Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polymérisation – Technique'
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Moussa, Khalil. "Etude de la photopolymérisation réticulante de monomères acryliques." Mulhouse, 1988. http://www.theses.fr/1988MULH0095.
Full textGaboune, Asmaa. "Utilisation de la technique de compoundage par polymérisation pour la préparation de nanocomposites de Polyéthylène/Montmorillonite." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23755/23755.pdf.
Full textGaboune, Asmaa. "Utilisation de la technique de compoundage par polymérisation pour la préparation de nanocomposite de polyéthylène/montmorillonite." Master's thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11794/18549.
Full textCurcio, Pasquale. "Approche semi-covalente pour la préparation de polymères imprimés par la technique de polymérisation en mini-émulsion." Strasbourg, 2009. https://publication-theses.unistra.fr/public/theses_doctorat/2009/CURCIO_Pasquale_2009.pdf.
Full textMolecular imprinting is a technique that enables the preparation of synthetic receptors in a highly cross-linked polymer matrix. This technique has known a remarkable development in recent decades, and has currently a large number of potential applications, such as stationary phase for chromatographic columns, as a support in solid phase extraction (SPE), as nanoreactors and as catalysts. During my thesis work, we developed a new method for the preparation of surface imprinted nanospheres, combining for the first time the semi-covalent approach with the miniemulsion polymerization. As a first step, we wanted to assess the parameters that influence the selectivity of molecular imprinted polymers (MIPs) prepared with this new imprinting technique. We prepared different imprinted polymers with an increasing number of carboxylic acid functions in the binding sites, using phosphorous templates. This increase leads to the generation of an artificial receptor with greater selectivity for the recognition of original analytes. Then, we applied the new imprinting technique to the preparation of artificial receptors for glucose derivative. The imprinted polymer showed an excellent imprinted factor and a remarkable selectivity for glucose, compared to other epimers. The selectivity factor found between glucopyranoside and galactopyranoside is the highest reported so far
Hochart, Fabienne. "Modification superficielle de films et tissus de polyacrylonitrile par la technique plasma froid." Lille 1, 1999. https://pepite-depot.univ-lille.fr/LIBRE/Th_Num/1999/50376-1999-309.pdf.
Full textSeyrig, Grégoire. "Fonctionnalisation de microparticules et de nanoparticules pour réaction de polymérisation en chaîne en phase solide." Thesis, Université Laval, 2007. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2007/24503/24503.pdf.
Full textBelin, Chantal. "Application de la photopolymérisation résolue dans l'espace au stockage d'informations optiques : étude d'une nouvelle technique utilisant les ondes évanescentes." Mulhouse, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994MULH0454.
Full textFarshchi, Tabrizi Farshad. "On-line monitoring of emulsion polymerisation by conductimetry and calorimetry." Lyon 1, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004LYO10224.
Full textMalafosse, Claire. "Polymérisation en miniémulsion inverse concentrée : transposition du réacteur semi-batch au microréacteur continu." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018INPT0121.
Full textPolymers are specialty ingredients used in many industrial sectors (cosmetic, health, nutraceuticals, detergency, painting, etc). Some act as rheology modifiers allowing the thickening of aqueous phases but also as emulsifiers, stabilisers or texturing agents. Polymers may be synthesised according to different processes depending on intended end-use properties. Inverse emulsion polymerisation is one of the classical processes. In an innovative environment, it is interesting to explore new processes in order to develop products whose end-use properties may potentially differ from products accessible in standard batch processes. In this perspective, the miniaturisation of processes and the transposition to continuous mode, which is made possible by microstructured technologies, represent a promising alternative. In this context, this work focuses on the transposition of a reverse concentrated miniemulsion polymerisation - not enough described in the literature - from a conventional batch process to continuous microfluidic devices. To address this issue, the homopolymerization of sodium acryloyldimethyltaurate (ATBS) has been chosen as a model reaction. The selected methodology, mainly experimental, consisted in acquiring physicochemical and kinetic data in a large range of process parameters by the use of microreactors. The main scientific issues this work attempted to address are (i) the implementation of analytical tools allowing a precise characterisation and the monitoring of the evolution of this complex reactive systems, (ii) the understanding of reaction mechanisms involved in this type of polymerisation, (iii) the influence of the transposition in a confined reactor and in continuous mode on end-use properties of products, (iv) the understanding of involved phenomena (hydrodynamics, heat and mass transfers), their coupling and their influence on the behaviour of the emulsion and the performances of the reaction. Firstly, a detailed pre-analysis of the reactive system and its implementation in a batch process have been realised; the objectives were to map the involved phenomena and define characterisation and monitoring methods adapted to the system. The polymerisation has then been implemented both in 1 L and in few millilitres stirred fed-batch reactors, allowing to evaluate the influence of the size change of the process. In addition to the state of art, these first results lead to the design of a microreactor adapted to the targeted reaction. A third part of this work has been dedicated to the study of the behaviour of the emulsion in unreactive conditions in microreactor with high temperatures. At last, it has been possible to implement the reaction in a microreactor and to evaluate the influence of this transposition on the end-use properties, as well as the mechanisms and phenomena involved in the reverse concentrated miniemulsion polymerisation
Choulak, Samir Eddine. "Modélisation et Commande d'un procédé d'Extrusion Réactive." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00116677.
Full textLa modélisation a été réalisée en adoptant une démarche mixte alliant l'aspect mécanique des milieux continus à celui du génie des procédés. Le schéma d'écoulement intrinsèquement à paramètres distribués, est approché par une cascade de réacteurs parfaitement agités avec reflux. Les caractéristiques de l'écoulement sont issues de la mécanique des fluides. Le modèle global est alors obtenu en écrivant sur chaque RCPA de la cascade les bilans d'énergie sur la matière, les fourreaux et les vis puis les bilans de masse globaux et par espèce.
Cette étape de modélisation a été suivie par une phase d'analyse dans le but de simplifier les phénomènes les moins influents sur l'évolution des variables d'état du procédé (température, pression, viscosité,...) puis par une étape de réduction de modèle.
Enfin, la synthèse de la loi de commande a été effectuée à partir du linéarisé autour d'un point de fonctionnement de ce modèle réduit. La technique de commande utilisée a été la synthèse Hinf, avec modèle de référence sur la trajectoire en viscosité. Cette synthèse a abouti à une loi de commande satisfaisante fonctionnant à la fois sur le modèle linéarisé mais aussi sur le modèle complet non linéaire au voisinage du domaine de fonctionnement.
Moja, Sandrine. "Dosage de l'amplification et de l'expression de l'oncogène c-myc : mise au point d'une technique de quantification par la réaction de polymérisation en chaîne." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994GRE19007.
Full textMedard, Nicolas. "Elaboration par la technique des plasmas froids de nouveaux catalyseurs métallocène supportés par un film polymère." Phd thesis, Université du Maine, 2000. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009643.
Full textLes espèces réactives du plasma de dioxyde de carbone (ions, métastables,...) induisent une modification des propriétés physico-chimiques superficielles du polymère se traduisant principalement par une fonctionnalisation sous forme de groupements oxygénés. Une dégradation superficielle ainsi qu'une cristallisation et une réticulation sont également observées. La fonctionnalisation superficielle sous forme d'acides carboxyliques se produit suivant un mécanisme faisant intervenir les espèces actives CO2 du plasma. L'oxygène atomique (O3P et/ou O1D) créé lors de la décharge plasma apparaît largement responsable du processus de dégradation se caractérisant par l'apparition d'une faible rugosité en surface du matériau ainsi que par la formation de produits de faible masse.
La fixation du catalyseur métallocène (Ind2MCl2) a été réalisée par étapes successives sur le support de polyéthylène traité. L'existence d'une seule espèce catalytique liée à la surface de façon covalente permet la synthèse de polymères de distribution en masse étroite. La réutilisation du catalyseur supporté, sans perte notable d'activité, ni modification des caractéristiques du polymère synthétisé, est également montrée. Une modélisation moléculaire permet de définir la conformation méso comme étant d'un point de vue énergétique la plus stable et ce, de façon d'autant plus marquée que les interactions entre ligands aromatiques augmentent. La nature de la tacticité du polystyrène synthétisé est expliquée par la conformation du catalyseur supporté.
Sandulache, Mihai-Cristinel. "Caractérisation in vitro de la technique endovasculaire d'embolisation par colle chirurgicale." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1983.
Full textGlue embolization is a minimally invasive endovascular technique used to arrest the blood flow by injecting a mixture of liquid surgical glue and iodized oil, which polymerizes in contact with blood. It is currently performed based on empirical knowledge and the skills of the interventional radiologist. The aim of the thesis is to conduct a fundamental study of the convection and the polymerization of the mixture of glue in the blood flow. The thesis focuses in particular on the study of liver embolization. An experimental device was developed to reproduce in vitro the injection of glue into the portal vein. The experiments were performed in similarity to the physiological case. At first, we have neglected the polymerization of the glue and we used two non-polymerizing immiscible liquids. During the injection of the inner liquid into an outer one in confined co-flow, the ejection regimes 'dripping' and 'jetting' have been identified, the transition between the two regimes being governed by the number of Weber. A theoretical model was developed to predict the droplet size in the dripping regime. In a second step, we approached the physiological case by injecting mixtures of surgical glue in a liquid simulating the blood. We studied the effect of polymerization on the injected liquid convection. Polymerization leads to changes in physical properties of the interface between two liquids in the sense of preventing the detachment of the injected liquid. The results allow the optimization technique of embolization
Chu, Thi-Xuan. "Fabrication et caractérisation de populations de microcapsules avec une technique microfluidique." Compiègne, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011COMP1959.
Full textWe have developed an inverse analysis method that combines a microfluidic technique with a numerical simulation to determine the shear modulus of microcapsule populations. This method is simple and allows the discrimination between various microcapsule populations made of cross-linked ovalbumin membranes that are fabricated at different physico-chemical conditions (pH and time of reticulation). Our method showed that the mechanical properties of the microcapsule membrane were correlated with the degree of reticulation used during the fabrication. We also designed a microsystem for online fabrication and characterization of microcapsules. The microsystem is divided in three parts. The first part consists of two successive Y junctions (flow-focusing) controlling the droplet fabrication and the injection of the cross-linking agent. The second is a wavy microchannel controlling the reticulation time of the microcapsules. Then, the third part is a cylindrical microchannel that allows online characterization of mechanical properties of the microcapsule membrane. We have shown that the droplet size increased with the flow rate ratio of continuous and dispersed phases, but did not change with the flow rate of the reticulation phase. The online reticulation has been demonstrated by the crinkles on the membranes. Finally, the mechanical properties were extracted successfully demonstrating the potential of our approach
Gouriet, Frédérique. "Mise au point d'une nouvelle technique par microarray antigénique pour le diagnostic sérologique par syndrome en maladies infectieuses." Aix-Marseille 2, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009AIX20652.
Full textReculusa, Stéphane. "Synthèse de matériaux d'architecture contrôlée à base de silice colloïdale." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2004. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00009245.
Full textBreilly, Damien. "Synthèse d'adjuvant pour l'industrie du béton via la fonctionnalisation de lignines industrielles et la conception de nouveaux polymères biosourcés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AGPT0010.
Full textThe concrete industry is one of the most important, but also the most polluting industries of the 21st century due to the cement manufacturing. Many solutions exist in order to reduce its environmental impact, unfortunately they result in a significant drop of the properties of concrete in terms of fluidity, workability during time and mechanical resistance. The use of organic adjuvants allows recovering these properties, but these are petro-sourced and their synthesis is not currently sustainable. Here in, we have proposed prospects for replacing the petrochemical superplasticizers by biosourced (macro)molecules.These (macro)molecules must, at the same time, adsorb themselves on the cement but also possess a repulsive effect leading to the lowering of the critical stresses of the cement paste for the same quantity of water. To reach these performances, we presented here two strategies: (1) the chemical and enzymatic modification of an industrial lignin (i.e., sodium lignosulfonate), as well as (2) chemo-enzymatic synthesis routes for new bio-sourced monomers from vanillin, as well as their polymerization by the ADMET route, making it possible to obtain post-functionalizable polymers.The macromolecules resulting from these two strategies were then tested on cement slurry to determine their adsorption property as well as their fluidizing power. Although a non-negligible effect of these molecules on the rheology has been demonstrated, the preliminary results have not revealed properties comparable to those of the currently used superplasticizers. Nevertheless, the great flexibility of the developed synthetic routes and the structural design of the monomers should allow to modulate the properties of these new macromolecules, thus opening the way to future developments of adjuvants
Marques, Carrera Luiz Carlos. "Etude de nouveaux photoamorceurs générant des radicaux libres et des acides sulfoniques : application aux nouvelles résines de masquage utilisées en microélectronique VLSI." Montpellier 2, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993MON20041.
Full textJaufurally, Abdus Samad. "Oligomérisation enzymatique d'alcools p-hydroxycinnamiques : production de synthons et additifs pour la chimie des polymères." Thesis, Paris, Institut agronomique, vétérinaire et forestier de France, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016IAVF0013/document.
Full textThe purpose of this thesis was to develop experimental protocols for the polymerization of phenoliccompounds.The first objective was to develop and optimize robust and reproducible procedures to control thepolymerization of phenolic compounds in the presence of oxidases, such as laccase. Mechanisticstudies were conducted during these new processes in order to have a better understanding of thereactivity of phenols (oxidation, dismutation) and find new ways of valorization of such compounds.Thus, these methods have enabled us to selectively access phenolic compounds of structuralcomplexity and variable functionalities (dimers, trimers or oligomers) that can be used asantioxidants or monomers for the polymer chemistry. To illustrate the potential of these phenoliccompounds in the field of polymers, they have been involved in polymerization reactions such asADMET and radical polymerizations (thiol-ene)
Chouman, Faten. "Étude des composés de polymérisation des dihydro-3,4-2H-benzoxazine-1,3 par des techniques chromotographiques." Besançon, 1989. http://www.theses.fr/1989BESA2042.
Full textRenard, Béatrice. "Elaboration de capsules imperméables et ignifugeantes pour les tissus techniques." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO10183.
Full textGodoy, Lopez Ricardo. "Synthèse de polyéthylènes fonctionnels : application à l'élaboration de copolymères à blocs par des techniques de polymérisation radicalaire contrôlée." Lyon 1, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006LYO10036.
Full textCleuziat, Philippe. "Caractérisation et utilisation de gènes du métabolisme bactérien pour la détection spécifique d'Escherichia Coli, shigella spp. Et de Streptococcus pyogènes par sondes nucléiques." Lyon, INSA, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992ISAL0060.
Full textThe identification of microorganisms of medically or sanitary importance by molecular hybridization appeared in the 80's and is currently developing rapidly. The design of detection probes for bacterial species has been attempted rationally on basis of biochemical characters which are their own particulars: the β-glucuronidase which are their own particulars : the β-glucuronidase-glucuronidase (β-glucuronidase-GUR) of Escherichia coli and the pyrrolidone carboxylyl peptidase (PYRase) of Streptococcus pyogenes. The uid region of E. Coli chromosome, including β-GUR structural gene (uidA) and its main regulatory gene (uidR) , was proved to be a genetic marker specific of the species E. Coli and Shigella spp. (S. Boydii, S. Dysenteriae, S. Flexneri and S. Sonnei). The hybridization of probes directed against this single-copy genomic target permits to detect approxima tel y 104 viable cells, this sensitivity threshold being brought down to 10 to 1 bacteria following in vitro amplification of the uid. A gene by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction). The molecular characterization of the gene conferring PYRase activity to S. Pyogenes bas been performed. This gene, named pep, has an open reading frame of 645 nucleotides and encodes a polypeptide of 215 amino-acids (23,135 Da). The over-expression of pcp in E. Coli permitted the purification and the study of its product. The nucleidic divergence of the pcp gene from S. Pyrogenes with respect to its functional homologues among bacteria and its conservation within this species were confirmed by PCR. Specific nucleic probes have thus been defined withim the pcp gene of S. Pyogenes, allowing to set up an amplification system for the detection of this organism
Landa, Matthieu. "Développement d'un traitement textile alternatif à base de composés époxyde : Compréhension des réactions en jeu." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI052.
Full textThe aim of this thesis is the development of epoxide-based aqueous formulation, which can be used as "easy-care" textile treatment."Easy -care" treatment is applicated to improve wrinkle recovery properties and the dimensionnal stability of textile (cellulosic substrates). This treatment is based on the chemical crosslinking of cellulose microfibers by a crosslinking agent. The formulations developed in this thesis have to substitute the one using formaldehyde derivatives. After a bibliographic study, the epoxide derivatives under acid catalyst (Lewis Acid: zinc tetrafluoroborate) have been selected. Different reactions are possible in the course of the treatment of textile by epoxide in acid media: -Crosslinking of cellulose by etherification, -Acid hydrolysis of epoxide functions, -Cationic polymerization of epoxide derivatives. First, the complex reaction media "epoxide + alcohol + water + acid catalyst" have been investigated by different model reaction studies. The etherification of an alcohol by an epoxide in this media have been highlighted. Then, different epooxid-based aqueous formulation have been developed and experimented as textile treatment at laboratory scale. The formulation are distinguished by the type of epoxide, the quantity of epoxide and the quantity of catalyst. The effect of the treatment on the wrinkle recovery and mechanical properties have been investigated
Monget, Cédric. "Etude du matériau déposé par polymérisation plasma de méthylsilane : application à la lithographie 248 et 193 nm." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10236.
Full textMoreau, Mélanie. "Evaluation des performances analytiques de la PCR électrochimique en temps réel et analyse de biomolécules via la réalisation de courbes de fusion électrochimiques." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077221.
Full textThe detection, quantification and analysis of the DNA from various biological targets is of major interest in life sciences. To do so, the use of real-time PCR instruments allows to simultaneously conduct both the in vitro DNA amplification and the detection by fluorescence measurement. This technique offers easy operation (one step only), rapidity (from a few minutes to a few hours), high sensitivity and specificity (detection of a target in highly complex biological matrixes). Despite its efficiency, the technique still suffers from several drawbacks such as its relatively high cost (purchase and maintenance), its fragile optic setup and its poor ability to be miniaturized. The LEM laboratory has developed an alternative technique based on an electrochemical measurement where the detector, made out of screen-printed electrodes, is integrated to the consumable. The redox probes interact mainly with the double-stranded DNA molecule and are either organometallic complexes or phenolic derivatives. Following the development of a proof-of-concept instrument in collaboration with the company Easy Life Science, the main goal of the thesis was to evaluate and improve its analytical performances through the use' of different redox probes and take part in development of new electroanalytical methods for the analysis of biomolecules based on electrochemical melting curves. This work shows that the analytical performances of the electrochemical PCR compete now with its commercial fluorescence-based counterparts on several aspects: limit of detection (sub-attomolar of DNA), sensitivity (few nanomoles of DNA per liter), large calibration range (several orders of magnitude) and reproducibility. Notably, the obtained electrochemical melting curves allowed to differentiate many genetic variants (such as SNP and heterozygous sample) and to follow proteins conformational fluctuations to evaluate their thermal stability (depending on the biological matrix and/or the addition of ligands). To conclude, this work is a key stepping stone toward the commercialization of a robust and low¬cost electrochemical instrument offering a wide range of applications and able to compete on the PCR devices market
Astorga, Zaragoza Carlos Manuel. "Techniques avancées d'observation et de commande non-linéaire pour le génie des procédés." Lyon 1, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001LYO10190.
Full textPray-In, Yingrak. "Azlactome funchionalization of magnetic nanoparticles using CRP techniques and their bioconjugation." Thesis, Le Mans, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LEMA1037/document.
Full textWe herein report the surface modification of magnetite nanoparticle (MNP) with copolymers containing active azlactone rings via a grafting ‘from’ and grafting ‘onto’ controlled radical polymerization (CRP) for use as a nano-solid support for immobilization with biomolecules. Three different approaches were presented as following. First, synthesis of poly(poly(ethylene glycol) methyl ether methacrylate-stat-2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone) (PEGMA-stat-VDM)-grafted MNP via a grafting ‘from’ atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) and its application as a platform for conjugating thymine peptide nucleic acid (PNA) monomer were presented. The presence of polymeric shell and the immobilization of thymine PNA on MNP core were confirmed by fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and vibrating sample magnetometry (VSM) techniques. The second strategy is based on the synthesis of MNP grafted with PEGMA and VDM via ATRP for conjugation with folic acid (FA). The existence of PEGMA and VDM in the structure was characterized by FTIR, TGA and VSM. After the FA conjugation, Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) results indicated that the FA-conjugated MNP having high VDM content exhibited good dispersibility in water.Third, the synthesis of MNP grafted with poly(ethylene oxide)-block-poly(2-vinyl-4,4-dimethylazlactone) (PEO-b-PVDM) block copolymer via a grafting ‘onto’ strategy and its application as recyclable magnetic nano-support for adsorption with antibody were studied. PEO-b-PVDM diblock copolymers were first synthesized using reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization and then grafted onto amino-functionalized MNP. TEM images and photo correlation spectroscopy (PCS) indicated an improvement in the particle dispersibility in water after coating with the copolymers. The nanoclusters with PEO-b-PVDM copolymer coating were used as recyclable magnetic nano-supports for adsorption with antibody
Martre, Agnès. "Polymérisation par voie photochimique et électrochimique de complexes trisbipyridine de ruthénium(II) : application à des systèmes supramoléculaires à propriétés photorédox." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999GRE10197.
Full textIbrahim, Ahmad. "Development of photoinitiating systems for free radical Photopolymerization usable for laser Imaging." Thesis, Mulhouse, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011MULH4082.
Full textThe subject of the thesis I have been working on for three years is the study and development of photoinitiating systems for holographic applications. This work takes place in collaboration with the BMS (Bayer Material Science) team from Bayer Leverkusen (Germany). My studies have been limited to systems used with a radiation source belonging to the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum of light (400 nm - 700 nm). Among the different types of polymerization reactions, we chose the radical polymerization. The critical step in this reaction is the generation of radicals which initiate the reaction. These are formed by transformation via absorption of light of a photosensitive compound. The formation of these species is generally in competition with several deactivation process. [...]
Edouard, Sophie. "Evaluation des techniques de diagnostic des infections liées aux bactéries intracellulaires." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5045.
Full textThe aim of our study is to evaluate serology, molecular biology and culture for the diagnosis of intracellular bacteria.Serology plays an important role in the detection of Q fever and Bartonella infections and for the follow up and monitoring of patients with cardiovascular infection. However, we have shown some limits to the use of serological thresholds previously established for the diagnosis of endocarditis. In 2 series of Q fever and Bartonella endocarditis, we diagnosed patients with a definite cardiovascular infection associated with low antibody levels (<800). This work suggests that low antibody titers do not exclude the diagnosis of cardiovascular infection in patients with predisposing factors and a value of serological threshold cannot provide a positive predictive value of 100%.qPCR performed on cardiovascular samples for the diagnosis of C. burnetii and Bartonella endocarditis is more sensitive than the amplification of the 16S rRNA gene, culture and immunohistochemistry. Nevertheless, negative qPCR were obtained for patients presenting endocarditis with high antibody titer, therefore a negative qPCR should not definitively exclude the diagnosis. On the other hand, we have shown that DNA can persist in clinical specimens, despite previous antibiotic treatment. We developed a new tool to assess bacterial viability by quantifying the transcription of the 16S rRNA of C. burnetii.Culture of intracellular bacteria is necessary to enable the characterization of bacteria and facilitate the development of diagnostic tools. We developed an innovative technique of plaque assay to highlight a deleterious effect of antibiotics on infected cells by R. conorii
Robbes, Anne-sophie. "Nanocomposites à base de particules magnétiques : synthèse et contribution de la dispersion des charges et de la conformation des chaines sur les propriétés de renforcement." Thesis, Paris 11, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA112201/document.
Full textThe mechanical properties of polymeric nanocomposite films can be considerably enhanced by the inclusion of inorganic nanoparticles due to two main effects: (i) the local structure of fillers dispersion and (ii) the potential modification of the chains conformation and dynamics in the vicinity of the filler/polymer interface. However, the precise mechanisms which permit to correlate these contributions at nanometric scale to the macroscopic mechanical properties of the materials are actually poorly described. In such a context, we have synthesized model nanocomposites based on magnetic nanoparticles of maghemite γ-Fe2O3 (naked or grafted with a polystyrene (PS) corona by radical controlled polymerization) dispersed in a PS matrix, that we have characterized by combining small angle scattering (X-Ray and neutron) and transmission electronic microscopy. By playing on different parameters such as the particle size, the concentration, or the size ratio between the grafted chains and the ones of the matrix in the case of the grafted fillers, we have obtained nanocomposite films a large panel of controlled and reproducible controlled filler structures, going from individual nanoparticles or fractal aggregates up to the formation of a connected network of fillers. By applying an external magnetic field during the film processing, we succeeded in aligning the different structures along the direction of the field and we obtained materials with remarkable anisotropic reinforcement properties. The conformation of the chains of the matrix, experimentally determined thanks to the specific properties of neutron contrast of the system, is not affected by the presence of the fillers, whatever their confinement, the dispersion the fillers or their chemical state surface. The alignment of the fillers along the magnetic field has allowed us to describe precisely the evolution of the reinforcement modulus of the materials with the structural reorganization of the fillers and the chains at the local scale under stretching, and thus to highlight the key role played by the fillers reorganization under stretching on the nanocomposite reinforcement mechanisms
Laurent, Morgane. "Utilisation d'une décharge à barrière diélectrique pour développer une matrice polymère plasma dégradable pour des applications vasculaires." Thesis, Université Laval, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017TOU30189/document.
Full textEvery year, about 1.5 million patients need a vascular replacement due to advanced arteriosclerosis, which causes the internal narrowing of blood vessels. Unfortunately, even today the synthetic materials used to replace small diameter arteries (below 6 mm) remain associated with low patency rate, which demonstrates an evident lack of biocompatibility. One of the main observed complications is arterial neointimal hyperplasia, which is characterized by the blood vessel obstruction due to the tridimensional proliferation of cells on the graft internal wall. Different strategies aiming at limiting this body reaction are currently considered, in particular the use of a drug delivery system locally integrated to the vascular grafts. Concurrently, the rise of plasma technologies enabled to demonstrate the possibility to coat the surface of biomedical devices to improve their interaction with a biological environment. The strategy consists in using the plasma energy and reactivity to polymerize a gaseous precursor. By selecting the appropriate precursor molecular structure and plasma experimental conditions, one can build up a plasma polymer with tailored properties. It is in this context that this thesis consisted in synthesizing, using plasma, a biodegradable polymeric plasma polymer matrix to coat the internal wall of a vascular graft, with the goal to incorporate a drug chosen to limit neointimal hyperplasia. On one hand, this project acted as proof of concept by developing a degradable plasma polymer coating using a planar dielectric barrier discharge. After extensive studies using ethyl lactate as precursor, optimal chemical vapor deposition conditions were elected for their potential in terms of vascular applications. On the other hand, thanks to an extended discharge characterization, a strong correlation was established between the plasma physico-chemistry and the properties of the degradable coatings synthesized. In addition, to broaden possibilities in terms of degradation rate, the influence of a squared pulse power supply on the discharge and the coating was studied. If changing the way to bring the energy had a strong influence on the discharge, no major influence was noticed on the ethyl lactate-based coatings' chemistry and morphology. Finally, a tubular plasma reactor was build up to empower the internal wall of vascular prosthesis to be coated, which enabled to extend this project to the deposition conditions of its final application. Overall, this research project highlighted the potential of plasma processes for the development of degradable plasma polymer matrices, particularly for local drug delivery systems for vascular applications. On a physics perspective, this work emphasized the importance of studying the discharge under actual thin layer deposition conditions
Gouba, Nina. "Le mycobiome digestif humain : étude exploratoire." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013AIXM5070/document.
Full textThe human gut mycobiome, comprising of all fungal species detected in the gut. The Human Microbiome Project and the Metagenomics of the Human intestinal tract projects has led to new interest in the study of the human gut mycobiome. Recently, culture-independent approaches including PCR-based molecular clone libraries sequencing and high-throughput sequencing allowed to explore the diversity of gut mycobiota. In this thesis, firstly, we reviewed fungal species described in the human gut and their implication in systemic infections. We reported from literature fungal species described in healthy individuals compared to repertoire described in diseased individuals.Secondly, in our experimental work we used molecular and culture approaches to explore gut mycobiota diversity related to host physiology. We selected various set of PCR primers from literature targeting 18S rRNA gene and ITS rRNA gene. Combining molecular and culture tools in stool specimen from an obese individual we detected 16 fungal species, 11 were linked to food and 8 species were found for first in the human stools. Using the same approaches in an anorexic individual stool we identified 8 fungal species, five were associated to subjected diet collected and three fungal species were observed for the first time in the human stools. From these two studies, we observed that the gut mycobiome diversity is part associated to diet.Using the same methodology, we to explored gut mycobiota diversity according to different geographical locations. For this, fungal diversity was screened in stools samples from four continents Africa, America, Asia and Europe
Renvoisé, Aurélie. "Applicabilité de la PCR "universelle" 16S comme outil d'identification et de détection bactérienne en laboratoire hospitalier de bactériologie." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM5016/document.
Full textBroad-range 16S rDNA PCR using universal primers was first developed for phylogenetic purpose since 16S rRNA gene is found in every bacterial species with a conserved function; consequently 16S rRNA gene can be used as a molecular clock for assessing bacterial phylogeny. Broad-range PCR was then applied to medical microbiological diagnosis in two distinct fields: molecular detection and bacteria identification. In the present work, we evaluated the applicability of broad-range PCR as a diagnostic tool in a teaching hospital (Timone Hospital, Marseilles, France). First, we showed that broad-range PCR allows identification of bacteria obtained in culture but misidentified by conventional phenotypic methods. Second, we showed that universal PCR permits bacterial detection in culture-negative infection. Third, we exemplified that using broad-range PCR is a valuable tool to identify new bacterial species and/or genera. Consequently, universal PCR is applicable in routine laboratories in the three above fields; it allows a more accurate identification of bacterial strains and permits to diagnose culture-negative bacterial infections, thus improving patient's management. It also improves our knowledge of infectious diseases together with bacterial diversity and phylogeny. Although universal PCR presents certain limitations (discussed in this work), it remains today the gold-standard for molecular identification and detection in routine laboratories
"Utilisation de la technique de compoundage par polymérisation pour la préparation de nanocomposites de Polyéthylène/Montmorillonite." Thesis, Université Laval, 2006. http://www.theses.ulaval.ca/2006/23755/23755.pdf.
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