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1
Hanumantharao and Rao. "Multi-Functional Electrospun Nanofibers from Polymer Blends for Scaffold Tissue Engineering." Fibers 7, no. 7 (July 19, 2019): 66. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/fib7070066.
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Electrospinning and polymer blending have been the focus of research and the industry for their versatility, scalability, and potential applications across many different fields. In tissue engineering, nanofiber scaffolds composed of natural fibers, synthetic fibers, or a mixture of both have been reported. This review reports recent advances in polymer blended scaffolds for tissue engineering and the fabrication of functional scaffolds by electrospinning. A brief theory of electrospinning and the general setup as well as modifications used are presented. Polymer blends, including blends with natural polymers, synthetic polymers, mixture of natural and synthetic polymers, and nanofiller systems, are discussed in detail and reviewed.
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Amna, Riffat, Kabbir Ali, Muhammad Irfan Malik, and Sami Ibn Shamsah. "A Brief Review of Electrospinning of Polymer Nanofibers: History and Main Applications." Journal of New Materials for Electrochemical Systems 23, no. 3 (September 30, 2020): 151–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.14447/jnmes.v23i3.a01.
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Electrospinning is an intensely facile methodology for the precise manufacturing of polymer nanofibers by manipulation of electrostatic force, which stunts like a driving force. In this technique, fibers produced with a diameter range between 50 to 500 nm. Two practices are made up by the scientists for electrospinning of versatile polymer. Polymers can be electrospun into ultrafine fibers in solvent solution or melt form. Tremendous progress had been made in this field in the past, and numerous applications were inaugurated. It’s a field of nanotechnology which rapidly growing due to enormous potential in creating novel applications regarding morphologies, materials structure, surface area, porosity, and Reinforcement in nanocomposite development. Fibers can be assembled in the form of nonwoven, aligned, patterned, random three-dimensional structures and sub-micron fibers. Many complications faced during electrospinning, for example, control the morphology and structure of Nanofibers, analyze surface functionality, and assembling strategies for various polymers. We need to find out various parameters for accurate fiber assembly. Here we briefly review the evolution activities in the field of electrospinning, understand its process, polymeric structure, property characterization, technology frailty, research provocations, future expectations, and resourceful applications.
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Kohse, Stefanie, Niels Grabow, Klaus-Peter Schmitz, and Thomas Eickner. "Electrospinning of polyimide nanofibres – effects of working parameters on morphology." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 3, no. 2 (September 7, 2017): 687–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2017-0145.
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AbstractThe use of the electrospinning technique is a promising and versatile method for producing fibrous nonwovens from various polymers. Here we present fibre formation via direct electrospinning of a soluble polyimide, a class of polymers that is typically insoluble. In this study solution parameters as the solvent and the polymer concentration are investigated. Furthermore relevant process parameters are varied for optimization of the performance. The presented data indicate polyimide as a promising material for the fabrication of nanofibrous nonwovens via direct electrospinning.
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Ali, Muhammad, Qura Tul Ain, and Ji HuanHe. "Branched nanofibers for biodegradable facemasks by double bubble electrospinning." Acta Chemica Malaysia 4, no. 2 (December 1, 2020): 40–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/acmy-2020-0007.
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AbstractWorld health organization (WHO) data shows that air pollution kills an estimated seven million people worldwide every year. A nanofiber based biodegradable facemask can keep breath from smoke and other particles suspended in the air. In this study, we propose branched polymeric nanofibers as a biodegradable material for air filters and facemasks. Fibers have been elecrospun using double bubble electrospinning technique. Biodegradable polymers, PVA and PVP were used in our experiment. Two tubes, each filled with one of the polymers, were supplied with air from the bottom to form bubbles of polymer solutions. DC 35-40 kV was used to deposit the fibers on an aluminum foil. Results show that the combination of polymers under specific conditions produced branched fibers with average nanofibers diameter of 495nm. FT-IR results indicate the new trends in the graph of composite nanofibers.
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Wang, Chong, and Min Wang. "Emulsion Electrospinning of Nanofibrous Delivery Vehicles for the Controlled Release of Biomolecules and the In Vitro Release Behaviour of Biomolecules." Advanced Materials Research 410 (November 2011): 98–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.410.98.
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Electrospinning is a popular technique for constructing nanofibrous tissue engineering scaffolds. Electrospinning is also amenable to the incorporation of drugs or biomolecules in fibers, which can provide local and sustained delivery of biological signals, such as growth factors, for the seeded cells. Drugs can normally be dissolved in polymer solutions for electrospinning, forming nanofibrous drug delivery systems. However, simply blending biomolecules in polymer solutions can result in denaturation of biomolecules and large initial burst release. Therefore, emulsion electrospinning, which can provide protection for biomolecules during electrospinning, is of great interest. In this investigation, biomolecule-containing scaffolds were emulsion electrospun using bovine serum albumin (BSA) as the model protein. Two polymers, poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) and poly (D,L-lactic acid), were used due to their different degradation characteristics. Nanofibers with core-shell structures were electrospun from water-in-oil emulsions formulated by polymer solution, BSA-containing deionized water and a surfactant. By changing the polymer concentration and water phase volume, the fiber diameter and core-shell structure were varied. With different polymers and different fiber structures, the in vitro BSA release behaviours from fibrous scaffolds were different.
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Wortmann, Martin, Natalie Frese, Lilia Sabantina, Richard Petkau, Franziska Kinzel, Armin Gölzhäuser, Elmar Moritzer, Bruno Hüsgen, and Andrea Ehrmann. "New Polymers for Needleless Electrospinning from Low-Toxic Solvents." Nanomaterials 9, no. 1 (January 2, 2019): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9010052.
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Electrospinning is a new technology whose scope is gradually being developed. For this reason, the number of known polymer–solvent combinations for electrospinning is still very low despite the enormous variety of substances that are potentially available. In particular, electrospinning from low-toxic solvents, such as the use of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) in medical technology, is rare in the relevant scientific literature. Therefore, we present in this work a series of new polymers that are applicable for electrospinning from DMSO. From a wide range of synthetic polymers tested, poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVOH), poly(2ethyl2oxazolene) (PEOZ), and poly(vinylpyrrolidone) (PVP) as water-soluble polymers and poly(styrene-co-acrylonitrile) (SAN), poly(vinyl alcohol-co-ethylene) (EVOH), and acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS) as water-insoluble polymers were found to be suitable for the production of nanofibers. Furthermore, the influence of acetone as a volatile solvent additive in DMSO on the fiber morphology of these polymers was investigated. Analyses of the fiber morphology by helium ion microscopy (HIM) showed significantly different fiber diameters for different polymers and a reduction in beads and branches with increasing acetone content.
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Igreja, Rui, H. Domingos, João P. Borges, and C. J. Dias. "Enhancing the Response of Chemocapacitors with Electrospun Nanofiber Films." Materials Science Forum 730-732 (November 2012): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.730-732.197.
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Chemocapacitors are polymer coated Interdigital electrodes (IDE) where the transducer mechanism relies on the permittivity changes and swelling of the coating polymer (sensitive layer), usually in a form of a thin film, when exposed to an volatile organic compound (VOC). Despite several synthetic and natural polymers have already been produced by electrospinning, there have been fewer studies on rubbery polymers with low glass transition temperature (e.g. Poly(dimethyl siloxane) – PDMS). In this work we produce PDMS:PMMA 3:1 nanofiber (NF) layers by electrospinnig to be used as chemical sensitive layers on IDE chemocapacitors. The results show an enhanced response from the sensors with NFs with respect with sensors prepared with the same sensitive layers in the form of a homogeneous film.
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Shamsuri, Ahmad Adlie, Khalina Abdan, and Siti Nurul Ain Md. Jamil. "Preparations and Properties of Ionic Liquid-Assisted Electrospun Biodegradable Polymer Fibers." Polymers 14, no. 12 (June 7, 2022): 2308. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14122308.
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Enhanced awareness of the environment and environmental conservation has inspired researchers to search for replacements for the use of volatile organic compounds in the processing of polymers. Recently, ionic liquids have been utilized as solvents for solvating natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers since they are non-volatile, recyclable, and non-flammable. They have also been utilized to prepare electrospun fibers from biodegradable polymers. In this concise review, examples of natural and synthetic biodegradable polymers that are generally employed as materials for the preparation of electrospun fibers are shown. In addition, examples of ionic liquids that are utilized in the electrospinning of biodegradable polymers are also displayed. Furthermore, the preparations of biodegradable polymer electrospinning solutions utilizing ionic liquids are demonstrated. Additionally, the properties of electrospun biodegradable polymer fibers assisted by different ionic liquids are also concisely reviewed. Besides this, the information acquired from this review provides a much deeper understanding of the preparation of electrospinning solutions and the essential properties of electrospun biodegradable polymer fibers. In summary, this concise review discovered that different functions (solvent or additive) of ionic liquids could provide distinct properties to electrospun fibers.
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Serrano-Garcia, William, Seeram Ramakrishna, and Sylvia W. Thomas. "Electrospinning Technique for Fabrication of Coaxial Nanofibers of Semiconductive Polymers." Polymers 14, no. 23 (November 22, 2022): 5073. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235073.
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In this work, the electrospinning technique is used to fabricate a polymer-polymer coaxial structure nanofiber from the p-type regioregular polymer poly(3-hexylthiophene-2,5-diyl) (P3HT) and the n-type conjugated ladder polymer poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) (BBL) of orthogonal solvents. Generally, the fabrication of polymeric coaxial nanostructures tends to be troublesome. Using the electrospinning technique, P3HT was successfully used as the core, and the BBL as the shell, thus conceptually forming a p-n junction that is cylindrical in form with diameters in a range from 280 nm to 2.8 µm. The UV–VIS of P3HT/PS blend solution showed no evidence of separation or precipitation, while the combined solutions of P3HT/PS and BBL were heterogeneous. TEM images show a well-formed coaxial structure that is normally not expected due to rapid reaction and solidification when mixed in vials in response to orthogonal solubility. For this reason, extruding it by using electrostatic forces promoted a quick elongation of the polymers while forming a concise interface. Single nanofiber electrical characterization demonstrated the conductivity of the coaxial surface of ~1.4 × 10−4 S/m. Furthermore, electrospinning has proven to be a viable method for the fabrication of pure semiconducting coaxial nanofibers that can lead to the desired fabrication of fiber-based electronic devices.
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Acosta, Mariana, Marvin D. Santiago, and Jennifer A. Irvin. "Electrospun Conducting Polymers: Approaches and Applications." Materials 15, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 8820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15248820.
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Inherently conductive polymers (CPs) can generally be switched between two or more stable oxidation states, giving rise to changes in properties including conductivity, color, and volume. The ability to prepare CP nanofibers could lead to applications including water purification, sensors, separations, nerve regeneration, wound healing, wearable electronic devices, and flexible energy storage. Electrospinning is a relatively inexpensive, simple process that is used to produce polymer nanofibers from solution. The nanofibers have many desirable qualities including high surface area per unit mass, high porosity, and low weight. Unfortunately, the low molecular weight and rigid rod nature of most CPs cannot yield enough chain entanglement for electrospinning, instead yielding polymer nanoparticles via an electrospraying process. Common workarounds include co-extruding with an insulating carrier polymer, coaxial electrospinning, and coating insulating electrospun polymer nanofibers with CPs. This review explores the benefits and drawbacks of these methods, as well as the use of these materials in sensing, biomedical, electronic, separation, purification, and energy conversion and storage applications.
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Babu, Veluru Jagadeesh, V. S. Pavan Kumar, G. J. Subha, Vasantha Kumari, T. S. Natarajan, Appukuttan Sreekumaran Nair, Seeram Ramakrishna, and B. S. Abdur Rahman. "AC Conductivity Studies on PMMA-PANI (HCl) Nanocomposite Fibers Produced by Electrospinning." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 6, no. 4 (December 2011): 155892501100600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501100600408.
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Electrospinning is one of the techniques to produce non-woven fiber mats using polymers. The diameters of the fiber produced by this technique are in the range of 10 ^m to 10 nm. Electrically conducting ultra fine fibers are useful in many applications in the fields of sensors, and nanoelectronics. However, it is very difficult to obtain fibers of conducting polymers like polyaniline (PANI) and polypyrrole through electrospinning. Hence they are invariably mixed with other insulating polymers such as polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) to obtain a conducting composite depending on the percolation of the conducting polymer. Here, we report the preparation of PANI-PMMA composite fibers by electrospinning. The scanning electron micrographs and the frequency dependent complex conductivity (σ*(ω)) of these polymer fibers are investigated at room temperature with different concentrations of PANI (5%, 10%, 15%, 20% w/w). It is observed that there is a significant enhancement in the ac conductivity of these fibers with the increase in the concentration of PANI.
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TONG, HO-WANG, and MIN WANG. "NEGATIVE VOLTAGE ELECTROSPINNING AND POSITIVE VOLTAGE ELECTROSPINNING OF TISSUE ENGINEERING SCAFFOLDS: A COMPARATIVE STUDY AND CHARGE RETENTION ON SCAFFOLDS." Nano LIFE 02, no. 01 (March 2012): 1250004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984411000384.
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Positive voltage electrospinning (PVES) has been mainly used for forming fibrous polymer scaffolds for different applications including tissue engineering. There is virtually no report on negative voltage electrospinning (NVES) of tissue engineering scaffolds. In this study, NVES of four biopolymers, namely, gelatin, chitosan, poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) (PLGA), and polybutylene terephthalate (PBT), to form nanofibrous membranes was systematically investigated. For comparisons, PVES of these polymers was also conducted. It was found that chitosan fibers could not be produced using NVES. Under NVES or PVES, the fiber diameter of electrospun scaffolds generally increased with increasing needle inner diameter and polymer solution concentration but decreased with increasing working distance for all four polymers. Neither NVES nor PVES altered the chemical structure of gelatin, PLGA, and PBT. PVES and NVES resulted in fibrous membranes bearing positive charges and negative charges, respectively. PLGA and PBT fibrous membranes retained around 30% and 50%, respectively, of the initial charge one week after electrospinning. Charges on gelatin and chitosan fibrous membranes were almost completely dissipated within 60 min of electrospinning. For all four polymers, under either PVES or NVES, the retained charges on fibrous membranes increased with increasing applied electrospinning voltage. This study explored a new approach for forming fibrous scaffolds by using NVES and has opened a new area for developing negatively charged fibrous scaffolds for tissue engineering applications.
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Ghosh, Sagnik, Anilkumar Yadav, Pramod M. Gurave, and Rajiv K. Srivastava. "Unique Fiber Morphologies from Emulsion Electrospinning—A Case Study of Poly(ε-caprolactone) and Its Applications." Colloids and Interfaces 7, no. 1 (February 27, 2023): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/colloids7010019.
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The importance of electrospinning to produce biomimicking micro- and nano-fibrous matrices is realized by many who work in the area of fibers. Based on the solubility of the materials to be spun, organic solvents are typically utilized. The toxicity of the utilized organic solvent could be extremely important for various applications, including tissue engineering, biomedical, agricultural, etc. In addition, the high viscosities of such polymer solutions limit the use of high polymer concentrations and lower down productivity along with the limitations of obtaining desired fiber morphology. This emphasizes the need for a method that would allay worries about safety, toxicity, and environmental issues along with the limitations of using concentrated polymer solutions. To mitigate these issues, the use of emulsions as precursors for electrospinning has recently gained significant attention. Presence of dispersed and continuous phase in emulsion provides an easy route to incorporate sensitive bioactive functional moieties within the core-sheath fibers which otherwise could only be hardly achieved using cumbersome coaxial electrospinning process in solution or melt based approaches. This review presents a detailed understanding of emulsion behavior during electrospinning along with the role of various constituents and process parameters during fiber formation. Though many polymers have been studied for emulsion electrospinning, poly(ε-caprolactone) (PCL) is one of the most studied polymers for this technique. Therefore, electrospinning of PCL based emulsions is highlighted as unique case-study, to provide a detailed theoretical understanding, discussion of experimental results along with their suitable biomedical applications.
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Faki, Rabia, Oguz Gursoy, and Yusuf Yilmaz. "Effect of Electrospinning Process on Total Antioxidant Activity of Electrospun Nanofibers Containing Grape Seed Extract." Open Chemistry 17, no. 1 (November 13, 2019): 912–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/chem-2019-0098.
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AbstractElectrospinning is a common technique used for the production of nanofibers, and it is based on the fact that the electrically charged liquid polymer is positioned in a continuous fiber form on a grounded surface. Grape seed is rich in phenolic compounds and can be used as a dietary supplement or as a natural antioxidant source in diet. In this study, grape seed extract of Burdur Dimrit variety (Vitis vinifera L.) was electrospun with gelatin, polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) and PVA/β-cyclodextrin polymers to produce nanofibers with antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the electrospinning process on the total antioxidant activity and total phenolic contents of electrospun polymers with grape seed extracts. Total antioxidant activity of samples (by ABTS and DPPH assays) and total phenolic contents (Folin–Ciocalteu method) were determined before and after the electrospinning process of polymers with grape seed extract. Electrospinning with gelatin polymer decreased the antioxidant activity (ABTS assay) of nanofibers containing grape seed extract by 65% and their total phenolic contents by 7%. However, electrospinning treatment with PVA and PVA/β-cyclodextrin had no effect on the total antioxidant activity (ABTS and DPPH) and total phenolic substance contents of grape seed extract nanofibers.
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WU, JEN-CHIEH, and H. PETER LORENZ. "ELECTROSPINNING OF BIOMATERIALS AND THEIR APPLICATIONS IN TISSUE ENGINEERING." Nano LIFE 02, no. 04 (December 2012): 1230010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984412300105.
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Electrospinning is a process for generating micrometer or nanometer scale polymer fibers with large surface areas and high porosity. For tissue engineering research, the electrospinning technique provides a quick way to fabricate fibrous scaffolds with dimensions comparable to the extracellular matrix (ECM). A variety of materials can be used in the electrospinning process, including natural biomaterials as well as synthetic polymers. The natural biomaterials have advantages such as excellent biocompatibility and biodegradability, which can be more suitable for making biomimic scaffolds. In the last two decades, there have been growing numbers of studies of biomaterial fibrous scaffolds using the electrospinning process. In this review, we will discuss biomaterials in the electrospinning process and their applications in tissue engineering.
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Irorere, Victor U., Soroosh Bagheriasl, Mark Blevins, Iwona Kwiecień, Artemis Stamboulis, and Iza Radecka. "Electrospun Fibres of Polyhydroxybutyrate Synthesized byRalstonia eutrophafrom Different Carbon Sources." International Journal of Polymer Science 2014 (2014): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/705359.
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The properties of PHB may be affected by the carbon source used in its production and this may affect nanofibres made from this polymer by electrospinning. In this study, P(3-HB) was produced from glucose, rapeseed oil, and olive oil byRalstonia eutrophaH16. Cell growth and polymer production were higher in olive or rapeseed oil supplemented media compared to glucose supplemented media. FT-IR,1H-,13C-NMR, and ESI/MSnconfirmed that the synthesized polymers were P(3-HB). SEM micrograph showed the formation of nanofibres from P(3-HB) samples with the fibre diameters dependent on the source of the carbon used in polymer synthesis and the concentration of the polymer in the electrospinning solution. GPC showed that P(3-HB) from glucose (G-PHB) had a higher molecular weight (7.35×105 gmol−1) compared to P(3-HB) from rapeseed (R-PHB) and olive (O-PHB) oil. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed that the crystallinity of the electrospun polymers reduces with decreasing polymer concentration with R-PHB having lower crystallinity at all concentrations used. These observation shows that more PHB yield can be obtained using either rapeseed or olive oil compared to glucose with glucose producing polymers of higher molecular weight. It also show that electrospinning could be used to reduce the crystallinity of PHB fibres.
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Blomberg, Tobias, Nicole Borgmeier, Lars Torben Kramer, Pascal Witzke, Timo Grothe, and Andrea Ehrmann. "Influence of Salts on the Spinnability of Poly(Ethylene Glycol)." Applied Mechanics and Materials 878 (February 2018): 313–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.878.313.
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Electrospinning allows producing nanofiber mats from diverse polymers. In “green electrospinning”, aqueous and other non-hazardous solutions are used as spinning solutions, especially for biopolymers. Physical and chemical material properties of the solutions as well as the nanofiber mats can partly be tailored by co-spinning different materials. Especially for smart textile applications, conductive nanofiber mats are of high interest. However, electrospinning from highly conductive solutions is technically impossible. This article thus investigates the influence of different salts on the conductivity of poly(ethylene glycol) solutions and nanofiber mats and gives an estimate for the maximum possible conductivity of an aqueous polymer solution for electrospinning.
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Bhattarai, Rajan, Rinda Bachu, Sai Boddu, and Sarit Bhaduri. "Biomedical Applications of Electrospun Nanofibers: Drug and Nanoparticle Delivery." Pharmaceutics 11, no. 1 (December 24, 2018): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics11010005.
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The electrospinning process has gained popularity due to its ease of use, simplicity and diverse applications. The properties of electrospun fibers can be controlled by modifying either process variables (e.g., applied voltage, solution flow rate, and distance between charged capillary and collector) or polymeric solution properties (e.g., concentration, molecular weight, viscosity, surface tension, solvent volatility, conductivity, and surface charge density). However, many variables affecting electrospinning are interdependent. An optimized electrospinning process is one in which these parameters remain constant and continuously produce nanofibers consistent in physicochemical properties. In addition, nozzle configurations, such as single nozzle, coaxial, multi-jet electrospinning, have an impact on the fiber characteristics. The polymeric solution could be aqueous, a polymeric melt or an emulsion, which in turn leads to different types of nanofiber formation. Nanofiber properties can also be modified by polarity inversion and by varying the collector design. The active moiety is incorporated into polymeric fibers by blending, surface modification or emulsion formation. The nanofibers can be further modified to deliver multiple drugs, and multilayer polymer coating allows sustained release of the incorporated active moiety. Electrospun nanofibers prepared from polymers are used to deliver antibiotic and anticancer agents, DNA, RNA, proteins and growth factors. This review provides a compilation of studies involving the use of electrospun fibers in biomedical applications with emphasis on nanoparticle-impregnated nanofibers.
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Ehrmann, Andrea. "Non-Toxic Crosslinking of Electrospun Gelatin Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Biomedicine—A Review." Polymers 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 1973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13121973.
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Electrospinning can be used to prepare nanofiber mats from diverse polymers, polymer blends, or polymers doped with other materials. Amongst this broad range of usable materials, biopolymers play an important role in biotechnological, biomedical, and other applications. However, several of them are water-soluble, necessitating a crosslinking step after electrospinning. While crosslinking with glutaraldehyde or other toxic chemicals is regularly reported in the literature, here, we concentrate on methods applying non-toxic or low-toxic chemicals, and enzymatic as well as physical methods. Making gelatin nanofibers non-water soluble by electrospinning them from a blend with non-water soluble polymers is another method described here. These possibilities are described together with the resulting physical properties, such as swelling behavior, mechanical strength, nanofiber morphology, or cell growth and proliferation on the crosslinked nanofiber mats. For most of these non-toxic crosslinking methods, the degree of crosslinking was found to be lower than for crosslinking with glutaraldehyde and other common toxic chemicals.
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Li, Qi, Feng Yan, and John Texter. "Electrospinning Graphene – Retention of Anisotropy." MRS Advances 5, no. 40-41 (2020): 2101–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.263.
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AbstractRealization of the full potential of 2D nanosheet materials in energy storage and conversion devices requires heterogeneously structured electrodes having good electrical conductivity and large mean free paths for ion diffusion. Electrospinning of anisotropic objects usually obscures this anisotropy because of a large amount of carrier polymer typically required to form fibers. We demonstrate electrospinning of graphene with nearly quantitative retention of flake anisotropy to provide low to moderate density coatings of randomly oriented flakes having very large inter-flake mean free paths for ionic diffusion. Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is used as a carrier polymer and yields graphene anisotropy retention over an instability domain wherein electrospinning transitions to electrospraying. Graphene is deposited in polymer-encapsulated films at weight concentrations up to 50%, almost an order of magnitude higher than previously reported. Electrode applications will require at least partial replacement of PVA by electrically conducting polymers, and such polyelectrolytes should also suppress this electrospraying instability. We believe that large-scale electrospinning of graphene nanosheets will accelerate development of 2D materials in the fields of energy storage and conversion, catalysis, and tissue engineering.
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Lepe, Pablo G. T., Nick Tucker, Lyall Simmons, Andrew J. A. Watson, Antony J. Fairbanks, and Mark P. Staiger. "Sub-micron sized saccharide fibres via electrospinning." Electrospinning 1, no. 1 (January 7, 2015): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/esp-2016-0001.
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AbstractIn this work, the production of continuous submicron diameter saccharide fibres is shown to be possible using the electrospinning process. The mechanism for the formation of electrospun polymer fibres is usually attributed to the physical entanglement of long molecular chains. The ability to electrospin continuous fibre from a low molecular weight saccharides was an unexpected phenomenon. The formation of sub-micron diameter “sugar syrup” fibres was observed in situ using highspeed video. The trajectory of the electrospun saccharide fibre was observed to follow that typical of electrospun polymers. Based on initial food grade glucose syrup tests, various solutions based on combinations of syrup components, i.e. mono-, di- and tri-saccharides, were investigated to map out materials and electrospinning conditions thatwould lead to the formation of fibre. Thiswork demonstrated that sucrose exhibits the highest propensity for fibre formation during electrospinning amongst the various types of saccharide solutions studied. The possibility of electrospinning low molecular weight saccharides into sub-micron fibres has implications for the electrospinability of supramolecular polymers and other biomaterials.
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Blachowicz, Tomasz, and Andrea Ehrmann. "Conductive Electrospun Nanofiber Mats." Materials 13, no. 1 (December 31, 2019): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma13010152.
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Conductive nanofiber mats can be used in a broad variety of applications, such as electromagnetic shielding, sensors, multifunctional textile surfaces, organic photovoltaics, or biomedicine. While nanofibers or nanofiber from pure or blended polymers can in many cases unambiguously be prepared by electrospinning, creating conductive nanofibers is often more challenging. Integration of conductive nano-fillers often needs a calcination step to evaporate the non-conductive polymer matrix which is necessary for the electrospinning process, while conductive polymers have often relatively low molecular weights and are hard to dissolve in common solvents, both factors impeding spinning them solely and making a spinning agent necessary. On the other hand, conductive coatings may disturb the desired porous structure and possibly cause problems with biocompatibility or other necessary properties of the original nanofiber mats. Here we give an overview of the most recent developments in the growing field of conductive electrospun nanofiber mats, based on electrospinning blends of spinning agents with conductive polymers or nanoparticles, alternatively applying conductive coatings, and the possible applications of such conductive electrospun nanofiber mats.
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Cheng, Xinjian, Yiru Jia, Jin Qiang, Lei Wen, Chenlong Zhang, Xiao Yang, and Liefeng Liang. "A facile method to prepare CdS/polymer nanocomposite fibers for the photodegradation of methylene blue under sunlight." Journal of Polymer Engineering 37, no. 2 (February 1, 2017): 107–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2015-0435.
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Abstract Nanosized CdS/polymer composite fiber mats were fabricated via a facile electrospinning processing, and the as-prepared composite fiber mats showed excellent photodegradation ability to methylene blue (MB). Polymers bearing N and S atoms with affinity to Cd2+ ions were first synthesized and then used to prepare CdS/polymer composite fibers. In this work, coaxial electrospinning was employed to achieve the preparation of the desired composite fibers using special polymers as core and cadmium acetate [Cd(CH3COO)2] as shell. Then, fiber mats were immersed in thioacetamide (TAA) solution for several minutes, and CdS/polymer composite mats were obtained eventually. The photodegradation catalytic ability was tested using MB as a model dye under sunlight. The photocatalytic efficiency of the CdS/polymer composite fiber mat was recorded and studied by UV-visible spectra, and it showed high efficiency. Nanofiber mats will find real applications in the treatment of wastewater.
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Penton, Kathryn E., Zachary Kinler, Amber Davis, Joshua A. Spiva, and Sharon K. Hamilton. "Electrospinning Drug-Loaded Alginate-Based Nanofibers towards Developing a Drug Release Rate Catalog." Polymers 14, no. 14 (July 6, 2022): 2773. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142773.
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Electrospinning natural polymers represents a developing interest in the field of biomaterials. Electrospun nanofibers have been shown to facilitate tissue regeneration and emulate body tissue, making them ideal for modern biomedical applications. These water-soluble natural polymers including alginate, have also shown promise as drug delivery vehicles. However, many biopolymers including alginate are inherently charged, making the formation of nanofibers difficult. To better understand the potential of natural polymer-based fibers in drug delivery applications, fiber formulations and drug loading concentrations of alginate-based scaffolds were investigated. It was found electrospinning poly(vinyl alcohol) with alginate facilitated fiber formation while the co-polymer agarose showed minor improvement in terms of alginate electrospinnability. Once uniform fibers were formed, the antibiotic ciprofloxacin was added into the polymer electrospinning solution to yield drug-loaded nanofibers. These optimized parameters coupled with small molecule release rate data from the drug-loaded, alginate-based fibers have been used to establish a catalog of small molecule release profiles. In the future, this catalog will be further expanded to include drug release rate data from other innately charged natural polymer-based fibers such as chitosan. It is anticipated that the cataloged profiles can be applied in the further development of biomaterials used in drug delivery.
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Tohluebaji, Nikruesong, Chatchai Putson, and Nantakan Muensit. "High Electromechanical Deformation Based on Structural Beta-Phase Content and Electrostrictive Properties of Electrospun Poly(vinylidene fluoride- hexafluoropropylene) Nanofibers." Polymers 11, no. 11 (November 5, 2019): 1817. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11111817.
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The poly(vinylidene fluoride-hexafluoropropylene) (P(VDF-HFP)) polymer based on electrostrictive polymers is essential in smart materials applications such as actuators, transducers, microelectromechanical systems, storage memory devices, energy harvesting, and biomedical sensors. The key factors for increasing the capability of electrostrictive materials are stronger dielectric properties and an increased electroactive β-phase and crystallinity of the material. In this work, the dielectric properties and microstructural β-phase in the P(VDF-HFP) polymer were improved by electrospinning conditions and thermal compression. The P(VDF-HFP) fibers from the single-step electrospinning process had a self-induced orientation and electrical poling which increased both the electroactive β-crystal phase and the spontaneous dipolar orientation simultaneously. Moreover, the P(VDF-HFP) fibers from the combined electrospinning and thermal compression achieved significantly enhanced dielectric properties and microstructural β-phase. Thermal compression clearly induced interfacial polarization by the accumulation of interfacial surface charges among two β-phase regions in the P(VDF-HFP) fibers. The grain boundaries of nanofibers frequently have high interfacial polarization, as they can trap charges migrating in an applied field. This work showed that the combination of electrospinning and thermal compression for electrostrictive P(VDF-HFP) polymers can potentially offer improved electrostriction behavior based on the dielectric permittivity and interfacial surface charge distributions for application in actuator devices, textile sensors, and nanogenerators.
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Wang, Fadong, Shui Hu, Qingxiu Jia, and Liqun Zhang. "Advances in Electrospinning of Natural Biomaterials for Wound Dressing." Journal of Nanomaterials 2020 (March 27, 2020): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/8719859.
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Electrospinning has been recognized as an efficient technique for the fabrication of polymer nanofibers. Various polymers have been successfully electrospun into ultrafine fibers in recent years. These electrospun biopolymer nanofibers have potential applications for wound dressing based upon their unique properties. In this paper, a comprehensive review is presented on the researches and developments related to electrospun biopolymer nanofibers including processing, structure and property, characterization, and applications. Information of those polymers together with their processing condition for electrospinning of ultrafine fibers has been summarized in the paper. The application of electrospun natural biopolymer fibers in wound dressings was specifically discussed. Other issues regarding the technology limitations, research challenges, and future trends are also discussed.
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Utkarsh, Hussien Hegab, Muhammad Tariq, Nabeel Ahmed Syed, Ghaus Rizvi, and Remon Pop-Iliev. "Towards Analysis and Optimization of Electrospun PVP (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) Nanofibers." Advances in Polymer Technology 2020 (May 4, 2020): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/4090747.
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In this study, the polymeric nanofibers of polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) were manufactured using the electrospinning technique. The electrospinning process parameters such as voltage, polymer concentration, rotational speed of the collecting drum, collecting distance, and flow rate were optimized to obtain the minimum fiber diameter for sound absorption applications. The effects of these parameters on the fiber diameter as output responses were investigated by analysis of variance (ANOVA) and Taguchi’s array design. Furthermore, a mathematical model was generated using response surface methodology (RSM) to model the electrospinning process. The high voltage and polymer concentration were observed to be the most significant parameters at 95% and 99% confidence level. The average model accuracy of 83.4% was observed for the predictive model of electrospinning which is considered acceptable as it is composed of complete experimental trials of 27 out of 243 runs. The experimental study offers a promising attempt in the open literature to carefully understand the effect of various electrospinning parameters when producing PVP nanofibers.
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El-Sayed, Hosam, Claudia Vineis, Alessio Varesano, Salwa Mowafi, Riccardo Andrea Carletto, Cinzia Tonetti, and Marwa Abou Taleb. "A critique on multi-jet electrospinning: State of the art and future outlook." Nanotechnology Reviews 8, no. 1 (November 12, 2019): 236–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ntrev-2019-0022.
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Abstract This review is devoted to discuss the unique characteristics of multi-jet electrospinning technique, compared to other spinning techniques, and its utilization in spinning of natural as well as synthetic polymers. The advantages and inadequacies of the current commercial chemical spinning methods; namely wet spinning, melt spinning, dry spinning, and electrospinning are discussed. The unconventional applications of electrospinning in textile and non-textile sectors are reported. Special emphasis is devoted to the theory and technology of the multijet electrospinning as well as its applications. The current status of multi-jet electrospining and future prospects are outlined. Using multi-jet electrospinning technique, various polymers have been electrospun into uniform blend nanofibrous mats with good dispersibility. In addition to the principle of multi-jet electro electrospinning, the different devices used for this technique are also highlighted.
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Wróblewska-Krepsztul, Jolanta, Tomasz Rydzkowski, Iwona Michalska-Pożoga, and Vijay Kumar Thakur. "Biopolymers for Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Applications: Recent Advances and Overview of Alginate Electrospinning." Nanomaterials 9, no. 3 (March 10, 2019): 404. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano9030404.
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Innovative solutions using biopolymer-based materials made of several constituents seems to be particularly attractive for packaging in biomedical and pharmaceutical applications. In this direction, some progress has been made in extending use of the electrospinning process towards fiber formation based on biopolymers and organic compounds for the preparation of novel packaging materials. Electrospinning can be used to create nanofiber mats characterized by high purity of the material, which can be used to create active and modern biomedical and pharmaceutical packaging. Intelligent medical and biomedical packaging with the use of polymers is a broadly and rapidly growing field of interest for industries and academia. Among various polymers, alginate has found many applications in the food sector, biomedicine, and packaging. For example, in drug delivery systems, a mesh made of nanofibres produced by the electrospinning method is highly desired. Electrospinning for biomedicine is based on the use of biopolymers and natural substances, along with the combination of drugs (such as naproxen, sulfikoxazol) and essential oils with antibacterial properties (such as tocopherol, eugenol). This is a striking method due to the ability of producing nanoscale materials and structures of exceptional quality, allowing the substances to be encapsulated and the drugs/ biologically active substances placed on polymer nanofibers. So, in this article we briefly summarize the recent advances on electrospinning of biopolymers with particular emphasis on usage of Alginate for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications.
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Bonincontro, Danilo, Francesco Fraschetti, Claire Squarzoni, Laura Mazzocchetti, Emanuele Maccaferri, Loris Giorgini, Andrea Zucchelli, Chiara Gualandi, Maria Letizia Focarete, and Stefania Albonetti. "Pd/Au Based Catalyst Immobilization in Polymeric Nanofibrous Membranes via Electrospinning for the Selective Oxidation of 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural." Processes 8, no. 1 (January 1, 2020): 45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8010045.
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Innovative nanofibrous membranes based on Pd/Au catalysts immobilized via electrospinning onto different polymers were engineered and tested in the selective oxidation of 5-(hydroxymethyl)furfural in an aqueous phase. The type of polymer and the method used to insert the active phases in the membrane were demonstrated to have a significant effect on catalytic performance. The hydrophilicity and the glass transition temperature of the polymeric component are key factors for producing active and selective materials. Nylon-based membranes loaded with unsupported metal nanoparticles were demonstrated to be more efficient than polyacrylonitrile-based membranes, displaying good stability and leading to high yield in 2,5-furandicarboxylic acid. These results underline the promising potential of large-scale applications of electrospinning for the preparation of catalytic nanofibrous membranes to be used in processes for the conversion of renewable molecules.
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Agarwal, Seema, and Andreas Greiner. "On the way to clean and safe electrospinning-green electrospinning: emulsion and suspension electrospinning." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 22, no. 3 (February 1, 2011): 372–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.1883.
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Kohse, Stefanie, Daniela Arbeiter, Thomas Reske, Michael Stiehm, Klaus-Peter Schmitz, and Niels Grabow. "Electrospinning for polymeric implants in cardiovascular applications." Current Directions in Biomedical Engineering 4, no. 1 (September 1, 2018): 89–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cdbme-2018-0023.
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AbstractElectrospinning is a method for producing fibrous polymer scaffolds that can be applied in drug delivery systems as well as for polymer-based implants. Biodegradable polymers for the purpose of cardiac tissue engineering are often applied as fibrous scaffolds for morphological mimikry of natural matrices but also drugeluting approaches are very promising. Hydrolytic degradation is one of the key parameters for successful application. The focus of our investigations is on monitoring accelerated in vitro degradation of electrospun nonwoven scaffolds. In the presented study degradation of poly(Llactide) is accelerated by alkaline hydrolysis. The process is characterized by weight loss, loss of molecular mass, surface morphology and thermal behavior of nonwoven samples, showing a fast degradation of the fibrous material within two weeks.
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Ahmadian, Amirhossein, Abbas Shafiee, Nojan Aliahmad, and Mangilal Agarwal. "Overview of Nano-Fiber Mats Fabrication via Electrospinning and Morphology Analysis." Textiles 1, no. 2 (July 8, 2021): 206–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/textiles1020010.
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Electrospun nano-fibers exhibit two significant properties: a high surface-to-volume ratio and a relatively defect-free molecular structure. Due to the high surface-to-volume ratio, electro-spun materials are well suited for activities requiring increased physical contact, such as providing a site for a chemical reaction or filtration of small-sized physical materials. However, electrospinning has many shortcomings, including difficulties in producing inorganic nanofibers and a limited number or variety of polymers used in the process. The fabrication of nanofiber bundles via electrospinning is explored in this analytical study and the relationship between all effective electrospinning parameters and the relative abundance of various fiber morphologies. Numerous variables could impact the fabrication of nanofibers, resulting in a variety of morphologies such as uniform, entangled, individual beads, beads-on-string, etc. Therefore, adequate ambient conditions and selecting the appropriate polymer and solvent for achieving a homogenous polymer solution and uniform with desired nanofiber properties for different applications of electro-spun materials are examined. Finally, the promising applications of nano-fine fibers in various fields achieved via electrospinning are studied in this paper.
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Tayi, Alok S., E. Thomas Pashuck, Christina J. Newcomb, Mark T. McClendon, and Samuel I. Stupp. "Electrospinning Bioactive Supramolecular Polymers from Water." Biomacromolecules 15, no. 4 (April 4, 2014): 1323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm401877s.
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Agarwal, Seema, Andreas Greiner, and Joachim H. Wendorff. "Functional materials by electrospinning of polymers." Progress in Polymer Science 38, no. 6 (June 2013): 963–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2013.02.001.
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Holzmeister, Andreas, Andreas Greiner, and Joachim H. Wendorff. "“Barbed nanowires” from polymers via electrospinning." Polymer Engineering & Science 49, no. 1 (November 25, 2008): 148–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.21233.
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Skinner, Jack L., Jessica M. Andriolo, John P. Murphy, and Brandon M. Ross. "Electrospinning for nano- to mesoscale photonic structures." Nanophotonics 6, no. 5 (December 28, 2016): 765–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/nanoph-2016-0142.
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AbstractThe fabrication of photonic and electronic structures and devices has directed the manufacturing industry for the last 50 years. Currently, the majority of small-scale photonic devices are created by traditional microfabrication techniques that create features by processes such as lithography and electron or ion beam direct writing. Microfabrication techniques are often expensive and slow. In contrast, the use of electrospinning (ES) in the fabrication of micro- and nano-scale devices for the manipulation of photons and electrons provides a relatively simple and economic viable alternative. ES involves the delivery of a polymer solution to a capillary held at a high voltage relative to the fiber deposition surface. Electrostatic force developed between the collection plate and the polymer promotes fiber deposition onto the collection plate. Issues with ES fabrication exist primarily due to an instability region that exists between the capillary and collection plate and is characterized by chaotic motion of the depositing polymer fiber. Material limitations to ES also exist; not all polymers of interest are amenable to the ES process due to process dependencies on molecular weight and chain entanglement or incompatibility with other polymers and overall process compatibility. Passive and active electronic and photonic fibers fabricated through the ES have great potential for use in light generation and collection in optical and electronic structures/devices. ES produces fiber devices that can be combined with inorganic, metallic, biological, or organic materials for novel device design. Synergistic material selection and post-processing techniques are also utilized for broad-ranging applications of organic nanofibers that span from biological to electronic, photovoltaic, or photonic. As the ability to electrospin optically and/or electronically active materials in a controlled manner continues to improve, the complexity and diversity of devices fabricated from this process can be expected to grow rapidly and provide an alternative to traditional resource-intensive fabrication techniques.
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Rubin Pedrazzo, Alberto, Claudio Cecone, Sara Morandi, Maela Manzoli, Pierangiola Bracco, and Marco Zanetti. "Nanosized SnO2 Prepared by Electrospinning: Influence of the Polymer on Both Morphology and Microstructure." Polymers 13, no. 6 (March 23, 2021): 977. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13060977.
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An electrospinning (ES) procedure of polymeric solutions containing metal oxide precursors, followed by thermal treatments, was exploited to obtain SnO2 nanofibers. Attention was focused on the effect of different templating polymers (polyvinyl pyrrolidone (PVP), polyethylene oxide (PEO) and polyvinyl acetate (PVAc)) on the morphologies and particle size distributions of SnO2. We demonstrated that with different polymers, the final oxide’s morphology and crystallite size change. Defined fibers, with homogeneous diameter, were obtained with each polymer, but, after calcination, the morphology of the oxide changes, leading to fibers, “flakes” or “sphere-shaped” particles when PVP, PEO or PVAc were used, respectively, as evidenced by SEM images. Data from HR-TEM and XRD measurements confirm that SnO2 samples consist of crystalline cassiterite, with small mean particle dimensions calculated by Debye–Scherrer equation, i.e., 30, 11 and 25 nm with PVP, PEO and PVAc, respectively. TEM measurements put in evidence lower average particle sizes and for SnO2 obtained with PEO average size of 8.5 nm with a standard deviation of ±4.9 nm was evidenced. By applying different calcination temperatures on fiber mat obtained by the same polymer, i.e., PEO, the influence of polymer not only on the final shape of the oxide particles but also on the crystallite size was definitively demonstrated.
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Sohofi, Negar, Hossein Tavanai, Mohammad Morshed, and Amir Abdolmaleki. "Electrospinning of 100% Carboxymethyl Chitosan Nanofibers." Journal of Engineered Fibers and Fabrics 9, no. 1 (March 2014): 155892501400900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/155892501400900110.
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Carboxymethyl chitosan (CMC), one of the most important chitosan derivatives, is synthesized by alkalization of chitosan, followed by carboxymethylation. CMC has higher moisture absorption and moisture retention, higher chelating and sorption abilities as well as better biological properties than chitosan. Polymeric nanofibrous mats produced through electrospinning have high specific surface area and high porosity which are beneficial for various applications. Up to present time, the electrospinning of CMC has only been possible by the addition of polymers such as polyvinyl alcohol or polyethylene oxide. The present study focuses on the electrospinning of 100% CMC. It was found that the solution of CMC (5–6%) in trifluoroacetic acid (TFA) was electrospinnable, producing nanofibers containing some beads. However, adding dichloromethane (DCM) to TFA made the electrospinning uniform, and bead-free CMC nanofibers with an average diameter of 260 nm was possible. This study shows that viscosity and surface tension of the electrospinning solution of CMC plays an important role in making CMC solution electrospinnable.
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Al-Dhahebi, Adel Mohammed, JinKiong Ling, Syam G. Krishnan, Maryam Yousefzadeh, Naveen Kumar Elumalai, Mohamed Shuaib Mohamed Saheed, Seeram Ramakrishna, and Rajan Jose. "Electrospinning research and products: The road and the way forward." Applied Physics Reviews 9, no. 1 (March 2022): 011319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0077959.
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Electrospinning is one of the most accessed nanofabrication techniques during the last three decades, attributed to its viability for the mass production of continuous nanofibers with superior properties from a variety of polymers and polymeric composites. Large investments from various sectors have pushed the development of electrospinning industrial setups capable of producing nanofibers in millions of kilograms per year for several practical applications. Herein, the lessons learned over three decades of research, innovations, and designs on electrospinning products are discussed in detail. The historical developments, engineering, and future opportunities of electrospun nanofibers (ESNFs) are critically addressed. The laboratory-to-industry transition gaps for electrospinning technology and ESNFs products, the potential of electrospun nanostructured materials for various applications, and academia-industry comparison are comprehensively analyzed. The current challenges and future trends regarding the use of this technology to fabricate promising nano/macro-products are critically demonstrated. We show that future research on electrospinning should focus on theoretical and technological developments to achieve better maneuverability during large-scale fiber formation, redesigning the electrospinning process around decarbonizing the materials processing to align with the sustainability agenda and the integration of electrospinning technology with the tools of intelligent manufacturing and IR 4.0.
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Bai, Yubin, Yanan Liu, He Lv, Hongpu Shi, Wen Zhou, Yang Liu, and Deng-Guang Yu. "Processes of Electrospun Polyvinylidene Fluoride-Based Nanofibers, Their Piezoelectric Properties, and Several Fantastic Applications." Polymers 14, no. 20 (October 13, 2022): 4311. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14204311.
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Since the third scientific and technological revolution, electronic information technology has developed rapidly, and piezoelectric materials that can convert mechanical energy into electrical energy have become a research hotspot. Among them, piezoelectric polymers are widely used in various fields such as water treatment, biomedicine, and flexible sensors due to their good flexibility and weak toxicity. However, compared with ceramic piezoelectric materials, the piezoelectric properties of polymers are poor, so it is very important to improve the piezoelectric properties of polymers. Electrospinning technology can improve the piezoelectric properties of piezoelectric polymers by adjusting electrospinning parameters to control the piezoelectrically active phase transition of polymers. In addition, the prepared nanofibrous membrane is also a good substrate for supporting piezoelectric functional particles, which can also effectively improve the piezoelectric properties of polymers by doping particles. This paper reviews the piezoelectric properties of various electrospun piezoelectric polymer membranes, especially polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)-based electrospun nanofibrous membranes (NFs). Additionally, this paper introduces the various methods for increasing piezoelectric properties from the perspective of structure and species. Finally, the applications of NFs in the fields of biology, energy, and photocatalysis are discussed, and the future research directions and development are prospected.
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Wang, Wei-Chih, Yen-Tse Cheng, and Benjamin Estroff. "Electrostatic Self-Assembly of Composite Nanofiber Yarn." Polymers 13, no. 1 (December 22, 2020): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13010012.
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Electrospinning polymer fibers is a well-understood process primarily resulting in random mats or single strands. More recent systems and methods have produced nanofiber yarns (NFY) for ease of use in textiles. This paper presents a method of NFY manufacture using a simplified dry electrospinning system to produce self-assembling functional NFY capable of conducting electrical charge. The polymer is a mixture of cellulose nanocrystals (CNC), polyvinyl acrylate (PVA) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS). When treated with ethylene glycol (EG) to enhance conductivity, fibers touching the collector plate align to the applied electrostatic field and grow by twisting additional nanofiber polymers injected by the jet into the NFY bundle. The longer the electrospinning continues, the longer and more uniformly twisted the NFY becomes. This process has the added benefit of reducing the electric field required for NFY production from >2.43 kV cm−1 to 1.875 kV cm−1.
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Ferraris, Sara, Silvia Spriano, Alessandro Calogero Scalia, Andrea Cochis, Lia Rimondini, Iriczalli Cruz-Maya, Vincenzo Guarino, Alessio Varesano, and Claudia Vineis. "Topographical and Biomechanical Guidance of Electrospun Fibers for Biomedical Applications." Polymers 12, no. 12 (December 3, 2020): 2896. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12122896.
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Electrospinning is gaining increasing interest in the biomedical field as an eco-friendly and economic technique for production of random and oriented polymeric fibers. The aim of this review was to give an overview of electrospinning potentialities in the production of fibers for biomedical applications with a focus on the possibility to combine biomechanical and topographical stimuli. In fact, selection of the polymer and the eventual surface modification of the fibers allow selection of the proper chemical/biological signal to be administered to the cells. Moreover, a proper design of fiber orientation, dimension, and topography can give the opportunity to drive cell growth also from a spatial standpoint. At this purpose, the review contains a first introduction on potentialities of electrospinning for the obtainment of random and oriented fibers both with synthetic and natural polymers. The biological phenomena which can be guided and promoted by fibers composition and topography are in depth investigated and discussed in the second section of the paper. Finally, the recent strategies developed in the scientific community for the realization of electrospun fibers and for their surface modification for biomedical application are presented and discussed in the last section.
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Gonzalez, Edurne, Aitor Barquero, Belén Muñoz-Sanchez, María Paulis, and Jose Ramon Leiza. "Green Electrospinning of Polymer Latexes: A Systematic Study of the Effect of Latex Properties on Fiber Morphology." Nanomaterials 11, no. 3 (March 11, 2021): 706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano11030706.
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Green electrospinning is a relatively new promising technology in which a polymer (latex) can be spun from an aqueous dispersion with the help of a template polymer. This method is a green, clean and safe technology that is able to spin hydrophobic polymers using water as an electrospinning medium. In this article, a systematic study that investigates the influence of the template polymer molar mass, the total solids content of the initial dispersion and the particle/template ratio is presented. Furthermore, the influence of the surfactant used to stabilize the polymer particles, the surface functionality of the polymer particles and the use of a bimodal particle size distribution on the final fiber morphology is studied for the first time. In green electrospinning, the viscosity of the initial complex blend depends on the amount and molar mass of the template polymer but also on the total solids content of the dispersion to be spun. Thus, both parameters must be carefully taken into account in order to fine-tune the final fiber morphology. Additionally, the particle packing and the surface chemistry of the polymer particles also play an important role in the obtained nanofibers quality.
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Grasso, Gerardo, Daniela Zane, Sabrina Foglia, and Roberto Dragone. "Application of Electrospun Water-Soluble Synthetic Polymers for Multifunctional Air Filters and Face Masks." Molecules 27, no. 24 (December 9, 2022): 8753. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27248753.
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The worsening of air quality is an urgent human health issue of modern society. The outbreak of COVID-19 has made the improvement of air quality even more imperative, both for the general achievement of major health gains and to reduce the critical factors in the transmission of airborne diseases. Thus, the development of solutions for the filtration of airborne pollutants is pivotal. Electrospinning has gained wide attention as an effective fabrication technique for preparing ultrafine fibers which are specifically tailored for air filtration. Nevertheless, the utilization of harmful organic solvents is the major barrier for the large-scale applicability of electrospinning. The use of water-soluble synthetic polymers has attracted increasing attention as a ‘green’ solution in electrospinning. We reported an overview of the last five years of the scientific literature on the use of water-soluble synthetic polymers for the fabrication of multifunctional air filters layers. Most of recent studies have focused on polyvinyl alcohol (PVA). Various modifications of electrospun polymers have been also described. The use of water-soluble synthetic polymers can contribute to the scalability of electrospinning and pave the way to innovative applications. Further studies will be required to fully harness the potentiality of these ‘greener’ electrospinning processes.
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Khatri, Zeeshan, Farooq Ahmed, and Ick Soo Kim. "Green electrospinning of sustainable nanofibers: a sustainable frontier for next-generation materials." Mehran University Research Journal of Engineering and Technology 42, no. 3 (July 21, 2023): 16. http://dx.doi.org/10.22581/muet1982.2303.02.
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To fulfil the demand for eco-friendly nanomaterials, electrospinning offers a viable method for creating sustainable nanofibers. This mini review focuses on environmentally friendly and sustainability aspect of nanofibers produced via electrospinning. It examines difficulties and possibilities in ecologically friendly electrospinning, such as selecting environmentally friendly materials, reusing solvents, and using environmentally friendly additives. The use of biodegradable synthetic polymers, hybrid/composite nanofibers for improved performance, and natural polymers from renewable resources are only a few of the green electrospinning approaches that are covered. The review emphasises on green practices and sustainable challenges and opportunities. This review gives insight into green electrospinning techniques and the applications are also highlighted in tissue engineering, environmental remediation, energy storage, and environmentally friendly packaging. Further, the scalability, interdisciplinary cooperation, and regulatory issues are only a few of the obstacles and future directions that are discussed. A greener and more sustainable future in materials science is possible thanks to green electrospinning.
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Wortmann, Martin, Natalie Frese, Al Mamun, Marah Trabelsi, Waldemar Keil, Björn Büker, Ali Javed, et al. "Chemical and Morphological Transition of Poly(acrylonitrile)/Poly(vinylidene Fluoride) Blend Nanofibers during Oxidative Stabilization and Incipient Carbonization." Nanomaterials 10, no. 6 (June 21, 2020): 1210. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10061210.
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Thermally stabilized and subsequently carbonized nanofibers are a promising material for many technical applications in fields such as tissue engineering or energy storage. They can be obtained from a variety of different polymer precursors via electrospinning. While some methods have been tested for post-carbonization doping of nanofibers with the desired ingredients, very little is known about carbonization of blend nanofibers from two or more polymeric precursors. In this paper, we report on the preparation, thermal treatment and resulting properties of poly(acrylonitrile) (PAN)/poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) blend nanofibers produced by wire-based electrospinning of binary polymer solutions. Using a wide variety of spectroscopic, microscopic and thermal characterization methods, the chemical and morphological transition during oxidative stabilization (280 °C) and incipient carbonization (500 °C) was thoroughly investigated. Both PAN and PVDF precursor polymers were detected and analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively during all stages of thermal treatment. Compared to pure PAN nanofibers, the blend nanofibers showed increased fiber diameters, strong reduction of undesired morphological changes during oxidative stabilization and increased conductivity after carbonization.
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Yarin, A. L. "Coaxial electrospinning and emulsion electrospinning of core-shell fibers." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 22, no. 3 (December 20, 2010): 310–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.1781.
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Meireles, Agnes B., Daniella K. Corrêa, João VW da Silveira, Ana LG Millás, Edison Bittencourt, Gustavo EA de Brito-Melo, and Libardo A. González-Torres. "Trends in polymeric electrospun fibers and their use as oral biomaterials." Experimental Biology and Medicine 243, no. 8 (May 2018): 665–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1535370218770404.
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Electrospinning is one of the techniques to produce structured polymeric fibers in the micro or nano scale and to generate novel materials for biomedical proposes. Electrospinning versatility provides fibers that could support different surgical and rehabilitation treatments. However, its diversity in equipment assembly, polymeric materials, and functional molecules to be incorporated in fibers result in profusion of recent biomaterials that are not fully explored, even though the recognized relevance of the technique. The present article describes the main electrospun polymeric materials used in oral applications, and the main aspects and parameters of the technique. Natural and synthetic polymers, blends, and composites were identified from the available literature and recent developments. Main applications of electrospun fibers were focused on drug delivery systems, tissue regeneration, and material reinforcement or modification, although studies require further investigation in order to enable direct use in human. Current and potential usages as biomaterials for oral applications must motivate the development in the use of electrospinning as an efficient method to produce highly innovative biomaterials, over the next few years. Impact statement Nanotechnology is a challenge for many researchers that look for obtaining different materials behaviors by modifying characteristics at a very low scale. Thus, the production of nanostructured materials represents a very important field in bioengineering, in which the electrospinning technique appears as a suitable alternative. This review discusses and provides further explanation on this versatile technique to produce novel polymeric biomaterials for oral applications. The use of electrospun fibers is incipient in oral areas, mainly because of the unfamiliarity with the technique. Provided disclosure, possibilities and state of the art are aimed at supporting interested researchers to better choose proper materials, understand, and design new experiments. This work seeks to encourage many other researchers–Dentists, Biologists, Engineers, Pharmacists–to develop innovative materials from different polymers. We highlight synthetic and natural polymers as trends in treatments to motivate an advance in the worldwide discussion and exploration of this interdisciplinary field.
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Číková, Eliška, Jaroslav Kuliček, Ivica Janigová, and Mária Omastová. "Electrospinning of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate/Poly(Lactic Acid) Blends on a Water Surface." Materials 11, no. 9 (September 15, 2018): 1737. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11091737.
Full textAbstract:
The electrospinning of an ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymer with a vinyl acetate content of 28 wt.% is limited due to the solubility of the copolymer in standard laboratory conditions. Poly(lactic acid) (PLA) is a biodegradable polymer that can be electrospun easily. However, PLA has limited applicability because it is brittle. Blends of these polymers are of interest in order to obtain new types of materials with counterbalanced properties originating from both polymeric compounds. The fibers were electrospun on a water surface from a solution mixture containing various weight ratios of both polymers using a dichloromethane and acetone (70:30 v/v) mixture as solvent. The morphologies of the prepared non-woven mats were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the chemical composition was investigated by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). The fibers’ thermal properties and stability were examined, and the mechanical properties were tested. The results showed that the strength and flexibility of the blend samples were enhanced by the presence of PLA.