Relevant bibliographies by topics / Polymerization mechanisms

Academic literature on the topic 'Polymerization mechanisms'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 20 February 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Polymerization mechanisms"

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Chen, Mao, Honghong Gong, and Yu Gu. "Controlled/Living Radical Polymerization of Semifluorinated (Meth)acrylates." Synlett 29, no. 12 (April 18, 2018): 1543–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0036-1591974.

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Fluorinated polymers are important materials for applications in many areas. This article summarizes the development of controlled/living radical polymerization (CRP) of semifluorinated (meth)acrylates, and briefly introduces their reaction mechanisms. While the classical CRP such as atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP), reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and nitroxide-mediated radical polymerization (NMP) have promoted the preparation of semifluorinated polymers with tailor-designed architectures, recent development of photo-CRP has led to unprecedented accuracy and monomer scope. We expect that synthetic advances will facilitate the engineering of advanced fluorinated materials with unique properties.1 Introduction2 Atom Transfer Radical Polymerization3 Reversible Addition-Fragmentation Chain Transfer Polymerization4 Nitroxide-Mediated Radical Polymerization5 Photo-CRP Mediated with Metal Complexes6 Metal-free Photo-CRP7 Conclusion
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Penczek, Stanislaw, Julia Pretula, and Stanislaw Slomkowski. "Ring-opening polymerization." Chemistry Teacher International 3, no. 2 (March 15, 2021): 33–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cti-2020-0028.

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Abstract Ring-opening polymerization is defined by IUPAC (Penczek, S., Moad, G. (2008). Glossary of the terms related to kinetics, thermodynamics, and mechanisms of polymerization. (IUPAC Recommendations 2008), Pure and Applied Chemistry, 80(10), 2163–2193) as (cit.) “Ring-opening polymerization (ROP): Polymerization in which a cyclic monomer yields a monomeric unit that is either acyclic or contains fewer rings than the cyclic monomer”. The large part of the resulting polymerizations is living/controlled; practically all belong to chain polymerizations. After the introduction, providing basic information on chain polymerizations, the paper presents the concise overview of major classes of monomers used in ROP, including cyclic ethers, esters, carbonates, and siloxanes as well as cyclic nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulfur containing monomers. There are discussed also thermodynamics, kinetic polymerizability, and major mechanisms of ROP. Special attention is concentrated on polymers prepared by ROP on industrial scale.
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Prescott, S. W., M. J. Ballard, E. Rizzardo, and R. G. Gilbert. "RAFT in Emulsion Polymerization: What Makes it Different?" Australian Journal of Chemistry 55, no. 7 (2002): 415. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch02073.

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Reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization techniques have been the focus of a great deal of recent work, particularly in their application to emulsion polymerization, which is the method of choice for implementing most free-radical polymerizations on an industrial scale. RAFT/emulsion polymerizations have considerable technical potential: to 'tailor-make' material properties, to eliminate added surfactant from surface coatings, and so on. However, considerable difficulties have been experienced in using RAFT in emulsion polymerization systems. Here, progress in the application of RAFT techniques to emulsion polymerization is reviewed, summarizing the difficulties that have been experienced and mechanisms that have been postulated to explain the observed behaviour. Possible origins of the difficulties in implementing RAFT in emulsion polymerizations include polymerization in droplets, water sensitivity of some RAFT agents, slow transport of highly hydrophobic RAFT agents across the water phase, and surface activity of some RAFT agents.
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Jug, Karl, and Andreas Poredda. "Polymerization mechanisms of propellanes." Journal of the American Chemical Society 113, no. 3 (January 1991): 761–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00003a005.

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Save, Maud, Yohann Guillaneuf, and Robert G. Gilbert. "Controlled Radical Polymerization in Aqueous Dispersed Media." Australian Journal of Chemistry 59, no. 10 (2006): 693. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ch06308.

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Controlled radical polymerization (CRP), sometimes also termed ‘living’ radical polymerization, offers the potential to create a wide range of polymer architectures, and its implementation in aqueous dispersed media (e.g. emulsion polymerization, used on a vast scale industrially) opens the way to large-scale manufacture of products based on this technique. Until recently, implementing CRP in aqueous dispersed media was plagued with problems such as loss of ‘living’ character and loss of colloidal stability. This review examines the basic mechanistic processes in free-radical polymerization in aqueous dispersed media (e.g. emulsion polymerization), and then examines, through this mechanistic understanding, the new techniques that have been developed over the last few years to implement CRP successfully in emulsion polymerizations and related processes. The strategies leading to these successes can thus be understood in terms of the various mechanisms which dominate CRP systems in dispersed media; these mechanisms are sometimes quite different from those in conventional free-radical polymerization in these media.
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Pugh, Coleen, and Krzysztof Matyjaszewski. "Comparison of living polymerization mechanisms. Acrylates and carbocationic polymerization." Makromolekulare Chemie. Macromolecular Symposia 67, no. 1 (March 1993): 67–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19930670106.

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Chern, C. S. "Emulsion polymerization mechanisms and kinetics." Progress in Polymer Science 31, no. 5 (May 2006): 443–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.progpolymsci.2006.02.001.

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Chern, Chorng-Shyan, and Hsiu-Jung Tang. "Microemulsion polymerization kinetics and mechanisms." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 97, no. 5 (2005): 2005–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.21673.

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Cruz, G. J., L. M. Gómez, M. Gonzalez-Torres, F. Gonzalez-Salgado, R. Basurto, E. Colín, J. C. Palacios, and M. G. Olayo. "Polymerization mechanisms in plasma polyallylamine." Journal of Materials Science 52, no. 2 (September 21, 2016): 1005–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10853-016-0396-4.

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Yuan, Ming, Dayun Huang, and Yixuan Zhao. "Development of Synthesis and Application of High Molecular Weight Poly(Methyl Methacrylate)." Polymers 14, no. 13 (June 28, 2022): 2632. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14132632.

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Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) is widely used in aviation, architecture, medical treatment, optical instruments and other fields because of its good transparency, chemical stability and electrical insulation. However, the application of PMMA largely depends on its physical properties. Mechanical properties such as tensile strength, fracture surface energy, shear modulus and Young’s modulus are increased with the increase in molecular weight. Consequently, it is of great significance to synthesize high molecular weight PMMA. In this article, we review the application of conventional free radical polymerization, atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and coordination polymerization for preparing high molecular weight PMMA. The mechanisms of these polymerizations are discussed. In addition, applications of PMMA are also summarized.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polymerization mechanisms"

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Bandtock, J. "An investigation into mechanisms of termination in anionic polymerization." Thesis, De Montfort University, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370511.

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Bergenudd, Helena. "Understanding the mechanisms behind atom transfer radical polymerization : exploring the limit of control." Doctoral thesis, KTH, Kärnkemi, 2011. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:kth:diva-32104.

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Atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) is one of the most commonly employed techniques for controlled radical polymerization. ATRP has great potential for the development of new materials due to the ability to control molecular weight and polymer architecture. To fully utilize the potential of ATRP as polymerization technique, the mechanism and the dynamics of the ATRP equilibrium must be well understood. In this thesis, various aspects of the ATRP process are explored through both laboratory experiments and computer modeling. Solvent effects, the limit of control and the use of iron as the mediator have been investigated. It was shown for copper mediated ATRP that the redox properties of the mediator and the polymerization properties were significantly affected by the solvent. As expected, the apparent rate constant (kpapp) increased with increasing activity of the mediator, but an upper limit was reached, where after kpapp was practically independent of the mediator potential. The degree of control deteriorated as the limit was approached. In the simulations, which were based on the thermodynamic properties of the ATRP equilibrium, the same trend of increasing kpapp with increasing mediator activity was seen and a maximum was also reached. The simulation results could be used to describe the limit of control. The maximum equilibrium constant for controlled ATRP was correlated to the propagation rate constant, which enables the design of controlled ATRP systems. Using iron compounds instead of copper compounds as mediators in ATRP is attractive from environmental aspects. Two systems with iron were investigated. Firstly, iron/EDTA was investigated as mediator as its redox properties are within a suitable range for controlled ATRP. The polymerization of styrene was heterogeneous, where the rate limiting step is the adsorption of the dormant species to the mediator surface. The polymerizations were not controlled and it is possible that they had some cationic character. In the second iron system, the intention was to investigate how different ligands affect the properties of an ATRP system with iron. Due to competitive coordination of the solvent, DMF, the redox and polymeri­zation properties were not significantly affected by the ligands. The differences between normal and reverse ATRP of MMA, such as the degree of control, were the result of different FeIII speciation in the two systems.
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Kowatz, Thomas. "Mechanisms of silicate polymerisation, carbohydrate epimerisation and metalloprotease inhibition." Thesis, St Andrews, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/771.

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Thickett, Stuart Craig Vincent. "The Kinetics of Electrosterically Stabilized Emulsion Polymerization Systems." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/2380.

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The kinetics of electrosterically stabilized emulsion systems was studied. The aim of this was to understand the impact that steric and electrosteric stabilizers have on the kinetics of particle growth and particle formation in the area of emulsion polymerization. The well-established mechanisms that govern these processes for emulsions stabilized by conventional low molecular weight surfactants were used as a reference point for comparative purposes. Model latexes were synthesized that comprised of a poly(styrene) core stabilized by a corona of poly(acrylic acid). The advent of successful controlled radical polymerization techniques in heterogeneous media (via RAFT polymerization) allowed for latexes to be synthesized under molecular weight control. For the first time, the degree of polymerization of the stabilizing block on the particle surface was able to be controlled and verified experimentally using mass spectrometry techniques. Three latexes were made with different average degrees of polymerization of the stabilizing block; five, ten and twenty monomer units respectively. A methodology was developed to remove the RAFT functionality from the polymer chains present in the emulsion while retaining the desired particle morphology. Oxidation with tertbutylhydroperoxide (TBHP) was proven to be successful at eliminating the living character provided by the thiocarbonyl end-group. Extensive dialysis and cleaning of the latex was performed to ensure no residual TBHP or reaction by-products remained. Latexes with poly(styrene) cores were chosen for this work as poly(n-butyl acrylate) latexes were shown to be influenced by chain transfer to polymer, providing an additional kinetic complication. The three electrosterically stabilized emulsions were used as seed latexes in carefully designed kinetic experiments to measure the rate of polymerization as a function of time. Two independent techniques (chemically initiated dilatometry and γ-relaxation dilatometry) were used to measure the rate coefficients of radical entry (ρ) and exit (k) in these systems – the two parameters that essentially govern the rate of particle growth. The latexes were chosen such that they satisfied ‘zero-one’ conditions (i.e. that any given latex particle contains at most one growing radical at any given time) in order to simplify data analysis. Three different chemical initiators were used, each yielding a radical with a different electric charge. Results from γ-relaxation experiments demonstrated that the three electrosterically stabilized latexes gave very long relaxation times when removed from the radiation source, ultimately yielding very small k values. These values were up to a factor of 10 smaller than that predicted by the ‘transfer-diffusion’ model for exit for particles of that size. This reduction was attributed to a ‘restricted diffusion’ effect, where the exiting monomeric radical has to diffuse through a dense layer of polymer on the particle surface, where its mobility will be restricted. Modification of the Smoluchowski equation for diffusion-controlled adsorption/desorption to account for this postulate led to the development of a model that gave excellent semi-quantitative agreement with experiment. Chemically initiated dilatometric experiments (using three different types of initiator) gave the unusual result of very low reaction rates and low steady-state values of 'nbar', the average number of radicals per particle. Using the standard kinetic equations for styrene-based systems (where it is assumed that an exited monomeric radical undergoes re-entry), this led to the calculation of impossibly small values of the entry rate coefficient ρ (far below any background or ‘thermal’polymerization rate). However upon removing the assumption of re-entry and assuming that exited radicals undergo termination, the obtained values of ρ were in almost perfect agreement with the values predicted from the ‘control by aqueous phase growth’ entry mechanism. This unexpected result was attributed to chemical reaction with the poly(acrylic acid) stabilizers through chain transfer to polymer (via hydrogen-atom abstraction). This postulate was verified by separate experiments that demonstrated that poly(acrylic acid) could act as a reasonably efficient chain transfer agent for styrene polymerization. The addition of poly(acrylic acid) to the aqueous phase of a conventionally stabilized emulsion also led to the rate reduction seen previously. NMR experiments demonstrated the existence of poly(acrylic acid-graft-styrene), which could only be formed through termination of a poly(styrene) chain with a poly(acrylic acid) chain bearing a mid-chain radical (as the product of a chain transfer reaction). These additional terms of transfer and termination were included in the governing kinetic equations of emulsion systems (the Smith-Ewart equations) to develop a model to account for the behaviour of electrosterically stabilized latexes. The ultimate fate of an exiting radical was now shown to be a competition between fates; successful desorption into the aqueous phase, or chemical reaction (through transfer or termination) within the hairy layer. These additional terms were shown to significantly reduce the theoretical value of nbar, and were in excellent agreement with experiment. For small electrosterically stabilized particles with a densely packed ‘hairy layer,’ it was seen that transfer/termination is the dominant loss mechanism as opposed to desorption. The developed model showed that as the particle size was increased, the dominant loss mechanism once again became successful desorption into the aqueous phase. The model was shown to give excellent agreement with experimental data from ‘uncontrolled’ emulsion systems. To explain the highly unusual secondary nucleation behaviour seen in systems such as these, it was postulated that beta-scission of a poly(acrylic acid) chain bearing a mid-chain radical is an important mechanistic step in the nucleation mechanisms of these systems. Modelling (both steady-state and time-dependent) gave good agreement with experiment with a minimal number of adjustable parameters. Theory (and supporting experimental evidence) demonstrated that this nucleation mechanism is only significant at high particle numbers; under other conditions the well-known ‘homogeneous nucleation’ mechanism is once again dominant.
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Devlin, Glyn L. "The mechanisms of serpin misfolding and its inhibition." Monash University, Dept. of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2003. http://arrow.monash.edu.au/hdl/1959.1/9469.

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Müller, Jonathan Benedikt [Verfasser], and M. [Akademischer Betreuer] Wegener. "Exploring the Mechanisms of Three-Dimensional Direct Laser Writing by Multi-Photon Polymerization / Jonathan Benedikt Müller. Betreuer: M. Wegener." Karlsruhe : KIT-Bibliothek, 2015. http://d-nb.info/1072464608/34.

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XUE, YUAN. "Quantum Mechanical Calculations on Ring-opening Reactions of Hexachlorophosphazenes." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2021. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1627595429444473.

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Tchernook, Ivan. "Strategies for Computational Investigation of Reaction Mechanisms in Organic and Polymer Chemistry Using Static Quantum Mechanics." Doctoral thesis, Universitätsbibliothek Chemnitz, 2016. http://nbn-resolving.de/urn:nbn:de:bsz:ch1-qucosa-198756.

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This thesis presents computational studies of problems in the organic and polymer chemistry. The state-of-the art quantum chemical methods are used to gain further insight into the origin and the nature of the reactions in three different organic and polymer systems. The research questions are conceptually approached by identifying the key aspects. Then an appropriate strategy for the quantum chemical modeling is developed. In the scope of the polymer chemistry, the novel synthesis technique of nanostructured materials, the so-called twin polymerization, is investigated. Using three model systems of increasing complexity the influence of the anion (trifluoroacetate) in the reaction system is investigated. The effect of the solvent polarity as well as the effect of the entropic contributions are also considered. The rearrangement reaction of the volatile cyanotritylcarbenes is another topic. These carbenes readily rearrange to ethene main products, however also small amount of the unexpected heptafulvenes is formed. This unprecedented heptafulvene formation is modeled in detail and the energetics is systematically evaluated to identify most reasonable rearrangement pathways of the probable multiple alternative routes. Computational investigation of other tritylcarbenes with varying spectator substituents results in sophisticated data base for experimental investigations. At last, some controversial observations in experimental studies concerning the kinetics of the electrophilic alkylation of the barbiturate anion are studied. To interpret the kinetic measurements, different alkylation pathways are analyzed with respect to their energetics. Further, the influence of microsolvation is demonstrated.
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Huang-Hobbs, Helen. "Dissecting the mechanism of ETV6 polymerization." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/45691.

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ETV6 (or TEL), a member of the ETS family of eukaryotic transcription factors, normally functions as a transcriptional repressor and putative tumor suppressor. ETV6 is modular, containing a SAM (or PNT) domain and a DNA-binding ETS domain joined by a flexible linker sequence. The ETV6 SAM domain self-associates in a head-to-tail fashion, forming helical polymers proposed to generate extended repressive complexes at target DNA sites. ETV6 is also frequently involved in chromosomal translocations yielding unregulated chimeric oncoproteins with the SAM domain fused to the catalytic domain of a tyrosine receptor kinase such as NTRK3. Cellular transformation likely results from SAM domain-mediated polymerization and constitutive activation of the kinase domain. In the case of the ETV6- NTRK3 fusion (EN), this transformation is linked to congenital fibrosarcomas. Our goal is to investigate via mutations within its SAM domain, the thermodynamic and dynamic mechanisms underlying the altered transformation properties of ETV6-NTRK3. These studies have been carried out using monomeric variants of the isolated SAM domains with "head" or "tail" point mutations that prevent self-association, yet allow for formation of a mixed dimer with a native binding interface. Specifically, we used a combination of NMR spectroscopy and isothermal titration calorimetry to study the effects of additional mutations on their dimerization. Consistent with its involvement in a crystallographically-observed interdomain salt bridge, mutation of Lys99 was found to weaken the association of ETV-SAM monomers in solution, and to disrupt cellular transformation by EN. This supports the role of the SAM domain self-association in the activation of ETV6-NTRK3, and helps define the mechanisms underlying cellular transformation by similar chimeric oncoproteins.
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Kashirsagar, Ravindra S. "Study of entry mechanism in emulsion polymerization." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11747.

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Books on the topic "Polymerization mechanisms"

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Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof, Brent S. Sumerlin, Nicolay V. Tsarevsky, and John Chiefari, eds. Controlled Radical Polymerization: Mechanisms. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2015-1187.

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Erusalimskii, B. L. Mechanisms of Ionic Polymerization. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8392-5.

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Erusalimskii, B. L. Mechanisms of Ionic Polymerization: Current Problems. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1987.

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Erusalimskiĭ, B. L. Mechanisms of ionic polymerization: Current problems. New York: Consultants Bureau, 1986.

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Matyjaszewski, K., Brent S. Sumerlin, and Nicolay V. Tsarevsky. Progress in controlled radical polymerization: Mechanisms and techniques. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2012.

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Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof, Haifeng Gao, Brent S. Sumerlin, and Nicolay V. Tsarevsky, eds. Reversible Deactivation Radical Polymerization: Mechanisms and Synthetic Methodologies. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2018-1284.

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Matyjaszewski, Krzysztof, Brent S. Sumerlin, and Nicolay V. Tsarevsky, eds. Progress in Controlled Radical Polymerization: Mechanisms and Techniques. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2012-1100.

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Bandtock, John. An investigation into mechanisms of termination in anionic polymerization. Leicester: Leicester Polytechnic, 1985.

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Mechanisms of photophysical processes and photochemical reactions in polymers: Theory and applications. Chichester [West Sussex]: Wiley, 1987.

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International, Symposium on Free Radical Polymerization: Kinetics and Mechanisms (2nd 1996 Genoa Italy). Plenary and invited lectures presented at the 2nd International Symposium on Free Radical Polymerization: Kinetics and Mechanisms: Held in Santa Margherita Ligure, Genoa, Italy 26-31 May 1996. Zug: Hüthig &Wepf, 1996.

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Book chapters on the topic "Polymerization mechanisms"

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MILLER, I. K., and J. ZIMMERMAN. "Condensation Polymerization and Polymerization Mechanisms." In ACS Symposium Series, 159–73. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1985-0285.ch008.

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KAROL, FREDERICK J. "Coordinated Anionic Polymerization and Polymerization Mechanisms." In ACS Symposium Series, 69–94. Washington, D.C.: American Chemical Society, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-1985-0285.ch004.

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Grishin, Dmitry F., and Ivan D. Grishin. "Mechanisms of Polymer Polymerization." In Springer Series on Polymer and Composite Materials, 7–58. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-00743-0_2.

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Adamus, Grażyna, and Marek Kowalczuk. "Elucidation of Reaction Mechanisms: Other Polymerization Mechanisms." In Mass Spectrometry in Polymer Chemistry, 405–36. Weinheim, Germany: Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/9783527641826.ch12.

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Erusalimskii, B. L. "Characteristics of Ionic Polymerization Processes." In Mechanisms of Ionic Polymerization, 1–12. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8392-5_1.

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Erusalimskii, B. L. "The Informativeness of Research Methods into Ionic Active Sites." In Mechanisms of Ionic Polymerization, 13–72. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8392-5_2.

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Erusalimskii, B. L. "General Questions on the Problem of Multicenteredness." In Mechanisms of Ionic Polymerization, 73–109. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8392-5_3.

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Erusalimskii, B. L. "The Reactivity of Active Sites and Monomers in Homogeneous Ionic Systems." In Mechanisms of Ionic Polymerization, 111–96. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8392-5_4.

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Erusalimskii, B. L. "The Problem of Stereospecificity." In Mechanisms of Ionic Polymerization, 197–297. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8392-5_5.

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Erusalimskii, B. L. "Conclusion." In Mechanisms of Ionic Polymerization, 299–306. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4684-8392-5_6.

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Conference papers on the topic "Polymerization mechanisms"

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Jaramillo, A. M., N. Hara, A. Q. Harder, J. C. Needell, E. K. Vladar, and C. M. Evans. "Mechanisms of Cysteine-Mediated Polymerization and Secretion of Muc5ac." In American Thoracic Society 2022 International Conference, May 13-18, 2022 - San Francisco, CA. American Thoracic Society, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2022.205.1_meetingabstracts.a3233.

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Rodriguez, J., and T. F. Otero. "Coexistence of chemical and electrochemical polymerization mechanisms during pyrrole oxidation." In International Conference on Science and Technology of Synthetic Metals. IEEE, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/stsm.1994.835334.

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Vernerey, Franck J. "Biophysical Model of the Coupled Mechanisms of Cell Adhesion, Contraction and Spreading." In ASME 2012 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2012-80309.

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Recent research has shown that cell spreading is highly dependent on the contractility of its cytoskeleton and the mechanical properties of its surrounding environment. This extended abstract introduces a mathematical formulation of cell spreading and contraction that couples the processes of stress fiber formation, protrusion growth through actin polymerization at the cell edge and dynamics of cross-membrane protein (integrins) enabling cell-substrate attachment. The evolving cell’s cytoskeleton is modeled as a mixture of fluid, proteins and filaments that can exchange mass and generate contraction. In particular, besides self-assembling into stress fibers, actin monomers are able to polymerize into an actin meshwork at the cell’s boundary in order to push the membrane forward and generate protrusion. These processes are possible via the development of cell-substrate attachment complexes that arise from the mechano-sensitive equilibrium of membrane proteins, known as integrins. Numerical simulations show that the proposed model is able to capture the dependency of cell spreading and contraction on substrate stiffness and chemistry. The very good agreement between model predictions and experimental observations suggests that mechanics plays a strong role into the coupled mechanisms of contraction, adhesion and spreading of adherent cells.
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Mysliwiec, M., D. Alderson, L. Poller, and P. Ackrill. "PROTEIN C AND OTHER CLOTTING STUDIES IN MEMBRANOUS AND NON-MEMBRANOUS GLOMERULONEPHRITIS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644310.

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The occurrence of thrombosis in the nephrotic syn drome has long been known. Thrombotic complications are predominantly associated with membranous glomerulonephritis (MG). The aim of the present work was to study whether the tendency of nephrotic patients with MG to thrombotic episodes could be attributed to a hypercoagulable state. Thirty consecutive patients with the nephrotic syndrome were studied. Of these 17 suffered from MG and 13 had other forms of glomerulonephritis. The control group consisted of 10 healthy volunteers. In addition to standard coagulation assays, we studied: soluble fibrin monomer complexes (FM test, Boehringer), fibrin monomer polymerization, factor VIII:C, factor VIII:vWF, anti thrombin III (AT III) and alpha2 antiplasmin (alpha2AP) using chromogenie substrates; the levels of AT III and alpha2 AP were measured immunologically; beta thromboglobulin (BTG), platelet factor 4 and fibrinopeptide A (FPA) using radioimmunoassay kits; protein C was studied functionally and immunologically. There was a significant shortening of the prothrombin time and activated partial thromboplastin time, increase in alpha9 AP, factor V111:vWF, FPA and BTG in nephrotic patients associated with in or eases in both functional and imminclogical protein C levels and impairment of fibrin polymerization. FM test was negative in all but one of the patients. None of the coagulation tests showed a significant difference in the two nephrotic groups. High protein C and impaired polymerization may be considered as mechanisms counteracting disclosed hypercoagulability in the nephrotic syndrome.
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GAYOT, SARAH F., JEROEN SOETE, JOHAN VANHULST, CHRISTIAN BAILLY, PIERRE GÉRARD, and THOMAS PARDOEN. "MONITORING VOID FORMATION DURING LIQUID COMPOSITE MOLDING BY IN-SITU X-RAY COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY." In Proceedings for the American Society for Composites-Thirty Seventh Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc37/36388.

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Polymer composites manufactured by liquid molding contain voids, which may have several origins. Porosity patterns in composites are usually characterized ‘postmortem’ via X-ray computed tomography (XCT), which gives only limited information about the void formation mechanisms. In this work, a new lab-based XCT experiment is proposed for the dynamic in-situ monitoring of void formation in thick fiberreinforced polymer composites produced by vacuum infusion. In particular, the method makes it possible to follow the evolution of void volume fraction, size and location during the curing or polymerization of the infused resin within a fibrous preform.
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Dowling, Enda P., William Ronan, Vikram S. Deshpande, Robert M. McMeeking, Kyriacos A. Athanasiou, and J. Patrick McGarry. "Remodeling and Contractility of the Actin Cytoskeleton During the Shear Deformation of Single Chondrocytes." In ASME 2011 Summer Bioengineering Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/sbc2011-53600.

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Numerous in vitro studies have demonstrated that chondrocytes react to mechanical stimuli. Compression of chondrocytes in an agarose gel induces disruption of the actin cytoskeleton [1]. In addition, chondrogenic gene expression decreases for chondrocytes cultured in monolayer, while inhibition of actin polymerization causes an increase in type II collagen and GAG production [2]. Despite such extensive in vitro investigations, the mechanisms by which chondrocytes actively respond to mechanical loading are not well understood. Simple hyperelastic and viscoelastic computational cell models have previously been used to model chondrocytes. However, such passive models ignore the key biomechanisms by which cells sense and react to external loads, and hence offer limited insight or predictive capability [3].
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Cheenkachorn, Kraipat, Wallis A. Lloyd, and Joseph M. Perez. "Use of Pressurized Differential Scanning Calorimetry (PDSC) to Evaluate Effectiveness of Additives in Vegetable Oil Lubricants." In ASME 2003 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2003-0657.

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Use of renewable resources to replace petroleum base stocks in lubricants is attractive. Research on additives enhanced by current advances in genetic and chemical modifications has resulted in improved oxidative stability of vegetable oils. Like most oxidation processes, the oxidative degradation of vegetable oils is complex. The auto-oxidation free radical mechanisms and hydroperoxide theories of oxidation have been well studied. Factors that influence the degradation of oils include temperature, surface reactivity, rates of formation of radicals, chemical composition factors such as olefin and aromatic content and additive effectiveness. This uses pressurized differential scanning calorimetry to evaluate the oxidative stability of four biodegradable fluids with and without additives. The oleic acid content of the four fluids ranged from 83 to 23 percent. Reaction kinetics are used to explain observed differences in phase transformation and polymerization reactions. Additive selection to obtain maximum effectiveness in the base stocks is reported.
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8

Jamaluddin, Moideen P., C. Sreedevi, Ancy Thomas, and Lissy K. Krishnan. "A MOLECULAR MECHANISM FOR THE DITHI0THREIT0L-MEDIAT5D PLATELET AGGREGATION." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644495.

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Biochemical mechanisms of stimulus response coupling is an intricate problem in platelet biochemistry. Recently we obtained evidence that support the view that conformational changes of an (unsaturated fatty acid – and U46619-binding) haemoprotein induced by the binding of arachidonic acid, H2O2 or PGH2 liberated in apparently different platelet compartments in response to different stimuli could constitute a mechanism (L.K. Krishnan … M.P. Jamaluddin, FEBS Lett, in the press). We investigated the effect of dithiothreitol (DTT), a platelet agonist whose mechanism of action is unknown, on the purified haemoprotein. DTT was found by spectral measurements and gelfiltration experiments to bring about a slow time-dependent conformational .change and oligomerization of the protein concomitantly with its oxidation. Oxidised DTT (trans-4,5-dihy-droxy-1,2-dithiane) was found to induce a similar conformational change by binding to the protein (halfsaturation cancn. 2 mM). Oligomerization changed the charge characteristics of the protein, from net positive to net negative, ait pH 7.4. Protein-protein association is associated with large volume increases. Excluded volume effects and changes in charge distribution at the side of protein conformational change could trigger actin polymerization, pseudopod formation and aggregation, modulated by protein phosphorylation and Ca2+ concentration. In conformity with these ideas oxidized DTT near its half-maximal saturation concentration for the protein, was found to aggregate gelfiltered calf platelets. Presumably it functions as a thioanalogue of PGH2. Oxidized glutathione or oxidized 2-mercaptoethanol could also bring about protein conformational change and platelet aggregation.
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9

GISSINGER, JACOB R., and KRISTOPHER E. WISE. "BUILDING AND BREAKING CARBON COMPOSITES WITH REACTER." In Proceedings for the American Society for Composites-Thirty Seventh Technical Conference. Destech Publications, Inc., 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.12783/asc37/36461.

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Carbon-based composites have become indispensable materials in aerospace and other high-performance applications, yet obtaining a detailed, nanoscale understanding of their morphology and failure mechanisms using only experimental methods remains a difficult challenge. REACTER is a versatile computational modeling tool for atomistic molecular dynamics simulations designed to model chemical reactions at the speed and length scales of classical force fields. In this work, several recent features of REACTER were applied to the creation and subsequent mechanical testing of two classes of carbon composites: carbon nanotube (CNT) composites and carbon fiber reinforced polymers (CFRP). A network of CNTs was grown dynamically using the new ‘create atoms’ feature of REACTER. The CNT filler was embedded into a polyarylacetylene (PAA) matrix by simulated in situ polymerization to obtain the final composite model. To generate the second class of carbon composite, fully carbonized (graphitic) carbon fiber morphologies were created by the method of Desai et al. [1], but using the advanced reaction constraints framework of REACTER. Two fiber models were created, representing a circular carbon fiber core and a flat surface, and similarly infiltrated with resin to obtain the final CFRP structure. Failure mechanisms were elucidated by simulating mechanically induced bond breaking, as characterized by third order DFT-based tight-binding simulations, via a reaction constraint on the total potential energy of the involved atoms.
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Berk, H. R. "THE EFFECT OF SHEAR ON OLIGOMER FORMATION; EFFECTIVE REMOVAL OF MONOMERS." In XIth International Congress on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Schattauer GmbH, 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1644220.

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Fibrin polymerization has been found to be influenced by shear flow conditions (Puryear,1980). In order to determine which mechanisms are responsible for theeffect reported it is necessary to look at the various stages in fibrin polymerization. It is known that the enzymatic attack of thrombin on fibrinogen is not influenced by shear (Sellers,1981). The next step, which is investigated in this study, is the oligomer-early protofibril stage.Fibrinogen (human, Kabi) is reacted with thrombin (human, Sigma) under Couette flow conditions (volume-averaged shear 0-250sec-l) in a pH 6.8, 4mM CaC12, HEPES buffered solution (I. S.-.15). The reaction time is chosen so that 6% of fibrinopeptide A (FPA) is released. The reaction is stopped by a 1,6 hexandiol-hirudin solution. The effect of shear on oligomer population is measured using large angle 1ightscattering techniques.In order to predict theoretical shear effects on oligomer formation, it is important to be able to predict the population size. This is done using Jamney’s (1983) predictions, for early reaction time, assuming q=16. Given a size distribution it is possible to apply low Reynold’s number hydrodynamic and Smoluchowski1 s( coagulation theories to predict possible shear affects.Hydrodynamic theory predicts no effect of shear on oligomer formation; Peclet numbers are too small. Smoluchowski coagulation theory, on the other hand, predicts that for oligomer sized particles in the shear range studied, orthokinetic (shear induced) coagulation becomes more important than peri kinetic (Brornian) coagulation.Results obtained from Zimm analysis show a dramatic increase in molecular weight, compared to the stagnant case, in the shear region corresponding to where orthokinetic coagulation dominates. The higher the thrombin concentration, the more extreme and earlier (i.e. lower shear) these effects are felt. After a peak is reached in molecular weight there is a sudden drop. This is caused by monomer exhaustion which shifts the population to a more homogeneous type. The concept of orthokinetic coagulation is important physiologically since it is advantageous to incorporate monomers onto fibers as quickly as possible.
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Reports on the topic "Polymerization mechanisms"

1

Katz, Thomas J. Polymer Syntheses and Mechanisms of Polymerization. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1991. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada233034.

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2

Daniel Szymanski. The Arabidopsis Wave Complex: Mechanisms Of Localized Actin Polymerization And Growth. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), October 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1053522.

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3

Matyjaszewski, K. Mechanism of the Initiation of the Cationic Polymerization of Styrenes by Silanes and Activated Covalent Esters. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada206502.

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4

Wallace, Kevin C., Andy H. Liu, John C. Dewan, and Richard R. Schrock. Preparation and Reactions of Tantalum Alkylidene Complexes Containing Bulky Phenoxide or Thiolate Ligands. Controlling Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization Activity and Mechanism Through Choice of Anionic Ligand. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada198293.

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