrafas PET' e estudo das modificacoes provocadas pela radiacao ionizante." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2005. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11373.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Duru, C. Zeynep. "Effect Of Rigid Rod Molecular Structures On The Properties Of Regenerated And Virgin Polyethyleneterephtalate." Master's thesis, METU, 2004. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12605444/index.pdf.
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In recent years,the recycling of plastic waste incerased worldwide.The basic impetus for this increase is the public awereness regarding polltuion of the environment.Many different types of recycling processes are being used to reduce the use of raw materials and to reduce energy consumption.PET recycling is one of the most important recycling processes.addition of thermotropic liquid crystalline polymers has also become wide-spread in recent years to increase their mechanical properties and other selected properties.In this study,it is aimed to obtai a continous or discontinous fiber from the termotropic liquid crystalline copolyester and recycled PET blend.In this study X7G was used as a copolyester.In the polymer mixtures small amounts of liquid crystalline plymer phase resulted in significantr improvements in the mechanical properties of the fibers produced in the study.The blending method used gave an alost homogeneous poymer mixture which was unexpected tat needs further study to elaborate.The preliminary DSC,SEM, tensile testing and intrinsic viscosity measurements support this conclusion.The material obtained approached to fiber grade PET in terms of fiber forming properties which therefore can be used as a second grade fiber material.
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Xie, Wa. "Surface Topography and Aesthetics of Recycled Cross-Linked Polyethylene Wire and Cable Coatings." Thesis, University of North Texas, 2014. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc799512/.
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Our research focuses on re-using a waste a material, cross-linked polyethylene abbreviated XLPE, which is a widely used coating for wires. XLPE is strong and has excellent thermal properties due to its chemical structure - what leads to the significance of recycling this valuable polymer. Properties of XLPE include good resistance to heat, resistance to chemical corrosion, and high impact strength. A wire is usually composed of a metal core conductor and polymeric coating layers. One creates a new coating, including little pieces of recycled XLPE in the lower layer adjacent to the wire, and virgin XLPE only in the upper layer. Industries are often wasting materials which might be useful. Mostly, some returned or excess products could be recycled to create a new type of product or enable the original use. This method helps cleaning the waste, lowers the costs, and enhances the income of the manufacturing company. With the changing of the thickness of the outer layer, the roughness changes significantly. Moreover, different processing methods result in surfaces that look differently.
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Quitadamo, Alessia. "Influence of wood flour and cellulose on the properties and the stability of formulations based on polyolefins and bio-based polymers." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI015.
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L'objectif de cette recherche est le développement de matériaux à haute valeur ajoutée, avec une grande quantité de charges bio-dérivées, aboutissant à un produit plus écologique. La stratégie poursuivie est basée à la fois sur l'introduction de fibres naturelles et sur l'utilisation de mélanges de polymères à base d'huile et bio-dérivés comme matrices, réduisant la quantité non biodégradable dans le matériau. Le projet de thèse est basé sur le développement de mélanges HDPE / PLA remplis de charges naturelles, telles que la farine de bois et les fibres de papier recyclées. Le polyéthylène haute densité a été choisi car il est l'un des polymères recyclés les plus représentatifs du marché. L'acide poly (lactique) a été sélectionné car il s'agit d'un polymère biodégradable important sur le marché. La méthodologie développée ici peut être étendue à d'autres polymères biodégradables, tels que l'isolat de protéine de soja (SPI). La farine de bois est un déchet diffus qui peut être utilisé pour la production de composites bois-plastique. Les fibres de papier recyclées sont issues de déchets de papier industriels, qui ne peuvent pas être soumis aux procédés de recyclage traditionnels. Des additifs ont été introduits pour faire face au problème d'hydrophilie différente entre les polymères à base d'huile / bio-dérivés avec des charges naturelles. La composition et les processus de production optimaux sont des défis, non seulement pour l'utilisation de ces matériaux, mais aussi pour leur élimination. La fin de vie de ces échantillons peut être évaluée par une biodégradabilité et une compostabilité contrôlées, en corrélant la structure du matériau avec la capacité de se biodégrader. La production d'un matériau à impact environnemental réduit avec des propriétés cohérentes avec leurs applications est un premier avantage environnemental. L'obtention d'une biodégradabilité contrôlée, en fonction des applications, valoriserait nos matériaux. Plusieurs caractérisations ont été réalisées afin d'analyser l'effet de différents compatibilisants et traitements tels que: tests de traction, microscopie électronique à balayage, calorimétrie différentielle à balayage, analyses thermogravimétriques, spectroscopie infrarouge, chromatographie d'exclusion de taille et tests de compostageThe objective of this research is the development of high-added value materials, with high amount of bio-derived fillers, resulting in a more eco-friendly product. The pursued strategy is based on both the introduction of natural fibres and the use of oil-based and bio-derived polymer blends as matrices, reducing the non-biodegradable amount in the material. The thesis project is based on the development of HDPE/PLA blends filled with natural fillers, such as wood flour and recycled paper fibres. High-density polyethylene has been chosen because it is one of the most representative recycled polymers on the market. Poly(lactic) acid has been selected as it is an important bio-degradable polymer on the market. The methodology developed here can be extended to other bio-degradable polymers, such as Soy Protein Isolate (SPI). Wood flour is a diffuse waste material, that can be used for production of Wood Plastic Composites. Recycled paper fibres are derived from industrial paper waste, which cannot be subjected to traditional recycling processes. Additives have been introduced in order to face the problem of different hydrophilicity between oil-based/bio-derived polymers with natural fillers. The optimal composition and production processes are challenges, not only for the use of these materials, but also for their disposal. The end-of-life of these samples can be evaluated through controlled bio-degradability and compostability, correlating material structure with the ability to biodegrade. The production of a material at reduced environmental impact with properties consistent with their applications is a first environmental advantage. Obtaining a controlled biodegradability, as a function of the applications, would give enhanced value to our materials. Several characterizations have been performed in order to analyse the effect of different compatibilizers and treatments such as: tensile tests, scanning electron microscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analyses, infrared spectroscopy, size exclusion chromatography and composting tests
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Freitas, Dayane Taylor de. "Estudo da separação triboeletrostática de resíduos poliméricos pósconsumo e determinação do limite de contaminação entre PET e PEAD." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/97/97134/tde-04122018-141312/.
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A utilização de polímeros tem crescido de maneira significativa em diversos setores da indústria, substituindo materiais como madeira, metais, vidros, entre outros. Entretanto, a constante geração de resíduos poliméricos pós-consumo e seu descarte, tem gerado problemas ao meio ambiente, pois grande parte desses materiais ainda é disposta em aterros sanitários. Assim, a reciclagem de polímeros tem se mostrado uma alternativa mais econômica e ambientalmente correta, já que contribui para minimizar o consumo de recursos finitos, como o petróleo, além de reduzir a emissão de gases tóxicos nos processos de produção e decomposição. No processo de reciclagem, a separação dos polímeros em seus diferentes tipos é uma das etapas mais importantes, pois devido às diferenças nas propriedades químicas e físicas desses materiais, quando misturados e processados, geram produtos finais de baixa qualidade. No Brasil, o método de separação mais utilizado é o de separação manual, porém apresenta grandes desvantagens devido às condições insalubres às quais o trabalhador é submetido e devido a erros de natureza humana cometidos durante o processo. Desta maneira, o objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar diferentes métodos de separação de resíduos poliméricos, dando ênfase na separação triboeletrostática, além de determinar limites de contaminação entre poli (tereftalato de etileno) (PET) e polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) no produto final reciclado. Foi desenvolvido um dispositivo para separação triboeletrostática de polímeros, o qual se mostrou efetivo na separação de misturas de poli(cloreto de vinila) (PVC)/PET, PVC/acrilonitrila-butadieno-estireno (ABS) e ABS/PEAD, atingindo porcentagens de recuperação maiores que 80% e grau de pureza acima de 90%. No estudo da contaminação entre PET e PEAD, com base na morfologia e propriedades mecânicas apresentadas pelas blendas avaliadas, foi determinado o limite de 3% de contaminação de PET no PEAD, porém não foi possível determinar um limite para a contaminação de PEAD no PET, pois mesmo em pequenas concentrações do contaminante, as blendas apresentaram comportamento instável nos ensaios mecânicos realizados, devido às suas características morfológicas.The use of polymers has increased significantly in several industrial sectors, replacing materials such as wood, metals, glass, etc. However, the constant generation of plastic wastes and their disposal generate environmental problems, because most of them are disposed to landfill. Thus, polymer recycling seems to be the most economical and environmentally friend alternative, since it contributes to minimize the consumption of non-renewable resources, as petroleum, also reducing the toxic gases emission generated during the production and decomposition processes. The polymer separation in their different types is one of the most important stages of the recycling process, because due to the diferences in their chemical and physical properties, when they are mixed and processed, low quality products are produced. In Brazil, manual separation is the most used method, but it presents great disadvantages, due to the unheathy conditions that the workers are subjected to and the possibility of human errors during the process. The aim of this work was to study different polymer separation methods, emphasizing the triboelectrostatic separation, besides determining contamination limits between polyterephthalate ethylene (PET) and high density polyethylene (HDPE) in the final recycled product. A device for triboelectrostatic separation of polymers was developed, which was effective in the separation of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) / PET, PVC / acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) and ABS / HDPE blends, reaching percentages of recovery greater than 80% and purity above 90%. Contamination between PET and HDPE was evaluated, based on the morphology and mechanical properties presented by the blends prepared. The limit of 3% of PET contamination in the HDPE was determined, but it was not possible to determine the limit for the contamination of HDPE in PET, because even in small concentrations of the contaminant, the blends presented unstable behavior in the mechanical tests performed, due to the morphological characteristics of the blends produced.
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Ma, Nini. "Direct Force Measurement between Surfaces Coated with Hydrophobic Polymers in Aqueous Solutions and the Separation of Mixed Plastics by Flotation." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/36399.
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Froth floatation is an important process used in the mining industry for separating minerals from each other. The separation process is based on rendering a selected mineral hydrophobic using an appropriate hydrophobizing reagent (collector), so that it can selectively attach onto the surfaces of a rising stream of air bubbles. Thus, controlling the hydrophobicity of the minerals to be separated from each other is of critical importance in flotation. If one wishes to separate plastics from each other by flotation, however, it would be necessary to render a selected plastic hydrophilic and leave the others hydrophobic. In the present work, the possibility of separating common plastics from each other by flotation has been explored.
While water contact angle is the most widely used measure of the hydrophobicity of a solid, it does not give the information on the kinetics of flotation. Therefore, the forces acting between the surfaces coated with different hydrophobic polymers (or plastics) in water were measured using the Atomic Force Microscope (AFM). The results obtained with polystyrene, polymethylmethacryrate (PMMA), polypropylene (PP), and Teflon showed the existence of long-range attractive forces (or hydrophobic force) that cannot be explained by the classical DLVO theory. The surface force measurements were conducted in pure water and in solutions of surfactant (alkyltrimethylammonium chloride) and a salt (NaCl). In pure water, the attractive forces were much stronger than van der Waals force. In the presence of the surfactant and NaCl, the long-range attraction decreased with increasing concentration and the alkyl chain length.
A series of contact angle measurements were conducted to determine the hydrophobicity of polystyrene (PS), polyvinyl chlorite (PVC), and polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) in the presence of different wetting agents (surfactants). The results show the possibility of separating plastics from each other by flotation, and a series of microflotation tests conducted on PS and PVC showed promising results.
Master of Science
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Silva, Fabio Nascimento da. "Estudo da pirolise de poliamida-12 em leito fluidizado borbulhante." [s.n.], 2009. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/264085.
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Orientador: Caio Glauco SanchezDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Mecanica
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Resumo: O objetivo do presente trabalho consiste em avaliar a degradação térmica de poliamida-12 obtida como resíduo de processos de prototipagem rápida por via pirolítica para obtenção de produtos líquidos e gasosos que possam ser usados como insumos e para a geração de energia em indústrias. Foram utilizadas diferentes configurações no leito fluidizado, alterando parâmetros de temperatura, velocidade de fluidização e altura do leito de inerte. A poliamida-12 é utilizada em máquinas de prototipagem rápida para confecção de moldes e peças. Após cerca de 250 horas de utilização, o material perde suas características originais sendo, então, descartado. O descarte da poliamida é feito armazenando o material em tambores até que seja elaborada uma solução alternativa. O estudo da pirólise de poliamida-12 apontou que o material é convertido em gás e produto líquido, não sendo gerado resíduo sólido após o processo. O gás gerado possui concentrações consideráveis de H2 e N2. Foi demonstrado que baixas velocidades de fluidização e elevadas temperaturas favorecem a formação de gás, contudo, a altura do leito fixo não influenciou de maneira significativa os resultados. O estudo comprova a aplicabilidade da reciclagem de PA-12 por processos de pirólise, gerando basicamente gás de síntese. Palavras Chave: Poliamida-12, pirólise, reciclagem, pirólise de polímeros
Abstract: The aim of this work is to evaluate the thermal degradation by pyrolysis of polyamide-12 obtained as residue from rapid prototyping processes for generation of liquids and gaseous products that should be used as supplies and to energy generation on industries. Were utilized different bed's configurations, changing parameters as temperature, fluidization air speed and inert bed's height. The polyamide-12 is utilized in rapid prototyping machines for the confection of moulds and pieces. After about 250 hours of utilization, the material loses it original characteristics and it is discarded. The discard of used polyamide has been done by saving the material in gallons until another way be elaborated. The study of pyrolysis of polyamide-12 shown the material conversion into gas and liquid product, without production of solid waste after the process. The gas has considerable concentrations of H2 and N2. It was demonstrated that low fluidized gas speed and high temperatures increases the gas formation, however, the fixed bed height did not have several influence in the results. This study confirms the applicability of PA-12 recycling by pyrolysis processes, generating synthesis gas. Key Words: Polyamide-12, pyrolysis, recycling, polymers pyrolysis
Mestrado
Termica e Fluidos
Mestre em Engenharia Mecânica
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Luckmann, Luciano. "Reciclagem de resíduo de espuma rígida de poliuretano através da incorporação de polímeros termoplásticos, ABS, PSAI e OS." Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina, 2005. http://tede.udesc.br/handle/handle/1739.
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Previous issue date: 2005-02-22Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior
Nowadays, the refrigeration industry uses the rigid polyurethane foam (PUR) as a thermal insulation and structural component in doors and cabinets of refrigerators and freezers. The waste of PUR generated in the manufacturing represents great volumes, which are considered an environmental problem. Some attempts of recycling this material have already been explored, such as the use in the manufacturing of bricks, roofing tiles, vases; lining confection with isolating properties; in the civil construction, etc... This work presents an alternative for the recycling of rigid polyurethane foam. A study of the incorporation of rigid polyurethane foam residues in thermoplastic matrices of Polystyrene (PS), High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS) and Acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer (ABS) was done. The PUR waste was prepared through the milling of the material. The incorporation of PUR in PS, HIPS and ABS was realized through the extrusion of the materials in different mass concentrations. The laboratorial tests were carried through in agreement with standard norms ASTM D1238 (Standard Test Method for Melt Flow Rates of Thermoplastics by Extrusion) and D638 (Standard Test Method for Tensile Properties of Plastics). The increasing of PUR concentration over the mix with the three termoplastic matrices decreases the Melt Flow Rates of the mixtures. It was showed the possibility to know a thermoplastic polymer viscosity through Melt Flow Tests. Also mechanical properties determination and comparison through tensile test analysis have been carried through: maximum tension and tension of rupture, deformation at the elastic limit and at the rupture and determination of Young´s modulus in function of the mass concentration of PUR in the thermoplastic matrixes.
Atualmente, a indústria de refrigeração utiliza a espuma rígida de poliuretano (PUR) como isolante térmico e componentes estrutural em portas e gabinetes de refrigeradores e freezeres . Grandes volumes de rejeitos da espumas de PUR são gerados na indústria, os quais representam um problema ambiental. A destinação deste resíduo normalmente acontece por meio da desposição em aterro industrial, gerando custos adicionais à indústria, os quais não agregam volores aos seus produtos finais. Algumas tentativas de aproveitamento deste material estão sendo estudadas, tais como utilização na fábrica de tijolos, telhas, vasos; confeção de placas de forro com propriedades isolante; na construção de lajes, etc... O presente trabalho apresenta uma alternativa na reciclagem de espuma rígida de poliuretano. Foi realizado um estudo de incorporação de resíduo de espuma rígida de poliuretano, preparados a partir da moagem do material, em matriz termoplástica de poliestireno (PS), poliestireno de alto impacto (PSAI) e copolímero de acrilonitrila, butadieno e estireno (ABS). A incorporação do PUR em PS, PSAI e ABS foi realizada através da extrusão dos materiais em concentrações mássicas diferentes. Foi possível a incorporação de PUR nas resinas termoplástica até uma concentração de 0,40 g/g. Os testes laboratoriais foram realizado conforme normas ASTM D1238 (Determinação do Índice de Fuidez IF) e D638 (Ensaio de Tração). De uma forma geral, o aumento da concentração de PUR nas misturas com três matrizes termoplásticas reduz a fluidez da respectivas misturas. Foi demonstrada a possibilidade de determinar a viscosidade de um polímero termoplástico a partir de ensaios de Índice de Fuidez, os quais possibilitaram a determinação de segmentos das curvas reológicas das misturas estudadas. Também foram realizadas a determinação e a comparação das propriedades mecânicas através de ensaio de tração: tensão máxima e de ruptura, deformação no limite elástico e na ruptura e determinação do módulo de elasticidade em função da concentração mássica de PUR na matriz termoplástica.
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ISOLDI, ANA B. G. "Estudo do efeito da dose de radioesterilizacao sobre as propriedades do poli(tereftalato de etileno) - PET reciclado." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2003. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/11134.
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Dissertacao (Mestrado)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN/CNEN-SP
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Panek, Joel C. "Fragmentation of brittle polymeric toner line caused by swelling of paper substrate during immersion in water." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1999. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/5808.
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MARTIN, SANDRA R. S. "Recuperação/reciclagem de compostos de borrachas butílica e halobutílica por meio de radiação ionizante." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2013. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/10549.
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Tese (Doutoramento)
IPEN/T
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Cabrera, Alvino Géraldine. "Eco-design and processing of recycled multilayer/multiphase polymer materials : Structure-properties-process relationship." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI076.
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Dans un contexte d’économie circulaire, les premiers travaux de la thèse ont été consacrés à l’étude de l’aptitude à la mise en forme de films souples recyclés provenant de déchets agricoles d’enrubannage et d’horticulture. Ces films multicouches contiennent initialement un additif conférant au produit final un caractère collant. Lors de leur recyclage, cet additif est toujours présent et migre à la surface. Un accent particulier a été dédié à la compréhension et l’étude des mécanismes de migration de cet additif en fonction de l’architecture moléculaire des polyéthylènes utilisés ayant des taux de branchements différents. Pour ce faire, des mélanges modèles, avec ou sans charges minérales, ont été élaborés. Outre des études morphologiques et microstructurales, des méthodologies expérimentales originales ont été mises en place pour étudier la cinétique de migration/diffusion avec des dispositifs tribo-rhéométriques et de suivi du "tack" en surface des films. Quant au comportement rhéologique en cisaillement et en élongation, il est influencé par la présence de cet additif. La deuxième partie de cette étude a été consacrée à l’appréhension des réalités de l’activité du recyclage d’autres films mutlicouches souples à base de polypropylène et polyéthylène. Compte tenu de la complexité de ces gisements, nous avons choisi d’étudier des mélanges modèles équivalents en leur associant des compatibilisants de nature physique. L’influence de ces derniers sur les propriétés rhéologiques, morphologiques et mécaniques a été ensuite évaluée. Cette étude a été ensuite transposée à des systèmes multiphasés post usage. Les derniers travaux ont été dédiés à une approche prospective. Il s’agit d’aller de l’éco-design à l’élaboration de multi-micro/nanocouches facilement recyclables. L’originalité de cette étude consiste à limiter le nombre de constituants, à réduire/contrôler les épaisseurs des couches et éviter l’utilisation des couches de liants. Enfin, leurs propriétés rhéologiques, morphologiques et mécaniques ont été évaluées en fonction des cycles de recyclage mécaniqueIn the context of a circular economy, the first works of the thesis were devoted to the study of the processing ability of recycled flexible films from agricultural bale wrapping film's waste. These multilayer films initially contain an additive that gives the final product a sticky character. During recycling, this additive is still present and migrates to the surface. A particular emphasis has been placed on understanding and studying the migration mechanisms of this additive according to the molecular architecture of the polyethylenes used with different branching content. Model blends, with or without mineral fillers, were prepared for this purpose. In addition to morphological and microstructural studies, original experimental methodologies have been set up to study the migration/diffusion kinetics with tribo-rheometry and film surface's "tack" monitoring devices. As for the rheological behaviour in shear and elongation, it is influenced by the presence of this additive. The second part of this study was devoted to understanding the realities of the recycling activity of other polypropylene- and polyethylene-based multilayer films. Given the complexity of these materials, we chose to study equivalent model blends by combining them with physical compatibilizers. The influence of the latter on the rheological, morphological and mechanical properties was then evaluated. This study was then transposed to postconsumption multiphase systems. The last studies were devoted to a future-oriented approach. This involves going from eco-design to the development of easily recyclable multimicro/ nanolayers. The originality of this study consists in limiting the number of constituents, reducing/controlling the thickness of the layers and avoiding the use of tie-layers. Finally, their rheological, morphological and mechanical properties have been evaluated according to number and type of mechanical recycling cycles
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Stefanelli, Talita Katiuska Takizawa Dias 1983. "Remoção de corante de poli(tereftalato de etileno) (PET) através de recristalização e sua posterior despolimerização em meio ácido." [s.n.], 2013. http://repositorio.unicamp.br/jspui/handle/REPOSIP/266615.
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Orientadores: Maria Regina Wolf Maciel, Glaucia Maria Ferreira PintoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química
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Resumo: O consumo de polímeros sintéticos no Brasil e no mundo vem aumentando há décadas, numa clara demonstração do enorme sucesso conseguido por esses materiais nas mais variadas aplicações. As características típicas dos polímeros sintéticos, como seu custo praticamente irrisório, baixo peso, boa resistência mecânica, impermeabilidade, transparência e capacidade de coloração mais impressão lhe conferiram trunfos irresistíveis para seu uso massivo na forma de embalagens, uma aplicação extremamente importante numa sociedade voltada para o consumo. O grande problema dos polímeros sintéticos reside na sua curta vida útil, o que conduz a um rápido aumento da corrente de resíduos, como é o caso das embalagens. Dentro desse âmbito, a reciclagem passa ser uma alternativa promissora. Por definição, a reciclagem é um processo de transformação dos materiais previamente separados para posterior utilização; é a recuperação de resíduos mediante uma série de operações que permitem que materiais processados sejam aproveitados como matéria-prima no processo gerador ou em outros. A primeira etapa deste trabalho foi a tentativa de fazer a despolimerização de PET utilizando o processo de destilação molecular. Os resultados mostraram que não é possível utilizar o destilador molecular na despolimerização do PET. Na segunda etapa deste trabalho o pet pósconsumo foi submetido à recristalização para remoção do corante, utilizando ácido trifluoracético como solvente, na tentativa de uma nova alternativa de reciclagem para este material. O material modificado e o PET pós-consumo foram caracterizados por termogravimetria (TG) e calorimetria exploratória diferencial (DSC)
Abstract: The use of synthetic polymers in the world and particularly in Brazil has been increasing for decades representing the huge success achieved by these materials in various applications. The main characteristics of synthetic polymers are their low cost and weight, good mechanical strength, impermeability, transparency and the possibility of coloring, which results in their massive use in the form of packaging an application extremely important in a society focused on consumption. Despite all its advantages, the polymers are generally used in the manufacture of objects whose useful life it is extremely short, like bottled water and soft drinks , produced with polyethylene terephthalate (PET), or as previously mentioned, in packs of all species, resulting in a rapid increase in the waste stream. In this scenario, recycling becomes a promising alternative. By definition, recycling is a process of transformation materials previously separated for later use or is the recovery of waste by means of a series of operations that allow processed materials to be utilized as raw material in generating process or in other process. The first stage of this work was to attempt to make the depolymerization of PET using molecular distillation process, but results showed that it is not possible to use the molecular distiller for the depolymerization of this type of polymer. In the second stage of the work, post-consumer PET was subjected to recrystallization to remove the dye, using trifluoroacetic acid as solvent in in a new attempt to recycle this material. The modified material and post-consumer PET were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC)
Mestrado
Desenvolvimento de Processos Químicos
Mestra em Engenharia Química
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Solouki, Bonab Vahab. "Polyurethane (PU) Nanocomposites; Interplay of Composition, Morphology, and Properties." Case Western Reserve University School of Graduate Studies / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=case1542634359353501.
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Chikh, Amirouche. "Étude des mélanges PHBV/PBS et des mélanges hybrides PHBV/PBS/sépiolite : préparation, caractérisation physico-mécanique et durabilité." Thesis, Lorient, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LORIS496/document.
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Ce travail de recherche consiste à étudier les relations structure-propriétés de mélanges biopolymères à base de poly(3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) et poly(butylène succinate) (PBS). Il est divisé en trois parties. La première partie est consacrée à l'étude des propriétés des mélanges PHBV/PBS préparés par voie fondue en fonction de la composition en termes de morphologie et de propriétés rhéologiques, mécaniques, thermiques et barrières. Les résultats obtenus ont été discutés par rapport aux polymères de base. La deuxième partie est consacrée à la compatibilisation des mélanges PHBV/PBS et l'amélioration des interactions à l'interface. Les effets de l'incorporation de la sépiolite à 5% en masse et du PHBV greffé par de l’anhydride maléique (PHBV-g-MA) à 5% en masse ont été étudiés en termes de changements morphologiques montrant un effet synergique entre le compatibilisant et la nanocharge sur les l’ensemble des propriétés des mélanges PHBV/PBS. Enfin, une étude sur le recyclage a été menée à travers une évaluation des effets du nombre de cycles d'extrusion sur les propriétés des matériaux. Elle révèle qu'après 6 cycles d'extrusion, la dégradation thermo-mécanique du PHBV est significativement réduite en présence du PBSThe main objective of this work was to study the structure-properties relationships of biopolymerblends based on poly (3-hydroxybutyrate-co-3-hydroxyvalerate) (PHBV) and polybutylene succinate (PBS). The work was devised into three parts. The first part was devoted to the study of the properties of PHBV/PBS blends prepared by melt compounding at different weight ratio in terms of morphology and properties. The results obtained were discussed in terms of properties and compared with the neat polymers. The second part was devoted to the study of compatibility of PHBV/PBS blends aiming to improve the interactions at the interface between the two components. The effects of both sepiolite (5% wt.) and PHBV-g-MA (5% wt.) were studied in terms of properties. The results showed a synergistic effect between the compatibilizer PHBV-g-MA and the nanofiller sepiolite though an increase in thermal, mechanical and rheological properties. The last part dealing with the recyclability of PHBV/PBS through the study of the effects of repeated extrusion cycles on the properties of materials. The results showed that after 6 reprocessing cycles the thermo-mechanical degradation of PHBV is significantly reduced in the presence of PBS
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Huynh, Anh Nhut Materials Science & Engineering Faculty of Science UNSW. "Rubber-polymer blends: a thesis in polymer engineering." Awarded by:University of New South Wales. Materials Science & Engineering, 2007. http://handle.unsw.edu.au/1959.4/40833.
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This study examines composite materials prepared from ground recycled tires (tire crumb) and post-consumer recycled high density polyethylene (HDPE). An initial set of composites was prepared from as-received tire crumb and HDPE recyclate containing 040% tire crumb in 10% increments, using injection moulding. The elastic modulus and tensile strength were found to decrease linearly with increasing tire crumb content. Addition of tire crumb to recycled HDPE caused produced an immediate reduction in the strain to failure with a progressively more modest decrease as the tire crumb content was increased. The impact toughness decreased more linearly with increasing tire crumb fraction. Cross sections of the composites showed that the tire crumb particles were in intimate contact with the matrix but post mortem examination of the fracture surface of the impact test specimens indicated that the level of bonding had been poor. A second set of composites was a prepared from 10% tire crumb. The tire crumb was first given an oxidative treatment in hot aqueous copper chloride at concentrations from 0-5 wt% Cu Ch at 50 or 100??C for 6 or 12 hours. The composites were injection moulded with an addition of 0.5 wt% dicumyl peroxide (DCP). These composites showed good bonding between the tire crumb and the recycled HDPE even at concentrations of 0% of the Cu 2+ oxidation catalyst. The addition of DCP was found to substantially reduce the modulus of neat HDPE and this reduction was reflected in the modulus of the composites. It was found that the DCP concentration could be reduced to 0.02% without adversely affecting the composites.
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KIYAN, LUDMILA de Y. P. "Aplicação da radiação gama para incorporação do pó de borracha em formulações de borracha EPDM e nitrílica." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2014. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/23177.
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Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energeticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Scopel, Bianca Santinon. "Obtenção e caracterização de filmes poliméricos a partir de amido de milho e de gelatina recuperada de resíduos de couro curtido ao cromo (III)." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UCS, 2016. https://repositorio.ucs.br/handle/11338/1173.
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Signoret, Charles. "Valorisation de Matières Premières Secondaires (MPS) thermoplastiques en mélange issues de tri spectroscopique en ligne - Projet Mélanie MIR spectral characterization of plastic to enable discrimination in an industrial recycling context: I. Specific case of styrenic polymers MIR spectral characterization of plastic to enable discrimination in an industrial recycling context: II. Specific case of polyolefins." Thesis, IMT Mines Alès, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019EMAL0005.
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Les travaux de thèse présentés ici ont pour contexte le recyclage mécanique de polymères issus de DEEE (Déchets d’Equipements Electriques et Electroniques), principalement représentés par les styréniques (HIPS et ABS). Une première partie s’est intéressée à la discrimination de polymères par spectroscopie Infrarouge à Transformée de Fourier (IRTF ou FTIR), l’équivalent statique du MIR-HSI (Imagerie Hyperspectrale en Moyen-Infrarouge) qui pourrait être une réponse au verrou technologique du tri des plastiques sombres. Une quarantaine de références vierges de polymères (certaines vieillies en laboratoire), de charges minérales et de retardateurs de flamme ont été comparés à des gisements réels de DEEE pour établir une méthodologie d’identification, souligner des confusions possibles et mettre en valeur des signaux clefs.La recyclabilité d’ABS et d’HIPS a également été étudiée en reextrudant des échantillons modèles vieillis en conditions naturelles et artificielles à différentes durées. De fortes colorations suivies par photométrie, exclusivement des matières préalablement photooxydées, ont montré une importante réactivité en extrusion des espères formées lors du vieillissement. Les propriétés mécaniques, notamment statique en traction simple, dynamique en choc instrumenté mais également des essais rhéologiques en fondu ont, pour certains illustré la combinaison des deux phénomènes de dégradation.Le dernier aspect de ces travaux a concerné la gestion d’impuretés PP résiduelles au sein d’ABS après tri industriel imparfait. Sur des systèmes modèles, il a été constaté que les propriétés à l’impact commençaient à chuter dès 2% d’impuretés pour atteindre un minimum dès 4%. Des essais de compatibilisation ont permis de sélectionner le PP-g-MA et le SEBS comme agents de compatibilisation intéressants. Une modélisation prédictive des comportements jusqu’à rupture en statique basée sur des analyses morphologiques des mélanges de polymères (MEB et AFM) et des essais de traction instrumentés photomécaniquement a permis d’analyser la sensibilité des propriétés à rupture à la distribution des tailles de nodules de PP inhérente à l’emploi d’un compatibilisantPhD works presented here were performed within the context of mechanical recycling of polymers recovered from WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment), mainly represented by styrenic polymers (HIPS and ABS). A first part focused on polymer discrimination thanks to Fourier-Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), the static equivalent of MIR-HSI (Mid-Infrared Hyperspectral Imagery) which could represent an answer to the technological obstacle of dark colored plastics sorting. About forty references of virgin polymers (some of them aged in laboratory), mineral fillers and flame retardants were compared to real WEEE waste stocks to establish an identification methodology, to highlight possible confusions and emphasize key signals.Recyclability of ABS and HIPS was studied by extruding model samples aged in both natural and artificial conditions at different durations. Strong discolorations monitored by photometry, exclusively for previously photooxydized materials, showed a strong reactivity during extrusion from species formed during ageing. Mechanical properties, including static ones through tensile tests, dynamic ones in instrumented impact and melted state rheology, showed, for some of them, an interaction between the two degradation phenomena.The last aspect of these works concerned the management of post-sorting residual PP impurities within ABS. With model systems, it was observed that impact properties began to fall at 2w% of impurities to reach a minimum at 4w%. Compatibilization trials lead to the selection of PP-g-MA and SEBS as interesting compatibilizers. Predictive modeling of static behavior towards failure, based on morphological analysis of polymer blends (SEM and AFM) and photomecanically instrumented tensile tests, highlighted the sensitivity of break properties to the distribution of PP nodules sizes under the influence of a compatibilize
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Kianbakhsh, Pejman. "Recycling polymer composite hydrogen pressure vessels." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.546472.
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By 2002 the world market for polymer composites was 7.2 Million Tons. The automotive and industrial vehicle industry consumes 25% of the world's composite material output. Composite materials benefit the automotive industry in multiple ways. Regulatory pressure that encourages recyclablity and reduction of energy consumption pushes automotive manufacturers to consider new technologies to meet these environmental standards. The work being undertaken in this research is part of an ED integrated Project under the "Sixth Framework of Research and Development Funding". The project title is "Hydrogen Storage Systems for Automotive Application (StorHy)". Within this project, the Recycling Work Package (WP5) aims to develop recycling techniques for glass and carbon fibre reinforced polymer composite pressure vessels that were proposed for hydrogen storage. This thesis describes the development of a SIze reduction technique for the carbon/epoxy and glass/PP pressure vessels with respect to the particle size and investigates ways of preparing the granulated fractions for subsequent processing. An image analysis technique was successfully developed for the characterisation of the reground material from the carbon/epoxy pressure vessel. The same image analysis technique could not be used to analyse the reground material produced from the thermoplastic vessel. Alternatively, the reground material from the thermoplastic vessel were characterised through a sieve analysis technique. The reground material from the thermoset vessel produced in this work could be processed in a fluidized bed rig which is mentioned in a number of publications. In this work, the reground material from the thermoplastic vessel was successfully processed using an injection moulding machine, with mechanical properties as good as comparable to commercial composites. In this study micro mechanical models available in the short fibre composite literature such as Halpin-Tsai and the rule of mixtures were used to predict the stiffness of the injection moulded composites. The trend observed for the Halpin-Tsai model appeared not to be in a good agreement with the experimental data but the rule of mixtures model was found to predict the experimental data more accurately.
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Jalilian, Mohammadali. "Impact of MXD6 on the Structure and Properties of Mechanically Recycled PET Blends." University of Toledo / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=toledo1513354154142392.
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Żuk, Tomasz. "Separacja elektrostatyczna mieszanin tworzyw biodegradowalnych." Rozprawa doktorska, Uniwersytet Technologiczno-Przyrodniczy w Bydgoszczy, 2015. http://dlibra.utp.edu.pl/Content/850.
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Głównym celem było eksperymentalne zbadanie mozliwości separacji elektrostatycznej niektórych mieszanin tworzyw biodegradowalnych oraz mieszanin tych tworzyw z wybranymi tworzywami powszechnego użytku
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Voytyuk, Nazariy. "Recycling of Polypropylene and Polyamide Blends Using Thermomechanical Recycling." Thesis, KTH, Materialvetenskap, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-277883.
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The aim of the thesis was to recycle a common carpet waste containing polyamide 6 (PA6) and polypropylene (PP) polymers with thermomechanical recycling. The produced products were compared to neat polymer materials. The recycled material underwent the thermomechanical process which includes shredding and extruding. The created filament was analyzed using various analysis techniques including FTIR, SEM, DSC and tensile testing for the mechanical properties. The filament was later evaluated with a 3D printer to see if a product could be made from the material. Filament containing recycled carpet material was used to create a 3D printed product, thus the method seems promising. The results from the structural analysis techniques showed that degradation of the polymers occurred after multiple recycling cycles, mostly of the PA6 polymer. The mechanical properties with the addition of recycled carpet to a blend of neat materials show similar properties when compared to only neat material. In conclusion, it is possible to 3D print recycled carp inted product so the method seems viable for future applications.Syftet med avhandlingen var att återvinna en vanlig matta som innehåller polyamid-6- och polypropenpolymerer med termomekanisk återvinning och jämföra produkten med rena polymermaterial. Det återvunna materialet tillverkades med den termomekaniska processen som inkluderar malning och strängsprutning (extrudering). Filamentet analyseras med olika analystekniker inklusive FTIR, SEM, DSC och dragprovning för mekaniska egenskaper. Filamentet testas sedan med en 3D-skrivare för att se om en produkt kan tillverkas av materialet. Filamentet med återvunnen matta användes för att skapa en 3D-skriven produkt, därför verkar metoden lovande. Resultaten från analysteknikerna visade polymererna bröts ner efter flera återvinningscykler, mestadels av PA6-polymeren. De mekaniska egenskaperna med tillsats av återvunnet matta till en blandning av rena material visar liknande egenskaper jämfört med endast rena material. Sammanfattningsvis är det möjligt att 3D-skriva med återvunnet mattfilament för att skapa en 3D-skriven produkt, metoden verkar lovande.
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Karunarathna, Mudugamuwe Hewawasam Jayan Savinda. "Photochemistry of iron(III) with carboxylate-containing polysaccharides for sustainable materials." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2020. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1586468303760847.
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Calgaro, Camila Ottonelli. "AVALIAÇÃO DA APLICAÇÃO DE CO2 SUPERCRÍTICO NA PRESENÇA DE COSOLVENTES PARA A RECICLAGEM DE PLACAS DE CIRCUITO IMPRESSO DE CELULARES." Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, 2015. http://repositorio.ufsm.br/handle/1/7994.
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Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do SulTechnological development and intensive marketing support the growth of demand for electrical and electronic equipment (EEE), which have as a primary component printed circuit boards (PCBs). These devices have become obsolete in a shorter period of time, then residual PCBs become a problem, requiring recycling. The PCBs are composed of ceramic, polymers and metals, especially copper, metal present in the highest percentage. In addition they contain toxic substances such as brominated flame retardants and heavy metals. So the PCBs represent a problem and an opportunity at the same time, they require proper treatment and they are composed for materials with economic value. Therefore the aim of this study was to evaluate the application of supercritical CO2 and co-solvents in the recovery of copper and polymers from mobile phone PCBs, for the development of a more efficient and environmentally friendly recycling process. The study involved the mechanical processing of PCBs separated from discarded mobile phones; the characterization of PCBs; copper recovery using the CO2 supercritical leaching and H2O2 and H2SO4 as cosolvents, this method was conducted comparatively with leaching at atmospheric pressure using H2O2 and H2SO4 as leaching agents; Electrowinning of copper supercritical leached; and recovering the polymer fraction contained in the PCBs, using ethanol as cosolvent. The results indicated that mechanical processing in two milling, carried out in a hammer mill and knives mill were important for the reduction of PCBs to particle diameter less than 2 mm. From the leaching with aqua regia, it was determined that the PCBs containing 34.83 wt% copper. The characterization steps have demonstrated that PCBs are composed of 64.02% of metal, 20.51% of ceramics and 15.47% of polymers. The results showed that the supercritical leaching is 9 times faster than the atmospheric leaching. About 90% of copper was extracted from PCBs in 20 min of supercritical leaching, employing a solid:liquid ratio of 1:20, 20% (v/v) H2O2 and H2SO4 (2.5M). From the electrowinning, performed in a current density of 250 A / m², the copper metal form was recovered with 95.97% purity, reaching a current efficiency of 99%. It was extracted 69.53% of the polymers present in the PCBs using supercritical CO2 and ethanol co-solvent at 170 ° C and 7.5 MPa. Therefore the application of supercritical CO2 and co-solvents is a promising method and efficient to PCBs recycling.
O desenvolvimento tecnológico e marketing intenso propiciam o crescimento da demanda por equipamentos elétricos e eletrônicos (EEE), os quais apresentam como componente primário as placas de circuito impresso (PCIs). Como esses equipamentos vêm se tornando obsoletos em um menor intervalo de tempo, as PCIs residuais tornam-se um problema, necessitando de reciclagem. As PCIs são compostas por cerâmicos, polímeros e metais, com destaque para o cobre, metal presente em maior percentual, além de conterem substâncias tóxicas como os retardantes de chama bromados e os metais pesados. De modo que as PCIs representam um problema e uma oportunidade ao mesmo tempo, pois requerem tratamento adequado e são compostas por materiais com valor econômico agregado. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a aplicação de CO2 supercrítico na presença de cosolventes para a recuperação do cobre e na remoção dos polímeros de PCIs de celulares, visando o desenvolvimento de um processo de reciclagem mais eficiente e ambientalmente aceitável. O estudo compreendeu o processamento mecânico das PCIs separadas manualmente de celulares descartados; a caracterização das PCIs; a recuperação do cobre a partir da lixiviação com CO2 supercrítico e H2O2 e H2SO4 como cosolventes, realizada de forma comparativa com a lixiviação à pressão atmosférica utilizando H2O2 e H2SO4 como agentes lixiviantes; a eletro-obtenção do cobre lixiviado supercriticamente; e a recuperação da fração polimérica contida nas PCIs, empregando etanol como cosolvente. Os resultados obtidos no processamento mecânico indicaram que as duas moagens, realizadas em moinho de martelos, seguido de facas, foram importantes para a redução das PCIs a partículas de diâmetro inferior a 2 mm. A partir das lixiviações com água régia, determinou-se que as PCIs contêm 34,83% em massa de cobre. As etapas de caracterização demonstraram que as PCIs são compostas por 64,02% de metais, 20,51% de cerâmicos e 15,47% de polímeros. Os resultados mostraram que a lixivação supercrítica é 9 vezes mais rápida do que a lixiviação à pressão atmosférica. Extraiu-se, em 20 minutos de lixiviação supercrítica, cerca de 90% do cobre contido nas PCIs, empregando uma razão sólido:líquido de 1:20, 20% (v/v) de H2O2 e H2SO4 (2,5M). A partir da eletro-obtenção, realizada em uma densidade de corrente de 250 A/m², recuperou-se o cobre na forma de depósito metálico com 95,97% de pureza, alcançando uma eficiência de corrente de 99%. Extraiu-se 69,53% dos polímeros presentes nas PCIs, a partir de CO2 supercrítico modificado com etanol, a 170°C e 7,5 MPa. Portanto a aplicação de CO2 supercrítico na presença de cosolventes é um método promissor e eficiente à reciclagem das PCIs.
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Gripon, Layla. "Contribution au recyclage et à la valorisation des matières plastiques issues des déchets d’équipements électriques et électroniques contenant des retardateurs de flamme bromés." Thesis, Ecole nationale supérieure Mines-Télécom Lille Douai, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020MTLD0014.
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Les retardateurs de flammes bromés (RFB) sont ajoutés aux polymères pour améliorer leur résistance à l’inflammabilité. Mais certains d’entre eux sont aujourd’hui considérés comme polluants organiques persistants (POP). Pour éviter que ces substances se propagent dans les flux de recyclage, les matières plastiques dont la concentration en brome est trop élevée (> 2000 ppm) sont généralement incinérées pour détruire les polluants qu’elles contiennent. L’objectif de ces travaux est de trouver une solution pour recycler la matière plastique contenant des RFB tout en respectant les réglementations. L’étude s’est focalisée sur un lot d’acrylonitrile-butadiène-styrène (ABS) issu d’un gisement réel de déchets d’équipements électriques et électroniques qui présente une concentration en POP environ quatre fois supérieure au seuil autorisant le recyclage. Des méthodes de traitement physico-chimiques permettant d’extraire les RFB ont donc été étudiées. Les extractions solides-liquides sous agitation et utilisant l’éther diéthylique ainsi que la dissolution-précipitation de la matière ont permis d’abaisser la concentration en POP sous le seuil réglementaire. Une étude poussée sur l’extraction avec du CO2 supercritique a également été menée et a montré son efficacité pour extraire les RFB mais des optimisations sont encore nécessaires. L’impact environnemental du recyclage de la matière a également été évalué en tenant compte des procédés de pré-traitement étudiés précédemment. L’optimisation de la consommation d’énergie et de solvant est nécessaire pour que le recyclage devienne plus viable que l’incinération. Les propriétés de la matière traitée montrent qu’elle pourrait être facilement recyclable. Elle présente néanmoins une résilience amoindrie qui pourra être améliorée lors d’une étape de formulation. Enfin, une application de cette matière dans une structure bicouche a été proposée afin d’améliorer son esthétisme et ses propriétés mécaniques. De bonnes adhésions avec un ABS et un ABS/PC vierges ont été obtenues expérimentalement garantissant de bonnes propriétés au multicoucheBrominated flame retardants (BFR) are added to polymers to enhance their flammability resistance. But some of them are nowadays considered as persistent organic pollutants (POP). To avoid their propagation into recycling streams, plastic materials which bromine concentration is too high (> 2000 ppm) are generally incinerated to destroy the pollutants they contain. The objective of this work is to find a solution to recycle BFR containing plastics materials while respecting the regulations. The study is focused on an acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) batch coming from real waste electrical and electronic equipment which contains a POP concentration about four times higher than the regulation limit authorizing recycling. Physico-chemical methods were studied to extract BFR. Solid-liquid extractions with stirring and diethyl ether as well as the dissolution-precipitation method lowered the POP concentration under the regulatory limit. A detailed study on supercritical CO2 extraction was performed and showed its efficiency to remove BFR, but optimizations are still needed. The recycling environmental impacts were also evaluated considering the pre-treatment processes studied previously. The energy and solvent consumptions need to be optimized in order to make the recycling process more viable compared to incineration. The treated plastic material showed that it can be easily recycled. Nevertheless, its impact strength could be improved during a formulation step. Finally, a practical application of this material in a bilayer structure was proposed to enhance its mechanical and esthetic properties. Good adhesions were obtained with virgin ABS and ABS/PC materials guaranteeing satisfactory properties to the bilayer structure
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Twite, Kabamba Eddy. "Polymer foams and composites recycling : Rheological and Macromolecular Investigations." Thesis, Université Laval, 2010. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2010/27578/27578.pdf.
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Pei, Haohong [Verfasser]. "RNA Polymerase Recycling in Bacillus subtilis / Haohong Pei." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2021. http://d-nb.info/1234451530/34.
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Selvakumar, Pitchaivelu. "Characterisation of aqueous two phase partition systems by distribution analysis of radiolabeled analytes : application to process definition and control in biorecovery." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251886.
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Cruz, Sanchez Fabio Alberto. "Methodological proposition to evaluate polymer recycling in open-source additive manufacturing contexts." Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016LORR0291/document.
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En ce début de XXIème siècle, l’époque où seul la technique transformait la société toute entière est clairement révolue. Certes, les révolutions techniques sont là : interconnexion des personnes, explosion de l’internet, apparition de nouvelles formes d’énergies, de nouveaux procédés de production, de nouveaux matériaux etc... mais l’homme n'est plus un simple consommateur sensible au prix et aux incitations de l’état. Il souhaite être acteur et participer à l’utilisation des nouvelles technologies mais de manière raisonnée et en intégrant les grands enjeux sociétaux tels que le partage et la sauvegarde des ressources et matières premières. Cette thèse s’inscrit dans cette problématique globale: en effet tout au long du manuscrit nous réfléchissons à comment une révolution technique tel que la fabrication additive (FA) est prise en main par des citoyens dans des lieux de partage de la connaissance que sont les FabLabs, et plus précisément, s’il est possible et de quelle manière introduire de la durabilité dans le contexte open-source. Nous voyons dans un premier temps, comment la problématique sociétale forte du recyclage des matériaux se développe dans le contexte de la FA en générale et plus particulièrement nous proposons une revue bibliographique systématique sur le sujet. Dans un second temps nous recentrons notre recherche sur la FA dans le contexte open source et nous montrons que les machines dans ce contexte, bien qu’à des coûts très faibles par rapport aux machines professionnelles, ont cependant des niveaux de reproductibilités suffisant pour que l’on les utilise dans le cadre d’une recherche poussée. Dans le troisième chapitre nous proposons une méthodologie générale fixant l’étude du recyclage de polymères thermoplastiques dans le contexte open-source. Dans le quatrième chapitre nous utilisons la méthodologie vu précédemment pour le recyclage de l’acide polylactique (PLA). Nous montrons le niveau de dégradation de la matière à travers l’ensemble du procédé et concluons qu’il est possible de recycler le PLA pour l’impression 3D mais dans une moindre mesure que pour les procédés d’injection. Enfin nous concluons et proposons en perspective d’étudier le recyclage en circuit court d’autres polymères thermoplastiqueSince the beginning of the XXI century, we can recognize that several technical (r)evolutions have changed the way we conceived our world. New realities have appeared thanks to the information and communication technologies (e.g. Internet), peer-to-peer dynamics (e.g. open software/hardware, collaborative economy), new means of production (fablabs, hackerspaces), among others. One of the impacts of this technical ecosystem is the individual's empowerment that changes the relationship between consumer and producer. For instance, we observe an evolution of role passing from a passive consumer towards an active prosumer, where this latter considers not only economic aspects, but also social and environmental issues.This thesis is integrated in this global issue; indeed, throughout the manuscript we analyze about the impact of open-source (OS) Additive Manufacturing (AM) (also as known as open-source 3D printing or just 3D printing) in the light of the sustainability issues. The democratization of OS AM and the creation of spaces for co-creation (e.g. FabLabs) proved the interest for changes in the established roles. Therefore, we are interested in how this OS technology could develop sustainable waste management options through a polymer recycling process. In a first phase, we present the concept of additive manufacturing (AM) and its importance on sustainability issues. A systematic literature review related to the material recycling advances in the commercial and open-source (OS) AM is developed with a focus on thermoplastic polymer recycling.In a second phase, our aim is to validate open-source AM systems as a reliable manufacturing tool. We develop and test an experimental protocol in order to evaluate the dimensional performance using as case study a representative OS 3D printer: called FoldaRap. It was found that the International Standard Tolerance Grade of this machine is situated between IT14 and IT16. We conclude that the dimensional performance of this case study is comparable to the commercial AM systems, taking into account the important different in terms of machine cost. In a third phase, we center our attention on the recycling process and we propose a systematic methodology to evaluate the feasibility of the use of recycled thermoplastic polymer in OS 3D printers. A case study is developed with the evaluation of the recycling process using polylactid acid (PLA). The results allow us to conclude that the use of recycled PLA is technically feasible. Nevertheless, the degradation of the material is more important than in other traditional manufacturing systems (e.g. injection). Finally, we concludes and propose as perspectives, the study of a distributed recycling process for other type of polymers
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Liang, Tian. "Continuous Devulcanization of Ground Tire Rubber of Different Particle Sizes Using an Ultrasonic Twin-Screw Extruder." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2013. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1366063285.
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Höög, Carl. "PET Recycling – Material and Performance aspects." Thesis, KTH, Fiber- och polymerteknologi, 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-293044.
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Återvinning och insamling av PET-flaskor startade redan 1994 i Sverige och är en av de grundläggande återvinningsindustrierna.Teknologin har ständigt utvecklas sedan dess och vi har nu nya återvinningsmetoder som kan säkerställa PET-material som uppnår livsmedelskvalitet. Dessutom produktionsmetoder så som Solid-State polymerisation, vilket möjliggör flaska-till-flaska mantrat som genomsyrar Returpack.Med den globala klimatutmaningen vi har framför oss så är intresset i återvinning minskning i användning av fossila bränslen väldigt intressant i många industrier.PET-industrin är en av dessa, där både dryck företag och flasktillverkare vill tillverka flaskor med högre andel återvunnet PET-material. Detta kan redan noteras ute på marknaden, där det finns flaskor tillverkade från 100% återvunnen PET. I denna avhandling har vi undersökt effekten av halten återvunnet material har på både mekaniska och kemiska egenskaper. Effekten av antalet återvinnings-cykler har också blivit undersökt.En labb-version av den återvinningsprocess som används kommersiellt i Sverige av Veolia PET utfördes. Fyra cykler av återvinningsprocessen genomfördes på Virgin PET, vilket resulterade i satserna, krPET-1 till krPET-4. Från varje sats tillverkades hundbens-replikat via formsprutning med olika fraktioner: 25, 50 och 100% återvunnen PET. Alla replikat karakteriserades med instrument och metoder så som dragprovning, FT-IR, DSC och inre viskositet.Från en miljösynpunkt finns det definitiva och redan konstaterade fördelar med en ökning av rPET fraktionen i PET-flaskor. Problem under tillverkningen av replikat ledde till små samplingsstorlekar. Som ett resultat gick det ej att dra några slutsatser från de potentiella nackdelarna som en högre rPET fraktion skulle kunna innebära.The recycling and collection of PET bottles has a long tradition in Sweden dating back to 1994 and is one of the staple recycling industries.Technology has advanced since then, with new recycling processes to assure food grade certified recycled PET and manufacturing processes such as Solid-State polymerization to enable the bottle-to-bottle mantra. Amidst global warming and climate crisis, the interest in recycling and reducing the use of fossil fuel to manufacture new bottles is ever-growing. As a result, manufacturers and breweries want bottles manufactured with higher fractions of recycled PET, and there are already bottles out on the market made from 100% recycled PET. In this thesis, the effect that the fraction of recycled PET may have on the mechanical and chemical properties of the final product was tested. Also, the effect that several recycling cycles may have on the product was tested.A lab-scale version of the recycling process used commercially in Sweden by Veolia PET were carried out. Four cycles of the process were carried out on virgin PET material, resulting in material batches krPET-1 to krPET-4. Dog bone samples from each recycled batch were manufactured via injection moulding with 25, 50 and 100% rPET fractions. All samples were characterized with various instruments and methods such as FT-IR, Tensile testing, DSC, and intrinsic viscosity testing.From an environmental standpoint, there are clear advantages to an increase in rPET fraction in PET-bottles. Due to issues with manufacturing and the production of samples, only a small sample size was acquired. All the analyses suffered, as a result, making it hard to draw any definite conclusions regarding potential disadvantages with a higher rPET fraction.
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GABRIEL, LEANDRO. "Preparação, irradiação e caracterização de blendas PEAD reciclado/EPDM." reponame:Repositório Institucional do IPEN, 2016. http://repositorio.ipen.br:8080/xmlui/handle/123456789/26946.
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Submitted by Marco Antonio Oliveira da Silva (maosilva@ipen.br) on 2016-12-22T16:34:05Z
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A reciclagem de refugos é um processo estratégico que viabiliza a expansão do mercado de plásticos, podendo gerar novos produtos. A obtenção de blendas poliméricas é uma alternativa nesse processo, já que é conhecida a perda de propriedades mecânicas dos termoplásticos nas etapas de reprocessamento. Neste trabalho, o polietileno de alta densidade (PEAD) reciclado teve adições de borracha do monômero etileno-propileno-dieno (EPDM) puro em baixos teores (1 %, 5 % e 10 %), cujo objetivo foi formar blendas miscíveis e um produto final mais resistente ao impacto. O PEAD foi submetido a quatro ciclos de moagem, extrusão e injeção (reprocessamento) e misturado ao EPDM puro por extrusão sem o uso de qualquer aditivo. Os grânulos da blenda formada foram usados para confeccionar os corpos-de-prova por injeção para seu uso nas distintas metodologias analíticas. O processo de irradiação gama foi aplicado nas doses de 50 kGy e 100 kGy e os parâmetros físico-químicos e mecânicos dessas amostras foram comparados aos das não irradiadas. Tanto as blendas irradiadas como as não irradiadas mostraramse visualmente e microscopicamente homogêneas, indicando a compatibilidade da mistura, que também é verificada por seu comportamento térmico. Os parâmetros mecânicos provenientes dos ensaios de tração e flexão, foram semelhantes nas amostras do termoplástico virgem e do reciclado; o processo de irradiação nas blendas gerou sua reticulação, sendo esta verificada não só pelo aumento dos valores desses parâmetros como também pelo aumento da fração gel. A resistência ao impacto aumentou cerca de duas vezes e meia nas amostras com maior teor de EPDM e cerca de 6 a 7 vezes nestas mesmas amostras irradiadas a 50 kGy e 100 kGy respectivamente. O novo material obtido tem fortes indicativos para a sua utilização na pequena e média indústria de plástico, uma vez que já com 1 % de EPDM apresentam melhores características mecânicas em relação ao termoplástico reciclado quatro vezes e essas características foram incrementadas após o processo de irradiação gama.
Dissertação (Mestrado em Tecnologia Nuclear)
IPEN/D
Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares - IPEN-CNEN/SP
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Aid, Sara. "Etude de la miscibilité des polymères par la méthode de coalescence des grains en vue du recyclage des DEEE par rotomoulage." Thesis, Paris, ENSAM, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017ENAM0059/document.
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L’objectif de cette thèse est d’investiguer la miscibilité des mélanges de polymères dans une perspective de recycler les polymères issus des DEEE par rotomoulage. En effet, la miscibilité est un facteur clé qui conditionne les propriétés finales du mélange. Basé sur les résultats de caractérisation des flux DEEE d’Éco-systèmes, le choix des matériaux d’étude (PVDF/PMMA) et (ABS/PC) a été motivé par l’intérêt à la fois industriel et scientifique de ces deux couples. La première partie du travail présente une panoplie de méthodes expérimentales mises en place, allant des procédés de mise en œuvre à la caractérisation des matériaux dans le but d’explorer in fine la miscibilité de ces mélanges. En particulier, l’étude de la coalescence des grains a permis de mettre en évidence la miscibilité du couple PVDF/PMMA et la miscibilité partielle de l’ABS/PC (phénomène d’enrobage). À l’issu de cette étude, le couple PVDF/PMMA a été retenu en tant que couple « modèle » pour mettre en place un modèle prédictif généralisé de la coalescence entre grains de polymères différents. Ce modèle a été couplé à une étude probabiliste paramétrique des incertitudes permettant d’évaluer l’effet des incertitudes des mesures relatives à la viscosité, la tension de surface, le temps de relaxation et la taille des grains sur la cinétique de coalescence. Le travail se termine par une ébauche de la simulation du phénomène de coalescence et de l’enrobage dans le cas des polymères miscibles et partiellement misciblesThe aim of this thesis is to study the miscibility of polymer blends with a view to recycling WEEE polymers by rotomoulding. Indeed, miscibility is a key factor which determines the final properties of polymer blends. The work was divided into two parts. Based on the characterization results of Éco-systèmes WEEE, the choice of materials (PVDF / PMMA) and (ABS / PC) was motivated by the industrial and scientific interest of these two couples. The first part of the work presents an array of experimental methods, ranging from processing to material characterization, with the aim of exploring the miscibility of these mixtures. In particular, the study of the coalescence of the grains made it possible to demonstrate the miscibility of the PVDF / PMMA couple and the partial miscibility of the ABS / PC (coating phenomenon). At the end of this study, the PVDF / PMMA couple was retained as a "model" pair to perform a generalized predictive model of the coalescence between different polymer grains. This model was coupled with a probabilistic parametric analysis to evaluate the effect of the uncertainties of the viscosity, surface tension, relaxation time and grain size measurements on coalescence kinetics. The work ends with a draft of the simulation of the coalescence phenomenon and the coating in the case of miscible and partially miscible polymers respectively
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Dořičáková, Michaela. "Studium vlastností polymery modifikovaných malt využívající skelný recyklát." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2017. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-265690.
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Master´s thesis deals with the study properties of polymer modified mortars using recycled glass and is divided into two parts, theoretical and practical. In the theoretical part has been expert search which deals with polymer modified mortars using recycled glass. On the basis of this information has been formulate practical part, which focused on the study properties of mortars depending on the time period and environment.
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Soravia, Valeria. "Towards the circularity of polymer packaging." Master's thesis, Alma Mater Studiorum - Università di Bologna, 2017.
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This thesis project was held at the Department of Civil Engineering and Geosciences at Delft University for a total duration of four months. The project was born from a collaboration between the University of Bologna and Delft, which has been in the works for a long time.
The thesis project is also part of a six-year project that sees the collaboration of several Dutch institutes with the aim of creating new technologies and improving the quality of plastic packaging specifically when it is finished the recycling process so that it can be reused.
The paperwork is structured to provide, through the first chapter, an overview of the current state of plastic and packaging production and to introduce the concept of circular economy, which has now become fundamental in today's economy.
The next chapter will be devoted to the understanding of the project, the methodology used, and a thorough analysis of the actors involved in the standardization scenario will be carried out to understand the importance and the obstacles that need to be faced nowadays. Finally, the theme of product design will be deepened, which is fundamental to their proper recycling.
The third chapter presents a study of the literature on those that are the most used polymers today in the packaging industry. Particular attention is given to the characteristics of the material. The second part of the chapter deepens the theme of additives and their characteristics, cataloged following extensive research.
The fourth chapter continues with a description of the main steps involved in the recycling process and the various types of processes. The intention is to deepen what is happening in the various phases and what are the most problematic for the output quality.
Finally, the project conclusions and the opinions of some experts who have been consulted during these months of research and study will be presented.
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Kopf, Sabrina. "Polymer rejuvenation of PET textile waste." Thesis, Högskolan i Borås, Akademin för textil, teknik och ekonomi, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:hb:diva-23819.
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Thermomechanical recycling of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) typically includes a decrease in the polymer´s intrinsic viscosity and therefore a reduction of the molecular weight. Consequently, thermomechanical recycling is usually a downcycling of the product. However current methods to increase the molecular weight such as solid-state polymerization or the usage of chain extenders are time consuming or introduce foreign molecules into the PET´s molecular chain. Thus, the aim of this work was to try to increase the molecular weight in the molten state in an extruder, to decrease the processing times. The processing times are reduced compared to the solid-state polymerization because in the molten state the movability of the polymer chain is increased. Moreover, no supplementary substances are added for the processing so that no foreign structures are introduced during reprocessing. Virgin PET pellets were extruded at 285°C, 290°C and 295°C set temperature and 2rpm, 4rpm, and 7rpm screw rotation rate. Afterwards the PET´s properties were investigated by measuring their intrinsic viscosities, conducting a 1H NMR and a DSC measurement. Additionally, pre-experiments were conducted to explore the possibilities of feeding industrial scrap polyester fabrics into the extruder. The polymer characterization showed that the intrinsic viscosity and therefore the molecular weight of the processed samples decreased with the parameters chosen for this experiment. Samples processed at 285°C and 7 rpm showed in the average the highest intrinsic viscosities and therefore the highest molecular weight of all processed samples. Additionally, the results of the 1H NMR and the DSC indicated degradation reactions such as thermal degradation and hydrolysis. Thus, further research is necessary to find an easily accessible recycling method for polyester textiles and reduce the amount of polyester textile waste. However, it is possible to feed long textile stripes into the twin screw extruder and reprocess it to a strand which is an important step for further recycling.
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Fike, Gregory Michael. "Determination of Polymer Film Development through Surface Characterization Studies." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/6879.
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Unexpectedly, it was found that when a waterborne polyacrylate adhesive was placed on carbon steel it was not tacky; this was not the case for the same adhesive placed on stainless steel. It was determined that the surface energy, as measured with liquid contact angles, of the adhesive films is significantly different between the two films, with the non-tacky film having a higher surface energy. Atomic force microscopy (AFM) showed that the non-tacky surface has a higher roughness which minimizes the contacting area between the film and a contacting surface.
Analysis of the heating of the carbon steel coupon with infrared thermography shows a non-uniform temperature profile at the surface. This experimental data is corroborated using a 2-D heat transfer model that incorporates the heat transfer characteristics of the various components of carbon steel. Surface driven flow, or Marangoni convection, can develop from temperature gradients and are known to cause increased roughness in polymer films. IR thermography measurements of the adhesive film during drying shows larger temperature differences for the films on carbon steel than on stainless steel. These larger temperature differences induce greater Marangoni convection, which result in the rougher surfaces on carbon steel that were measured with AFM.
The effect of lowering the tack of a polyacrylate film has significant impact in the dryer section of a paper machine. This effect was quantified using the Web Adhesion Drying Simulator, which is a laboratory-scale apparatus that measures the energy required to pull the sheet from a metal surface. By substituting the adhesive-on-stainless steel with the less-sticky adhesive-on-carbon steel surface, the energy required to pull the sheet from the metal surface was reduced significantly and the picking associated with the test was nearly eliminated.
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Li, Ruihua. "Single polymer composites made of slowly crystallizing polymer." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/33925.
Full textAbstract:
Composites are widely used in an increasing number of applications in diverse fields. However, most traditional composite materials are difficult to recycle. Because of their enhanced recyclability, thermoplastic single-polymer composites (SPCs), i.e., composites with fiber and matrix made from the same thermoplastic polymer, have attracted much attention in the recent years. High-performance polymer fibers in combination with same polymer matrices would lead to a fully recyclable single polymer composite that has major ecological advantages. However, because a single polymer is involved in the composite, thermoplastic SPCs manufacturing presents a unique set of technical problems, and different approaches from those in standard composites manufacturing are frequently needed. Two specific issues in SPCs manufacturing are how to produce distinct forms of the same polymer and how to consolidate them. So far, most investigations have been reported on a single-component hot compaction method and two-component molecular methods. However, in these methods, either the processing window is too narrow or some impure materials are introduced into the system. The key issue in thermoplastic SPCs processing is how to melt-process the matrix without significantly annealing or even melting the fiber. To overcome the above drawbacks in existing SPCs processing, particularly to widen the SPCs processing temperature window and to purify the SPCs, a novel SPCs manufacturing process utilizing the characteristics of slowly crystallizing polymers was developed and investigated. Highly oriented and highly crystalline fibers made of a slowly crystallizing polymer are mixed with the amorphous form of the same polymer and then consolidated together under heat and pressure. In this dissertation research, two slowly crystallizing polymers, poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PET) and poly(lactic acid) (PLA), were used as model systems for SPCs processing.. To study the deformation and failure mechanisms of PET and PLA SPCs, the SPCs were characterized using tensile test, tearing test, impact test, SEM, optical microscopy, and other methods. The change of crystallinity and orientation of the material forms during SPCs processing were characterized by DSC and XRD. The effects of major process conditions on the performance of the SPCs were studied. It was found that the processing temperature played a profound role in affecting the fiber-matrix bonding property. The compression molded SPCs exhibited enhanced mechanical properties. For the PET SPCs with 45% by weight fiber content the tensile strength is four folds of that of non-reinforced PET. After reinforcement, the tearing strength of the PLA SPCs is almost an order higher than that of the non-reinforced PLA.
The fusion bonding behavior of two crystallizable amorphous PET sheets was also studied. Several characterization methods including SEM, TEM and polarized microscopy (either on etched or on non-etched samples) were used to observe interfacial bonding morphology of the crystallizable amorphous PET sheets. For a bonded sample, a layer of transcrystals with a thickness of 1-2 Ým was found right at the interface. A secondary but much larger zone with a distinct morphology was observed outside the transcrystal layer. With increase of the heating time, the width of the whole interfacial region decreases. The interfacial morphology was found to significantly affect the interfacial bonding quality. The testing results further indicated that high bonding temperature with an appropriate holding time promotes interfacial bonding of two crystallizable amorphous PET.
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Silva, Amanda Helena Marcandali da. "Avaliação do comportamento de pavimentos com camada reciclada de revestimentos asfálticos a frio com emulsão modificada por polímero." Universidade de São Paulo, 2011. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3138/tde-08072011-160019/.
Full textAbstract:
Esta pesquisa avaliou a técnica de reciclagem a frio in situ com emulsão modificada por polímero de revestimentos asfálticos deteriorados, por meio de análises dos resultados de ensaios laboratoriais e avaliações de trecho experimental executado na Rodovia Régis Bittencourt, atualmente sob concessão do Grupo OHL Brasil. Os ensaios laboratoriais foram conduzidos a fim de se verificar a influência da variabilidade dos agregados fresados, e o efeito do teor e do tipo de emulsão asfáltica (modificada por polímero e convencional) na dosagem de misturas recicladas a frio, utilizando resultados de comportamento mecânico como parâmetros de avaliação. Os ensaios de laboratório mostraram a eficiência das emulsões modificadas por polímero sobre as convencionais e a importância do período de cura nas propriedades mecânicas. Valores de módulo de resiliência determinados em laboratório ficaram próximos aos módulos das camadas em campo obtidos por retroanálise estrutural, oscilando entre 1.000 a 1.500 MPa. A concepção do experimento de campo permitiu variar a espessura da camada reciclada (80, 110 e 150 mm) e o tipo de revestimento asfáltico sobre esta, (microrrevestimento asfáltico a frio e concreto asfáltico com 40 mm de espessura), resultando em seis segmentos analisados. O acompanhamento da execução contribuiu para compreender as vantagens e limitações do grupo de equipamentos utilizados em campo para a reciclagem. O monitoramento dos segmentos experimentais permitiu verificar que a solução de reciclagem asfáltica in situ traz uma melhoria para a condição estrutural e funcional dos pavimentos. As deflexões são reduzidas pela reciclagem a frio e as bacias de deflexão mostram um aumento no raio de curvatura, ressaltando a melhoria estrutural decorrente da reciclagem. O estudo de campo, que incluiu o acompanhamento por mais de 2 anos de vida em serviço permitiram concluir que a reciclagem asfáltica a frio de revestimentos deteriorados pode ser empregada para tráfego pesado, podendo ser executada em diferentes espessuras, variando de acordo com o estado da camada deteriorada e das deflexões da estrutura remanescente antes da reciclagem. O microrrevestimento asfáltico a frio pode ser executado sobre a camada reciclada asfáltica, sendo eficiente por tempo limitado, dependendo das deflexões obtidas após restauração; após certo período deve ser executada uma camada de concreto asfáltico como reforço. As observações de pista mostraram que a drenagem adequada dos pavimentos é uma característica fundamental para o bom desempenho da solução de reciclagem a frio.This research evaluated in situ cold recycling with emulsion modified by deteriorated asphaltic coating polymer, by analyzing the lab tests results and evaluating Rodovia Régis Bittencourts experimental stretch, currently under Grupo OHL Brasils concession. The lab tests were conducted in order to verify the milled aggregates variety and the effect of the asphaltic emulsions (modified by polymer or conventional) content and type on the cold recycled mixtures dosage, utilizing mechanical behavior results as evaluation parameters. The lab tests show the polymer modified emulsions efficiency over the conventional and the importance of the healing period for the mechanical properties. Lab determined resilience module values were close to the field modules acquired via structural back-analysis, oscillating between 1,000 to 1,500 MPa. The field experiments conception permitted variation of recycled layer thickness (80, 110, and 150 mm) and its type of asphaltic coating (cold asphaltic micro-coating and 40 mm thick asphaltic concrete), resulting in six analyzed segments. The monitoring of the execution contributed to the comprehension of the advantages and limitations of the equipment used for recycling in the field. In monitoring the experimental stretches, there was positive verification that the in situ asphaltic recycling solution brought about better structural and functional condition to the pavements. Deflections were reduced by the cold recycling, and the deflection basins show an increase in curvature radius, thus enhancing structural improvements due to recycling. The field study, that includes monitoring for over 2 years of service life, conclude that the cold asphaltic recycling of deteriorated coatings can be used for heavy traffic, being executable in different thicknesses, varying according to the deteriorated layers state and remnant structure deflections prior to recycling. The cold asphaltic micro-coating can be executed over the asphaltic recycled layer, with limited time efficiency, depending on the acquired deflection after restoration; after a determined period of time, an asphaltic concrete layer must be executed for strengthening. Track observations show that the pavements adequate drainage is a fundamental characteristic for the cold recycling solutions performance.
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Gobin, K. "Catalytic degradation of plastic waste to chemicals and fuel as a polymer recycling method." Thesis, University College London (University of London), 2004. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1446571/.
Full textAbstract:
With the upcoming technology available today, for the conversion of waste to useful products, research in the area of thermal degradation has gained particular attention. However, the wide product distribution and the high temperatures employed in such a process makes catalytic degradation a more promising solution to the problem of plastic waste. In catalytic degradation, lower temperatures are employed and the product distribution is narrow. This eliminates the need for further processing of the fuel in order to upgrade its quality. The aim of this work is to carry out a systematic study of various industrial catalysts in a catalytic degradation system. More specifically, the influence on the yield to liquid fuel, product distribution and hence; quality and regeneration ability of the catalysts. The catalytic degradation of polyethylene over various microporous materials, zeolite-based and clay-based catalysts, was studied in a semi-batch reactor. From the zeolites, ZSM-5 resulted mostly in gaseous products and almost no coking due to its shape selectivity properties. Commercial cracking catalysts fully degraded the polymer resulting in higher liquid yield and lower coke content than their parent ultrastable Y zeolite. This confirmed the suitability of such catalysts for a polymer recycling process and its commercialisation potential, as plastic waste could be co-fed into a refinery cracking unit. Clays, Saponite and Zenith-N, a montmorillonite, and their pillared analogues were less active than zeolites, but could fully degrade the polymer. They showed enhanced liquid formation, due to their mild acidity, and lower coke formation. Regenerated pillared clays showed practically the same performance as fresh samples, but their original clays' performance deteriorated after removal of the formed coke. Although performance of the regenerated saponite was satisfactory, with the regenerated Zenith-N the structural damage was so extensive that plastic was only partly degraded.