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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymers brushes'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 11 March 2023

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1

Boyes, Stephen G., Anthony M. Granville, Marina Baum, Bulent Akgun, Brian K. Mirous, and William J. Brittain. "Polymer brushes––surface immobilized polymers." Surface Science 570, no. 1-2 (October 2004): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.susc.2004.06.193.

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2

Chu, Elza, Tashnia Babar, Michael F. Bruist, and Alexander Sidorenko. "Binary Polymer Brushes of Strongly Immiscible Polymers." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 7, no. 23 (February 10, 2015): 12505–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/am5080248.

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3

Gong, Shuting, Tianyi Wang, Jiaping Lin, and Liquan Wang. "Patterning of Polymer-Functionalized Nanoparticles with Varied Surface Mobilities of Polymers." Materials 16, no. 3 (February 1, 2023): 1254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16031254.

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The polymers can be either dynamically tethered to or permanently grafted to the nanoparticle to produce polymer-functionalized nanoparticles. The surface mobility of polymer ligands with one end anchored to the nanoparticle can affect the surface pattern, but the effect remains unclear. Here, we addressed the influence of lateral polymer mobility on surface patterns by performing self-consistent field theory calculations on a modeled polymer-functionalized nanoparticle consisting of immobile and mobile brushes. The results show that except for the radius of nanoparticles and grafting density, the fraction of mobile brushes substantially influences the surface patterning of polymer-functionalized nanoparticles, including striped patterns and patchy patterns with various patches. The number of patches on a nanoparticle increases as the fraction of mobile brushes decreases, favored by the entropy of immobile brushes. Critically, we found that broken symmetry usually occurs in patchy nanoparticles, associated with the balance of enthalpic and entropic effects. The present work provides a fundamental understanding of the dependence of surface patterning on lateral polymer mobility. The work could also guide the preparation of diversified nanopatterns, especially for the asymmetric patchy nanoparticles, enabling the fundamental investigation of the interaction between polymer-functionalized nanoparticles.

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4

Yuan, Haiyang, and Guangming Liu. "Ionic effects on synthetic polymers: from solutions to brushes and gels." Soft Matter 16, no. 17 (2020): 4087–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0sm00199f.

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5

Yin, Liying, Lin Liu, and Ning Zhang. "Brush-like polymers: design, synthesis and applications." Chemical Communications 57, no. 81 (2021): 10484–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1cc03940g.

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Polymer brushes have emerged as one of the most important means of surface modification. We summarise efficient methods for the fabrication of polymer brushes. In addition, we highlight the topology and potential applications of polymer brushes.

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6

Ballauff, Matthias, Markus Biesalski, and Axel H. E. Müller. "Polymer brushes." Polymer 98 (August 2016): 387–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.polymer.2016.06.027.

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7

Corsi, Pietro, Elia Roma, Tecla Gasperi, Fabio Bruni, and Barbara Capone. "Exploiting scaling laws for designing polymeric bottle brushes: a theoretical coarse-graining for homopolymeric branched polymers." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 21, no. 27 (2019): 14873–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cp01316d.

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8

Amoskov, Victor M., Tatiana M. Birshtein, and Victor A. Pryamitsyn. "Theory of Polymer Brushes of Liquid-Crystalline Polymers." Macromolecules 29, no. 22 (January 1996): 7240–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma9603140.

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9

Chen, Yi-Ju, and Hsiu-Yu Yu. "Enthalpic Interactions and Solution Behaviors of Solvent-Free Polymer Brushes." Polymers 14, no. 23 (December 1, 2022): 5237. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14235237.

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We performed molecular dynamics simulations to characterize the role of enthalpic interaction in impacting the static and dynamic properties of solvent-free polymer brushes. The intrinsic enthalpic interaction in the simulation was introduced using different attraction strengths between distinct species. Two model systems were considered: one consisting of binary brushes of two different polymer types and the other containing a mixture of homopolymer brushes and free molecules. In the first system, we observed that, when two originally incompatible polymers were grafted to opposing surfaces, the miscibility between them was significantly enhanced. A less favorable intrinsic enthalpic interaction in the brushes resulted in a more stretched chain configuration, a lower degree of inter-brush penetration, and faster segmental relaxation. In the second system, we characterized the solvent capacity of the homopolymer brushes from variations in the energy components of the system as a function of the number of free molecules. We determined that molecular absorption was driven by the release of the entropic frustration for the grafted chains in conjunction with the chemical affinity between the solutes and polymers. The solute distribution function within the inter-wall space showed that solute–polymer mixing in the middle of the gap occurred preferentially when the enthalpic interaction was more favorable. When this was not the case, absorption was predominantly localized near the grafting surface. From the mean square displacement of the solute, we found that the brush profiles restrained the molecular diffusion perpendicular to the grafting wall; the weaker the attraction from the brush, the higher the solute mobility.

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10

Smenda, Joanna, Karol Wolski, Kamila Chajec, and Szczepan Zapotoczny. "Preparation of Homopolymer, Block Copolymer, and Patterned Brushes Bearing Thiophene and Acetylene Groups Using Microliter Volumes of Reaction Mixtures." Polymers 13, no. 24 (December 19, 2021): 4458. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13244458.

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The synthesis of surface-grafted polymers with variable functionality requires the careful selection of polymerization methods that also enable spatially controlled grafting, which is crucial for the fabrication of, e.g., nano (micro) sensor or nanoelectronic devices. The development of versatile, simple, economical, and eco-friendly synthetic strategies is important for scaling up the production of such polymer brushes. We have recently shown that poly (3-methylthienyl methacrylate) (PMTM) and poly (3-trimethylsilyl-2-propynyl methacrylate) (PTPM) brushes with pendant thiophene and acetylene groups, respectively, could be used for the production of ladder-like conjugated brushes that are potentially useful in the mentioned applications. However, the previously developed syntheses of such brushes required the use of high volumes of reagents, elevated temperature, or high energy UV-B light. Therefore, we present here visible light-promoted metal-free surface-initiated ATRP (metal-free SI-ATRP) that allows the economical synthesis of PMTM and PTPM brushes utilizing only microliter volumes of reaction mixtures. The versatility of this approach was shown by the formation of homopolymers but also the block copolymer conjugated brushes (PMTM and PTPM blocks in both sequences) and patterned films using TEM grids serving as photomasks. A simple reaction setup with only a monomer, solvent, commercially available organic photocatalyst, and initiator decorated substrate makes the synthesis of these complex polymer structures achievable for non-experts and ready for scaling up.

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11

Simonova, Maria, Alexander Simagin, Denis Kamorin, Sergey Orekhov, Alexander Filippov, and Oleg Kazantsev. "The Solution Properties of Polymethacrylate Molecular Brushes with Oligo(ethylene glycol) and Oligo(propylene glycol) Side Chains." Polymers 14, no. 24 (December 19, 2022): 5556. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14245556.

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The properties of polymer brushes based on three macromonomers were investigated in aqueous and organic solutions. Methacrylic monomers with different compositions of the oligo(oxyalkylene) substituents and arrangements of the oligo(ethylene glycol) and oligo(propylene glycol) blocks were used for the synthesis of polymers. There were methoxy [oligo(ethylene glycol)10.3-block-oligo(propylene glycol)4.7] methacrylate, methoxy [oligo(propylene glycol)8.3-block-oligo(ethylene glycol)6.6] methacrylate, and methoxy oligo(propylene glycol)4.2 methacrylate. Molecular brushes were investigated by the methods of molecular hydrodynamics and optics in dilute solutions in acetonitrile, chloroform, and water. The peculiarities of behavior of poly[oligo(oxyalkylene) methacrylates] in aqueous solutions and water-toluene systems have been found; in particular, the solubility of the polymers in water and organic solvents, the polymers equilibrium distribution between the phases, and the surface activity in the water-toluene system have been established. The thermo-responsibility in aqueous solutions and values of a critical concentration of micelle formation were shown. Depending on the arrangement of blocks in the side chains of molecular brushes, they are characterized by different intramolecular density.

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12

Doukas, A. K., C. N. Likos, and P. Ziherl. "Structure formation in soft nanocolloids: liquid-drop model." Soft Matter 14, no. 16 (2018): 3063–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8sm00293b.

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Using a model where soft nanocolloids such as spherical polymer brushes and star polymers are viewed as compressible liquid drops, we theoretically explore interactions between such particles and the ordered structures that they form.

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13

Schuh, Christian, and Jürgen Rühe. "Penetration of Polymer Brushes by Chemical Nonidentical Free Polymers." Macromolecules 44, no. 9 (May 10, 2011): 3502–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma102410z.

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14

Sekizawa, Yu, Hideyuki Mitomo, Mizuki Nihei, Satoshi Nakamura, Yusuke Yonamine, Akinori Kuzuya, Takehiko Wada, and Kuniharu Ijiro. "Reversible changes in the orientation of gold nanorod arrays on polymer brushes." Nanoscale Advances 2, no. 9 (2020): 3798–803. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0na00315h.

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Gold nanorod (GNR) arrays were prepared by GNR attachment on anionic polymer brushes via electrostatic interactions and their orientation reversibly changed by the modulation of interactions between GNRs and polymers via changes in the solution pH.

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15

Kerr-Phillips, Thomas, Mona Damavandi, Lisa I. Pilkington, Kathryn A. Whitehead, Jadranka Travas-Sejdic, and David Barker. "Effects of Neutral, Anionic and Cationic Polymer Brushes Grafted from Poly(para-phenylene vinylene) and Poly(para-phenylene ethynylene) on the Polymer’s Photoluminescent Properties." Polymers 14, no. 14 (July 6, 2022): 2767. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14142767.

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The conformation of a fluorescent polymer, in the solid state or in solution, plays a critical role in the polymer’s fluorescent properties. Thus, grafted side chains on a fluorescent polymer can directly influence its optical properties. In this study, the effect of grafted polymeric side chains on the photoluminescent properties of poly(para-phenylene vinylene) (PPV) and poly(para-phenylene ethynylene) (PPE) were investigated. Low- and high-molecular-weight grafts of neutral poly(n-butyl acrylate), cationic poly(trimethylaminoethyl methacrylate) and anionic poly(sulfopropyl acrylate) were grafted onto PPVs and PPEs, and the effect of the grafting on the graft copolymer’s absorption and emission wavelengths, the fluorescence intensity and the quantum yield were studied. The results indicate that in the case of the ionic grafts, contrary to the expectations, the polymers have a reduced quantum yield. This contrasts with the copolymers with uncharged side chains (PnBA), where a major increase in the quantum yield is seen for the self-quenching conjugated pristine polymers. These results reinforce that the molecular conformation of the polymer in a solid or solution plays a critical role in fluorescent polymers photoluminescent properties.

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16

Raut, Ajinkya, Peter Renner, Rick Wang, Serge Kazadi, Siddhi Mehta, Yan Chen, and Hong Liang. "Roles of polymer brushes in biological applications." Advances in Biochips 2, no. 1 (2021): 12–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.25082/ab.2021.01.001.

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Polymer brushes are macromolecular structures with polymer chains tethered to a surface resembling a brush. They have shown variety of uses in biological applications. Because of the nature of crafted polymers, the functionalized surfaces exhibit unique functions such as low friction, altered adhesion, protein binding and selective adsorption. Functionalization can be controlled by changing parameters such as grafting densities, chemical configurations, shapes and thickness. In this review, a particular emphasis has been provided for studies related to biological applications of polymer brushes based on their ultra-low friction, hydrophilic elongated surfaces, and binding properties. It provides useful information for researches and labs working on finding better solutions for drug delivery, arthritis, artificial joints, antibiofouling coatings and protein immobilization and purification.

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17

Zhang, Mingfu, and Axel H. E. Müller. "Cylindrical polymer brushes." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 43, no. 16 (2005): 3461–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.20900.

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18

Wang, Ke, Fan Li, Di Tian, Jiangping Xu, Yuanyuan Liu, Zaiyan Hou, Huamin Zhou, Senbin Chen, Jintao Zhu, and Zhenzhong Yang. "Segmental Janus nanoparticles of polymer composites." Chemical Communications 55, no. 56 (2019): 8114–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc03067k.

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We demonstrate a facile yet robust “plasma etching and grafting” strategy to prepare Janus nanoparticles coated with binary polymer brushes on two different sides. The ratio of two types of polymers can be tailored by tuning the plasma etching power.

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19

Li, Mingxiao, and Christian W. Pester. "Mixed Polymer Brushes for “Smart” Surfaces." Polymers 12, no. 7 (July 13, 2020): 1553. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12071553.

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Mixed polymer brushes (MPBs) are composed of two or more disparate polymers covalently tethered to a substrate. The resulting phase segregated morphologies have been extensively studied as responsive “smart” materials, as they can be reversible tuned and switched by external stimuli. Both computational and experimental work has attempted to establish an understanding of the resulting nanostructures that vary as a function of many factors. This contribution highlights state-of-the-art MPBs studies, covering synthetic approaches, phase behavior, responsiveness to external stimuli as well as novel applications of MPBs. Current limitations are recognized and possible directions for future studies are identified.

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20

Włodarczyk, Błażej, Joanna Pietrasik, and Marian Zaborski. "Modification of Hydroxyapatite with Polymer Brushes." Materials Science Forum 714 (March 2012): 291–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.714.291.

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The synthesis of polymer brushes containing poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) chains grafted from hydroxyapatite (HAP) particles was disscussed. Surface of commercially available hydroxyapatite was first modified with atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) initiator and hydrophobized with isobutyric acid, and then surface-initiated ATRP was conducted. Properties of obtained hybrids were studied by dynamic light scattering (DLS) and gel permeation chromatography (GPC). Polymers with various molecular weight up toMn=96,100 g/mol were obtained with good control;Mw/Mn<1.2. Copolymer brushes of poly (methyl methacrylate-stat-benzophenone methacrylate) (P(MMA-stat-BPMA) were also synthesized and cross-linking ability of such materials under UV radiation was confirmed.

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21

Sotoma, Shingo, Feng-Jen Hsieh, and Huan-Cheng Chang. "Single-Step Metal-Free Grafting of Cationic Polymer Brushes on Fluorescent Nanodiamonds." Materials 11, no. 8 (August 20, 2018): 1479. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma11081479.

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Cationic polymers are often employed in conjugation with nanomaterials, and the resultant hybrids are useful for various bioapplications. Here, a single-step metal-free method for the synthesis of fluorescent nanodiamonds (FNDs) conjugated with cationic polymer brushes is reported. Distinct from the common methods such as atom transfer radical polymerization and reversible addition fragmentation chain transfer, our ring-opening-polymerization-based method is simple and less time consuming and hazardous. Infrared spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis, zeta potential, and dynamic light scattering confirmed the synthesis. The produced FND-polymer brushes showed markedly higher cell labeling and internalization efficiency without noticeable cytotoxicity. Our method is general and applicable to other nanoparticles as well for uses in diverse research areas.

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22

Sudre, Guillaume, Elodie Siband, Bruno Gallas, Fabrice Cousin, Dominique Hourdet, and Yvette Tran. "Responsive Adsorption of N-Isopropylacrylamide Based Copolymers on Polymer Brushes." Polymers 12, no. 1 (January 7, 2020): 153. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12010153.

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We investigate the adsorption of pH- or temperature-responsive polymer systems by ellipsometry and neutron reflectivity. To this end, temperature-responsive poly (N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAM) brushes and pH-responsive poly (acrylic acid) (PAA) brushes have been prepared using the “grafting onto” method to investigate the adsorption process of polymers and its reversibility under controlled environment. To that purpose, macromolecular brushes were designed with various chain lengths and a wide range of grafting density. Below the transition temperature (LCST), the characterization of PNIPAM brushes by neutron reflectivity shows that the swelling behavior of brushes is in good agreement with the scaling models before they collapse above the LCST. The reversible adsorption on PNIPAM brushes was carried out with linear copolymers of N-isopropylacrylamide and acrylic acid, P(NIPAM-co-AA). While these copolymers remain fully soluble in water over the whole range of temperature investigated, a quantitative adsorption driven by solvophobic interactions was shown to proceed only above the LCST of the brush and to be totally reversible upon cooling. Similarly, the pH-responsive adsorption driven by electrostatic interactions on PAA brushes was studied with copolymers of NIPAM and N,N-dimethylaminopropylmethacrylamide, P(NIPAM-co-MADAP). In this case, the adsorption of weak polycations was shown to increase with the ionization of the PAA brush with interactions mainly located in the upper part of the brush at pH 7 and more deeply adsorbed within the brush at pH 9.

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23

Ashraf, Jesna, Sandy Lau, Alireza Akbarinejad, Clive W. Evans, David E. Williams, David Barker, and Jadranka Travas-Sejdic. "Conducting Polymer-Infused Electrospun Fibre Mat Modified by POEGMA Brushes as Antifouling Biointerface." Biosensors 12, no. 12 (December 7, 2022): 1143. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/bios12121143.

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Biofouling on surfaces, caused by the assimilation of proteins, peptides, lipids and microorganisms, leads to contamination, deterioration and failure of biomedical devices and causes implants rejection. To address these issues, various antifouling strategies have been extensively studied, including polyethylene glycol-based polymer brushes. Conducting polymers-based biointerfaces have emerged as advanced surfaces for interfacing biological tissues and organs with electronics. Antifouling of such biointerfaces is a challenge. In this study, we fabricated electrospun fibre mats from sulphonated polystyrene-block-poly(ethylene-ran-butylene)-block-polystyrene (sSEBS), infused with conducting polymer poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) (sSEBS-PEDOT), to produce a conductive (2.06 ± 0.1 S/cm), highly porous, fibre mat that can be used as a biointerface in bioelectronic applications. To afford antifouling, here the poly(oligo (ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate) (POEGMA) brushes were grafted onto the sSEBS-PEDOT conducting fibre mats via surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerization technique (SI-ATRP). For that, a copolymer of EDOT and an EDOT derivative with SI-ATRP initiating sites, 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) methyl 2-bromopropanoate (EDOTBr), was firstly electropolymerized on the sSEBS-PEDOT fibre mat to provide sSEBS-PEDOT/P(EDOT-co-EDOTBr). The POEGMA brushes were grafted from the sSEBS-PEDOT/P(EDOT-co-EDOTBr) and the polymerization kinetics confirmed the successful growth of the brushes. Fibre mats with 10-mers and 30-mers POEGMA brushes were studied for antifouling using a BCA protein assay. The mats with 30-mers grafted brushes exhibited excellent antifouling efficiency, ~82% of proteins repelled, compared to the pristine sSEBS-PEDOT fibre mat. The grafted fibre mats exhibited cell viability >80%, comparable to the standard cell culture plate controls. Such conducting, porous biointerfaces with POEGMA grafted brushes are suitable for applications in various biomedical devices, including biosensors, liquid biopsy, wound healing substrates and drug delivery systems.

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24

Li, Xinyu, Zhongxin Zhang, Zheng Xie, Xinrui Guo, Tianjian Yang, Zhongli Li, Mei Tu, and Huaxin Rao. "High Performance and Self-Humidifying of Novel Cross-Linked and Nanocomposite Proton Exchange Membranes Based on Sulfonated Polysulfone." Nanomaterials 12, no. 5 (March 2, 2022): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano12050841.

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The introduction of inorganic additive or nanoparticles into fluorine-free proton exchange membranes (PEMs) can improve proton conductivity and have considerable effects on the performance of polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells. Based on the sol–gel method and in situ polycondensation, novel cross-linked PEM and nanocomposite PEMs based on a sulfonated polysulfone (SPSU) matrix were prepared by introducing graphene oxide (GO) polymeric brushes and incorporating Pt-TiO2 nanoparticles into an SPSU matrix, respectively. The results showed that the incorporation of Pt-TiO2 nanoparticles could obviously enhance self-humidifying and thermal stability. In addition, GO polymer brushes fixed on polymeric PEM by forming a cross-linked network structure could not only solve the leakage of inorganic additives during use and compatibility problem with organic polymers, but also significantly improve proton conductivity and reduce methanol permeability of the nanocomposite PEM. Proton conductivity, water uptake and methanol permeability of the nanocomposite PEM can be up to 6.93 mS cm−1, 46.58% and be as low as 1.4157 × 10−6 cm2 s−1, respectively, which represent increases of about 70%, about 22% and a decrease of about 40%, respectively, compared with that of primary SPSU. Therefore, the synergic action of the covalent cross-linking, GO polymer brush and nanoparticles can significantly and simultaneously improve the overall performance of the composite PEM.

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25

Tugulu, Stefano, Anke Arnold, India Sielaff, Kai Johnsson, and Harm-Anton Klok. "Protein-Functionalized Polymer Brushes." Biomacromolecules 6, no. 3 (May 2005): 1602–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm050016n.

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26

Ribeiro, Jessica P. M., Patrícia V. Mendonça, Jorge F. J. Coelho, Krzysztof Matyjaszewski, and Arménio C. Serra. "Glycopolymer Brushes by Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization: Preparation, Applications, and Future Challenges." Polymers 12, no. 6 (June 1, 2020): 1268. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12061268.

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The cellular surface contains specific proteins, also known as lectins, that are carbohydrates receptors involved in different biological events, such as cell–cell adhesion, cell recognition and cell differentiation. The synthesis of well-defined polymers containing carbohydrate units, known as glycopolymers, by reversible deactivation radical polymerization (RDRP) methods allows the development of tailor-made materials with high affinity for lectins because of their multivalent interaction. These polymers are promising candidates for the biomedical field, namely as novel diagnostic disease markers, biosensors, or carriers for tumor-targeted therapy. Although linear glycopolymers are extensively studied for lectin recognition, branched glycopolymeric structures, such as polymer brushes can establish stronger interactions with lectins. This specific glycopolymer topology can be synthesized in a bottlebrush form or grafted to/from surfaces by using RDRP methods, allowing a precise control over molecular weight, grafting density, and brush thickness. Here, the preparation and application of glycopolymer brushes is critically discussed and future research directions on this topic are suggested.

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27

Grobelny, Anna, Artur Grobelny, and Szczepan Zapotoczny. "Precise Stepwise Synthesis of Donor-Acceptor Conjugated Polymer Brushes Grafted from Surfaces." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 11 (May 31, 2022): 6162. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms23116162.

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Donor-acceptor (D-A) conjugated polymers are promising materials in optoelectronic applications, especially those forming ordered thin films. The processability of such conjugated macromolecules is typically enhanced by introducing bulky side chains, but it may affect their ordering and/or photophysical properties of the films. We show here the synthesis of surface-grafted D-A polymer brushes using alternating attachment of tailored monomers serving as electron donors (D) and acceptors (A) via coupling reactions. In such a stepwise procedure, alternating copolymer brushes consisting of thiophene and benzothiadiazole-based moieties with precisely tailored thickness and no bulky substituents were formed. The utilization of Sonogashira coupling was shown to produce densely packed molecular wires of tailored thickness, while Stille coupling and Huisgen cycloaddition were less efficient, likely because of the higher flexibility of D-A bridging groups. The D-A brushes exhibit reduced bandgaps, semiconducting properties and can form aggregates, which can be adjusted by changing the grafting density of the chains.

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28

Golkaram, Milad, Giuseppe Portale, Pascal Mulder, Dina Maniar, Shirin Faraji, and Katja Loos. "Order–disorder transition in supramolecular polymer combs/brushes with polymeric side chains." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 15 (2020): 2749–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py01915d.

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29

Yang, Xiao, Jian-Hua Huang, Ivan V. Mikhailov, Alexey A. Polotsky, and Meng-Bo Luo. "Height Switching in Mixed Polymer Brushes with Polymers of Different Stiffnesses." Macromolecules 53, no. 17 (August 20, 2020): 7369–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01150.

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30

Lee, Hyun-Su, and Lynn S. Penn. "Polymer Brushes Make Nanopore Filter Membranes Size Selective to Dissolved Polymers." Macromolecules 43, no. 1 (January 12, 2010): 565–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma9019569.

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31

Simonova, Maria, Dmitry Ilgach, Ksenia Kaskevich, Maria Nepomnyashaya, Larisa Litvinova, Alexander Filippov, and Alexander Yakimansky. "Novel Amphiphilic Polyfluorene-Graft-(Polymethacrylic Acid) Brushes: Synthesis, Conformation, and Self-Assembly." Polymers 13, no. 24 (December 17, 2021): 4429. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13244429.

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Novel polyfluorene polymer brushes with polymethacrylic acid side chains were obtained by atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and activator generated by electron transfer (AGET) ATRP of tert-butyl methacrylate on polyfluorene multifunctional macroinitiator, followed by protonolysis of the tert-butyl groups of the side chains. Kinetics of polymerization and molecular weights were fully characterized. These polymer brushes luminesce in the blue region of the spectrum with high quantum yields (0.64–0.77). It was shown that the luminescence intensity of polymer brushes is higher than the luminescence intensity of the macroinitiator (0.61). Moreover, due to their amphiphilic nature, they can form unimolecular micelles when an alcohol solution of the polymer brush is injected into water. These properties can potentially be used in drug delivery and bioimaging.

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32

Milner, Scott T. "Strongly stretched polymer brushes." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 32, no. 16 (December 1994): 2743–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.1994.090321620.

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33

Liu, Guifeng, Xudong Sun, Xiaodong Li, and Zhenxin Wang. "The Bioanalytical and Biomedical Applications of Polymer Modified Substrates." Polymers 14, no. 4 (February 21, 2022): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14040826.

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Polymers with different structures and morphology have been extensively used to construct functionalized surfaces for a wide range of applications because the physicochemical properties of polymers can be finely adjusted by their molecular weights, polydispersity and configurations, as well as the chemical structures and natures of monomers. In particular, the specific functions of polymers can be easily achieved at post-synthesis by the attachment of different kinds of active molecules such as recognition ligand, peptides, aptamers and antibodies. In this review, the recent advances in the bioanalytical and biomedical applications of polymer modified substrates were summarized with subsections on functionalization using branched polymers, polymer brushes and polymer hydrogels. The review focuses on their applications as biosensors with excellent analytical performance and/or as nonfouling surfaces with efficient antibacterial activity. Finally, we discuss the perspectives and future directions of polymer modified substrates in the development of biodevices for the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of diseases.

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34

Hafner, Daniel, and Rainer Jordan. "Substrate-independent Cu(0)-mediated controlled radical polymerization: grafting of block copolymer brushes from poly(dopamine) modified surfaces." Polymer Chemistry 11, no. 12 (2020): 2129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9py01343a.

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A method is presented combining poly(dopamine) chemistry and surface-initiated Cu(0)-mediated controlled radical polymerization (SI-CuCRP). Polymer brushes and block copolymer brushes are grafted independent of the original surface properties.

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35

Uhlmann, Petra, Holger Merlitz, Jens-Uwe Sommer, and Manfred Stamm. "Polymer Brushes for Surface Tuning." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 30, no. 9-10 (May 13, 2009): 732–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.200900113.

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36

Cho, Min Ki, Hyun Ji Seo, Ji Hoon Lee, Woo Kyung Cho, and Kyung-sun Son. "Polymer brush growth by oxygen-initiated RAFT polymerization on various substrates." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 48 (2021): 7023–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py01195b.

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We developed a user-friendly method for growing polymer brushes on various substrates in the presence of air by O2-SI-RAFT polymerization and mussel-inspired surface chemistry. In particular, PHEMA brushes grew to 856 nm on the titanium substrate.

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37

Pei, Yiwen, Jadranka Travas-Sejdic, and David E. Williams. "Water Structure Change-Induced Expansion and Collapse of Zwitterionic Polymers Surface-Grafted onto Carbon Black." Australian Journal of Chemistry 67, no. 11 (2014): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch14301.

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We demonstrate the expansion and collapse of surface-grafted zwitterionic polymer brushes in water caused by the addition of urea. We hypothesize that at low urea concentrations, this is an effect of an ion–dipole interaction between urea and the polymer, and at high urea concentrations, an effect of a change in water structure causing change in solvation of the brushes and hence a change in the dipole–dipole interaction, and that it is analogous to the effects of urea on protein stability.

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38

Grobelny, Anna, Karolina Lorenc, Łucja Skowron, and Szczepan Zapotoczny. "Synthetic Route to Conjugated Donor–Acceptor Polymer Brushes via Alternating Copolymerization of Bifunctional Monomers." Polymers 14, no. 13 (July 4, 2022): 2735. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132735.

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Alternating donor–acceptor conjugated polymers, widely investigated due to their applications in organic photovoltaics, are obtained mainly by cross-coupling reactions. Such a synthetic route exhibits limited efficiency and requires using, for example, toxic palladium catalysts. Furthermore, the coating process demands solubility of the macromolecules, provided by the introduction of alkyl side chains, which have an impact on the properties of the final material. Here, we present the synthetic route to ladder-like donor–acceptor polymer brushes using alternating copolymerization of modified styrene and maleic anhydride monomers, ensuring proper arrangement of the pendant donor and acceptor groups along the polymer chains grafted from a surface. As a proof of concept, macromolecules with pendant thiophene and benzothiadiazole groups were grafted by means of RAFT and metal-free ATRP polymerizations. Densely packed brushes with a thickness up to 200 nm were obtained in a single polymerization process, without the necessity of using metal-based catalysts or bulky substituents of the monomers. Oxidative polymerization using FeCl3 was then applied to form the conjugated chains in a double-stranded (ladder-like) architecture.

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Duque-Sánchez, Lina, Narelle Brack, Almar Postma, Paul J. Pigram, and Laurence Meagher. "Optimisation of grafting of low fouling polymers from three-dimensional scaffolds via surface-initiated Cu(0) mediated polymerisation." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 6, no. 37 (2018): 5896–909. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8tb01828f.

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40

Wijmans, C. M., and E. B. Zhulina. "Polymer brushes at curved surfaces." Macromolecules 26, no. 26 (December 1993): 7214–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00078a016.

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41

Zhulina, E. B., T. M. Birshtein, and O. V. Borisov. "Theory of Ionizable Polymer Brushes." Macromolecules 28, no. 5 (September 1995): 1491–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00109a021.

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42

Su, Na. "Novel Dopant for Conductive Polymers: Spherical Polyelectrolyte Brushes." IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering 774 (March 27, 2020): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1757-899x/774/1/012037.

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43

Lipson, J. E. G., D. S. Gaunt, M. K. Wilkinson, and S. G. Whittington. "Lattice models of branched polymers: combs and brushes." Macromolecules 20, no. 1 (January 1987): 186–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ma00167a032.

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44

Borisov, O. V., A. A. Polotsky, O. V. Rud, E. B. Zhulina, F. A. M. Leermakers, and T. M. Birshtein. "Dendron brushes and dendronized polymers: a theoretical outlook." Soft Matter 10, no. 13 (February 20, 2014): 2093–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c3sm53019a.

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45

Zhulina, Ekaterina B., Frans A. M. Leermakers, and Oleg V. Borisov. "Ideal Mixing in Multicomponent Brushes of Branched Polymers." Macromolecules 48, no. 21 (October 29, 2015): 8025–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.macromol.5b01722.

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46

Ren, Fue, Shuyan Yang, Yang Wu, Feng Guo, and Feng Zhou. "Comparative Study on Macro-Tribological Properties of PLL-g-PEG and PSPMA Polymer Brushes." Polymers 14, no. 9 (May 8, 2022): 1917. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14091917.

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An ultra-low friction and high load capacity could be obtained on the surfaces grafted by a polymer brush even at relatively slow friction speeds in aqueous lubrication environments, which has attracted widespread attention to study the lubrication mechanism of polymer brushes; however, it has yet to be fully understood. The macroscopic tribological performance of two different polymer brushes, which were prepared by the method of “grafting to” and “grafting from” and named as PLL-g-PEG and PSPMA, respectively, were investigated. The friction results demonstrated that PLL-g-PEG obtained a lower friction coefficient than polymer brush PSPMA, which was ascribed to its unique “self-healing” behavior. The lubrication film was in situ observed and the film thickness induced by the polymer brush was measured using a laboratory set for film thickness measurement apparatus based on interference technology. It was found that PSPMA exhibited excellent lubrication performance not found in PLL-g-PEG, and two film-forming mechanisms highly dependent on velocity were revealed, which may be important to interpret the lubrication mechanism of polymer brushes in aqueous lubricants.

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47

Brochard-Wyart, F., and P. G. De Gennes. "Controlled swelling of polymer brushes." Macromolecular Symposia 79, no. 1 (March 1994): 1–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19940790103.

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48

Birshtein, Tatiana M., Victor M. Amoskov, Anna A. Mercurieva, and Victor A. Pryamitsyn. "Phase transitions in polymer brushes." Macromolecular Symposia 113, no. 1 (February 1997): 151–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19971130114.

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49

Kinali-Demirci, Selin. "Cross-Linked Polymer Brushes Containing N-Halamine Groups for Antibacterial Surface Applications." Polymers 13, no. 8 (April 14, 2021): 1269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13081269.

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Microbial contamination is a significant issue in various areas, especially in the food industry. In this study, to overcome microbial contamination, cross-linked polymer brushes containing N-halamine were synthesized, characterized, and investigated for antibacterial properties. The cross-linked polymer brushes with different N-halamine ratios were synthesized by in-situ cross-linking methods with reversible addition−fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization using a bifunctional cross-linker. The RAFT agent was immobilized on an amine-terminated silicon wafer surface and utilized in the surface-initiated RAFT polymerization of [N-(2-methyl-1-(4-methyl-2,5-dioxoimidazolidin-4-yl)propane-2-yl)acrylamide] (hydantoin acrylamide, HA), and N-(2-hydroxypropyl)methacrylamide) (HPMA) monomers. Measurement of film thickness, contact angle, and surface morphology of the resulting surfaces were used to confirm the structural characteristics of cross-linked polymer brushes. The chlorine content of the three different surfaces was determined to be approximately 8–31 × 1013 atoms/cm2. At the same time, it was also observed that the activation–deactivation efficiency decreased during the recharge–discharge cycles. However, it was determined that the prepared N-halamine-containing cross-linked polymer brushes inactivated approximately 96% of Escherichia coli and 91% of Staphylococcus aureus. In conclusion, in the framework of this study, high-performance brush gels were produced that can be used on antibacterial surfaces.

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Welch, M. Elizabeth, and Christopher K. Ober. "Responsive and patterned polymer brushes." Journal of Polymer Science Part B: Polymer Physics 51, no. 20 (August 7, 2013): 1457–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/polb.23356.

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