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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymerisation'

To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Polymerisation.

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 31 July 2024

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1

Goto, Hiromasa. "Polymerisation on Bio-Tissues." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 68 (July 2016): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.68.18.

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Preparation of electro-active polymers having characteristic surface on biological tissue was carried out. Direct polymerisation on biological material with unique structure can be a new method to obtain functional structure with no use of top-down or bottom-up technologies. Polymerisations of pyrrole, aniline, and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) were carried out on the bio-tissues. Surface structure of the bio-tissue/conducting polymer composite was observed with optical microscopy. The results of the present study involve demonstration of deposition of conducting polymers on the surface of wood, membrane of egg, fungus, flower, and bacteria in the water medium. This method allows preparation of electro-active composites with ordered structure through combination of structures of biological tissues. Note that electrochemical polymerisation in bacterial electrolyte solution can be a first example to date.

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2

Goto, Hiromasa. "Polymerisation on Bio-Tissues." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 68 (July 19, 2016): 18–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-50cxcl.

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Preparation of electro-active polymers having characteristic surface on biological tissue was carried out. Direct polymerisation on biological material with unique structure can be a new method to obtain functional structure with no use of top-down or bottom-up technologies. Polymerisations of pyrrole, aniline, and 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene (EDOT) were carried out on the bio-tissues. Surface structure of the bio-tissue/conducting polymer composite was observed with optical microscopy. The results of the present study involve demonstration of deposition of conducting polymers on the surface of wood, membrane of egg, fungus, flower, and bacteria in the water medium. This method allows preparation of electro-active composites with ordered structure through combination of structures of biological tissues. Note that electrochemical polymerisation in bacterial electrolyte solution can be a first example to date.

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3

Betz, Kai C., Anna Westhues, and Werner Pauer. "Kinetic Study on Acrylic Acid Polymerisations in Isopropanol." Applied Sciences 11, no. 20 (October 18, 2021): 9719. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11209719.

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The radical polymerisation of acrylic acid is largely concentration dependent and affected by the type of the surrounding solvent. This work investigates reaction rate constants, the activation energy, heat flux and the molecular weight in the industrially relevant synthesis of low molecular mass acrylic acid polymers in 2-propanol. The polymerisations were carried out isothermally in an RC1e calorimeter with inline Raman spectroscopy for monomer concentration monitoring. For a non-neutralised acrylic acid in isopropanol (150 g/L), a monomer reaction order of 1.73 ± 0.15, an activation energy of 58.6 ± 0.8 kJ/mol (0.5 mol% AIBN) and 88.5 ± 1.5 kJ/mol (1.0 mol% AIBN), and a reaction enthalpy of 66.4 ± 4.8 kJ/mol could be shown. This data is in accordance with the literature values for acrylic acid polymerisation in water. In addition, linear correlations between the respective reaction parameters and the molecular weight for customised polymer synthesis in the range from 1.2 to 1.7 × 104 g/mol could be established. In comparison with aqueous acrylic acid polymerisation, it was found that the reaction rate constants in isopropanol were slower by a factor of approximately 10 under similar reaction conditions.

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4

Połowiński, Stefan. "Template polymerisation and co-polymerisation." Progress in Polymer Science 27, no. 3 (April 2002): 537–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6700(01)00035-1.

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5

Campbell, Jonathan, Harrison Inglis, Elson Ng WeiLong, Cheylan McKinley, and David Lewis. "Morphology Control in a Dual-Cure System for Potential Applications in Additive Manufacturing." Polymers 11, no. 3 (March 5, 2019): 420. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym11030420.

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The polymerisation, morphology and mechanical properties of a two-component in-situ reacting system consisting of a rubbery dimethacrylate and a rigid epoxy polymer were investigated. The methacrylate component of the mixture was photocured using UV light exposure and, in a second curing process, the mixture was thermally postcured. The polymers formed a partially miscible system with two glass transition temperature (Tg) peaks measured using dynamic mechanical thermal analysis (DMTA). The composition and relative rate of reaction of the two orthogonal polymerisations influenced the extent of miscibility of the two polymer-rich phases and the samples were transparent, indicating that the two phases were finely dispersed. The addition of a glycidyl methacrylate compatibiliser further increased the miscibility of the two polymers. The utility of this polymer system for additive manufacturing was investigated and simulated through layer-by-layer processing of the mixture in two steps. Firstly, the methacrylate component was photocured to solidify the material into its final shape, whilst the second step of thermal curing was used to polymerise the epoxy component. With the use of a simulated photomask, a simple shape was formed using the two orthogonal polymerisation stages to produce a solid object. The mechanical properties of this two-phase system were superior to a control sample made only of the methacrylate component, indicating that some reinforcing due to polymerisation of the epoxy across the interfaces had occurred in the postcuring stage.

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6

Lloyd, Anthony C., and Robert F. T. Stepto. "Rate theory of random polymerisation: RA3 polymerisation." British Polymer Journal 17, no. 2 (June 1985): 190–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.4980170219.

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7

Houliston, E. "Microtubule translocation and polymerisation during cortical rotation in Xenopus eggs." Development 120, no. 5 (May 1, 1994): 1213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1242/dev.120.5.1213.

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The development of dorsal axial structures in frogs depends on a process of cortical rotation in which the cortex of the fertilised egg becomes displaced with respect to the cytoplasm. An array of aligned microtubules that develops between the vegetal cortex and cytoplasm is implicated in generating movement. Rhodamine-tubulin was injected into eggs to allow patterns of microtubule movement and polymerisation in the vegetal array to be examined. Time-lapse video microscopy of living eggs showed that mo st of these microtubules move with the vegetal cytoplasm relative to the cortex, at the same speed as cytoplasmic pigment granules. This implies that movement is generated between the microtubules of the vegetal array and the cortex. A few microtubules we re also detected that appeared immobile with respect to the cortex. Rhodamine-tubulin became incorporated into vegetal microtubules when injected at any time during the period of cortical rotation. The newly formed microtubules connected the vegetal array and internal cytoplasm. This indicates that local outward-direct ed polymerisation continues in this region as the cortex translocates. Experiments with low doses of nocodazole showed that this continuing polymerisation does not contribute to the rotation. Concentrations of the drug that prevented tubulin polymerisatio n had no effect on the speed of rotation if applied after the vegetal array had formed. The same doses prevented movement if applied early enough to prevent the formation of the array. These observations support the idea that mechanochemical enzymes assoc iated with the vegetal microtubules translocate the cortex along microtubules anchored in the subcortical cytoplasm.

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8

Bagheri, Ali, Suzanne Boniface, and Christopher M. Fellows. "Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerisation: chain polymerisation made simple." Chemistry Teacher International 3, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 19–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cti-2020-0025.

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Abstract Reversible-Deactivation Radical Polymerisation (RDRP) is one of the most exciting developments in chemistry over the past few decades, but it is rarely mentioned when polymerisation mechanisms are introduced in the final years of secondary education or first years of tertiary education. We propose that this is unfortunate, as RDRP is simpler than conventional Radical Polymerisation both conceptually and in terms of setting quantitative problems, and that it illustrates several other important features of chemistry as a human endeavour: How essential mechanistic unities are hidden by the details of how we write a chemical reaction, how a ‘bug’ in one stage of development of a process can become a ‘feature’ in a later stage, and how exciting changes can occur quite suddenly in fields thought to be mature and uninteresting.

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9

Limer, Adam, Alex Heming, Ian Shirley, and David Haddleton. "Living radical polymerisation in heterogeneous conditions—suspension polymerisation." European Polymer Journal 41, no. 4 (April 2005): 805–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2004.11.002.

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10

Kudo, Yuki, Kosuke Kawabata, and Hiromasa Goto. "Crystal Surface/Liquid Crystal Interfacial Polymerisation: Preparation of Helical π-Conjugated Polymer on Mineral Crystal." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 69 (August 2016): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.69.58.

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Crystal surface/liquid crystal interfacial polymerisation was developed. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT, EDOT = ethylene dioxythiophene) and poly(EDOT-fluorene-EDOT) were prepared in a cholesteric liquid crystal electrolyte solution on the surface of pyrite. Polymerisation in liquid crystal produces polymers showing fingerprint structure through transcription of molecular aggregation in the polymerisation process. Surface structures of the polymers were observed with circular polarised differential interference contrast microscopy (C-DIM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The polymerisation reaction proceeds interface between liquid crystal and pyrite surface. The polymers thus prepared in liquid crystal on the pyrite shows fingerprint structure on steps structure of pyrite. This is a first report of liquid crystal interfacial electrochemical polymerisation on a natural mineral crystal.

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11

Kudo, Yuki, Kosuke Kawabata, and Hiromasa Goto. "Crystal Surface/Liquid Crystal Interfacial Polymerisation: Preparation of Helical π-Conjugated Polymer on Mineral Crystal." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 69 (August 12, 2016): 58–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-gbm721.

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Crystal surface/liquid crystal interfacial polymerisation was developed. Poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT, EDOT = ethylene dioxythiophene) and poly(EDOT-fluorene-EDOT) were prepared in a cholesteric liquid crystal electrolyte solution on the surface of pyrite. Polymerisation in liquid crystal produces polymers showing fingerprint structure through transcription of molecular aggregation in the polymerisation process. Surface structures of the polymers were observed with circular polarised differential interference contrast microscopy (C-DIM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). The polymerisation reaction proceeds interface between liquid crystal and pyrite surface. The polymers thus prepared in liquid crystal on the pyrite shows fingerprint structure on steps structure of pyrite. This is a first report of liquid crystal interfacial electrochemical polymerisation on a natural mineral crystal.

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12

Abdel-Hafiz, S. A. "Grafting of Acrylamide to Loomstate Cotton Fabric Using Potassium Permanganate-Thiourea Redox System." Engineering Plastics 3, no. 1 (January 1995): 147823919500300. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147823919500300106.

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Graft polymerisation of acrylamide (Aam) to loomstate cotton fabric using a KMnO4 H2N-C-NH2 system was studied under a variety of conditions. The polymerisation reaction was studied with respect to graft yield, homopolymer total conversion and graft efficiency. Results indicated that the polymerisation reaction was found to depend upon the concentrations of potassium permanganate, thiourea and acrylamide, as well as upon the pH of the reaction medium, reaction time and temperature of polymerisation. Based on detailed investigation of these parameters, the optimal grafting was obtained with 0.04 g/1 kMnO4; 0.06 g/1 thiourea; pH 3; temperature 80°C and time 60 minutes.

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13

Abdel-Hafiz, S. A. "Grafting of Acrylamide to Loomstate Cotton Fabric Using Potassium Permanganate-Thiourea Redox System." Polymers and Polymer Composites 3, no. 1 (January 1995): 41–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/096739119500300106.

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Graft polymerisation of acrylamide (Aam) to loomstate cotton fabric using a KMnO4 H2N-C-NH2 system was studied under a variety of conditions. The polymerisation reaction was studied with respect to graft yield, homopolymer total conversion and graft efficiency. Results indicated that the polymerisation reaction was found to depend upon the concentrations of potassium permanganate, thiourea and acrylamide, as well as upon the pH of the reaction medium, reaction time and temperature of polymerisation. Based on detailed investigation of these parameters, the optimal grafting was obtained with 0.04 g/1 kMnO4; 0.06 g/1 thiourea; pH 3; temperature 80°C and time 60 minutes.

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14

Kamaruddin, Mohd Johari, Muhammad Abbas Ahmad Zaini, Anwar Johari, and Tuan Amran Tuan Abdullah. "Dielectric Properties for the Ring Opening Polymerisation of ε-Caprolactone." Applied Mechanics and Materials 493 (January 2014): 621–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.493.621.

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A dielectric property study was performed across a wide range of frequencies and temperatures onring opening polymerisation of ε-caprolactone system in order to relate quantitatively their dielectric properties to microwave heating mechanisms. An analysis of the results concluded that heating mechanism of the polymerisation mixtures in a microwave field was controlled by the dielectric properties of monomer, where the monomer was the major component (>90 % volume/volume) as well as the component with highest dielectric loss and dissipation factor. The penetration depth of mixtures at 2.45 GHz was noted to increase from ~0.58 cm (at 20 C) to ~3.3 cm (at 150 °C). This small penetration depth limits the potential to achieve the successful scale up of a microwave-assisted polymerisation of ε-caprolactone in batch mode at 2.45 GHz. As a result, this will lead to inhomogeneous bulk temperature distribution within the polymerisation mixture and irreproducible chemistry. However, a fast heating rate based on a high value of dissipation factor and dielectric loss of the polymerisation mixtures shows potential to enable the reaction to be completed in a few seconds that may allow the polymerisation to be transferred to a continuous flow process. In so doing, small diameter tubular reactors can be employed hence removing this penetration depth issue. Thus, the polymerisation mixtures dielectric properties are worth to be considered to ensure the reliability and reproducibility of the microwave assisted synthesis of poly-ε-caprolactone at large scale production.

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15

Nasyrov, I. Sh, V. Yu Faizova, D. A. Zhavoronkov, V. P. Zakharov, and E. M. Zakharova. "Comparison of Laboratory and Industrial Data on the Monomer Conversion during the Polymerisation of Isoprene." International Polymer Science and Technology 44, no. 11 (November 2017): 5–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x1704401102.

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The results of a comparative analysis of the kinetic relationships governing the polymerisation of isoprene in the presence of titanium and neodymium catalysts, obtained under laboratory conditions and on industrial units of an operating high-tonnage synthetic rubber plant, are set out. It is shown that the conversion curve for the polymerisation of isoprene in the presence of a neodymium catalyst hardly depends on the conditions of monomer solution preparation (laboratory or industrial conditions). Under conditions of industrial production over a titanium catalyst, the monomer solution is polymerised at a lower rate by comparison with an isoprene solution prepared under laboratory conditions, which is possibly due to the presence of isoamylenes. The polymerisation of isoprene in a cascade of three polymerisation reactors in the presence of a neodymium catalyst is characterised by a lower rate by comparison with synthesis conducted by a batch method in laboratory dilatometers. The synthesis of polyisoprene in the presence of a titanium catalyst in a cascade of two high-volume polymerisation reactors proceeds at a greater rate by comparison with laboratory conditions. Comparison of the polymerisation rate in this case is qualitative in nature, as the polymerisation temperature under laboratory conditions amounted to 20°C, while under industrial conditions, with adiabatic heating up of the reaction mixture, the temperature increased from 0 to 52°C for the neodymium catalyst and from −5 to 55°C for the titanium catalyst.

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16

Orowitz, Tirza Ecclesia, Patria Pari Agnes Ago Ana Sombo, Driyanti Rahayu, and Aliya Nur Hasanah. "Microsphere Polymers in Molecular Imprinting: Current and Future Perspectives." Molecules 25, no. 14 (July 17, 2020): 3256. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143256.

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Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs) are specific crosslinked polymers that exhibit binding sites for template molecules. MIPs have been developed in various application areas of biology and chemistry; however, MIPs have some problems, including an irregular material shape. In recent years, studies have been conducted to overcome this drawback, with the synthesis of uniform microsphere MIPs or molecularly imprinted microspheres (MIMs). The polymer microsphere is limited to a minimum size of 5 nm and a molecular weight of 10,000 Da. This review describes the methods used to produce MIMs, such as precipitation polymerisation, controlled/‘Living’ radical precipitation polymerisation (CRPP), Pickering emulsion polymerisation and suspension polymerisation. In addition, some green chemistry aspects and future perspectives will also be given.

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17

Irawan, Yan, Ika Juliana, and Emil Budianto. "Synthesis of palm oil based polymeric ester through cationic addition polymerisation method." Malaysian Journal of Fundamental and Applied Sciences 17, no. 1 (February 27, 2021): 16–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/mjfas.v17n1.1524.

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In this study, the synthesis of palm oil-based polymeric ester for application as a polymeric surfactant was carried out by a cationic addition polymerisation method through two steps. The initial step is a synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters oleate (FAMEO) through esterification reaction between oleic acid and methanol. The optimum conditions of the esterification reaction were carried out at a temperature of 70–80oC for 4 hours with the addition of 1wt% sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The molar ratio between oleic acid and methanol was 1:3. FAMEO was analysed using GCMS to determine the methyl ester content. The second step is the polymerisation of FAMEO. The polymerisation reaction of FAMEO was carried out at 120, 140, and 160oC with 1wt%, 3wt% and 5wt% of boron trifluoride dihydrate as a catalyst and an initiator of polymerisation reaction for 4 to 24 hours of reaction. The reaction conversion of the product was 66%. The polymeric ester was analysed H-NMR. Meanwhile, the molecular weight of that product was 1714 g/mol which analysed using GPC and the PDI was 1.12346 or equal to 1.12. It means that the polymerisation technique was controlled or living polymerisation, which indicates that the distribution type of this product was narrow monodisperse.

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18

Jiang, X., L. Lin, X. Bai, S. Wang, and C. Wang. "Investigation on the modification to solvent-containing two-component polyurethane coating by carbon nanotubes." Pigment & Resin Technology 44, no. 5 (September 7, 2015): 300–305. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-03-2015-0032.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the effects of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) on the mechanical, thermal and colour properties of solvent-containing two-component polyurethane (PU) coating. Design/methodology/approach – Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and observation of dispersion stability were used to assess the effects of acid treatment on CNTs. The CNTs and PU composite coating was synthesised by in situ polymerisation and bending polymerisation, and the mechanical, thermal and colour appearance properties of coating were characterised. Findings – It was found that desirable modifications to CNTs occurred after acid treatment; thus, mainly carboxylic acid groups were introduced onto the surface of CNTs. And the acid-treated CNTs could improve the mechanical and thermal properties of PU coating, and the properties of composite coating was improved more successfully by in situ polymerisation than by blending polymerisation. Practical implications – The investigation established a method to synthesise CNTs and PU composite coating. The mechanical and thermal properties of PU coating could be improved by the inclusion of CNTs. Originality/value – This study established a method to synthesise CNTs and PU composite coating by in situ polymerisation and blending polymerisation; the effects of CNTs on modifying mechanical, thermal and colour properties of PU coating were investigated and compared in detail.

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19

Williams, M., N. J. W. Penfold, and S. P. Armes. "Cationic and reactive primary amine-stabilised nanoparticles via RAFT aqueous dispersion polymerisation." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 2 (2016): 384–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5py01577d.

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Synthesis of cationic reactive primary amine-functionalized diblock copolymer nano-objects via polymerisation-induced self-assembly (PISA) using a RAFT aqueous dispersion polymerisation formulation is reported.

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20

Lundquist, Nicholas A., Max J. H. Worthington, Nick Adamson, Christopher T. Gibson, Martin R. Johnston, Amanda V. Ellis, and Justin M. Chalker. "Polysulfides made from re-purposed waste are sustainable materials for removing iron from water." RSC Advances 8, no. 3 (2018): 1232–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7ra11999b.

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21

Nowakowska, M. "Olefin Polymerisation Catalysts." International Polymer Science and Technology 29, no. 6 (June 2002): 78–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0307174x0202900617.

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22

Trofimov, Boris A., Albina I. Mikhaleva, and L. V. Morozova. "Polymerisation ofN-Vinylpyrroles." Russian Chemical Reviews 54, no. 6 (June 30, 1985): 609–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/rc1985v054n06abeh003095.

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23

Chiriac, A. P., and C. I. Simionescu. "Magnetic field polymerisation." Progress in Polymer Science 25, no. 2 (March 2000): 219–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0079-6700(99)00037-4.

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24

Shaver, Michael, and Antoine Buchard. "Ring opening polymerisation." European Polymer Journal 129 (April 2020): 109600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2020.109600.

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25

Nowakowska, M. "Olefin Polymerisation Catalysts." Progress in Rubber, Plastics and Recycling Technology 18, no. 4 (November 2002): 297–316. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/147776060201800406.

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Polyolefins, which are products of polymerisation of unsaturated hydrocarbons of the olefin series, have a molecular weight in the range from several thousands to several millions. Depending on the type of monomer and method and mechanism of polymerisation the resulting polyolefins may differ in their structure and molecular weight. They can be used in many applications, for example as constructional plastics and in packaging, fibres, rubbers, and also as additives to control the viscosity of motor oils(1). As regards their scale of production polyolefins occupy the top position among mass-produced polymers(2).

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26

Decker, C. "Photoinitiated crosslinking polymerisation." Progress in Polymer Science 21, no. 4 (January 1996): 593–650. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0079-6700(95)00027-5.

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27

Braun, Dietrich. "Photosensibilisierte radikalische Polymerisation." Angewandte Makromolekulare Chemie 183, no. 1 (December 1990): 17–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/apmc.1990.051830102.

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28

Waterman, H. I., J. Over, and A. J. Tulleners. "Polymerisation of isobutene." Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 53, no. 8 (September 3, 2010): 699–702. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19340530804.

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29

Waterman, H. I., J. J. Leendertse, and W. M. Klazinga. "Polymerisation of pentenes." Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 54, no. 1 (September 3, 2010): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19350540112.

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30

Waterman, H. I., J. J. Leendertse, and A. C. ter Poorten. "Polymerisation of cyclohexene." Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 54, no. 3 (September 3, 2010): 245–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19350540312.

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31

Waterman, H. I., J. J. Leendertse, and W. A. A. Blanche Koelensmid. "Polymerisation of pinene." Recueil des Travaux Chimiques des Pays-Bas 55, no. 1 (September 3, 2010): 7–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/recl.19360550103.

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32

Conway, Steven J., John W. Falconer, and Colin H. Rochester. "Chromia/silica–titania cogel catalysts for ethene polymerisation. Polymerisation kinetics." Journal of the Chemical Society, Faraday Transactions 1: Physical Chemistry in Condensed Phases 85, no. 1 (1989): 71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/f19898500071.

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33

Goto, Hiromasa. "Polymerisation of Aniline on the Butterfly Scale: Bio-Interface Polymerisation." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 62 (November 2015): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ilcpa.62.34.

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Synthesis of polyaniline on butterfly scale was carried out. Polyaniline emeraldine salt was deposited on the surface of the buttefly scales to form bio/synthetic polymer composite. This research demonstrates bio-interface polymerisation on the butterfly scales.

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34

Goto, Hiromasa. "Polymerisation of Aniline on the Butterfly Scale: Bio-Interface Polymerisation." International Letters of Chemistry, Physics and Astronomy 62 (November 27, 2015): 34–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.56431/p-x571b9.

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Synthesis of polyaniline on butterfly scale was carried out. Polyaniline emeraldine salt was deposited on the surface of the buttefly scales to form bio/synthetic polymer composite. This research demonstrates bio-interface polymerisation on the butterfly scales.

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35

Andami, Fatemeh, Maryam Ataeefard, Farhood Najafi, and Mohammad Reza Saeb. "From suspension toward emulsion and mini-emulsion polymerisation to control particle size, particle size distribution, and sphereness of printing toner." Pigment & Resin Technology 45, no. 5 (September 5, 2016): 363–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/prt-07-2015-0066.

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Purpose Printing toners are polymer composites accountable for transmission of digital images onto target substrates. Bearing in mind the ever increasing demand for high quality digital printing, modification and/or integration of existing techniques for manufacturing toners with favourable morphological and colour characteristics appears of vital importance. The present study aims to uncover the significance of in-situ polymerisation method, i.e. suspension, emulsion and mini-emulsion to control the microstructure of toner particles (particle size, particle size distribution and sphereness) while keeping the energy required for polymerisation along with reaction conversion at a reasonable level. Design/methodology/approach Assessment of particle size, particle size distribution and reaction conversion visualised the potential of suspension, emulsion and mini-emulsion polymerisation techniques to control microstructure, and colour characteristics of synthesized toners as well. Findings The results provided support for the fact that either the emulsion or mini-emulsion polymerisation routes will result in toners having an acceptable particle size and particle size distribution in the presence of a redox precursor. The higher monomer conversion at low temperature, as compared to the suspension polymerisation, was noticeable. Practical implications Analysing the glass transition temperature and colour characteristics of the resulting toners elucidated the superiority of mini-emulsion with respect to the other two cases which ranks this method on account of application. Originality/value For the first time, mini-emulsion route was put into practice and toners with acceptable colour and microstructure features were synthesised. In spite of lower polymerisation temperature and higher conversion of mini-emulsion compared to suspension and emulsion polymerisation techniques, further investigations are required to fine-tuning the properties of toners produced through this method.

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36

Yi, Jun, Naoki Nakatani, and Kotohiro Nomura. "Solution XANES and EXAFS analysis of active species of titanium, vanadium complex catalysts in ethylene polymerisation/dimerisation and syndiospecific styrene polymerisation." Dalton Transactions 49, no. 24 (2020): 8008–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0dt01139h.

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Mechanistic studies through the solution XANES and EXAFS analysis for V and Ti complex catalysed ethylene polymerisation/dimerization, and syndiospecific styrene polymerisation, including interpretation of the XANES spectra, have been introduced.

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37

Kaitsuka, Yuki, and Hiromasa Goto. "Synthesis of Conductive Cocoon Silk Composites." Fibres and Textiles in Eastern Europe 25 (February 28, 2017): 17–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0010.1705.

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Herein we report on the preparation of polyaniline (PANI) composite using a cocoon by in situ chemical oxidative polymerisation. The composites thus prepared were characterised by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared (IR), and electron spin resonance (ESR) spectroscopy. We confirmed the PANI/cocoon composite and subsequent carbonisation allowed the formation of micro-sized wafer-shaped carbon. The polymerisation reaction occurs in a chiral reaction field of the silk surface, which can be referred to as bio-interface polymerisation.

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38

Kuroishi, Paula K., Michael J. Bennison, and Andrew P. Dove. "Synthesis and post-polymerisation modification of an epoxy-functional polycarbonate." Polymer Chemistry 7, no. 46 (2016): 7108–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6py01636g.

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The synthesis and post-polymerisation functionalisation of an epoxide-functional polycarbonate via the selective carbonate ring-opening polymerisation (ROP) of trimethylenepropane oxirane ether carbonate (TMOC) monomer was investigated using a range of organocatalysts.

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39

Mandal, Joydeb, R. S. Varunprasaath, Wenqing Yan, Mohammad Divandari, Nicholas D. Spencer, and Matthias Dübner. "In situ monitoring of SI-ATRP throughout multiple reinitiations under flow by means of a quartz crystal microbalance." RSC Advances 8, no. 36 (2018): 20048–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ra03073a.

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The polymerisation of 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA) by means of surface-initiated atom transfer radical polymerisation (SI-ATRP) has been studied in situ using a quartz crystal microbalance, with multiple reinitiations under continuous flow of the reaction mixture.

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40

Chandrashekara, M. N., D. Desai, and M. Chanda. "Kinetics of solution polymerisation of trioxane—I. Polymerisation during induction period." European Polymer Journal 21, no. 9 (January 1985): 833–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0014-3057(85)90160-0.

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41

Miyazawa, Akira, and Yasuzo Suzuki. "Bridging effect in the Polymerisations of 1,3-Butadiene Catalysed by Me2SiCp2TiCl2/MAO catalyst. Polymerisation Activity and Stereospecificity." Journal of Chemical Research 2002, no. 10 (October 2002): 503–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.3184/030823402103170538.

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42

Low, Kaycee, Luke Wylie, David L. A. Scarborough, and Ekaterina I. Izgorodina. "Is it possible to control kinetic rates of radical polymerisation in ionic liquids?" Chemical Communications 54, no. 80 (2018): 11226–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cc02012d.

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This work predicted propagation rates of free radical polymerisation in clusters of ionic liquids: stabilisation of the propagating radical and deactivation of the monomer were found to be the main factors in controlling kinetic rates, allowing for controlled free radical polymerisation in ionic liquids.

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43

Kikuchi, Hirotsugu, Takahiro Ashimine, Zehui Qin, Hiroki Higuchi, Shizuka Anan, and Yasushi Okumura. "Enhancement of Polymer Structural Ordering in Polymer-Stabilised Blue Phases for Improved Electro-Optical Properties." Symmetry 13, no. 5 (April 29, 2021): 772. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/sym13050772.

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Polymer-stabilised blue phase (PSBP) could be employed in novel fast response optical and photonic devices. It is inferred that inside PSBPs, the polymers are selectively aggregated by location in −1/2 disclinations, which are defects coexisting with the blue phase as a periodic lattice, thereby extending the temperature range of the blue phase. The polymer aggregate structure in PSBPs strongly affects their physical properties. In this study, we employed a non-destructive synchrotron ultra-small-angle X-ray diffraction analysis to investigate the effect of polymerisation rates on the polymer aggregate structure in PSBPs prepared with monomers of different polymerisation rates and examined the structure formation process of the polymer during polymerisation. When methacrylate monomers, which exhibit a relatively low polymerisation rate, were used to form polymers in PSBP, the resulting polymer was more selectively aggregated at disclinations in the PSBP. Furthermore, the electro-optical effect in the PSBP was successfully improved by reducing the polymer concentration in the PSBPs prepared with the optimised monomer combinations.

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44

Nilsson, Ulf, and Margareta Nyman. "Short-chain fatty acid formation in the hindgut of rats fed oligosaccharides varying in monomeric composition, degree of polymerisation and solubility." British Journal of Nutrition 94, no. 5 (November 2005): 705–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1079/bjn20051531.

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The contents of short-chain fatty acids were investigated in rats fed lactitol, lactulose and four fructo-oligosaccharides of different degree of polymerisation and solubility. Fructo-oligosaccharides with a low degree of polymerisation (2–8) generated the highest levels of butyric acid all along the hindgut, whereas fructo-oligosaccharides with a high degree of polymerisation (10–60) generated the highest levels of propionic acid. These specific differences were also generally reflected in the caecal pools and molar proportions of short-chain fatty acids. The lower solubility of the fructo-oligosaccharides was related to a lower degree of caecal fermentation. Lactulose and lactitol yielded high proportions of acetic acid and low proportions of butyric acid. It is concluded that both the degree of polymerisation and the solubility may affect short-chain fatty acid formation, whereas the fructose contentper seseem to be of less importance. This may be of interest when designing foods with specific health effects.

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45

Macan, Matea, Ana Marošević, Bruno Špiljak, Luka Šimunović, Matej Par, Danijela Marovic, Danijela Juric-Kacunic, and Zrinka Tarle. "Proposition of New Testing Procedure for the Mechanical Properties of Bulk-Fill Materials." Materials 16, no. 13 (July 7, 2023): 4868. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma16134868.

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This study analysed flexural properties, microhardness, and the degree of conversion (DC) of five bulk-fill composites under clinically relevant conditions (4 mm thick specimens) in comparison to 2 mm specimens according to ISO 4049. Additionally, the effect of rapid polymerisation on 4 mm specimens was evaluated after accelerated aging. DC was measured using Fourier transform infrared spectrometry at 2 and 4 mm thick layers, while flexural properties and Vickers microhardness were tested using 16 × 2 × 2 mm or 16 × 2 × 4 mm specimens. Three polymerisation protocols were used: (I) “ISO”: 2 mm thickness, 1000 mW/cm2, double-sided; (II) “10 s”: 4 mm thickness, 1000 mW/cm2, one-sided; and (III) “3 s”: 4 mm thickness, 2600 mW/cm2, one-sided. Mechanical properties were tested after 1 day, after 10,000 thermocycles, and after 10,000 thermocycles followed by a 7-day immersion in absolute ethanol. The “ISO” protocol produced a higher DC and microhardness of all materials. Elastic modulus was significantly higher for the “ISO” protocol compared to the 4 mm specimens. The differences in flexural strength for all polymerisation protocols were equalised after thermocycling and immersion in absolute ethanol. All tested materials met the ISO 4049 flexural strength requirement (80 MPa) for all polymerisation methods and all aging conditions. Rapid polymerisation achieved nearly optimal properties (ISO), except for elastic modulus, which was significantly reduced in 4 mm samples.

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46

Fellows, Christopher. "Preliminary observations on the copolymerisation of acceptor monomer:donor monomer systems under microwave irradiation." Open Chemistry 3, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 40–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/bf02476236.

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AbstractThe mechanistic rationalisation of specific ‘microwave effects’ previously reported in a range of chemical reactions suggests that they may be observable in the freeradical copolymerisation of comonomer pairs capable of forming donor-acceptor complexes. Polymerisation under microwave irradiation is carried out for several comonomer pairs with weak donor-acceptor interactions, and no acceleration in rate or change in degree of alternation attributable to changes in propagation are observed. An increase in reaction rate of 150–200 % is observed for all systems, with trends in molecular weight suggesting this was due to an increase in radical flux. This is consistent with earlier reports of rate enhancement for free-radical polymerisations using the initiator 2,2′-azobis-isobutyronitrile, and it is proposed that microwave irradiation may reduce the amount of geminate radical recombination.

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Hahn, Ines, Andre Voelzmann, Jill Parkin, Judith B. Fülle, Paula G. Slater, Laura Anne Lowery, Natalia Sanchez-Soriano, and Andreas Prokop. "Tau, XMAP215/Msps and Eb1 co-operate interdependently to regulate microtubule polymerisation and bundle formation in axons." PLOS Genetics 17, no. 7 (July 6, 2021): e1009647. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1009647.

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The formation and maintenance of microtubules requires their polymerisation, but little is known about how this polymerisation is regulated in cells. Focussing on the essential microtubule bundles in axons of Drosophila and Xenopus neurons, we show that the plus-end scaffold Eb1, the polymerase XMAP215/Msps and the lattice-binder Tau co-operate interdependently to promote microtubule polymerisation and bundle organisation during axon development and maintenance. Eb1 and XMAP215/Msps promote each other’s localisation at polymerising microtubule plus-ends. Tau outcompetes Eb1-binding along microtubule lattices, thus preventing depletion of Eb1 tip pools. The three factors genetically interact and show shared mutant phenotypes: reductions in axon growth, comet sizes, comet numbers and comet velocities, as well as prominent deterioration of parallel microtubule bundles into disorganised curled conformations. This microtubule curling is caused by Eb1 plus-end depletion which impairs spectraplakin-mediated guidance of extending microtubules into parallel bundles. Our demonstration that Eb1, XMAP215/Msps and Tau co-operate during the regulation of microtubule polymerisation and bundle organisation, offers new conceptual explanations for developmental and degenerative axon pathologies.

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48

Hou, J. X., J. G. Wang, X. P. An, G. Q. Zhu, and B. Y. Cao. "Polymerisation effects of four microsatellites on litter size in Xinong Saanen goats." Animal Production Science 55, no. 8 (2015): 1051. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an13282.

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In this study, the polymerisation effects of four microsatellites (OarAE101, BM1329, BM143 and LSCV043) on litter size in Xinong Saanen goats were analysed by means of microsatellite marker and pedigrees, then associations between combined genotypes and litter size were performed. The results indicate that the individuals with A5A1B10B5C5C1D6D2 (3.10 ± 0.07) had greater litter sizes than those with other combined genotypes in terms of average parity (P < 0.05). Comparing A5A1B10B5C5C1D6D2 with A7A2B10B5C5C1D6D2, the polymerisation effect value of the A5A1 genotype litter size was 18.09% higher than that of the A7A2 genotype. Comparing A5A1B6B1C6C1D6D2 of the F1 generation with A5A1B6B1C7C3D6D2 of the F2 generation, it was shown that the polymerisation effect value of the C6C1 genotype was 37.93% higher than that of the C7C3 genotype. Comparing A5A1B6B1C8C4D4D1 of the F1 generation with A5A1B6B1C8C4D9D5 of the F2 generation, it was shown that the polymerisation effect value of the D4D1 genotype was 68.07% higher than that of the D9D5 genotype. These results suggested that A5A1B10B5C5C1D6D2 is a useful marker affecting caprine litter size.

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Wang, Zhilei, Chenyu Wu, and Wenjian Liu. "Toward the Rational Design of Organic Catalysts for Organocatalysed Atom Transfer Radical Polymerisation." Polymers 16, no. 3 (January 24, 2024): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym16030323.

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Thanks to their diversity, organic photocatalysts (PCs) have been widely used in manufacturing polymeric products with well-defined molecular weights, block sequences, and architectures. Still, however, more universal property-performance relationships are needed to enable the rational design of such PCs. That is, a set of unique descriptors ought to be identified to represent key properties of the PCs relevant for polymerisation. Previously, the redox potentials of excited PCs (PC*) were used as a good descriptor for characterising very structurally similar PCs. However, it fails to elucidate PCs with diverse chromophore cores and ligands, among which those used for polymerisation are a good representative. As showcased by model systems of organocatalysed atom transfer radical polymerisation (O-ATRP), new universal descriptors accounting for additional factors, such as the binding and density overlap between the PC* and initiator, are proposed and proved to be successful in elucidating the experimental performances of PCs in polymerisation. While O-ATRP is exemplified here, the approach adopted is general for studying other photocatalytic systems.

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50

Żmuda, Emil, and Andrzej Radomski. "Swelling and water resistance of black poplar wood (Populus nigra L.) modified by polymerisation in lumen with styrene." Annals of WULS, Forestry and Wood Technology 110 (June 30, 2020): 35–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0014.3679.

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Swelling and water resistance of black poplar wood (Populus nigra L.) modified by polymerisation in lumen with styrene. Polymerisation in lumen of black poplar (Populus nigra L.) was performed to improve wood properties related to interaction with water. Wood samples were modified with styrene or a mixture of styrene and maleic anhydride, using benzoyl peroxide as initiator. Polymerisation was conducted in closed vessels at a temperature up to 120 °C. Volume swelling and water absorbability of modified wood samples were measured. A significant decrease in the rate of water absorption was found, especially at the initial stage of soaking, resulting in 50 % decrease in volume swelling and 85 % decrease in water absorption.

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