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Relevant bibliographies by topics / Polymerization Reaction

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Academic literature on the topic 'Polymerization Reaction'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 September 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Polymerization Reaction"

1

Chen, Mao, Honghong Gong, and Yu Gu. "Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization of Semifluorinated (Meth)acrylates." Synlett 29, no. 12 (April 18, 2018): 1543–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1591974.

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Fluorinated polymers are important materials for applications in many areas. This article summarizes the development of controlled/living radical polymerization (CRP) of semifluorinated (meth)acrylates, and briefly introduces their reaction mechanisms. While the classical CRP such as atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMP) have promoted the preparation of semifluorinated polymers with tailor-designed architectures, recent development of photo-CRP has led to unprecedented accuracy and monomer scope. We expect that synthetic advances will facilitate the engineering of advanced fluorinated materials with unique properties.1 Introduction2 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization3 Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization4 Nitroxide-Mediated Radical Polymerization5 Photo-CRP Mediated with Metal Complexes6 Metal-free Photo-CRP7 Conclusion

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Ma, Jiashu, Jiahao Li, Bingbing Yang, Siwen Liu, Bang-Ping Jiang, Shichen Ji, and Xing-Can Shen. "A Simple Stochastic Reaction Model for Heterogeneous Polymerizations." Polymers 14, no. 16 (August 11, 2022): 3269. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14163269.

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The stochastic reaction model (SRM) treats polymerization as a pure probability‐based issue, which is widely applied to simulate various polymerization processes. However, in many studies, active centers were assumed to react with the same probability, which cannot reflect the heterogeneous reaction microenvironment in heterogeneous polymerizations. Recently, we have proposed a simple SRM, in which the reaction probability of an active center is directly determined by the local reaction microenvironment. In this paper, we compared this simple SRM with other SRMs by examining living polymerizations with randomly dispersed and spatially localized initiators. The results confirmed that the reaction microenvironment plays an important role in heterogeneous polymerizations. This simple SRM provides a good choice to simulate various polymerizations.

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Wen, Shao Guo, Shi Gao Song, Hong Bo Liu, Ji Hu Wang, Qian Xu, and Yan Shen. "Application of a Novel Initiator on Acrylic Emulsion Polymerization." Advanced Materials Research 233-235 (May 2011): 1415–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.233-235.1415.

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New initiator of FFM6 is used to initiate the acrylic emulsion polymerization. The influences of concentration of FFM6 (c[I]) and polymerization temperature (T) on polymerization reaction rate (Rp) were discussed. Rp is proportional to (c[I])1.4 which is different with classical emulsion polymerization whose Rp is proportion to (c[I])0.4, that indicate polymerization mechanism of the reaction in the study is different with classical mechanism. The value of Ea, 56.4 kJ/mol, is lower than the value of general radical polymerization’s Ea (80.0-96.0 kJ/mol), which indicates the FFM6 can initiate acrylic emulsion polymerization at a lower temperature compared with the other kinds of initiator.

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Nestorovic, Gordana, Katarina Jeremic, and Slobodan Jovanovic. "Kinetics of aniline polymerization initiated with iron(III) chloride." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 71, no. 8-9 (2006): 895–904. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0609895n.

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The reaction kinetics of the chemical polymerization of aniline in aqueous acid solutions with FeCl3 as the oxidant (initiator) was investigated at 25?C. The polymerization was performed in a special reactor which enabled the initial concentration of oxidant to be kept constant during the polymerization reaction. The order of the reaction of ANI polymerization with respect to FeCl3 was calculated as n=0.18. The rate constant k of the polymerization reaction was found to be 9.1x10-5(mol dm-3)-1,18 s-1. The theoretical yield of the reaction was calculated using the Faraday law and the experimentally determined quantity of electricity exchanged during the polymerization reaction. There was a discrepancy between the experimentally and theoretically determined yield, indicating that the oxidant was being consumed in some side reactions, which is an accordance with the fact that the order of the reaction of ANI polymerization with respect to FeCl3 is a non-integer number.

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Li, Hua-Rong, Liming Che, and Zheng-Hong Luo. "Modeling intraparticle transports during propylene polymerizations using supported metallocene and dual function metallocene as catalysts: Single particle model." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 20, no. 2 (2014): 249–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq120722006l.

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Two improved multigrain models (MGMs) for preparing homopolypropylene and long chain branched polypropylene via propylene polymerization using silica-supported metallocene or dual function metallocene as catalysts are presented in this paper. The presented models are used to predict the intraparticle flow fields involved in the polymerizations. The simulation results show that the flow field distributions involve dare basically identical. The results also show that both the two polymerization processes have an initiation stage and the controlling step for them is reaction-diffusion-reaction with the polymerization proceeding. Furthermore, the simulation results show that the intra particle mass transfer resistance has significant effect on the polymerization but the heat transfer resistance can be ignored.

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Yang, D. Billy. "Direct Kinetic Measurements of Vinyl Polymerization on Metal and Silicon Surfaces Using Real-Time FT-IR Spectroscopy." Applied Spectroscopy 47, no. 9 (September 1993): 1425–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1366/0003702934067739.

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A real-time FT-IR (RT/FT-IR) technique has been used to perform direct kinetic measurements of vinyl polymerization on metal and silicon surfaces. Here, we are reporting our results in studies of anaerobic and photo-induced anionic polymerizations of monomers containing vinyl functional groups (>C=C<) for adhesive and coating applications. For anaerobic polymerization we are investigating the hydroperoxide-initiated free radical polymerization of model multifunctional methacrylate monomer systems. We will report the results of our studies on the catalytic effects of different dithiolate complexes and related accelerators. In photo-induced anionic polymerization we will report our studies for ethyl cyanoacrylate (CA) polymerization initiated by a controlled release of anion from a stable chromium complex precursor ( trans-Cr-(NH3)2(NCS)4−K+). Because of high surface sensitivity of the CA monomer, the polymerization kinetic studies were performed on a clean silicon surface at room temperature. The effect of the initiator concentration and irradiation wavelengths on polymerization kinetic rate will be discussed. The acrylic polymerization was monitored with the use of the C=C stretching band at 1634 and 1627 cm−1 for polyglycol dimethacrylate and cyanoacrylate, respectively. Both the degree of polymerization and the intrinsic rates of the polymerization reactions were calculated for kinetic comparisons. For anaerobic polymerization studies, GC/FT-IR software was used which provided a real-time screen display of IR spectral changes as the reaction proceeded. For very fast cyanoacrylate anionic polymerization studies, new FT-IR kinetic software was used to collect 204 spectra per minute with one spectrum per scan. In this case, the interferograms were collected first; post-Fourier transform conversion and spectral script reduction were then performed. Some detailed experimental techniques and polymerization reaction mechanisms will also be discussed.

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Wang, Yu, Mary Nguyen, and Amanda J. Gildersleeve. "Macromolecular Engineering by Applying Concurrent Reactions with ATRP." Polymers 12, no. 8 (July 29, 2020): 1706. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12081706.

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Modern polymeric material design often involves precise tailoring of molecular/supramolecular structures which is also called macromolecular engineering. The available tools for molecular structure tailoring are controlled/living polymerization methods, click chemistry, supramolecular polymerization, self-assembly, among others. When polymeric materials with complex molecular architectures are targeted, it usually takes several steps of reactions to obtain the aimed product. Concurrent polymerization methods, i.e., two or more reaction mechanisms, steps, or procedures take place simultaneously instead of sequentially, can significantly reduce the complexity of the reaction procedure or provide special molecular architectures that would be otherwise very difficult to synthesize. Atom transfer radical polymerization, ATRP, has been widely applied in concurrent polymerization reactions and resulted in improved efficiency in macromolecular engineering. This perspective summarizes reported studies employing concurrent polymerization methods with ATRP as one of the reaction components and highlights future research directions in this area.

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Monteiro, M. J., R. Bussels, S. Beuermann, and M. Buback. "High Pressure 'Living' Free-Radical Polymerization of Styrene in the Presence of RAFT." Australian Journal of Chemistry 55, no. 7 (2002): 433. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch02079.

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Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization of styrene was studied at high pressure, employing two dithioester RAFT agents with an isopropylcyano (5) and a cumyl (6) leaving group, respectively. The high-pressure reaction resulted in low polydispersity polymer. It was found that controlled polymerizations can be performed at increased pressures with a high degree of monomer conversion, which signifies that high-pressure polymerizations can be utilized for the production of higher molecular weight polystyrene of controlled microstructure. Retardation of styrene polymerization was also observed at high pressure in the presence of RAFT agents (5) and (6). It is postulated that the retarding potential of these two RAFT agents is associated with an intermediate radical termination mechanism. High-pressure free-radical polymerizations open the way to producing living polymers with high rates, and thus lower impurities such as 'dead' polymer that are formed through bimolecular termination reactions.

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HU, ZHIGANG, and DAN ZHAO. "POLYMERIZATION WITHIN CONFINED NANOCHANNELS OF POROUS METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS." Journal of Molecular and Engineering Materials 01, no. 02 (June 2013): 1330001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2251237313300015.

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Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) have been increasingly investigated as templates for precise control of polymerization. Polymerizations within confined nanochannels of porous MOFs have shown unique confinement and alignment effect on polymer chain structures and thus are promising ways to achieve well-defined polymers. Herein, this review will focus on illustrating the recent progress of polymerization within confined nanochannels of MOFs, including radical polymerization, coordination polymerization, ring-opening polymerization, catalytic polymerization, etc. It will demonstrate how the heterogeneous MOF structures (pore size, pore shapes, flexible structures, and versatile functional groups) affect the polymeric products' molecular weight, molecular weight distribution, tacticity, reaction sites, copolymer sequence, etc. Meanwhile, we will highlight some challenges and foreseeable prospects on these novel polymerization methods.

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Forte, Leonard, Min H. Lien, Alan C. Hopkinson, and Diethard K. Bohme. "Carbocationic polymerization in the gas phase: polymerization of acetylene induced by BF2+." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 68, no. 9 (September 1, 1990): 1629–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v90-252.

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Gas-phase measurements for the primary reaction of BF2+ with acetylene and the ensuing higher-order reactions with acetylene have been performed at 296 ± 2 K in helium at 0.35 torr using the Selected-Ion Flow Tube (SIFT) technique. The primary reaction was observed to be rapid and to produce two species which both initiated rapid polymerization of acetylene. The major primary product, C2HBF+, was observed to initiate the sequential addition of four molecules of acetylene, most likely by termolecular association reactions. The first few steps in this polymerization were also followed using abinitio molecular orbital theory. The calculations and measurements provide structural, energetic, and kinetic information and, in combination, reveal several intrinsic features of the initial steps of the cationic polymerization of acetylene initiated by BF2+. Keywords: polymerization, acetylene, aromaticity.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polymerization Reaction"

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Peterson, Tod J. "Nonlinear predictive control of a semibatch polymerization reaction." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1990. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/10982.

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Chatzidoukas, Christos. "Control and dynamic optimization of polymerization reaction processes." Thesis, Imperial College London, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/8237.

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Prehl, Janett, and Constantin Huster. "Morphology on Reaction Mechanism Dependency for Twin Polymerization." MDPI, 2019. https://monarch.qucosa.de/id/qucosa%3A34346.

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An in-depth knowledge of the structure formation process and the resulting dependency of the morphology on the reaction mechanism is a key requirement in order to design application-oriented materials. For twin polymerization, the basic idea of the reaction process is established, and important structural properties of the final nanoporous hybrid materials are known. However, the effects of changing the reaction mechanism parameters on the final morphology is still an open issue. In this work, the dependence of the morphology on the reaction mechanism is investigated based on a previously introduced lattice-based Monte Carlo method, the reactive bond fluctuation model. We analyze the effects of the model parameters, such as movability, attraction, or reaction probabilities on structural properties, like the specific surface area, the radial distribution function, the local porosity distribution, or the total fraction of percolating elements. From these examinations, we can identify key factors to adapt structural properties to fulfill desired requirements for possible applications. Hereby, we point out which implications theses parameter changes have on the underlying chemical structure.

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Li, Xiaopei. "Elucidation of the Termination Reaction Mechanism of Radical Polymerization." Doctoral thesis, Kyoto University, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/263689.

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Kaßner, Lysann, Kevin Nagel, R. E. Grützner, Marcus Korb, Tobias Rüffer, Heinrich Lang, and Stefan Spange. "Polyamide 6/silica hybrid materials by a coupled polymerization reaction." Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-197628.

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Polyamide 6/SiO2 hybrid materials were produced by a coupled polymerization reaction of three monomeric components namely 1,1′,1′′,1′′′-silanetetrayltetrakis-(azepan-2-one) (Si(ε-CL)4), 6-aminocaproic acid (ε-ACA) and ε-caprolactam (ε-CL) within one process. Si(ε-CL)4 together with ε-ACA has been found suitable as a precursor monomer for the silica and PA6 components. The accurate adjustment of the molar ratio of both components, as well as the combination of the overall process for producing the polyamide 6/SiO2 hybrid material with the hydrolytic ring opening polymerization of ε-caprolactam is of great importance to achieve homogeneous products with a low extractable content. Water in comparison with ε-ACA has been found unsuitable as an oxygen source to produce uniformly distributed silica. The procedure was carried out in a commercial laboratory autoclave at 8 bar initial pressure. The molecular structure and morphology of the hybrid materials have been investigated by solid state 29Si and 13C NMR spectroscopy, DSC and FTIR spectroscopy and electron microscopy measurements
Dieser Beitrag ist aufgrund einer (DFG-geförderten) Allianz- bzw. Nationallizenz frei zugänglich

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Santos, Vinícius Nobre dos. "Estudo cinético da copolimerização estireno-divinilbenzeno." Universidade de São Paulo, 2015. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/3/3137/tde-22072016-162616/.

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As redes poliméricas são materiais amplamente estudados, pois suas propriedades especiais permitem que sejam aplicadas em áreas como indústria de fertilizantes, medicina, bioquímica, análises químicas dentre outras. A microestrutura de uma rede polimérica, em geral, exerce grande influência sobre as propriedades macroscópicas desses materiais e o interesse da influência dessa microestrutura nas propriedades finais são de interesse estratégico. As reações de ciclização influenciam no controle da microestrutura das redes poliméricas, é sabido que um aumento na diluição do sistema aumenta a incidência deste tipo de reações. A modelagem matemática da copolimerização do estireno-divinilbenzeno é um assunto amplamente estudado, porém poucos estudos foram realizados considerando as reações de ciclização com uma cinética definida e não um problema tipo caixa-preta. Este trabalho teve como principal objetivo o estudo da copolimerização de estireno-divinilbenzeno em solução e sua modelagem matemática com a inclusão das reações de ciclização intramoleculares. Sendo assim, reações de copolimerização de estireno-divinilbenzeno em soluções com baixas concentrações de monômeros foram realizadas em batelada em um reator de vidro, inicialmente foram utilizados dois modelos matemáticos para estudar o comportamento do sistema nestas condições, denominados: Modelo A e Modelo B. O Modelo A foi desenvolvido através do balanço de massa de todas as espécies no meio reacional e inclusão das reações de ciclização. O tamanho máximo dos polímeros mortos considerados neste modelo foi de 300 unidades monoméricas, pois devido à diluição acreditava-se que este tamanho máximo abrangesse todos os tamanhos de polímeros mortos, porém sua comparação com dados experimentais mostrou o contrário. O Modelo B foi baseado no modelo desenvolvido por Aguiar (2013) e utiliza o balanço de massa para as espécies não poliméricas e método dos momentos para as espécies poliméricas (radicais poliméricos e polímeros mortos). Este modelo utiliza também o Fracionamento Numérico para determinação das massas moleculares e ponto de gel, as reações de ciclização foram incluídas através do Método dos Caminhos. Quando comparados aos dados experimentais, o Modelo B mostrou-se mais realista com menores tempos de simulação e com menores problemas numéricos que o Modelo A, portanto este foi utilizado para o estudo do sistema em questão. Os resultados apresentados através do Modelo B indicam que o parâmetro atribuído à cinética das ligações cruzadas (Cp) foi de 0,05 e o valor do parâmetro de ciclização do menor segmento ciclizável (3 unidades monoméricas) foi de 130 s-1 para a temperatura de 90ºC, os valores para os demais tamanhos foram calculados através da equação de Rolfes e Stepto. Este trabalho é uma continuação ao trabalho de Aguiar (2013) e seus resultados mostraram que as simulações das variáveis: concentração de duplas ligações pendentes, Massa Molecular Mássica Média (Mw) e polidispersidade aproximaram-se mais dos dados experimentais quando as ciclizações são incluídas no modelo quando comparadas à abordagem sem a inclusão das reações de ciclização.
Polymer networks are widely studied materials; their especial properties allow them to be applied in areas such as the fertilizer industry, medicine, biochemistry, chemical analysis among others. In general, the polymer network microstructure has influence in macroscopic properties of materials, hence the interest of such microstructure in final properties are of strategic interest. The cyclization reactions influence in the microstructure control of polymer networks. It is known that an increase in systems dilution can increase the cyclization reactions incidence. Mathematical modeling of copolymerization of styrene-divinylbenzene is a widely studied subject, but few studies have been conducted considering the cyclization reactions with a defined kinetic and not a problem black-box type. This work aimed to study the styrene-divinylbenzene copolymerization solutions and their mathematical modeling with the inclusion of intramolecular cyclization reactions. Thus, solution copolymerization of styrene and divinylbenzene was carried out at low concentration of monomers in batch reactor. Two mathematical models were initially used to analize the behavior of the system, which were called: Model A and Model B. The Model A was developed by molar balance of species in the reaction medium and includes cyclization reactions, which were considered to happen in polymer chains with 300 or less monomer units. Due the dilution was believed that this number of units covering all sizes of dead polymers, but comparison between Model A an experimental data proved otherwise. The Model B was based in model of Aguiar (2013), and uses the mass balance for non-polimerics species and moments methods for polimerics species. Model B also uses numerical fractionation for average molecular weight and gel point determination, and the method of paths to approach cyclization reactions. When compared to experimental data, Model B proved more realistic, presenting shorter simulation times and less numerical problems than Model A. Therefore Model B was chosen to represent the system. The results presented by Model B indicate that the parameter assigned to the kinetics os crosslink (Cp) was fitted at 0,05 and cyclization rate constant for paths with 3 monomer units was fitted 130 s-1 at temperature of 90°C. The cyclization rate constants for longer paths were calculated trough Rolfes and Steptos equation. This work is a follow up to Aguiars work (2013) and the results showed that the simulation of variables: concentration of pendant double bonds, average molecular weight and polidispersity better predicted when the cyclization rate constants are greater than zero.

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Tirumala, Vijaya Raghavan. "Reaction control in quiescent systems of free-radical retrograde-precipitation polymerization /." Available online. Click here, 2003. http://sunshine.lib.mtu.edu/ETD/DISS/tirumalav/Dissertation.pdf.

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Wasylyshyn, Dwayne Andrew. "Molecular dynamics and reaction kinetics during polymerization using dielectric spectroscopy and calorimetry." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape11/PQDD_0006/NQ42886.pdf.

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Asano, Shusaku. "Rational Design of Micromixers and Reaction Control in Microreactors." Kyoto University, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/232008.

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Abyazisani, Maryam. "Molecular reactions on surfaces: Towards the growth of surface-confined polymers." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2019. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/130754/1/Maryam_Abyazisani_Thesis.pdf.

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High-quality low-dimensional polymer synthesis is a promising route to fabricating high-performance functional nanomaterials. The Ullmann reaction is a frequently-employed reaction with the drawback of unwanted metal-halide byproducts. This project investigates two approaches for the formation of byproduct-free ordered polymers: (a) employing decarboxylation coupling as a "clean reaction" and (b) removal of the metal-halide byproduct by etching with a beam of atomic hydrogen after Ullmann coupling. Both approaches provide new insight into molecule–substrate interactions, intermolecular interactions and the halogen's effect on the polymerization reaction and products.

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Books on the topic "Polymerization Reaction"

1

-H, Reichert K., Geiseler W, and Berlin International Workshop on Polymer Reaction Engineering (2nd : 1986?), eds. Polymer reaction engineering: Emulsion polymerization, high conversion polymerization, polycondensation. Basel: Hüthig & Wepf, 1986.

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Gupta, Santosh K. Reaction engineering of step growth polymerization. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987.

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Gupta, Santosh K., and Anil Kumar. Reaction Engineering of Step Growth Polymerization. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4613-1801-9.

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Kumar, Anil, 23 Sept. 1946-, ed. Reaction engineering of step growth polymerization. New York: Plenum Press, 1987.

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M, Asua José, ed. Polymer reaction engineering. Oxford: Blackwell Pub., 2007.

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-H, Reichert K., and Geiseler W, eds. Polymer reaction engineering: Proceedings of the Third Berlin International Workshop on Polymer Reaction Engineering, Berlin, 1989. Weinheim, F.R.G: VCH, 1989.

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International Workshop on Polymer Reaction Engineering (8th 2004 University of Hamburg). 8th International Workshop on Polymer Reaction Engineering: Papers of the 8th International Workshop on Polymer Reaction Engineering, Hamburg, 3-6 October, 2004. Frankfurt am Main: VCH, 2004.

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International Workshop on Polymer Reaction Engineering (5th 1995 Berlin, Germany). 5th International Workshop on Polymer Reaction Engineering: Papers of the 5th International Workshop on Polymer Reaction Engineering, Berlin, 9-11 October, 1995. Frankfurt am Main: Dechema, 1995.

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International Workshop on Polymer Reaction Engineering (4th 1992 Berlin, Germany). 4th International Workshop on Polymer Reaction Engineering: Papers of the 4th International Workshop on Polymer Reaction Engineering, Berlin, 12-14 October, 1992. Frankfurt am Main: VCH, 1992.

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Polymer Reaction Engineering (5th 2003 Québec, Québec). Polymer Reaction Engineering V: Quebec, Canada, May 18-23, 2003. Edited by Soares J. B. P. Weinheim, Germany: WILEY-VCH, 2004.

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Book chapters on the topic "Polymerization Reaction"

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Schmal, Martin, and José Carlos Pinto. "Polymerization reactions." In Chemical Reaction Engineering, 143–66. 2nd ed. London: CRC Press, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003046608-8.

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Lefebvre, F., and J. M. Basset. "Industrial Applications of the Olefin Metathesis Reaction." In Metathesis Polymerization of Olefins and Polymerization of Alkynes, 341–56. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5188-7_21.

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Reiss, H. "Gas Phase Chain Polymerization." In Advances in Chemical Reaction Dynamics, 71–113. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4734-4_5.

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McLaughlin, William L., Mohamad Al-Sheikhly, D. F. Lewis, A. Kovács, and L. Wojnárovits. "Radiochromic Solid-State Polymerization Reaction." In ACS Symposium Series, 152–66. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1996-0620.ch011.

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Poehlein, Gary W. "Reaction Engineering for Emulsion Polymerization." In Polymeric Dispersions: Principles and Applications, 305–31. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-5512-0_21.

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Zhang, Yujie, and Marc A. Dubé. "Green Emulsion Polymerization Technology." In Polymer Reaction Engineering of Dispersed Systems, 65–100. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/12_2017_8.

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Kumar, Anil, and Rakesh K. Gupta. "Reaction Engineering of Step-Growth Polymerization." In Fundamentals of Polymer Engineering, 145–74. Third edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2018. | Earlier edition by Anil Kumar, Rakesh K. Gupta. | “Includes bibliographical references and index.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429398506-4.

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Kumar, Anil, and Rakesh K. Gupta. "Reaction Engineering of Chain-Growth Polymerization." In Fundamentals of Polymer Engineering, 227–62. Third edition. | Boca Raton, FL : CRC Press/Taylor & Francis Group, 2018. | Earlier edition by Anil Kumar, Rakesh K. Gupta. | “Includes bibliographical references and index.: CRC Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9780429398506-6.

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Asua, José M. "Challenges in Polymerization in Dispersed Media." In Polymer Reaction Engineering of Dispersed Systems, 1–22. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/12_2017_21.

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Pauer, Werner. "Reactor Concepts for Continuous Emulsion Polymerization." In Polymer Reaction Engineering of Dispersed Systems, 1–17. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/12_2017_24.

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Conference papers on the topic "Polymerization Reaction"

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He, Anpeng, Marie Bonvillain, Robert Bennett, Adam Duhon, Victor Lin, and Ning Zhang. "Numerical Simulation of the Polymerization Process in Turbulent Reacting Flows." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-89825.

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The present research entails turbulent reacting flow being simulated inside a low-density polyethylene tubular reactor using computational fluid dynamics techniques. The effects of initiator mass fraction and initiator injection speed on the stability of the reactor have been studied. The reactor and injector should be designed such that the ethylene does not undergo the potential decomposition reaction; this reaction is exothermic and violent. The products of the decomposition must be vented as a safety measure. ANSYS FLUENT has been used to simulate this reacting flow problem. Both decomposition reaction and polymerization reaction are entered into the software along with their kinetic information. A high product yield of polymer without initiating the ethylene decomposition reaction is expected. Optimal mass fraction of initiator and optimal injection velocity were determined in order to maximize product and maintain the stability of the low-density polyethylene tubular reactor.

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2

Gomes, V., and M. Srour. "REACTION CALORIMETRY FOR INFERENTIAL CONVERSION MONITORING IN POLYMERIZATION." In Annals of the Assembly for International Heat Transfer Conference 13. Begell House Inc., 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1615/ihtc13.p21.240.

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3

Cutright, Ervin, Mellitanya Bun, Justin Nixon, Dung Nguyen, and Ning Zhang. "CFD-Based Reactor Optimization to Minimize the Decomposition in Polymerization Reactions." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-62682.

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This research is a continuation of the previous research on the simulation of Low Density Polyethylene reactors. The main focus of this research is the stability of the simulation and the optimization of the polymerization to decrease decomposition. Polymerization is a very complex reaction with multiple stages. There are three main stages this research is concentrated about: Polyethylene production, Ethylene decomposition, and Initiator (Acetylene) decomposition. If decomposition occurs, there is a chance of explosion due to the decomposition reaction being exothermic and violent. ANSYS Fluent is a computational fluid dynamics, CFD, software capable of simulating these reactions. The tubular reactor consists of a pipe and an injection port. There are many variables in this reaction that can be manipulated to produce a result such as injection speed and mass fractions of chemical components. The stability of the simulation was insured using a new method, “Jumpstart”, which involves initially injecting an infinitesimally small amount of the decomposition products, in order to successfully trigger decomposition.

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4

Muske, K. R., J. W. Howse, and D. R. Hush. "Product property monitoring for a batch polymerization reaction system." In Proceedings of American Control Conference. IEEE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/acc.2001.945849.

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5

Procyk, R., M. Block, and B. Blomback. "POLYMERIZATION OF FIBRINOGEN AND FIBRONECTIN CATALYZED BY FACTOR XIII." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1643310.

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Factor XIII catalyzed the formation of gels in solutions containing physiological concentrations of fibrinogen and fibro-nectin. Oligomeric intermediates were isolated from reaction mixtures at early times prior to gel formation by chromatography on gelatin-Sepharose and by FPLC using Superose 6 columns. The products of two simultaneous polymerization reactions were characterized: fibrinogen oligomers (fibrinogenin) from the poly merization of fibrinogen, and conjugates of fibrinogen-fibro-nectin (heteronectin) from heteropolymer formation involving the two proteins.At a constant concentration of fibrinogen (2.5 mg/mL) and factor XIII (0.4 U/mL), the appearance of different sizes of fibrinogen polymers depended on the concentration of fibronectin added to the reaction mixture. At fibronectin concentrations in the range of the normal plasma level of 0.3 mg/mL, fibrinogen formed oligomers of various sizes up to heptamer before incorporating a molecule of fibronectin. At a high fibronectin concentration (3.2 mg/mL) most of the fibrinogen reacted with the fibronectin at the monomer stage, although small amounts of fibrinogen dimers and trimers were also formed.Heteronectin formation coincided with the appearance of filamentous and particulate matter. This material became incorporated into a gel structure if sufficient fibrinogen was present in the reaction mixture (about 0.5 mg/mL). If these factor XIII catalyzed polymerization reactions occur in the microvasculature under conditions where the fibrinogen concentration might be significantly lowered, the production of fibrinogen-fibronectin polymeric material without gel formation would be favored.

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6

Dumeignil, Franck, Benjamin Katryniok, and Negissa Ebadi Pour. "Glycerol polymerization over stable and selective calcium hydroxyapatite." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/dpka8345.

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High catalytic activity and large availability of Ca-based catalysts make them particulartly attractive for the glycerol polymerization reaction. However, this kind of catalyts usually suffers from a poor stability under the reactions conditions. We present herein the use of Ca-hydroxyapatites (HAps), a very abundant Ca source in the nature, as glycerol polymerization catalysts combining high performance in terms of selectivity and high resistance to deactivation by leaching. We have synthesized, characterized and tested Ca-rich, stochiometric and Ca-deficient HAps. The two latter ones were fully selective to triglycerol at a glycerol conversion of 15Â %, at 245Â Â°C after 8Â h in the presence of 0.5Â mol.% of catalyst. Under the same reaction conditions, the Ca-rich HAp was highly selective to di- and triglycerol (88Â %) at a glycerol conversion of 27Â %. All the catalysts proved to be stable with negligible Ca species leaching according to the ICP-OES results.

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7

Wang, Kairui, Xiujiang Lv, and Guanglai Zhang. "The application of rough set in polymerization reaction temperature control." In 2010 International Conference on Computer, Mechatronics, Control and Electronic Engineering (CMCE 2010). IEEE, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/cmce.2010.5610137.

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8

Pingali, Rushil, and Sourabh K. Saha. "Reaction-Diffusion Modeling of Photopolymerization During Femtosecond Projection Two-Photon Lithography." In ASME 2021 16th International Manufacturing Science and Engineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/msec2021-60255.

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Abstract Two-photon lithography (TPL) is a polymerization-based direct laser writing process that is capable of fabricating arbitrarily complex three-dimensional (3D) structures with submicron features. Traditional TPL techniques have limited scalability due to the slow point-by-point serial writing scheme. The femtosecond projection TPL (FP-TPL) technique increases printing rate by a thousand times by enabling layer-by-layer parallelization. However, parallelization alters the time and the length scales of the underlying polymerization process. It is therefore challenging to apply the models of serial TPL to accurately predict process outcome during FP-TPL. To solve this problem, we have generated a finite element model of the polymerization process on the time and length scales relevant to FP-TPL. The model is based on the reaction-diffusion mechanism that underlies polymerization. We have applied this model to predict the geometry of nanowires printed under a variety of conditions and compared these predictions against empirical data. Our model accurately predicts the nanowire widths. However, accuracy of aspect ratio prediction is hindered by uncertain values of the chemical properties of the photopolymer. Nevertheless, our results demonstrate that the reaction-diffusion model can accurately capture the effect of controllable parameters on FP-TPL process outcome and can therefore be used for process control and optimization.

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9

Yoshida, Jun-ichi, and Aiichiro Nagaki. "Flash Chemistry - Fast Chemical Synthesis in Micro Flow Systems." In ASME 2009 7th International Conference on Nanochannels, Microchannels, and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icnmm2009-82157.

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Flash chemistry is a field of chemical synthesis where extremely fast reactions are conducted in a highly controlled manner. A key element of flash chemistry is the control of extremely fast reactions to obtain the desired products selectively. For extremely fast reactions, kinetics often cannot be used because of the lack of homogeneity of the reaction environment when they are conducted in conventional reactors such as flasks. Fast micromixing by virtue of short diffusion path solves such problems. Fast reactions are usually highly exothermic, and heat removal is an important factor in controlling such reactions. Heat transfer occurs very rapidly in micro flow systems by virtue of a large surface area per unit volume, making precise temperature control possible. Another important point is that fast reactions often involve highly unstable intermediates, which decompose very quickly, making reaction control difficult. The residence time can be greatly reduced in micro flow systems, and this feature is quite effective in controlling such reactions. The concept of flash chemistry has been successfully applied to various organic reactions for synthesis including (a) reactions in which undesired byproducts are produced in the subsequent reactions in conventional reactors, (b) highly exothermic reactions that are difficult to control in conventional reactors, and (c) reactions in which a reactive intermediate easily decomposes in conventional reactors. The concept of flash chemistry can be also applied to polymer synthesis. Cationic polymerization can be conducted with an excellent level of molecular-weight control and molecular-weight distribution control. Radical polymerization in micro flow systems leads to better molecular weight distribution control than macro batch systems. Anionic polymerization can also be carried out micro flow systems at higher temperatures than macro batch systems with high degree of molecular weight distribution control.

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10

Serra, Christophe, Nicolas Sary, and Guy Schlatter. "Numerical Simulations of Macromolecular Syntheses in Micro-Mixers: Towards a Better Control of the Polymerization." In ASME 3rd International Conference on Microchannels and Minichannels. ASMEDC, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icmm2005-75044.

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This paper investigates the modeling of styrene free radical polymerization in two different types of micro-mixer for which the wall temperature is kept constant. The simulations are performed with the help of the finite elements method which allows solving simultaneously partial differential equations resulting from the hydrodynamics, thermal and mass transfer (convection, diffusion and chemical reaction). The different micro-mixers modeled are on one hand an interdigital multilamination micro-mixer with a large focusing section and on the other hand a simple T-junction with three different radii followed by a tube reactor having the same radius. The results are expressed in terms of reactor temperature, polydispersity index, number-average degree of polymerization and monomer conversion for different values of the chemical species diffusion coefficient. Despite of the heat released by the polymerization reaction, it was found that the thermal transfer in such microfluidic devices is high enough to ensure isothermal conditions. Concerning the polydispersity index, the range of diffusion coefficients over which the polydispersity index can be maintained close to the theoretical value for ideal conditions increases as the tube reactor radius decreases. The interdigital multilamination micro-mixer was found to act as a T-junction and tube reactor of 0,72 mm ID but gives up to 15% higher monomer conversion. This underlines that the use of microfluidic devices can lead to a better control of the polymerization.

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Reports on the topic "Polymerization Reaction"

1

Matyjaszewski, K., S. Gaynor, D. Greszta, D. Mardare, and T. Shigemoto. Unimolecular and Bimoleculare Exchange Reactiions in Controlled Radical Polymerization. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1995. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada295862.

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2

Netzel, D. A. A preliminary investigation of acid-catalyzed polymerization reactions of shale oil distillates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10135499.

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3

Netzel, D. A. A preliminary investigation of acid-catalyzed polymerization reactions of shale oil distillates. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/5719827.

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Hall, Henry K., and Jr. Polymerization of Azaethylenes (Imines) and Aza-1,3-Dienes. Potential Reactive Monomers. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada194717.

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5

Dotson, Neil. A Statistical Derivation of the Average Degree of Polymerization in a Stirred Tank Reactor. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada209873.

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6

Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof. The Importance of Exchange Reactions in Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization in the Presence of Alkoxyamines and Transition Metals. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada309796.

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Reed, Wayne, Michael Drenski, and Jose Romagnoli. Development and Implementation of an Automatic Continuous Online Monitoring and Control Platform for Polymerization Reactions to Sharply Boost Energy and Resource Efficiency in Polymer Manufacturing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1399518.

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Wallace, Kevin C., Andy H. Liu, John C. Dewan, and Richard R. Schrock. Preparation and Reactions of Tantalum Alkylidene Complexes Containing Bulky Phenoxide or Thiolate Ligands. Controlling Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization Activity and Mechanism Through Choice of Anionic Ligand. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada198293.

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