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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymerized liquid crystals'

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Author: Grafiati

Published: 25 May 2024

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1

Anderson, David M., and Pelle Ström. "Polymerized lyotropic liquid crystals as contact lens materials." Physica A: Statistical Mechanics and its Applications 176, no. 1 (August 1991): 151–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-4371(91)90438-i.

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2

Saadat, Younes, Kyungtae Kim, and Reza Foudazi. "Initiator-dependent kinetics of lyotropic liquid crystal-templated thermal polymerization." Polymer Chemistry 12, no. 15 (2021): 2236–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1py00127b.

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3

Seo, Hyeon Jin, Sang Seok Lee, Jieun Noh, Jae-Won Ka, Jong Chan Won, Cheolmin Park, Shin-Hyun Kim, and Yun Ho Kim. "Robust photonic microparticles comprising cholesteric liquid crystals for anti-forgery materials." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 30 (2017): 7567–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc02660a.

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4

Xu, Xiaowan, Yanjun Liu, and Dan Luo. "Flexible blue phase liquid crystal film with high stability based on polymerized liquid crystals." Liquid Crystals 47, no. 3 (August 18, 2019): 399–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678292.2019.1655170.

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5

Miyazawa, K., Y. Kuwasaki, A. Obayashi, and M. Kuwabara. "C60 Nanowhiskers Formed by the Liquid–liquid Interfacial Precipitation Method." Journal of Materials Research 17, no. 1 (January 2002): 83–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.2002.0014.

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Fine needlelike crystals of C60 have been formed by a liquid–liquid interfacial precipitation method which uses an interface of the concentrated toluene solution of C60/isopropyl alcohol. The needlelike crystals of C60 with a diameter of submicrons (“C60 nanowhiskers”) were found to be single crystalline and composed of thin slabswith a thickness of about 10 nm. The intermolecular distance of the C60 nanowhiskerswas found to be shortened along the growth axis as compared with the pristine C60crystals, indicating a formation of strong bonding between C60 molecules. TheC60 nanowhiskers are assumed to be polymerized via the “2 + 2” cycloaddition inthe close-packed [110]c direction.

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6

Watanabe, Ryoichi, Toshiki Nakano, Taketoshi Satoh, Hitoshi Hatoh, and Yoshimichi Ohki. "Plasma-Polymerized Films as Orientating Layers for Liquid Crystals." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 26, Part 1, No. 3 (March 20, 1987): 373–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.26.373.

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7

Kajkowska, Marta, Miłosz Chychłowski, and Piotr Lesiak. "Influence of photopolymerization on propagation properties of photonic crystal fiber infiltrated with liquid crystal mixture." Photonics Letters of Poland 14, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v14i3.1166.

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In this paper we analyze the influence of the photopolymerization process on propagation properties of photonic crystal fiber infiltrated with liquid crystal doped with a mixture of reactive monomer and photoinitiator. The obtained results showed changes in photonic band gap of the fiber due to refractive index change of the liquid crystal mixture caused by the polymerization process. Moreover, the research demonstrated the possibility of preserving the desired molecular orientation of liquid crystal initially stabilized by placing the sample in the external electric field. This was achieved by simultaneously irradiating the sample and controlling the orientation of liquid crystal molecules with the electric field. The spectral analysis of the polymerized sample showed no visible difference in propagation spectra when the electric field was turned off after the process was finished. Full Text: PDF ReferencesK. Yin et al., "Advanced liquid crystal devices for augmented reality and virtual reality displays: principles and applications", Light Sci Appl. 11, 161 (2022). CrossRef S. Singh, "Phase transitions in liquid crystals", Phys. Rep. 324, 107 (2000). CrossRef N. Tarjányi, M. Veveričík, D. Káčik, M. Timko, P. Kopčanský, "Birefringence dispersion of 6CHBT liquid crystal determined in VIS-NIR spectral range", Appl. Surf. Sci. 542, 148525 (2021). CrossRef R. Dąbrowski, P. Kula, J. Herman, "High Birefringence Liquid Crystals", Crystals 3, 443 (2013). CrossRef R. H. Self, C. P. Please, T. J. Sluckin, "Deformation of nematic liquid crystals in an electric field", Eur. J. Appl. Math. 13, 1 (2002). CrossRef T. Hegmann, H. Qi, V. M. Marx, "Nanoparticles in Liquid Crystals: Synthesis, Self-Assembly, Defect Formation and Potential Applications", J. Inorg. Organomet. Polym. 17, 483 (2007). CrossRef S. Kaur, S. P. Singh, A. M. Biradar, A. Choudhary, K. Sreenivas, "Enhanced electro-optical properties in gold nanoparticles doped ferroelectric liquid crystals", Appl. Phys. Lett. 91, 023120 (2007). CrossRef I. Dierking, "Polymer Network–Stabilized Liquid Crystals", Adv. Mater. 12, 167 (2000). CrossRef D. C. Hoekstra et al., "Wavelength-Selective Photopolymerization of Hybrid Acrylate-Oxetane Liquid Crystals", Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 60, 10935 (2021). CrossRef Z. Ge, S. Gauza, M. Jiao, H. Xianyu, S.-T. Wu, "Electro-optics of polymer-stabilized blue phase liquid crystal displays", Appl. Phys. Lett. 94, 101104 (2009). CrossRef M. S. Chychłowski et al., "Locally-induced permanent birefringence by polymer-stabilization of liquid crystal in cells and photonic crystal fibers", Opto-electron. Rev. 26, 242 (2018). CrossRef R. Dąbrowski, J. Dziaduszek, T. Szczuciński, "Mesomorphic Characteristics of Some New Homologous Series with the Isothiocyanato Terminal Group", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 124, 241 (1985). CrossRef

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8

Luo, Jingqi, Jinmin Lu, Dongyu Zhao, Xinyu Du, Xiaozhi He, and Fanbao Meng. "Imidazolium-based polymerized ionic liquid crystals containing fluorinated cholesteryl mesogens." Polymers for Advanced Technologies 27, no. 3 (September 3, 2015): 290–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pat.3634.

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9

Park, Min-Seok, Kitae Kim, Young-Joo Lee, Jun-Hee Na, and Se-Um Kim. "Deformable Photonic Crystals Based on Chiral Liquid Crystals with Thermal-Mediative Shape Memory Effect." Materials 16, no. 1 (December 21, 2022): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16010035.

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We propose a deformable photonic crystal that exhibits the thermal-mediative shape memory effect. The chiral liquid crystalline polymeric scaffold, which produces the structural colors from a helical twist of the liquid crystal director, is prepared through phase-stabilization of a reactive mesogen in a small molecular chiral liquid crystal (CLC), polymerization, and removal of the CLC. The prepolymer of polyurethane acrylate (PUA) is then infiltrated in the prepared scaffold and subsequently photo-polymerized to form a CLC-PUA composite film. Upon compression, this film shows the blue shift of the structural color and retains this color-shift as released from compression. As the temperature increases, the color is recovered to a pristine state. The concept proposed in this study will be useful for designing mechanochromic soft materials.

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10

Kuriakose, Naveen, Pallavi Bapat, Harriet Lindsay, and John Texter. "Reversible Colloidal Crystallization." MRS Advances 5, no. 40-41 (2020): 2111–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2020.286.

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AbstractWe report 3D colloidal self-assembly (crystallization) of poly(ionic liquid) latexes to produce crystals that exhibit reversible melting and recrystallization in water, due to “classical” interparticle interactions, typical of multifunctional polymers. These new materials are derived from an ionic liquid monomer that is polymerized at room temperature by redox-initiated polymerization. Particle synthesis, self-assembly, thermal properties, and introductory light diffraction effects are reported with a focus on melting. These crystals are distinguishable from classical colloidal crystalline arrays, and are the first such crystals to exhibit thermal melting. This new hydrogel offers promise for engineering large volume production of photonic crystals active in the visible and proximal spectral regions, by crystallization from suspension (solution), characteristic of most useful chemical compounds.

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11

KAWATA, Ken, Hideyuki NISHIKAWA, Masayuki NEGORO, and Masaki OKAZAKI. "Photo-Polymerized Film Composed of Uni-Axially Oriented Discotic Liquid Crystals." KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 56, no. 6 (1999): 370–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/koron.56.370.

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12

Schadt, Martin, Klaus Schmitt, Vladimir Kozinkov, and Vladimir Chigrinov. "Surface-Induced Parallel Alignment of Liquid Crystals by Linearly Polymerized Photopolymers." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 31, Part 1, No. 7 (July 15, 1992): 2155–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.31.2155.

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13

Yoshida, Hiroyuki, Chee Heng Lee, Akihiko Fujii, and Masanori Ozaki. "Tunable Chiral Photonic Defect Modes in Locally Polymerized Cholesteric Liquid Crystals." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 477 (December 12, 2007): 255–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421400701688260.

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14

Chang, Kai-Han, and Liang-Chy Chien. "Structure-performance relation of liquid crystal photoalignment with in-situ formation of protection layers." MRS Advances 1, no. 52 (2016): 3517–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/adv.2016.451.

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ABSTRACTWe demonstrate a stabilized liquid crystal photoalignment using a surface-localized polymer method. A protection layer is developed on a photoalignment layer (PAL) through phase separation of a mixture composed of reactive monomers (RMs) and liquid crystals (LCs). The RM is polymerized on the PAL which enhances its stability against heat and light with short wavelength. The effects of the concentration and molecular structure of RMs on the electro-optical response and surface anchoring of photoaligned LC device are studied. The concentration of RMs affects the effective cell gap of the LC device. The rigid core length of the RM structure modulates the surface anchoring strength of the alignment layer. Both effective cell gap and surface anchoring strength are key elements for the enhanced dynamic response of LC devices.

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15

Galabova, H. G., D. W. Allender, and J. Chen. "Orientation and surface anchoring of nematic liquid crystals on linearly polymerized photopolymers." Physical Review E 55, no. 2 (February 1, 1997): 1627–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1103/physreve.55.1627.

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16

Bardosova, M., P. Hodge, H. Matsuda, F. Nakanishi, and R. H. Tredgold. "Ultrathin Films of Polymerized Smectic Liquid Crystals. A Study of the Polymerization Process." Langmuir 15, no. 2 (January 1999): 631–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/la9801460.

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17

Jeong, Mi-Yun, and Jeong Weon Wu. "Temporally Stable and Continuously Tunable Laser Device Fabricated Using Polymerized Cholesteric Liquid Crystals." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 51, no. 8R (August 1, 2012): 082702. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.51.082702.

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18

Jeong, Mi-Yun, and Jeong Weon Wu. "Temporally Stable and Continuously Tunable Laser Device Fabricated Using Polymerized Cholesteric Liquid Crystals." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 51 (July 23, 2012): 082702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.51.082702.

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19

Ma, Shuang, Xin Li, Lu Bai, Xin Lan, Naiyu Zhou, and Fanbao Meng. "Synthesis and characterization of imidazolium-based polymerized ionic liquid crystals containing cholesteryl mesogens." Colloid and Polymer Science 293, no. 8 (May 15, 2015): 2257–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00396-015-3617-5.

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20

Sharma, R., S. Dutt, and S. Singh. "Swollen Liquid Crystals as Soft and Structure Directing Templates for the Synthesis of Polyindole." Asian Journal of Chemistry 34, no. 6 (2022): 1413–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.14233/ajchem.2022.23647.

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Using swollen liquid crystals (SLCs) as a soft template, different polyindole nanostructures having different morphology have been synthesized successfully at different temperatures. The SLCs containing indole ring was formed by a quaternary system containing cetyltrimethyl-ammonium bromide (CTAB) or sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) as a surfactant, brine, indole:cyclohexane mixture as oil phase and 1-pentanol as co-surfactant. The indole containing mesophases were polymerized using ammonium persulfate as an oxidant and further nanocomposites were extracted from the mesophases. Finally, the extracted and processed samples were characterized using different spectroscopic techniques. The electrochemical properties of polyindole nanostructures were also investigated using cyclic voltammetry.

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21

Woliński, Tomasz, Sławomir Ertman, Katarzyna Rutkowska, Daniel Budaszewski, Marzena Sala-Tefelska, Miłosz Chychłowski, Kamil Orzechowski, Karolina Bednarska, and Piotr Lesiak. "Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers – 15 years of research activities at Warsaw University of Technology." Photonics Letters of Poland 11, no. 2 (July 1, 2019): 22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4302/plp.v11i2.907.

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Research activities in the area of photonic liquid crystal fibers carried out over the last 15 years at Warsaw University of Technology (WUT) have been reviewed and current research directions that include metallic nanoparticles doping to enhance electro-optical properties of the photonic liquid crystal fibers are presented. Full Text: PDF ReferencesT.R. Woliński et al., "Propagation effects in a photonic crystal fiber filled with a low-birefringence liquid crystal", Proc. SPIE, 5518, 232-237 (2004). CrossRef F. Du, Y-Q. Lu, S.-T. Wu, "Electrically tunable liquid-crystal photonic crystal fiber", Appl. Phys. Lett. 85, 2181-2183 (2004). CrossRef T.T. Larsen, A. Bjraklev, D.S. Hermann, J. Broeng, "Optical devices based on liquid crystal photonic bandgap fibres", Opt. Express, 11, 20, 2589-2596 (2003). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Tunable properties of light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Opto-Electron. Rev. 13, 2, 59-64 (2005). CrossRef M. Chychłowski, S. Ertman, T.R. Woliński, "Splay orientation in a capillary", Phot. Lett. Pol. 2, 1, 31-33 (2010). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Photonic liquid crystal fibers — a new challenge for fiber optics and liquid crystals photonics", Opto-Electron. Rev. 14, 4, 329-334 (2006). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Influence of temperature and electrical fields on propagation properties of photonic liquid-crystal fibres", Meas. Sci. Technol. 17, 985-991 (2006). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers for Sensing Applications", IEEE Trans. Inst. Meas. 57, 8, 1796-1802 (2008). CrossRef T.R. Woliński, et al., "Multi-Parameter Sensing Based on Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst. 502: 220-234., (2009). CrossRef T.R. Woliński, Xiao G and Bock WJ Photonics sensing: principle and applications for safety and security monitoring, (New Jersey, Wiley, 147-181, 2012). CrossRef T.R. Woliński et al., "Propagation effects in a polymer-based photonic liquid crystal fiber", Appl. Phys. A 115, 2, 569-574 (2014). CrossRef S. Ertman et al., "Optofluidic Photonic Crystal Fiber-Based Sensors", J. Lightwave Technol., 35, 16, 3399-3405 (2017). CrossRef S. Ertman et al., "Recent Progress in Liquid-Crystal Optical Fibers and Their Applications in Photonics", J. Lightwave Technol., 37, 11, 2516-2526 (2019). CrossRef M.M. Tefelska et al., "Electric Field Sensing With Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers Based on Micro-Electrodes Systems", J. Lightwave Technol., 33, 2, 2405-2411, (2015). CrossRef S. Ertman et al., "Index Guiding Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers for Practical Applications", J. Lightwave Technol., 30, 8, 1208-1214 (2012). CrossRef K. Mileńko, S. Ertman, T. R. Woliński, "Numerical analysis of birefringence tuning in high index microstructured fiber selectively filled with liquid crystal", Proc. SPIE - The International Society for Optical Engineering, 8794 (2013). CrossRef O. Jaworska and S. Ertman, "Photonic bandgaps in selectively filled photonic crystal fibers", Phot. Lett. Pol., 9, 3, 79-81 (2017). CrossRef I.C. Khoo, S.T.Wu, "Optics and Nonlinear Optics of Liquid Crystals", World Scientific (1993). CrossRef P. Lesiak et al., "Thermal optical nonlinearity in photonic crystal fibers filled with nematic liquid crystals doped with gold nanoparticles", Proc. SPIE 10228, 102280N (2017). CrossRef K. Rutkowska, T. Woliński, "Modeling of light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Photon. Lett. Poland 2, 3, 107 (2010). CrossRef K. Rutkowska, L-W. Wei, "Assessment on the applicability of finite difference methods to model light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Photon. Lett. Poland 4, 4, 161 (2012). CrossRef K. Rutkowska, U. Laudyn, P. Jung, "Nonlinear discrete light propagation in photonic liquid crystal fibers", Photon. Lett. Poland 5, 1, 17 (2013). CrossRef M. Murek, K. Rutkowska, "Two laser beams interaction in photonic crystal fibers infiltrated with highly nonlinear materials", Photon. Lett. Poland 6, 2, 74 (2014). CrossRef M.M. Tefelska et al., "Photonic Band Gap Fibers with Novel Chiral Nematic and Low-Birefringence Nematic Liquid Crystals", Mol. Cryst. Liq. Cryst., 558, 184-193, (2012). CrossRef M.M. Tefelska et al., "Propagation Effects in Photonic Liquid Crystal Fibers with a Complex Structure", Acta Phys. Pol. A, 118, 1259-1261 (2010). CrossRef K. Orzechowski et al., "Polarization properties of cubic blue phases of a cholesteric liquid crystal", Opt. Mater. 69, 259-264 (2017). CrossRef H. Yoshida et al., "Heavy meson spectroscopy under strong magnetic field", Phys. Rev. E 94, 042703 (2016). CrossRef J. Yan et al., "Extended Kerr effect of polymer-stabilized blue-phase liquid crystals", Appl. Phys. Lett. 96, 071105 (2010). CrossRef C.-W. Chen et al., "Random lasing in blue phase liquid crystals", Opt. Express 20, 23978-23984 (2012). CrossRef C.-H. Lee et al., "Polarization-independent bistable light valve in blue phase liquid crystal filled photonic crystal fiber", Appl. Opt. 52, 4849-4853 (2013). CrossRef D. Poudereux et al., "Infiltration of a photonic crystal fiber with cholesteric liquid crystal and blue phase", Proc. SPIE 9290 (2014). CrossRef K. Orzechowski et al., "Optical properties of cubic blue phase liquid crystal in photonic microstructures", Opt. Express 27, 10, 14270-14282 (2019). CrossRef M. Wahle, J. Ebel, D. Wilkes, H.S. Kitzerow, "Asymmetric band gap shift in electrically addressed blue phase photonic crystal fibers", Opt. Express 24, 20, 22718-22729 (2016). CrossRef K. Orzechowski et al., "Investigation of the Kerr effect in a blue phase liquid crystal using a wedge-cell technique", Phot. Lett. Pol. 9, 2, 54-56 (2017). CrossRef M.M. Sala-Tefelska et al., "Influence of cylindrical geometry and alignment layers on the growth process and selective reflection of blue phase domains", Opt. Mater. 75, 211-215 (2018). CrossRef M.M. Sala-Tefelska et al., "The influence of orienting layers on blue phase liquid crystals in rectangular geometries", Phot. Lett. Pol. 10, 4, 100-102 (2018). CrossRef P. G. de Gennes JP. The Physics of Liquid Crystals. (Oxford University Press 1995). CrossRef L.M. Blinov and V.G. Chigrinov, Electrooptic Effects in Liquid Crystal Materials (New York, NY: Springer New York 1994). CrossRef D. Budaszewski, A.J. Srivastava, V.G. Chigrinov, T.R. Woliński, "Electro-optical properties of photo-aligned photonic ferroelectric liquid crystal fibres", Liq. Cryst., 46 2, 272-280 (2019). CrossRef V. G. Chigrinov, V. M. Kozenkov, H-S. Kwok. Photoalignment of Liquid Crystalline Materials (Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd 2008). CrossRef M. Schadt et al., "Surface-Induced Parallel Alignment of Liquid Crystals by Linearly Polymerized Photopolymers", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys.31, 2155-2164 (1992). CrossRef D. Budaszewski et al., "Photo-aligned ferroelectric liquid crystals in microchannels", Opt. Lett. 39, 4679 (2014). CrossRef D. Budaszewski, et al., "Photo‐aligned photonic ferroelectric liquid crystal fibers", J. Soc. Inf. Disp. 23, 196-201 (2015). CrossRef O. Stamatoiu, J. Mirzaei, X. Feng, T. Hegmann, "Nanoparticles in Liquid Crystals and Liquid Crystalline Nanoparticles", Top Curr Chem 318, 331-392 (2012). CrossRef A. Siarkowska et al., "Titanium nanoparticles doping of 5CB infiltrated microstructured optical fibers", Photonics Lett. Pol. 8 1, 29-31 (2016). CrossRef A. Siarkowska et al., "Thermo- and electro-optical properties of photonic liquid crystal fibers doped with gold nanoparticles", Beilstein J. Nanotechnol. 8, 2790-2801 (2017). CrossRef D. Budaszewski et al., "Nanoparticles-enhanced photonic liquid crystal fibers", J. Mol. Liq. 267, 271-278 (2018). CrossRef D. Budaszewski et al., "Enhanced efficiency of electric field tunability in photonic liquid crystal fibers doped with gold nanoparticles", Opt. Exp. 27, 10, 14260-14269 (2019). CrossRef

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22

AKIYAMA, Haruhisa, and Nobuyuki TAMAOKI. "Effects of Polymerized Photoresponsive Additives on Cholesteric Pitch of Medium Molecular Weight Liquid Crystals." KOBUNSHI RONBUNSHU 60, no. 10 (2003): 575–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1295/koron.60.575.

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23

Anderson, David M., and Tomas Landh. "Triply-periodic nanostructures in surfactant, block copolymer, and biomembrane systems, and simulation of TEMs." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 51 (August 1, 1993): 884–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100150253.

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First discovered in surfactant-water liquid crystalline systems, so-called ‘bicontinuous cubic phases’ have the property that hydropnilic and lipophilic microdomains form interpenetrating networks conforming to cubic lattices on the scale of nanometers. Later these same structures were found in star diblock copolymers, where the simultaneous continuity of elastomeric and glassy domains gives rise to unique physical properties. Today it is well-established that the symmetry and topology of such a morphology are accurately described by one of several triply-periodic minimal surfaces, and that the interface between hydrophilic and hydrophobic, or immiscible polymer, domains is described by a triply-periodic surface of constant, nonzero mean curvature. One example of such a dividing surface is shown in figure 5.The study of these structures has become of increasing importance in the past five years for two reasons:1)Bicontinuous cubic phase liquid crystals are now being polymerized to create microporous materials with monodispersed pores and readily functionalizable porewalls; figure 3 shows a TEM from a polymerized surfactant / methylmethacrylate / water cubic phase; and2)Compelling evidence has been found that these same morphologies describe biomembrane systems in a wide range of cells.

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24

Van Acker, Frederik, Bo-Han Lin, Chun-Ta Wang, Kristiaan Neyts, and Jeroen Beeckman. "Defect Modes Generated in a Stack of Spin-Coated Chiral Liquid Crystal Layers." Crystals 14, no. 3 (February 28, 2024): 231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst14030231.

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Nematic chiral liquid crystals (CLCs) are characterized by a helical arrangement of nematic LC molecules. A layer of CLC typically exhibits an optical reflection band due to Bragg reflection in the helical structure. When several layers of CLC are spin-coated and polymerized on top of each other without a barrier layer in between, defect modes can form in their reflection spectrum. By comparing experimental results and simulations, we investigate the origin of the defect modes, thereby revealing details on the behavior of the materials at the interfaces during deposition. Simulations show that these defect modes can originate from the migration of chiral dopant leading to a layer with a smaller pitch or from a discontinuity in the director orientation at the interface between two layers.

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25

Bögels, Gerardus M., Jody A. M. Lugger, Olga J. G. M. Goor, and Rint P. Sijbesma. "Size‐Selective Binding of Sodium and Potassium Ions in Nanoporous Thin Films of Polymerized Liquid Crystals." Advanced Functional Materials 26, no. 44 (September 28, 2016): 8023–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adfm.201603408.

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26

Sagnelli, Domenico, Massimo Rippa, Amalia D’Avino, Ambra Vestri, Valentina Marchesano, and Lucia Petti. "Development of LCEs with 100% Azobenzene Moieties: Thermo-Mechanical Phenomena and Behaviors." Micromachines 13, no. 10 (October 3, 2022): 1665. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/mi13101665.

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Azobenzene is one of the most investigated photo-responsive liquid crystalline molecules. It can isomerize between two different isoforms, trans (E) and cis (Z) configurations, when stimulated by light. It is used as a molecular engine in photo-mobile materials (PMPs). The use of liquid crystals (LCs) as building blocks enhances the mechanical properties of the PMPs. It is not easy to obtain PMPs with monodomain configurations when the LCs are 100% azobenzene. In this work, we studied three LC mixtures, describing the thermo/mechanical phenomena that regulate the actuation of such materials. The nematic temperature of the LC elastomers was measured and the PMPs carefully characterized for their bending and speed capability. Our finding suggests that the ratio between linear and cross-linker monomer greatly influences the nematic temperature of the mixture. Furthermore, 100% azobenzene materials polymerized using dicumyl peroxide can be useful to design polarization-selective switches.

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27

Jeong, Mi-Yun, Hyeon-Jong Choi, Keumcheol Kwak, and Younghun Yu. "Multifunctional Optical Device with a Continuous Tunability over 500 nm Spectral Range Using Polymerized Cholesteric Liquid Crystals." Polymers 13, no. 21 (October 28, 2021): 3720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13213720.

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We report that polymerization makes a robust, practically applicable multifunctional optical device with a continuous wavelength tunable over 500 nm spectral range using UV-polymerizable cholesteric liquid crystals (CLCs). It can be used as a circular polarizer generating an extremely high degree of circularly polarized light with |g| = 1.85~2.00. It can also be used for optical notch filters, bandwidth-variable (from ~28 nm to ~93 nm) bandpass filters, mirrors, and intensity-variable beam splitters. Furthermore, this CLC device shows excellent stability owing to the polymerization of CLC cells. Its performance remains constant for a long time (~2 years) after a high-temperature exposure (170 °C for 1 h) and an extremely high laser beam intensity exposure (~143 W/cm2 of CW 532 nm diode laser and ~2.98 MW/cm2 of Nd: YAG pulse laser operation for two hours, respectively). The optical properties of polymerized CLC were theoretically analyzed by Berreman’s 4 × 4 matrix method. The characteristics of this device were significantly improved by introducing an anti-reflection layer on the device. This wavelength-tunable and multifunctional device could dramatically increase optical research efficiency in various spectroscopic works. It could be applied to many instruments using visible and near-infrared wavelengths.

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28

Chen, Bohan, Zimo Zhao, Camron Nourshargh, Chao He, Patrick S. Salter, Martin J. Booth, Steve J. Elston, and Stephen M. Morris. "Laser Written Stretchable Diffractive Optic Elements in Liquid Crystal Gels." Crystals 12, no. 10 (September 22, 2022): 1340. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst12101340.

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Direct laser writing (DLW) in liquid crystals (LCs) enables a range of new stimuli-responsive functionality to be realized. Here, a method of fabricating mechanically tunable diffraction gratings in stretchable LC gels is demonstrated using a combination of two-photon polymerization direct laser writing (TPP-DLW) and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. Results are presented that demonstrate the fabrication of a diffraction grating that is written using TPP-DLW in the presence of an electric field in order to align and lock-in the LC director in a homeotropic configuration. The electric field is subsequently removed and the surrounding regions of the LC layer are then exposed to UV light to freeze-in a different alignment so as to ensure that there is a phase difference between the laser written and UV illuminated polymerized regions. It is found that there is a change in the period of the diffraction grating when observed on a polarizing optical microscope as well as a change in the far-field diffraction pattern when the film is stretched or contracted. These experimental results are then compared with the results from simulations. The paper concludes with a demonstration of tuning of the far-field diffraction pattern of a 2-dimensional diffraction grating.

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29

Sreeram, A. N., L. C. Qin, A. J. Garratt-Reed, and L. W. Hobbs. "Characterization of metamict and glassy phosphates using energy-filtered electron diffraction." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 2 (August 1992): 1274–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100131000.

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Lead phosphate glasses have been investigated for decades with respect to fundamental glass properties such as glass transition, devitrification, electrical and optical properties. In these glasses, [PO4] tetrahedra, (like [SiO4] tetrahedra in silicates) can link up together by corner sharing oxygen atoms to form polymerized structures upto and including three dimensional glassy networks. Although, little electron diffraction data on amorphous phosphates is available, radial distribution functions have been generated for lime phosphate glasses and amorphous aluminum phosphates using x-ray diffraction techniques. More recently, Sales et al. have examined near surfaces of single crystals of lead pyrophosphate (Pb2P2O7), rendered aperiodic (metamict) by ion implantation, and lead pyrophosphate glass using high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), making use of the fact that condensed phosphates do not alter their state of polymerization when dissolved in aqueous solutions.In our studies, single crystals of Pb2P2O7 were found to be beam stable under 200 keV TEM electrons to an electron fluence > 1027 e/m2 and an ionizing dose > 1014 Gy. This negative radiolytic result leaves ballistic displacement by ions or neutrons as the only route to render the samples metamict.

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30

Baldwin, R. J., T. Kreouzis, M. Shkunov, M. Heeney, W. Zhang, and I. McCulloch. "A comprehensive study of the effect of reactive end groups on the charge carrier transport within polymerized and nonpolymerized liquid crystals." Journal of Applied Physics 101, no. 2 (January 15, 2007): 023713. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.2432045.

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31

Cao, Yu, Li Chong, Ke-Hui Wu, Lu-Qian You, Sen-Sen Li, and Lu-Jian Chen. "Dynamic coloration of polymerized cholesteric liquid crystal networks by infiltrating organic compounds." Chinese Optics Letters 20, no. 9 (2022): 091602. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202220.091602.

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32

Ge, Ya-Hao, Yi-Mei Lan, Xing-Rui Li, Yu-Wei Shan, Yu-Jie Yang, Sen-Sen Li, Chaoyong Yang, and Lu-Jian Chen. "Polymerized cholesteric liquid crystal microdisks generated by centrifugal microfluidics towards tunable laser emissions [Invited]." Chinese Optics Letters 18, no. 8 (2020): 080006. http://dx.doi.org/10.3788/col202018.080006.

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33

Ito, Masahiro, Kazuma Kajiwara, and Kohki Takatoh. "Electro-optical property of polymerized liquid crystal devices using linearly polarized UV irradiation." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 61, no. 1 (January 1, 2022): 012004. http://dx.doi.org/10.35848/1347-4065/ac44b1.

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Abstract Display characteristics have a fairly strong dependence on the configuration of the liquid crystal (LC) molecules and interactions between the LC molecules and the alignment layer surface. To obtain LC devices with a fast response, the usage of reactive mesogens (RMs) have been studied. RMs polymerize in the vicinity of the alignment layer. We assessed the effectiveness of linearly polarized UV light for polymer formation. Three kinds of UV light, namely (i) non-polarized (ii) parallel to, and (iii) perpendicular to the rubbing direction, were used to irradiate LC cells with RM concentrations of 5 wt% and 10 wt%. For both RM concentrations, LC devices using LPUV parallel to the rubbing direction yielded the shortest decay times. SEM observation revealed that the fibrils polymerized linearly in the same direction on using LPUV parallel to the rubbing direction. The decay time was presumably shortened by the strong anchoring force and high alignment ability of the linear fibrils.

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34

Wang, Xiaoguang, Ye Zhou, Young-Ki Kim, Daniel S. Miller, Rui Zhang, Jose A. Martinez-Gonzalez, Emre Bukusoglu, et al. "Patterned surface anchoring of nematic droplets at miscible liquid–liquid interfaces." Soft Matter 13, no. 34 (2017): 5714–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7sm00975e.

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35

Kim, Jae Gwang, Jae Gyeong Lee, and Jeong Jae Wie. "Confinement-Induced Fabrication of Liquid Crystalline Polymeric Fibers." Molecules 27, no. 17 (September 1, 2022): 5639. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules27175639.

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In aqueous media, liquid crystalline droplets typically form spherical shapes in order to minimize surface energy. Recently, non-spherical geometry has been reported using molecular self-assembly of surfactant-stabilized liquid crystalline oligomers, resulting in branched and randomly oriented filamentous networks. In this study, we report a polymerization of liquid crystalline polymeric fibers within a micro-mold. When liquid crystal oligomers are polymerized in freely suspended aqueous media, curvilinear and randomly networked filaments are obtained. When reactive liquid crystalline monomers are oligomerized in a micro-channel, however, highly aligned linear fibers are polymerized. Within a top-down microfabricated mold, a bottom-up molecular assembly was successfully achieved in a controlled manner by micro-confinement, suggesting a unique opportunity for the programming architecture of materials via a hybrid approach.

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36

Gin, Douglas L., Weiqiang Gu, Bradford A. Pindzola, and Wen-Jing Zhou. "Polymerized Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Assemblies for Materials Applications." Accounts of Chemical Research 34, no. 12 (December 2001): 973–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ar000140d.

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37

Sato, Hiromasa, Hiroki Hotaka, Tomoki Gunjima, Yuzuru Tanabe, and Masahiro Hirano. "Grating Polarizing Beam-Splitter Using Polymerized Liquid Crystal." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 36, Part 1, No. 1B (January 30, 1997): 589–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1143/jjap.36.589.

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38

Gin, Douglas L., Jason E. Bara, Richard D. Noble, and Brian J. Elliott. "Polymerized Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Assemblies for Membrane Applications." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 29, no. 5 (March 3, 2008): 367–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.200700707.

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39

Gin, Douglas L., Jason E. Bara, Richard D. Noble, and Brian J. Elliott. "Polymerized Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Assemblies for Membrane Applications." Macromolecular Rapid Communications 29, no. 8 (April 9, 2008): 682–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/marc.200800139.

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40

Kumagai, Takayuki, Hiroyuki Yoshida, and Masanori Ozaki. "Enhanced dual-frequency operation of a polymerized liquid crystal microplate by liquid crystal infiltration." Japanese Journal of Applied Physics 56, no. 4 (March 14, 2017): 041601. http://dx.doi.org/10.7567/jjap.56.041601.

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41

Kasch, N., I. Dierking, M. Turner, P. Romero-Hasler, and E. A. Soto-Bustamante. "Liquid crystalline textures and polymer morphologies resulting from electropolymerisation in liquid crystal phases." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 3, no. 31 (2015): 8018–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5tc01639h.

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A small fraction of an acrylate liquid crystalline monomer (≤5%) is mixed into nematic and smectic liquid crystalline phases, and polymerised through the application of a voltage (electropolymerisation).

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42

Marin San Roman, Patricia, Kitty Nijmeijer, and Rint P. Sijbesma. "Sulfonated polymerized liquid crystal nanoporous membranes for water purification." Journal of Membrane Science 644 (February 2022): 120097. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.memsci.2021.120097.

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43

Luo, Jingqi, Lei Zhang, Jinmin Lu, Lu Bai, Xiaozhi He, and Fanbao Meng. "Polymerised ionic liquid crystals bearing imidazolium and bipyridinium groups." Liquid Crystals 44, no. 8 (January 3, 2017): 1293–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02678292.2016.1276978.

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44

Wang, Qian, Stephen T. Wellinghoff, and Henry Ralph Rawls. "Investigation of Thermal-Induced Changes in Molecular Order on Photopolymerization and Performance Properties of a Nematic Liquid-Crystal Diacrylate." Materials 15, no. 13 (June 30, 2022): 4605. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15134605.

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Polymerization shrinkage and associated stresses are the main reasons for dental restorative failure. We developed a series of liquid crystal diacrylates and dimethacrylates which have markedly low polymerization shrinkage. In order to fully understand the effects of temperature-induced changes of molecular order on the photopolymerization process and performance properties of the generated polymers, the photopolymerization of a difunctional acrylate, 2-t-butyl-1,4-phenylene bis (4-(6-(acryloyloxy)hexyloxy)benzoate), which exists in the nematic liquid crystalline phase at room temperature, was investigated as a function of photopolymerization temperature over the nematic to isotropic range. Morphological studies suggested that a mesogenic phase was immediately formed in the polymer even if polymerization in thin films occurred above the nematic-to-isotropic (N→I) transition temperature of the monomer (Tn-i = 45.8 °C). Dynamic mechanical analysis of 2 × 2 mm cross-section bar samples polymerized at 60 °C showed reduced elastic moduli, increased glass transition temperature and formation of a more crosslinked network, in comparison to polymers formed at lower polymerization temperatures. Fractography analysis showed that polymers generated from the nematic liquid crystalline phase underwent a different fracture pattern in comparison to those generated from the isotropic phase. Volumetric shrinkage (2.2%) found in polymer polymerized from the nematic liquid crystalline phase at room temperature was substantially less than the 6.0% observed in polymer polymerized from an initial isotropic phase at 60 °C, indicating that an organized monomer can greatly contribute to reducing cure shrinkage.

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45

Elouali, Fatima Zohra, Malika Elouali, and Ulrich Maschke. "Electro-Optical Memory Effects of Polymerized Methacrylate/Liquid Crystal Systems." Molecular Crystals and Liquid Crystals 561, no. 1 (August 17, 2012): 115–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15421406.2012.687148.

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46

Gin, Douglas L., Weiqiang Gu, Bradford A. Pindzola, and Wen-Jing Zhou. "ChemInform Abstract: Polymerized Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Assemblies for Materials Applications." ChemInform 33, no. 13 (May 22, 2010): no. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chin.200213258.

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47

Lopez, Rafael, Sonia Millan, JuanCarlos Alvarez, and LuzAlicia Fucugauchi. "Behavior of polymerized liquid crystal phases studied by positron annihilation." International Journal of Radiation Applications and Instrumentation. Part C. Radiation Physics and Chemistry 33, no. 3 (January 1989): 283. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/1359-0197(89)90194-x.

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48

Coates, David, Owain Parri, Mark Verrall, Kim Slaney, and Shirley Marden. "Polymer films derived from aligned and polymerised reactive liquid crystals." Macromolecular Symposia 154, no. 1 (April 2000): 59–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3900(200004)154:1<59::aid-masy59>3.0.co;2-3.

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49

Tanaka, Takeshi. "Polishing Performance of Electro-Rheological Fluid of Polymerized Liquid Crystal Contained Abrasive Grit." Key Engineering Materials 404 (January 2009): 123–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.404.123.

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In this study, we proposed an electro-rheological fluid-aided polisher (ERAP) using one-sided, patterned electrodes. The characteristics of ER fluid and ER fluid containing abrasive grit were investigated. The polishing performances of ER fluids with and without abrasive grit employing ERAP were verified and the following conclusions were obtained. Decreases in viscosity and in the ER effect were observed when highly polymerized liquid crystal (hereafter referred to as HPLC) was diluted with silicon oil. However, the mixing of abrasive grit increases the ER effect, but the ER effect of ER fluid containing abrasive grit decreased when mixed with abrasive grit. The viscosity decreased with increases in aliphatic saturated cyclic hydrocarbon oil (hereafter referred to as NCDM) mixed in highly polymerized compound (one kind of HPLC). The larger the positive dielectric anisotropy, the larger the ER effect in low-polymerized liquid crystal (hereafter referred to as LPLC). The smaller the grit size, the weaker the ER effect. When polished with HPLC, the polished surface was rough due to the large viscosity of an HPLC:silicon oil ratio of 4:14 mixed with #2000WA. However, the smallest surface roughness was attained at 0.5kV/mm for an HPLC:silicon oil ratio of 1:17 mixed with #2000WA. The surface quality was improved at an HPLC: silicon oil ratio of 1:17 mixed with #3000WA. When polished with LPLC, the surface roughness was improved by the increased ER effect when LPLC having a positive dielectric anisotropy was used. However, the surface roughness showed no change when LPLC with a negative dielectric anisotropy was used, due to its small ER effect.

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50

Cai, Feng, Feng Zheng, Xuemin Lu, and Qinghua Lu. "Control of the alignment of liquid crystal molecules on a sequence-polymerized film by surface migration and polarized light irradiation." Polymer Chemistry 8, no. 47 (2017): 7316–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7py01576c.

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