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Journal articles on the topic 'Polymeric Solar Cells'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 7 September 2023

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1

Mdluli, Siyabonga B., Morongwa E. Ramoroka, Sodiq T. Yussuf, Kwena D. Modibane, Vivian S. John-Denk, and Emmanuel I. Iwuoha. "π-Conjugated Polymers and Their Application in Organic and Hybrid Organic-Silicon Solar Cells." Polymers 14, no. 4 (February 13, 2022): 716. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14040716.

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The evolution and emergence of organic solar cells and hybrid organic-silicon heterojunction solar cells have been deemed as promising sustainable future technologies, owing to the use of π-conjugated polymers. In this regard, the scope of this review article presents a comprehensive summary of the applications of π-conjugated polymers as hole transporting layers (HTLs) or emitters in both organic solar cells and organic-silicon hybrid heterojunction solar cells. The different techniques used to synthesize these polymers are discussed in detail, including their electronic band structure and doping mechanisms. The general architecture and principle of operating heterojunction solar cells is addressed. In both discussed solar cell types, incorporation of π-conjugated polymers as HTLs have seen a dramatic increase in efficiencies attained by these devices, owing to the high transmittance in the visible to near-infrared region, reduced carrier recombination, high conductivity, and high hole mobilities possessed by the p-type polymeric materials. However, these cells suffer from long-term stability due to photo-oxidation and parasitic absorptions at the anode interface that results in total degradation of the polymeric p-type materials. Although great progress has been seen in the incorporation of conjugated polymers in the various solar cell types, there is still a long way to go for cells incorporating polymeric materials to realize commercialization and large-scale industrial production due to the shortcomings in the stability of the polymers. This review therefore discusses the progress in using polymeric materials as HTLs in organic solar cells and hybrid organic-silicon heterojunction solar cells with the intention to provide insight on the quest of producing highly efficient but less expensive solar cells.

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2

Palewicz, Marcin, and Agnieszka Iwan. "Photovoltaic Phenomenon in Polymeric Thin Layer Solar Cells." Current Physical Chemistry 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1877946811101010027.

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3

Palewicz, Marcin, and Agnieszka Iwan. "Photovoltaic Phenomenon in Polymeric Thin Layer Solar Cells." Current Physical Chemistrye 1, no. 1 (January 1, 2011): 27–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1877947611101010027.

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4

Lanzi, Massimiliano, Elisabetta Salatelli, Tiziana Benelli, Daniele Caretti, Loris Giorgini, and Francesco Paolo Di-Nicola. "A regioregular polythiophene-fullerene for polymeric solar cells." Journal of Applied Polymer Science 132, no. 25 (March 10, 2015): n/a. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/app.42121.

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5

Szindler, Magdalena M. "Polymeric Electrolyte Thin Film for Dye Sensitized Solar Cells Application." Solid State Phenomena 293 (July 2019): 73–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.293.73.

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In this paper, the possibility of replacing liquid electrolyte in a dye sensitized solar cells with a thin film of conductive polymer material was investigated. Liquid electrolyte in the construction of dye sensitized solar cells leaks and evaporates and leads to corrosion of the electrode, which lowers the conversion efficiency of solar radiation to electricity. The research focuses on the appropriate doping of the PVDF-HFP polymer by potassium iodide to improve its electrical conductivity and the development of thin film deposition technology for use in solar cells. Changes in PVDF-HFP surface morphology were researched through increasing of the potassium iodide content measured by scanning electron microscope. The increased content of potassium iodide also led to increased electrical conductivity measured by the Keithley meter. In order to test the suitability of developed materials for application in the construction of photovoltaic cells, a series of dye-sensitized solar cells ITO/TiO2/dye/active layer/Al were prepared. The active layer is made from pure PVDF-HFP and doped with potassium iodide. As a reference solar cell, a standard dye sensitized solar cell with a liquid electrolyte and a counter electrode was also made. Keywords PVDF-HFP; Polyelectrolyte; Dye-sensitized solar cells

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6

Vlachopoulos, Nick, Michael Grätzel, and Anders Hagfeldt. "Solid-state dye-sensitized solar cells using polymeric hole conductors." RSC Advances 11, no. 62 (2021): 39570–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1ra05911d.

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7

Seco, Cristina Rodríguez, Anton Vidal-Ferran, Rajneesh Misra, Ganesh D. Sharma, and Emilio Palomares. "Efficient Non-polymeric Heterojunctions in Ternary Organic Solar Cells." ACS Applied Energy Materials 1, no. 8 (July 6, 2018): 4203–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsaem.8b00828.

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8

Hahn, T., C. Saller, M. Weigl, I. Bauer, T. Unger, A. Köhler, and P. Strohriegl. "Organic solar cells with crosslinked polymeric exciton blocking layer." physica status solidi (a) 212, no. 10 (June 10, 2015): 2162–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssa.201532040.

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9

Uranbileg, Nergui, Chenglin Gao, Chunming Yang, Xichang Bao, Liangliang Han, and Renqiang Yang. "Amorphous electron donors with controllable morphology for non-fullerene polymer solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 7, no. 35 (2019): 10881–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9tc02663k.

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10

Lim, Kyung-Geun, Soyeong Ahn, Young-Hoon Kim, Yabing Qi, and Tae-Woo Lee. "Universal energy level tailoring of self-organized hole extraction layers in organic solar cells and organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells." Energy & Environmental Science 9, no. 3 (2016): 932–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5ee03560k.

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Tailoring the interface energetics between a polymeric hole extraction layer (HEL) and a photoactive layer (PAL) in organic photovoltaics (OPVs) and organic–inorganic hybrid perovskite solar cells (PrSCs) is very important to maximize open circuit voltage (V_oc), power conversion efficiency (PCE), and device lifetime.

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11

Liu, Peng, James M. Gardner, and Lars Kloo. "Solution processable, cross-linked sulfur polymers as solid electrolytes in dye-sensitized solar cells." Chemical Communications 51, no. 78 (2015): 14660–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cc04822b.

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12

Guo, Yunlong, Wataru Sato, Kento Inoue, Weifeng Zhang, Gui Yu, and Eiichi Nakamura. "n-Type doping for efficient polymeric electron-transporting layers in perovskite solar cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 48 (2016): 18852–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta08526a.

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13

Thao, Tran Thi, Do Ngoc Chung, Nguyen Nang Dinh, and Vo Van Truong. "Photoluminescence Quenching of Nanocomposite Materials Used for Organic Solar Cells." Communications in Physics 24, no. 3S1 (November 7, 2014): 22–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.15625/0868-3166/24/3s1/5073.

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In this work, we have studied the photoluminescence (PL) quenching of two polymeric composites, poly[2-methoxy-5-(2-ethylhexyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MEH-PPV) and poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) in presence of nc-TiO\(_{2}\) particles by PL- spectroscopy. PL quenching values are 19.2\(\text{\%}\) and 45.5\(\text{\%}\), for MEH-PPV+nc-TiO\(_{2}\) and P3HT+nc-TiO$_{2}$, respectively. The obtained results on the relationship of PL quenching and photoelectrical efficiency (PCE) of an OSC showed that the quenching coefficient of a semiconducting polymer can be considered as apreliminarycriterion for choosing an appropriate polymeric composite being used for OSC preparation. Under illumination of solar energyof 56 mW/cm\(^{2}\), P3HT+TiO\(_{2}\) based OSC possess FF, V$_{OC}$, J$_{SC}$ and PCE of 0.64, 0.243 V, 1.43 mA/cm\(^{2}\) and 0.45\(\text{\%}\), respectively.

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14

Chen, Lung-Chien. "Organic and Polymeric Thin-Film Materials for Solar Cells: A New Open Special Issue in Materials." Materials 15, no. 19 (September 26, 2022): 6664. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ma15196664.

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15

Liu, Chang, Kai Wang, Xiong Gong, and Alan J. Heeger. "Low bandgap semiconducting polymers for polymeric photovoltaics." Chemical Society Reviews 45, no. 17 (2016): 4825–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c5cs00650c.

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16

Hennache, A. "Polymeric Solar Cells Efficiency Increase Using Doped Conjugated Polymer Nanoparticles." British Journal of Applied Science & Technology 4, no. 4 (January 10, 2014): 604–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.9734/bjast/2014/4249.

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17

Ye, Huaiying, Wen Li, and Weishi Li. "Progress in Polymeric Electron-Donating Materials for Organic Solar Cells." Chinese Journal of Organic Chemistry 32, no. 2 (2012): 266. http://dx.doi.org/10.6023/cjoc1104062.

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18

Zheng, Lingling, Yingzhuang Ma, Lixin Xiao, Fengyan Zhang, Yuanhao Wang, and Hongxing Yang. "Water-Soluble Polymeric Interfacial Material for Planar Perovskite Solar Cells." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 9, no. 16 (April 11, 2017): 14129–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b00576.

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19

Liu, Feng, Zachariah A. Page, Volodimyr V. Duzhko, Thomas P. Russell, and Todd Emrick. "Conjugated Polymeric Zwitterions as Efficient Interlayers in Organic Solar Cells." Advanced Materials 25, no. 47 (September 18, 2013): 6868–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201302477.

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20

Ma’alinia, A., H. Asgari Moghaddam, E. Nouri, and M. R. Mohammadi. "Long-term stability of dye-sensitized solar cells using a facile gel polymer electrolyte." New Journal of Chemistry 42, no. 16 (2018): 13256–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8nj02157k.

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21

Akbar, Zico Alaia, Jae-Seon Lee, Jinhyeon Kang, Han-Ik Joh, Sungho Lee, and Sung-Yeon Jang. "FTO-free counter electrodes for dye-sensitized solar cells using carbon nanosheets synthesised from a polymeric carbon source." Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys. 16, no. 33 (2014): 17595–602. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c4cp01913j.

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22

Pedroso Silva Santos, Bianca, Arthur de Castro Ribeiro, Jose Geraldo de Melo Furtado, and Maria de Fátima Vieira Marques. "Synthesis and Characterization of Conductive Terpolymer for Solar Cell Application." Journal of Aerospace Technology and Management, no. 1 (January 21, 2020): 41–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.5028/jatm.etmq.07.

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Polymeric solar cells (PSCs) are a promising alternative for harnessing solar energy and producing clean and renewable energy. In the present work, a new photovoltaic polymer was synthesized to be applied as an electron donor in PSCs. The conjugated polymer showed high solubility. The optical and electronic properties were investigated in which it was possible to observe wide absorption band and bandgap indicating that it is a promising material for application in solar cells.

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23

Tsai, Chang-Hung, Nan Li, Chia-Chen Lee, Hung-Chin Wu, Zonglong Zhu, Liduo Wang, Wen-Chang Chen, He Yan, and Chu-Chen Chueh. "Efficient and UV-stable perovskite solar cells enabled by side chain-engineered polymeric hole-transporting layers." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 6, no. 27 (2018): 12999–3004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8ta03608j.

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Biaxially-extended octithiophene-based conjugated polymers are demonstrated as effective polymeric hole-transporting layers to simultaneously enhance efficiency and UV-photostability of perovskite solar cells.

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24

Pan, Xuexue, Wentao Xiong, Tao Liu, Xiaobo Sun, Lijun Huo, Donghui Wei, Mingming Yu, Minfang Han, and Yanming Sun. "Influence of 2,2-bithiophene and thieno[3,2-b] thiophene units on the photovoltaic performance of benzodithiophene-based wide-bandgap polymers." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 18 (2017): 4471–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7tc00720e.

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25

Lee, You-Sun, Ji Young Lee, Su-Mi Bang, Bogyu Lim, Jaechol Lee, and Seok-In Na. "A feasible random copolymer approach for high-efficiency polymeric photovoltaic cells." Journal of Materials Chemistry A 4, no. 29 (2016): 11439–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ta04920f.

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26

Wang, Shuangjie, Bowen Yang, Jian Han, Ziwei He, Tongtong Li, Qi Cao, Jiabao Yang, et al. "Polymeric room-temperature molten salt as a multifunctional additive toward highly efficient and stable inverted planar perovskite solar cells." Energy & Environmental Science 13, no. 12 (2020): 5068–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ee02043e.

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27

Azovskyi, V. A., V. M. Yashchuk, G. V. Bulavko, and A. A. Ishchenko. "Some Problems in Designing a Luminescence Converter for Si Solar Cells." Ukrainian Journal of Physics 65, no. 6 (June 9, 2020): 476. http://dx.doi.org/10.15407/ujpe65.6.476.

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Aromatic polymer composites are characterized by the high absorption and luminescence excitation in the short-wave interval of the solar radiation spectrum from about 200 nm. Therefore, they can be used to enhance the spectral sensitivity of semiconductor solar cells, including silicon-based ones, at short waves. When such a composite absorbs light, there arise Frenkel excitons in it, which are responsible for the transfer of the excitation energy to molecular traps. The latter emit light in the spectral region of maximum solar cell sensitivity. The results obtained demonstrate a possibility to develop a luminescence converter on the basis of a polymeric composite, thus increasing the photocurrent generated by Si-based solar cells.

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28

Aizawa, Naoya, Canek Fuentes-Hernandez, Vladimir A. Kolesov, Talha M. Khan, Junji Kido, and Bernard Kippelen. "Simultaneous cross-linking and p-doping of a polymeric semiconductor film by immersion into a phosphomolybdic acid solution for use in organic solar cells." Chemical Communications 52, no. 19 (2016): 3825–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6cc01022a.

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29

Zhang, Chun-Hui, Fengyuan Lin, Wei Huang, Jingming Xin, Jiang Wang, Zhichao Lin, Wei Ma, Tingbin Yang, Jiangbin Xia, and Yongye Liang. "Methyl functionalization on conjugated side chains for polymer solar cells processed from non-chlorinated solvents." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 8, no. 33 (2020): 11532–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0tc02032j.

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Methyl functionalization on conjugated thiophene side chains is developed as an effective fine-tuning approach for polymeric donors, affording substantial efficiency improvement for polymer solar cells processed from non-chlorinated solvents.

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30

Chen, Weikang, Deyao Jiang, Renai Chen, Sheng Li, and Thomas George. "Intrinsic Delocalization during the Decay of Excitons in Polymeric Solar Cells." Polymers 8, no. 12 (November 30, 2016): 414. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym8120414.

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31

Jeong, Jaehoon, Eunjoo Kwak, Jooyeok Seo, Hwajeong Kim, and Youngkyoo Kim. "Hybrid Solar Cells With Polymeric Bulk Heterojunction Layers Containing Inorganic Nanoparticles." IEEE Journal of Photovoltaics 6, no. 4 (July 2016): 924–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jphotov.2016.2553785.

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32

Changneng, Zhang, Wang Mingtai, Li Fang, Kong Mingguang, Guo Li, Xu Weiwei, Zhu Xiaoguang, and Wang Kongjia. "A Polymeric/Inorganic Nanocomposite for Solid-State Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells." Plasma Science and Technology 7, no. 4 (August 2005): 2962–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1009-0630/7/4/021.

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33

Kumar, Rajesh, Ajendra K. Sharma, Virinder S. Parmar, Arthur C. Watterson, Kethinni G. Chittibabu, Jayant Kumar, and Lynne A. Samuelson. "Flexible, Dye-Sensitized Nanocrystalline Solar Cells Employing Biocatalytically Synthesized Polymeric Electrolytes." Chemistry of Materials 16, no. 23 (November 2004): 4841–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm0496568.

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34

Chandrasekharan, Ajeesh, Hui Jin, Martin Stolterfoht, Eliot Gann, Christopher R. McNeill, Mike Hambsch, and Paul L. Burn. "9,9′-Bifluorenylidene-diketopyrrolopyrrole donors for non-polymeric solution processed solar cells." Synthetic Metals 250 (April 2019): 79–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.synthmet.2019.02.015.

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35

A., Venkateswararao, Shun-Wei Liu, and Ken-Tsung Wong. "Organic polymeric and small molecular electron acceptors for organic solar cells." Materials Science and Engineering: R: Reports 124 (February 2018): 1–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mser.2018.01.001.

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36

Yusli, M. N., T. Way Yun, and K. Sulaiman. "Solvent effect on the thin film formation of polymeric solar cells." Materials Letters 63, no. 30 (December 2009): 2691–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.matlet.2009.09.044.

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37

Zhou, Yinhua, Canek Fuentes-Hernandez, Jae Won Shim, Talha M. Khan, and Bernard Kippelen. "High performance polymeric charge recombination layer for organic tandem solar cells." Energy & Environmental Science 5, no. 12 (2012): 9827. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c2ee23294d.

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38

Dang, Minh Trung, Guillaume Wantz, Habiba Bejbouji, Mathieu Urien, Olivier J. Dautel, Laurence Vignau, and Lionel Hirsch. "Polymeric solar cells based on P3HT:PCBM: Role of the casting solvent." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 95, no. 12 (December 2011): 3408–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.solmat.2011.07.039.

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39

Kang, Jin Soo, Jin Kim, Jae-Yup Kim, Myeong Jae Lee, Jiho Kang, Yoon Jun Son, Juwon Jeong, Sun Ha Park, Min Jae Ko, and Yung-Eun Sung. "Highly Efficient Bifacial Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells Employing Polymeric Counter Electrodes." ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces 10, no. 10 (February 27, 2018): 8611–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acsami.7b17815.

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40

Radbeh, Roshanak, Emilien Parbaile, Mohamad Chakaroun, Bernard Ratier, Matt Aldissi, and André Moliton. "Enhanced efficiency of polymeric solar cells via alignment of carbon nanotubes." Polymer International 59, no. 11 (September 13, 2010): 1514–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pi.2916.

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41

Marin, Veronica, Elisabeth Holder, and Ulrich S. Schubert. "Polymeric ruthenium bipyridine complexes: New potential materials for polymer solar cells." Journal of Polymer Science Part A: Polymer Chemistry 42, no. 2 (2003): 374–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pola.11024.

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42

Ulbricht, R., X. Jiang, S. Lee, K. Inoue, M. Zhang, S. Fang, R. Baughman, and A. Zakhidov. "Polymeric solar cells with oriented and strong transparent carbon nanotube anode." physica status solidi (b) 243, no. 13 (November 2006): 3528–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pssb.200669181.

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43

Völker, Sebastian F., Shinobu Uemura, Moritz Limpinsel, Markus Mingebach, Carsten Deibel, Vladimir Dyakonov, and Christoph Lambert. "Polymeric Squaraine Dyes as Electron Donors in Bulk Heterojunction Solar Cells." Macromolecular Chemistry and Physics 211, no. 10 (May 11, 2010): 1098–108. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/macp.200900670.

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44

Kaienburg, Pascal, Benjamin Klingebiel, and Thomas Kirchartz. "Spin-coated planar Sb2S3 hybrid solar cells approaching 5% efficiency." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 9 (August 8, 2018): 2114–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.9.200.

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Antimony sulfide solar cells have demonstrated an efficiency exceeding 7% when assembled in an extremely thin absorber configuration deposited via chemical bath deposition. More recently, less complex, planar geometries were obtained from simple spin-coating approaches, but the device efficiency still lags behind. We compare two processing routes based on different precursors reported in the literature. By studying the film morphology, sub-bandgap absorption and solar cell performance, improved annealing procedures are found and the crystallization temperature is shown to be critical. In order to determine the optimized processing conditions, the role of the polymeric hole transport material is discussed. The efficiency of our best solar cells exceeds previous reports for each processing route, and our champion device displays one of the highest efficiencies reported for planar antimony sulfide solar cells.

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45

Matoetoe, Mangaka. "A Review of Dye Incorporated Conducting Polymers Application as Sensors and in Solar Cells." Materials Science Forum 657 (July 2010): 208–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.657.208.

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Dye doped polymers (DCPs) has a wide application based on their optical and electrochemical properties. Dye sensitisation of conducting polymeric materials has gained a wide theoretical interest and practical application in sensors and solar cell technology. This review gives a broad summary on synthesis, the effect of the presence of dye in the polymer (properties, structure and conductivity), application in sensors and dye sensitised solar cells. Different sensing modes are also discussed as well as the effects of post polymer modification with dyes in sensors. In solar cells, the role of DCPs in light harvesting is summarised using examples. Finally, perspectives and the advantages of dye modification or sensitisation of polymers in sensors and solar cells are included.

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46

Kim, Guan-Woo, Gyeongho Kang, Jinseck Kim, Gang-Young Lee, Hong Il Kim, Limok Pyeon, Jaechol Lee, and Taiho Park. "Dopant-free polymeric hole transport materials for highly efficient and stable perovskite solar cells." Energy & Environmental Science 9, no. 7 (2016): 2326–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ee00709k.

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A dopant–free polymeric hole transport material (HTM), RCP, based on benzo[1,2-b:4,5:b′]dithiophene and 2,1,3-benzothiadiazole exhibited a high efficiency of 17.3% in a perovskite solar cell and maintained its initial efficiency for over 1400 hours.

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47

Gnida, Paweł, Muhammad Faisal Amin, Agnieszka Katarzyna Pająk, and Bożena Jarząbek. "Polymers in High-Efficiency Solar Cells: The Latest Reports." Polymers 14, no. 10 (May 11, 2022): 1946. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym14101946.

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Third-generation solar cells, including dye-sensitized solar cells, bulk-heterojunction solar cells, and perovskite solar cells, are being intensively researched to obtain high efficiencies in converting solar energy into electricity. However, it is also important to note their stability over time and the devices’ thermal or operating temperature range. Today’s widely used polymeric materials are also used at various stages of the preparation of the complete device—it is worth mentioning that in dye-sensitized solar cells, suitable polymers can be used as flexible substrates counter-electrodes, gel electrolytes, and even dyes. In the case of bulk-heterojunction solar cells, they are used primarily as donor materials; however, there are reports in the literature of their use as acceptors. In perovskite devices, they are used as additives to improve the morphology of the perovskite, mainly as hole transport materials and also as additives to electron transport layers. Polymers, thanks to their numerous advantages, such as the possibility of practically any modification of their chemical structure and thus their physical and chemical properties, are increasingly used in devices that convert solar radiation into electrical energy, which is presented in this paper.

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48

Fuentes Pineda, Rosinda, Benjamin R. M. Lake, Joel Troughton, Irene Sanchez-Molina, Oleg Chepelin, Saif A. Haque, Trystan Watson, Michael P. Shaver, and Neil Robertson. "Correction: Polymeric hole-transport materials with side-chain redox-active groups for perovskite solar cells with good reproducibility." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 46 (2018): 29567. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c8cp91904f.

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Correction for ‘Polymeric hole-transport materials with side-chain redox-active groups for perovskite solar cells with good reproducibility’ by Rosinda Fuentes Pineda et al., Phys. Chem. Chem. Phys., 2018, 20, 25738–25745.

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49

Cao, Yang, Yunlong Li, Thomas Morrissey, Brian Lam, Brian O. Patrick, David J. Dvorak, Zhicheng Xia, Timothy L. Kelly, and Curtis P. Berlinguette. "Dopant-free molecular hole transport material that mediates a 20% power conversion efficiency in a perovskite solar cell." Energy & Environmental Science 12, no. 12 (2019): 3502–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ee02983d.

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Organic molecular hole-transport materials (HTMs) are appealing for the scalable manufacture of perovskite solar cells (PSCs) because they are easier to reproducibly prepare in high purity than polymeric and inorganic HTMs.

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50

Heo, Jin Hyuck, Muhammad Jahandar, Sang-Jin Moon, Chang Eun Song, and Sang Hyuk Im. "Inverted CH3NH3PbI3 perovskite hybrid solar cells with improved flexibility by introducing a polymeric electron conductor." Journal of Materials Chemistry C 5, no. 11 (2017): 2883–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tc05081f.

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Inverted-type CH₃NH₃PbI₃ flexible perovskite solar cells with improved flexibility were demonstrated by incorporating a polymeric electron transporting material (PNDI-2T) into small molecular electron transporting material (PCBM).

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