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Academic literature on the topic 'Polymeric Powders'

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Published: 10 December 2022
Last updated: 28 January 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Polymeric Powders"

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Вернигоров, Юрий, Yuriy Vernigorov, Валерий Лебедев, Valeriy Lebedev, Кирилл Лелетко, Kirill Leletko, Андрей Ширин, and Andrey Shirin. "Science intensive technology for manufacturing composite powders in magnetic vibrating layer." Science intensive technologies in mechanical engineering 2019, no. 5 (May 19, 2019): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.30987/article_5ca303087cba57.59333232.

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The paper reports the analysis of a problem current state connected with manufacturing high-quality composite powders. There is offered a device which allows obtaining a high uniformity of alloy addition distribution under conditions of a magnetic vibrating layer, and also metal polymeric composite powders. A designed model allowing the definition of a gradient interval of magnetic field induction is obtained, at which powder cluster destruction takes place and powder stable magnetic boiling is supported.
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Iwamoto, Yuji, Ko-ichi Kikuta, and Shin-ichi Hirano. "Microstructural development of Si3N4–SiC–Y2O3 ceramics derived from polymeric precursors." Journal of Materials Research 13, no. 2 (February 1998): 353–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/jmr.1998.0047.

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[Si–Y–O–C–N] amorphous powders were synthesized by the pyrolysis at 1000 °C in N2 of chemically modified perhydropolysilazane using n-decyl alcohol and yttrium tri-methoxide. [Si–Y–O–C–N] amorphous powders yielded a unique fibrous microstructure by heat treatment in N2 at 1800 °C. The fibrous microstructure was composed of β–Si3N4 whiskers of submicron in diameter and more than 10 μm in length. Fully dense Si3N4 –SiC–Y2O3 ceramics were also fabricated by heat treatment at 1800 °C followed by powder-vehicle hot pressing at 1700 °C. After these two-step processings, [Si–Y–O–C–N] amorphous powders yielded a unique fine-grained microstructure composed of submicron grains with high aspect ratio.
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Park, Tae-Min, Choong-Hwan Jung, Haejin Hwang, and Sang-Jin Lee. "Polymer Solution Route for Synthesis of Nano-Sized, SiO2 Based Ceramic Powders." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 20, no. 7 (July 1, 2020): 4498–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2020.17568.

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Nano-sized SiO2 based powders were fabricated by a polymer solution technique. Nitrate metal sources and Ludox series silica sol were dissolved in D.I. water and then polyvinyl alcohol solution was added as a polymeric carrier. The metal cations were dispersed well in the solution and a homogeneous polymeric network was formed. The organic–inorganic precursor gels were turned to a porous powder with expanded volume through an explosive oxidation reaction during calcination process. The polymer molecular weight, polymer content and heating rate affected the particle agglomeration and size. The reaction between oxygen and unstable metal cations resulted in a vigorous exothermic reaction and simultaneously the reaction created extensive voids, which accompanied soft powders. The porous powders were crystallized at relatively lower temperature, and easily ground to a very fine powder having nano-sized particles. The crystalline development was also dependent on the polymer type, and the weak hydrogen bonding by optimum polymer content promoted homogeneous entrapment between the –(OH) hydroxyl groups and cations, which are solvates by water molecules.
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Naqshbandi, Abreeq, Iis Sopyan, Gunawan, and Suryanto. "Sol-Gel Synthesis of Zn Doped HA Powders and their Conversion to Porous Bodies." Applied Mechanics and Materials 493 (January 2014): 603–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.493.603.

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The present study was aimed at fabricating porous ceramic scaffolds via polymeric sponge method for biomedical applications using as synthesized Zinc doped Hydroxyapatite (ZnHA) powders. Zn doped HA powders were prepared via sol-gel method using diammonia hydrogen phosphate [(NH4)2HPO4] and calcium nitrate tetrahydrate [Ca (NO3)2.4H2 as starting materials. The obtained powders were then used for the preparation of porous ZnHA scaffolds via polymeric sponge method. The green porous bodies so developed by impregnating cellulosic sponges with HA slurries, were subjected to sintering process at a temperature of 1300 Field-emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) was used to observe the surface morphology of the powder and sintered porous sample. The structure and crystallinity of (Zn)HA powder and the sintered porous samples was analyzed using X-ray diffractometer whereas Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to determine the presence of various phases in the powder. FESEM results showed the formation of agglomerates at an increased Zn concentration. The morphology of the porous samples showed high degree of fusion and densification with an increase in Zn concentration. Preliminary mechanical testing results show that maximum compression strength of HA porous bodies was 0.12 MPa.
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Brink, A. E., K. J. Jordens, and J. S. Riffle. "Sintering high performance semicrystalline polymeric powders." Polymer Engineering and Science 35, no. 24 (December 1995): 1923–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/pen.760352403.

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Costa, G. C. C. da, and R. Muccillo. "Synthesis of Lanthanum Beta Alumina by the Polymeric Precursor Technique." Materials Science Forum 530-531 (November 2006): 649–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.530-531.649.

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Lanthanum beta alumina powders were obtained by the polymeric precursor technique using lanthanum nitrate, aluminum nitrate, ethylene glycol and citric acid. The transformations that occur during thermal treatment of the precursor solution were evaluated by thermogravimetric and differential thermal analysis. Fourier Transform Infrared analysis for residual carbon qualitative detection and gas adsorption analysis for evaluating specific surface area, BET method, were carried out in powder specimens heat treated at different temperatures. High calcination temperature leads to the formation of hard agglomerates. The powders calcined at 800°C for 4 h have high specific surface area, ~ 120 m2/g. All processed powders and green pellets sintered at different temperatures were analyzed by X-ray diffraction for structural phase determination. Single phase LaAl11O18 pellets have application as solid electrolytes in disposable electrochemical devices for monitoring dissolved oxygen species in molten steel at very high temperatures, > 1500 °C, during steel production.
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Mwania, Fredrick M., Maina Maringa, and Kobus van der Walt. "A Review of Methods Used to Reduce the Effects of High Temperature Associated with Polyamide 12 and Polypropylene Laser Sintering." Advances in Polymer Technology 2020 (August 4, 2020): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/9497158.

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The polymer laser sintering (PLS) process is one of the most promising additive manufacturing (AM) technologies for polymeric materials. However, the technique has challenges because the physical, mechanical, and chemical properties of the polymeric powder deteriorate due to the high temperatures prevailing in the build chamber during manufacture. These high temperatures cause agglomeration of powder, which leads to a decrease in the flowability of powder. There is also a related drop in the coalescence of the powder granules during PLS, which results in porosity that undermines the mechanical integrity of printed parts. Moreover, the viscosity of the melt increases due to cross-linking of molecular chains. This, in turn, increases the tensile strength of the printed components at the expense of the percentage elongation at break. Thus, high prolonged processing temperatures decrease the reusability of polymeric materials used in PLS. In this paper, a review of the studies conducted to investigate ways of reducing the effects of high temperature on polymeric powders is presented.
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Mwania, Fredrick Mulinge, Maina Maringa, and Jacobus G. van der Walt. "A review of the techniques used to characterize laser sintering of polymeric powders for use and re-use in additive manufacturing." Manufacturing Review 8 (2021): 14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2021012.

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Additive manufacturing (AM), is one of the key components of the 4th industrial revolution. Polymer laser sintering (PLS) is a subset of AM that is commonly used to process polymers, and which achieves good surface finish, good mechanical properties of finished products and for which there is no need for support structures. However, the requirements for polymeric powder for PLS are strident. Moreover, PLS subjects polymeric feed powders to high temperatures that lead to degradation of their thermal, rheological, and physical properties and is thus an impediment to their recyclability. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the degree of polymer degradation or aging before re-using the material. This paper reviews the common techniques that are employed to characterize the suitability of polymeric powders for use and re-use in the PLS process. These include, but are not limited to, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), laser diffraction analysis, gas pycnometry, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and melt flow index (MFI) testing.
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Lee, Sang Jin, Chung Hyo Lee, and S. Y. Chun. "Organic-Inorganic Solution Technique for Fabrication of Porous CaO-SiO2 Based Powders." Key Engineering Materials 287 (June 2005): 117–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.287.117.

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Soft and porous CaO-SiO2 powders (CaSiO3, Ca2SiO4, Ca3SiO5) were fabricated by organic-inorganic solution technique. Calcium nitrate and Ludox SK silica sol were dissolved in D.I. water and then 5 wt% polyvinyl alcohol solution was added as a polymeric carrier. The metal cations were dispersed well in solution and a homogeneous polymeric network was formed. The organic-inorganic precursor gels were turned to porous powder having volume expansion through an explosive oxidation reaction during calcination process. The polyvinyl alcohol content and heating rate were affected on the explosive reaction behavior. It may be speculated that the reaction between oxygen and unstable calcium cations resulted in the vigorous exothermic reaction and simultaneously the reaction made extensive void, which is accompanied with volume expansion in the powder structure, by the thermal decomposition in a moment of organic substance, polyvinyl alcohol. The porous powders were crystallized at relatively lower temperatures, and the crystalline development was dependent on the polymer content.
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Put, S., C. Bertels, and A. Vanhulsel. "Atmospheric pressure plasma treatment of polymeric powders." Surface and Coatings Technology 234 (November 2013): 76–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.surfcoat.2013.02.006.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Polymeric Powders"

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Brink, Andrew E. "The synthesis, stabilization and sintering of high performance semicrystalline polymeric powders." Diss., This resource online, 1994. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-08062007-094411/.

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Ma, Da. "Improving the Strength of Binder Jetted Pharmaceutical Tablets Through Tailored Polymeric Binders and Powders." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/101030.

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Additive Manufacturing (AM) provides a unique opportunity for fabrication of personalized medicine, where each oral dosage could be tailored to satisfy specific needs of each individual patient. Binder jetting, an easily scalable AM technique that is capable of processing the powdered raw material used by tablet manufacturers, is an attractive means for producing individualized pharmaceutical tablets. However, due to the low density of the printed specimens and incompatible binder-powder combination, tablets fabricated by this AM technology suffer from poor strength. The research is introducing an additional composition in the binder jetting powder bed (e.g., powdered sugar) could significantly enhance the compressive strength of the as-fabricated tablets, as compared with those tablets fabricated without the additional powder binding agent. However, no previous research demonstrated comprehensive approaches to enhance the poor performance of the 3D printed tablets. Therefore, the goal of this work is to identify processing techniques for improving the strength of binder jetted tablets, including the use of (i) novel jettable polymeric binders (e.g., 4-arm star polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), DI water, and different i) weight percentage of sorbitol binder) and (ii) introducing an additional powder binding agent into the powder bed (e.g.., different wt% of powdered sugar).
M.S.
Three-dimensional printing is well-known as 3D printing. 3D printing pills are printed from the 3D printer. As of today, we now stand on the brink of a fourth industrial revolution. By the remarkable technological advancements of the twenty-first century, manufacturing is now becoming digitized. Instead of using a large batch process as traditional, customized printlets with a tailored dose, shape, size, and release characteristics could be produced on- demand. The goal of developing pharmaceutical printing is to reduce the cost of labor, shorten the time of manufacturing, and tailor the pills for patients. And have the potential to cause a paradigm shift in medicine design, manufacture, and use. This paper aims to discuss the current and future potential applications of 3D printing in healthcare and, ultimately, the power of 3D printing in pharmaceuticals.
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Syzdek, Jarosław Sylwester. "Application of modified ceramic powders as fillers for composite polymeric electrolytes based on poly(oxyethylene)." Amiens, 2010. http://www.theses.fr/2010AMIE0102.

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Le premier objectif de cette thèse est l’étude de l’influence de charges inorganiques (additifs) sur les propriétés des électrolytes polymères composites, à base de poly(oxyde d’éthylène) de basses et hautes masses moléculaires. Pour étudier tout les facteurs, nous avons choisi trois oxydes d’aluminium et deux oxydes de titane, distincts de par la taille des grains. Il apparaît exclusivement que les échantillons d’oxyde d’aluminium aux grains de taille micrométrique sont clairement modifiés ; les particules d’oxyde d’aluminium sont plus sensibles au traitement que les oxyde de titane et l’effet est plus marqué pour les particules de taille micrométriques par rapport aux particules nanométriques d’oxyde d’aluminium. Ensuite les poudres (au total 26) étaient utilisées comme charge pour les électrolytes polymères à base de dimétoxy-poly(oxyde d’éthylène) de masse moléculaire moyenne 500 g•mol-1 (liquide à température ambiante) et le poly(oxyde d'éthylène de masse moléculaire moyenne 5•102g•mol-1(solide à température ambiante). Le perchlorate de lithium (LiClO4) a été à chaque fois utilisé comme sel et sa concentration fixée à de 1 mol•kg-1. En résumé – des électrolytes contenant un large panel de poudres ont été étudiés, et il a été montré que les conditions de préparation des électrolytes avec les mêmes matériaux de départ peuvent conduire à l’obtention de matériaux finaux différents. Cela peut expliquer les divergences entre les résultats rapportés dans la littérature ces dernières années. Enfin, l’influence des poudres sur la conductivité et les conditions de son augmentation ont été déterminées
The primary goal of this work was to study the influence of surface-modified inorganic fillers on the properties of composite polymeric electrolytes based on poly(oxyethylene) of both low and high molecular weight. To study all interesting factors we chose three different aluminas and two titanias characterised by different grain sizes. It appeared that only microsized aluminas are readily modified. Less sensitive to the treatment is nano alumina and the least are titanias. Then obtained powders (26 in total) were applied as fillers for polymeric electrolytes based on poly(oxyethylene) of molecular weight aqual to 500 g•mol-1 (liquid at room temperature) and 5•106 g•mol-1 (liquid at room temperature) and 5•106 g•mol-1(solid at room temperature). Lithium perchlorate was used as a salt, its concentration was fixed to be 1 mol•kg-1. In general, a vast population of samples was prepared and it was shown that starting with the same material, one can obtain totally different products. That can explain many of the discrepancies found in the literature published on this subject over the last 20 years. Apart from that a universal procedure of samples preparation was established and conditions of conductivity improvement determined
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Al-Meshal, Mohammed A. S. "Physicochemical and tableting properties of crystallised and spray-dried phenylbutazone containing polymeric additives : effect of polymeric additives (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and a polyoxyethylene-polyoxypropylene glycol) on the crystalline structure, physicochemical properties and tableting behaviour of crystallised and spray-dried phenylbutazone powders." Thesis, University of Bradford, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/4207.

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The physicochemical properties of a drug affect to a large extent its subsequent biological absorption and bioavailability profile. Considerable pharmaceutical interest is therefore directed torwards the improvement of drug dissolution characteristics of drugs with low aqueous solubility. This thesis has considered the controlled modification of drug dissolution profiles by means of incorporating low concentrations of hydrophilic polymers by different processes into a host drug substance. In order to examine this approach and its potential use, the physicochemical, solid state, stability and tableting properties of a poorly aqueous soluble drug, phenylbutazone, in alternative polymorphic form and containing low levels of two hydrophilic polymers - hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (H.P.M.C.) and the surfactant poloxamer 188 - prepared by both conventional crystallisation and spray drying are reported. As an integral nart of the work attempts were mado to identify the different polymorphic forms of phenylbutazone. The δ-form, the commercially available stable form and the α and β metastable forms (nomenclature after Muller, 1978) were isolated. The α form was found to be unstable on storage. A 2 fold increase in intrinsic dissolution rate was observed for the metastable β-polymorph compared with the stable δ-polymorphic form. The effect of crystallisation rate on the formation of polymorphs of phenylbutazone was studied using a mini-spray dryer, and slower rates of crystallisation were found to favour polymorph formation. The hydrophilic polymers, H.P.M.C. and poloxamer 188, were incorporated by conventional crystallisation and spray drying into the drug crystal. Samples were subjected to a series of tests including differential scanning calorimetry, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, and intrinsic dissolution and solubility. When prepared by conventional crystallisation H.P.M.C. was found to form a "high energy" complex with phenylbutazone which melted 10°C lower than the parent drug. When prepared by spray drying H.P.M.C. inhibited the formation of the metastable β-polymorph of phenylbutazone. A 2 fold increase in intrinsic dissolution rate was observed for crystallised and spray dried samples containing 2% w/w or more added polymer. Poloxamer 188 did not form a complex with phenylbutazone and unlike H.P.M.C. did not inhibit the formation of the β-polymorph. For both crystallised and spray dried samples a 3 fold increase in dissolution rate was obtained at polymer levels of 1% w/w or above. The increase in dissolution has been attributed to facilitated wetting by lowering of interfacial tension rather than through the formation of micelles. The stability of selected phenylbutazone:polymer samples was tested at elevated temperatures. The stability was found to be affected both by the method of sample preparation and the type of additive. Large breakdowns occurring by a hydrolytic effect were identified for the crystallised phenylbutazone samples containing poloxamer 188. The effects on compaction of phenylbutazone in alternative form and presence of polymeric additives were studied by compressing samples of similar particle sizes of phenylbutazone as supplied (δ-form), samples of spray dried phenylbutazone (β-form) and samples containing different concentrations of H.P.M.C. prepared both by conventional crystallisation and spray drying. Compaction data were analysed according to the Heckel relationship and by force transmission ratio as well as from the tensile strengths of prepared tablets. The presence of H.P.M.C. up to 5% w/w concentration in phenylbutazone did not change the mean yield pressure for the crystallised or spray dried samples, although a difference in mean value was observed between the crystallised and spray dried materials, 93.22 MPa and 147.02 MPa respectively. Force transmission was found to be improved for samples containing H.P.M.C. prepared by both techniques and in general, the tablet tensile strengths for crystallised samples containing H.P.M.C. were approximately three times greater than for spray dried samples at equivalent tablet porosity. Differences are attributed to variation in solid state and particulate properties between samples.
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Shokouhi, Mehr Hamideh. "Application of High-Performance Polyimides in Additive Manufacturing and Powder Coating." University of Akron / OhioLINK, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=akron1574204777058183.

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Rammoorthy, Madhusudhan. "On-line consolidation of thermoplastic powder fusion coated filaments." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 1993. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11131.

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Cheung, Wai Lam. "Bulking of charged pellets of polymeric materials." Thesis, University of Southampton, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.261854.

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Chatham, Camden Alan. "Property-Process-Property Relationships in Powder Bed Fusion Additive Manufacturing of Poly(phenylene sulfide): A Case Study Toward Predicting Printability from Polymer Properties." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/100053.

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Powder bed fusion (PBF) is one of seven technology modalities categorized under the term additive manufacturing (AM). Beyond the advantages of fabricating complex geometries and the "tool-less manufacturing" paradigm common to all types of AM, polymer PBF shows potential for significant industrial relevance through exploiting the technique's characteristic powder-filled bed (a.k.a. build piston) to utilize the full printer volume for batch-style production. Although PBF should be a suitable processing technique for all semi-crystalline polymers, the polyamide family currently occupies around 90% of the commercial market for polymer PBF. This commercial dominance of polyamides is mirrored in the focus of research publications. The lack of chemical variety in published research questions the universality of reported Structure-Property-Process and Process-Structure-Property relationships for PBF. This dissertation presents the findings from identifying Structure-Property-Process relationships critical to fabricate multi-layer parts for poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) by PBF towards expanding PBF material selection and evaluating universality of relationship guidelines. PPS is an engineering thermoplastic used for its high strength, rigidity, dielectric properties, and chemical resistance at elevated temperatures. These properties are attributed to PPS' highly crystalline morphology. Its current use in the automotive and aerospace industries, which are early adopters of AM technologies, makes PPS a prime candidate for AM applications. Therefore, the goal of this work is to demonstrate PPS printing by PBF, study its behavior throughout the PBF lifecycle, and abstract general trends in polymer PBF relationships. First, theoretical ranges for print parameter values are determined from properties of an experimental grade PPS powder feedstock. Successful printing of PPS by PBF is demonstrated in a way contrary to published empirical polymer-PBF relationships. Low temperature printing (i.e., bed temperature more than 15 °C lower than polymer peak melting temperature) of PPS successfully fabricated dimensionally accurate parts with reasonable mechanical properties compared against injection molding values. This distinct PPS behavior does not follow empirical guidelines developed for either polyamides or poly(aryl ether ketones). The unique success of low-temperature PBF prompted further investigation into potential benefits of low-temperature printing. Structure-Property-Process relationships were characterized over the course of simulated powder reuse to show that low-temperature printing prolonged the time when PPS powder properties remained in the "printable" range. Significantly re-used PPS powder was shown to be printable when print parameters were adjusted to accommodate structure and property changes. Successful prints from reused powder is uncommon among published reports of PBF printing of high-performance engineering thermoplastics. Observations of a change in molecular architecture through branching and crosslinking during simulated powder reuse motivated investigating if similar reactions occur in printed parts. PPS is commonly used at elevated temperatures in the presence of oxygen, which is the ideal environment for branching and crosslinking. Structural changes manifested in increased glass transition temperature and high temperature storage modulus. The relative change in structure when printed parts were thermo-oxidatively exposed was observed to be significant for parts printed from new powder, but minimal for parts printed from reused powder. This is a result of the structural changes occurring as powder feedstock during reuse over multiple builds. The changing architecture of reused PPS exposed shortcomings with print parameter value selection based solely on polymer thermal properties. Branching and crosslinking reduced crystallinity, resulting in calculated less energy required to melt; however, it also increased melt viscosity. This negative impact on coalescence behavior was not reflected in the methodology for process parameter value determination because current guidelines neglect rheological properties. These observations motivated proposing a method for selecting print settings based on polymer coalescence behavior. Because it is based on coalescence, this method can predict the transition in governing physics from viscous coalescence to bubble diffusion, which is accompanied by a change in the dependence of mechanical properties on laser energy density. Most work in polymer PBF has focused on "printed part triad'" Process-Property relationships. Work presented in this dissertation contributes to the "printability triad'" of Structure-Property-Process relationships and does so using the novel-to-PBF polymer, PPS. Additional polymers must be explored to continue to discern which polymer-manufacturing relationships are universal among all polymers and which are specific to one subset. The observations and connected interpretation to principles of polymer physics add to the body of knowledge for the polymer PBF field. These contributions will help pave the way for investigations into other polymer families and will re-shape the field's normative logic use when answering the question "what makes a polymer printable by PBF?" Understanding the connection between polymer properties and physical stimuli characteristic of PBF manufacturing will result in parts tailored for specific applications and more sustainable manufacturing, thus realizing additive manufacturing's full potential.
Doctor of Philosophy
Powder bed fusion (PBF) is one of seven distinct additive manufacturing (AM, also known as ``3D printing'') technologies. The manufacturing process creates solid, three-dimensional shapes through selectively heating, melting, and fusing together polymer powder particles in a layer-by-layer manner. Currently, organizations are interested in complementing existing manufacturing technology with PBF for one of three general reasons: (1) "complexity is free" PBF has the ability to make shapes that are difficult or expensive to fabricate using other manufacturing technologies. (2) "tool-less manufacturing" PBF only requires a digital design file to fabricate objects. This enables small changes to be easily made via computer-aided design (CAD) programs without the need to invest time and money into tooling (e.g., molds, jigs, fixtures, or other product-specific tools). This enables "mass customized" products (e.g., custom-fit medical devices and implants) to be economically feasible. (3) "material efficiency" AM is attractive as it often generates less waste than subtractive manufacturing techniques like milling. This is particularly a concern for organizations that manufacture parts from expensive, high-performance polymers, such as in the aerospace and medical industries. Despite these benefits, the state of the art for polymer PBF has room for improvement. Specifically, there are many details regarding material behavior during PBF manufacturing that are unknown; any unknown behaviors present challenges to building confidence in production quality. Additionally, approximately 90% of current PBF use is nylon-12 or else another material in the polyamide family of semi-crystalline thermoplastics. This limited selection of commercially available materials compared against other forms of manufacturing contributes to PBF's circular quandary: the manufacturing process physics are not robustly understood because most experimentation and research has been carried out on one family of polymers; however, a wider variety of polymers has not been developed because there is a limited understanding of the process physics. This dissertation presents research toward answering both PBF challenge areas. The first three chapters present investigations into relationships between the properties of a novel, experimental grade poly(phenylene sulfide) (PPS) semi-crystalline thermoplastic polymer powder, the stimuli imposed on this polymer during PBF processing, and the resultant properties of printed parts (i.e., "property-process-property relationships"). The target polymer, poly(phenylene sulfide), is a high-temperature, high-performance polymer that is traditionally melt processed, but has not yet been commercialized for PBF. Prior literature has established mathematical representation for the interaction between manufacturing energy input and the thermal response of the polymer resulting in melting. This framework has been created through studying the polyamide family. Work presented in this dissertation evaluates existing guidelines for PBF process parameter selection using measured thermal behavior of PPS (i.e., a polysulfide, not a polyamide) to predict the range of manufacturing energies affecting geometrically accurate printed parts of high density and strength. In addition, the impact of thermal exposure from repeated PPS powder reuse over the course of multiple PBF prints was evaluated on powder, thermal, and rheological properties identified as critical for PBF printing. Changes to the molecular structure and properties of reused PPS powder were observed to follow different trends than those reported for other materials traditionally used. The effect of thermal exposure on printed parts was also investigated to determine if the observed changes in molecular structure occurring during thermal exposure of the powder would result in changes to mechanical performance properties of printed parts. The importance of rheological flow properties in dictating printed part performance was observed to be a common theme throughout working with PPS. The final chapter presents a novel method for quantitatively predicting particle fusion during PBF and connecting the extent of particle fusion to mechanical properties of printed parts. The presented method is "polymer agnostic" and advances the state of the art in understanding the physics guiding polymer response to stimuli imposed during PBF AM.
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DeBenedictis, Mach Austin. "Model development for the electrostatic fluidized bed powder coating process." Diss., Georgia Institute of Technology, 1994. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/11326.

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Kozielová, Silvie. "Studium flexibility a adheze cementových lepidel při různém stupni modifikace polymerním pojivem." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta stavební, 2019. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-392367.

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The content of the diploma thesis deals with the study of the flexibility and adhesion of cement tile adhesives, which are modified by a polymeric additive. The effects of the quantity and type of redispersible polymer powder used on the properties of the adhesives, in particular on the deformability of adhesives and their adhesion, are monitored. The theoretical part summarizes the basic data concerning classification of the ceramic tiles, information about the adhesives, the processed part concerning the polymer modified adhesives and the effects of the polymeric additives on their properties. The practical part deals primarily with the study of adhesion and flexibility of polymer modified adhesives and study of microstructure of selected materials.
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Books on the topic "Polymeric Powders"

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M, Narkis, and Rosenzweig N, eds. Polymer powder technology. Chichester: J. Wiley, 1995.

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Khait, Klementina. Solid-state shear pulverization: A new polymer processing and powder technology. Lancaster [PA]: Technomic Pub. Co., 2001.

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Shanefield, Daniel J. Organic Additives and Ceramic Processing: With Applications in Powder Metallurgy, Ink, and Paint. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1995.

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Adaskin, Anatoliy, Aleksandr Krasnovskiy, and Tat'yana Tarasova. Materials science and technology of metallic, non-metallic and composite materials. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1143245.

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Book 1 of the textbook consists of two parts. Part I describes the structure of metallic, non-metallic, and composite materials. Technologies of production of metal materials are considered: metallurgical production of ferrous and non-ferrous metals; powder metallurgy; technologies of production of non-metallic materials: polymers, glass, graphite; technologies of production of composite materials, including semi-finished products-prepregs, premixes. Part II is devoted to methods for studying the properties of materials. Metal materials, technologies of their hardening by thermal, chemical-thermal treatment, and plastic deformation are considered. The features of organic and inorganic nonmetallic materials, as well as the possibility of changing their properties, are given. Composite materials are widely covered, and the areas of their rational application are shown. Revised chapter 14, which deals with intelligent materials. Meets the requirements of the federal state educational standards of higher education of the latest generation. For bachelors and undergraduates studying in groups of training areas 15.00.00 "Mechanical Engineering" and 22.00.00 "Materials Technologies". It can be used for training graduate students of engineering specialties, as well as for advanced training of engineering and technical workers of machine-building enterprises.
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Vrinceanu, Narcisa, Emanuela Ciolan, and Paraschiva Postolache. Novel Approach of Added-Value Zinc Oxide Powders for Polymeric Fibrous Matrices with Engineered Architectures for High Performance Textiles. Nova Science Publishers, Incorporated, 2015.

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Al-Meshal, Mohammed A. S. Physicochemical and tableting properties of crystallised and spray-dried phenylbutazone containing polymeric additives: Effect of polymeric additives (hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and a polyoxyethylene-poloxypropylene glycol) on the crystalline structure, physicochemical properties and tableting behaviour of crystallised and spray-dried phenylbutazone powders. Bradford, 1985.

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German, Randall M., and Animesh Bose. Binder and Polymer Assisted Powder Processing. ASM International, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.9781627083195.

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Binder and Polymer Assisted Powder Processing. Asm International, 2020.

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Narayan, Roger J., ed. Additive Manufacturing in Biomedical Applications. ASM International, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.hb.v23a.9781627083928.

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Volume 23A provides a comprehensive review of established and emerging 3D printing and bioprinting approaches for biomedical applications, and expansive coverage of various feedstock materials for 3D printing. The Volume includes articles on 3D printing and bioprinting of surgical models, surgical implants, and other medical devices. The introductory section considers developments and trends in additively manufactured medical devices and material aspects of additively manufactured medical devices. The polymer section considers vat polymerization and powder-bed fusion of polymers. The ceramics section contains articles on binder jet additive manufacturing and selective laser sintering of ceramics for medical applications. The metals section includes articles on additive manufacturing of stainless steel, titanium alloy, and cobalt-chromium alloy biomedical devices. The bioprinting section considers laser-induced forward transfer, piezoelectric jetting, microvalve jetting, plotting, pneumatic extrusion, and electrospinning of biomaterials. Finally, the applications section includes articles on additive manufacturing of personalized surgical instruments, orthotics, dentures, crowns and bridges, implantable energy harvesting devices, and pharmaceuticals. For information on the print version of Volume 23A, ISBN: 978-1-62708-390-4, follow this link.
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Jolivet, Jean-Pierre. Metal Oxide Nanostructures Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190928117.001.0001.

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This much-anticipated new edition of Jolivet's work builds on the edition published in 2000. It is entirely updated, restructured and increased in content. The book focuses on the formation by techniques of green chemistry of oxide nanoparticles having a technological interest. Jolivet introduces the most recent concepts and modelings such as dynamics of particle growth, ordered aggregation, ionic and electronic interfacial transfers. A general view of the metal hydroxides, oxy-hydroxides and oxides through the periodic table is given, highlighting the influence of the synthesis conditions on crystalline structure, size and morphology of nanoparticles. The formation of aluminum, iron, titanium, manganese and zirconium oxides are specifically studied. These nanomaterials have a special interest in many technological fields such as ceramic powders, catalysis and photocatalysis, colored pigments, polymers, cosmetics and also in some biological or environmental phenomena.
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Book chapters on the topic "Polymeric Powders"

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Blazynski, T. Z. "Shock Consolidation of Polymeric Powders." In Dynamically Consolidated Composites: Manufacture and Properties, 375–422. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1992. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-011-2892-6_9.

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Gilardi, Raffaele, Daniele Bonacchi, and Michael E. Spahr. "Graphitic Carbon Powders for Polymer Applications." In Polymers and Polymeric Composites: A Reference Series, 1–25. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-37179-0_33-3.

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Crawford, R. "Solid Phase Compaction of Polymeric Powders." In Developments in Plastics Technology —3, 275–313. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-4183-0_7.

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Szafran, M., G. Rokicki, and P. Wiśniewski. "New Water Thinnable Polymeric Binders in Die Pressing of Alumina Powders." In Functional Gradient Materials and Surface Layers Prepared by Fine Particles Technology, 75–80. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-010-0702-3_7.

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Volkov, Vladimir Vasilievich, and Yury Pavlovich Yampolskii. "Free Volume and Microporosity in Polymeric Gas Separation Membrane Materials and Sorbents." In Structural Properties of Porous Materials and Powders Used in Different Fields of Science and Technology, 135–58. London: Springer London, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4471-6377-0_7.

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Sczancoski, Júlio César, Máximo Siu Li, Valmor Roberto Mastelaro, Elson Longo, and Laécio Santos Cavalcante. "Morphology and Optical Properties of SrWO4 Powders Synthesized by the Coprecipitation and Polymeric Precursor Methods." In Recent Advances in Complex Functional Materials, 131–54. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-53898-3_5.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Coating Powders." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 150. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_2507.

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Schmid, Manfred. "LS Materials: Polymer Powders." In Laser Sintering with Plastics, 101–24. München: Carl Hanser Verlag GmbH & Co. KG, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3139/9781569906842.005.

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Gooch, Jan W. "Bronze Gold Powders." In Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, 95. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4419-6247-8_1615.

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Ihara, T. "Plasma Treatments of Powders." In Plasma Processing of Polymers, 395–410. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8961-1_21.

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Conference papers on the topic "Polymeric Powders"

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Zhang, Lan, M'hamed Boutaous, Shihe Xin, and Dennis A. Siginer. "3D Modeling of Additive Manufacturing Process: The Case of Polymer Laser Sintering." In ASME 2020 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2020-23550.

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Abstract This work focusses on studying multiphysical transient phenomena in polymer powders occurring during selective laser sintering in polymers powders. Multiple phenomena stemming from the interaction of the laser with the polymer powder bed and the transfer of the laser power to the powder bed including laser scattering and absorption, polymer heating, melting, coalescence, densification, and the variation of the material parameters with the temperature are simulated via the modified Monte Carlo-ray tracing method coupled with the Mie theory. A finite volume method is adopted for the heat transfer. The model couples heat diffusion, melting, coalescence and densification of the polymer grains, and the crystallization kinetics during the cooling steps. Laser intensity is concentrated on the surface of the material contrary to the predictions of the Beer-Lambert law. Laser acting on thermoplastic material cause the polymer powder melt, coalescence between melted grains, air diffusion versus densification, crystallization and volume shrinkage. All these processes are simulated by a series of multiphysical models. The reliability of the modeling is tested by comparison with experiments in the literature, and a parametric analysis is performed, based on the process characteristics such as laser sweep speed, its intensity and shape, polymeric grain size among others. Several recommendations to optimize the process are proposed.
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Che, H., P. Vo, and S. Yue. "Metallization of Various Polymers by Cold Spray." In ITSC2017, edited by A. Agarwal, G. Bolelli, A. Concustell, Y. C. Lau, A. McDonald, F. L. Toma, E. Turunen, and C. A. Widener. DVS Media GmbH, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2017p0098.

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Abstract Previous results at McGill University have shown that metallic coatings can be successfully cold sprayed onto polymeric substrates. This paper studies the cold sprayability of various metal powders on different polymeric substrates. Five different substrates were used, including carbon fibre reinforced polymer (CFRP), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene (ABS), polyether ether ketone (PEEK), polyethylenimine (PEI); mild steel was also used as a bench mark substrate. The CFRP used in this work has a thermosetting matrix, and the ABS, PEEK, and PEI are all thermoplastic polymers, with different glass transition temperatures as well as a number of distinct mechanical properties. Three metal powders, tin, copper and iron, were cold sprayed with both a low-pressure system and a high-pressure system at various conditions. In general, cold spray on the thermoplastic polymers rendered more positive results than the thermosetting polymers, due to the local thermal softening mechanism in the thermoplastics. Thick copper coatings were successfully deposited on PEEK and PEI.
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Bernard, C. A., K. Ogawa, J. Y. Cavaillé, O. Lame, K. Ravi, and T. Deplancke. "On the Premise of Polymer Coating Modelling for Cold-Spray Process." In ITSC2018, edited by F. Azarmi, K. Balani, H. Li, T. Eden, K. Shinoda, T. Hussain, F. L. Toma, Y. C. Lau, and J. Veilleux. ASM International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2018p0366.

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Abstract Cold-spray process (CS) showed suitable properties to weld together compatible and incompatible materials. Since it has been intensively studied as additive technique using metallic powders on metallic surfaces, and only recently with polymeric powders, we compare, in a very preliminary attempt, simulated data of the impact of an aluminum particle onto aluminum substrate, with the case of an ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) particle on the same substrate. It is noteworthy that such polymer cannot be processed by classical means (extrusion, injection molding, etc.), and CS appears to be very promising as alternative technique to powder sintering (applicability on large surface area, surface curvature).
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Sabard, A., A. Albassam, S. Chadha, and T. Hussain. "Cold Spraying of Metallic Powders Onto Polymeric Substrates: Influence of Gas Preheating Temperature on the Coating Deposition." In ITSC2018, edited by F. Azarmi, K. Balani, H. Li, T. Eden, K. Shinoda, T. Hussain, F. L. Toma, Y. C. Lau, and J. Veilleux. ASM International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2018p0159.

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Abstract Common issues such as ice formation on wind turbine blades and lightning strikes on airplanes can be mitigated by metallizing polymers and composites used on the outer surface of the component. Cold gas dynamic spray is a novel process that has the potential to be used for metallization of polymer and composite surfaces to produce electrically and/or thermally conductive components. In this study, mixed Cu-Zn and Al-Zn feedstock powders were deposited onto polypropylene and nylon-6 substrates to investigate the viability of metallizing nonmetallic surfaces using a commercially available low-pressure cold spray process. The behavior of the individual metallic particles upon impact on the polymers and the deformation of the substrate were characterized by coating the two feedstock powders onto a nylon-6 substrate over a wide temperature range. The Cu-Zn coating was deposited in thicknesses up to 1 mm onto the nylon-6 substrate using optimized parameters. To understand the deposition of the metallic powder onto the polymers, the process was modeled using computational fluid dynamics methods. The correlation of the gas and particle modeling with examination of the coating microstructure highlighted the major importance of the particle velocity during cold spray deposition.
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Che, Hanqing, Stephen Yue, Phuong Vo, Amir Nobari, and Ana Da Silva Marques. "Metallization of Polymers by Cold Spraying with Low Melting Point Powders." In ITSC2019, edited by F. Azarmi, K. Balani, H. Koivuluoto, Y. Lau, H. Li, K. Shinoda, F. Toma, J. Veilleux, and C. Widener. ASM International, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2019p0586.

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Abstract Tin coatings have been successfully applied to polymeric substrates by means of cold spraying. In this work, three low melting point powders, including Sn, Sn-Zn, and Sn-Bi, are cold sprayed onto various polymeric substrates and different combinations of gas temperature and pressure are assessed. Based on the results, the effect of melting points on the cold sprayability of feedstock powders is discussed.
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Rokni, M. R., S. R. Nutt, M. C. Gill, C. A. Widener, and R. H. Hrabe. "Depositing Metallic Coatings on Polymer Substrates by Cold Spray Process." In ITSC2018, edited by F. Azarmi, K. Balani, H. Li, T. Eden, K. Shinoda, T. Hussain, F. L. Toma, Y. C. Lau, and J. Veilleux. ASM International, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2018p0210.

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Abstract In this study, high pressure cold spray (HPCS) process was used to metallize the surface of polymeric substrates to improve their mechanical performance, such as erosion, wear, and strength. Thermoplastic polymer materials (PEEK, PEI, and ABS) were used as substrate. Commercially pure (CP) Al and 7075 Al were cold sprayed onto the polymeric substrates. Good quality defect-free coatings were achieved in all combinations except with ABS substrates, which suffered from distortion during CS process due to stored thermal energy. 7075Al coatings showed high adhesion strength but low thickness (low deposition efficiency (DE)), whereas CP Al coatings revealed high thickness (high DE) but poor adhesion strength. Based on the obtained results, the DE and bonding strength are not only highly sensitive to properties of the substrate, but also to the applied process parameters as well as powder morphology. It is concluded that two separate sets of spray parameters should be applied for 7075 Al and CP Al deposition otherwise, either more damage or less bonding is achieved to the substrate. Also, for each one of these powders, the first layer of metal/polymer should be deposited with a separate recipe than the subsequent metal/metal layers. Coefficient of thermal expansion and hardness difference between the coating material and the substrate were also found to be key factors to developing continuous coatings on the polymeric substrates with the HPCS process.
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Bria, Vasile, Iulian-Gabriel Birsan, Adrian Circiumaru, Victor Ungureanu, and Igor Roman. "Tribological Characterization of Particulate Composites." In ASME 2010 10th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2010-25302.

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Among composites, the polymer matrix ones are the cheapest and the easiest to form but they show major disadvantages such as poor electrical and thermal conductivity, low fire resistance etc. In the case of any composite, some of the properties may be designed, some of them may be obtained by using an appropriate forming technique and, at least, some of them may be improved by special treatments. In the case of polymer matrix composites the first two ways are recommended if we are taking into account the polymers’ properties while the last one will turn the PMC into an expensive material due to the costs of metal or oxide thin film deposition on polymeric surface. Is it possible to solve all the problems by material design and by developing a convenient forming technique? Powders are used as fillers in order to obtain bi-components composites. The most important aim is about the uniform distribution of particles in matrix. If the fillers’ particles are arranged into the polymer volume is possible to change the electro-magnetic behavior of the obtained composite making this one to act as a meta-material. The powders can be dielectric as talc, clay or ferrite can be magnetic active as ferrite, or electric active as CNT or carbon nano-fibers. All these powders have effects on the electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical properties of the composite. This study is about the influence of fillers on the tribological behavior of particulate composites. Epoxy resin was used as matrix and various powders were used to fill the polymer: ferrite, zinc, clay. The materials were thermally treated in order to reach the best polymer properties. Pin on disk fixture on a CETR-UTM had been used to determine the friction coefficient for each filler concentration. The Wear resistance of each material had been evaluated using the same apparatus but with some modifications.
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Gaspar, Jorge, and Paulo Jorge Ba´rtolo. "Metallic Stereolithography." In ASME 2008 9th Biennial Conference on Engineering Systems Design and Analysis. ASMEDC, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/esda2008-59418.

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The rising of consumers’ demands and an ever increasing pressure of international markets imposed a deep change in the product development process to respond to an increasing product complexity and higher quality, as well to the need to promptly introduce products into the market. Stereolithography plays an important role on this new product development context. This technology produces models for thermosetting resins through a polymerisation process that transforms liquid resins into solid materials. In this work, a new route to produce metallic parts through stereolithography is explored. The curing analysis of hybrid reinforced polymeric systems, polymerised through radicalar or/and cationic mechanisms, is investigated. The rheological behaviour of these polymeric systems is also evaluated due to its importance for recoating. The influence of other processing and material characteristics like light intensity, initiator concentration, powder size of metallic powders, degree of dilution, etc. is also investigated.
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Garrido, B., V. Albaladejo-Fuentes, I. G. Cano, and S. Dosta. "Development of 45S5/PEEK Bioactive Coatings by Cold Gas Spray for Orthopedic Implants." In ITSC2021, edited by F. Azarmi, X. Chen, J. Cizek, C. Cojocaru, B. Jodoin, H. Koivuluoto, Y. C. Lau, et al. ASM International, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2021p0578.

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Abstract Cold Gas Spray (CGS) technology has allowed the development of biofunctional composite coatings composed of 45S5 and Polyetheretherketone (PEEK). The combination of a bioactive glass material embedded in a biocompatible polymeric matrix becomes this new composite in an interesting material for orthopedic applications since meet the biomechanical and biological requirements of an artificial implant. In the present study, blends of bioactive glass 45S5 and PEEK powder with different granulometry and 45S5/PEEK ratio have been prepared. These mixtures of powders have been deposited onto PEEK substrates by CGS with the goal of incorporating a bioactive additive to the biocompatible polymer, which can improve the bone-implant interaction of PEEK. The deposition efficiency (DE) and thickness of the coatings have been evaluated and from the results obtained, it was possible to conclude that DE and coating thickness are significantly affected by the granulometry and by the 45S5/PEEK ratio of the blends. By Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) inspection, it was observed that the use of blends with high 45S5/PEEK ratio led to the deposition of coatings with high content of 45S5 particles embedded in the polymeric matrix. Finally, the friction behavior of the coatings was analyzed performing ball-on-disk tests and these experiments showed that the presence of glass particles has a beneficial role in the wear resistance of the coatings.
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Christoulis, D. K., F. Borit, V. Guipont, and M. Jeandin. "Al-12Si Cold Sprayed Coatings with Controlled Porosity." In ITSC2008, edited by B. R. Marple, M. M. Hyland, Y. C. Lau, C. J. Li, R. S. Lima, and G. Montavon. Verlag für Schweißen und verwandte Verfahren DVS-Verlag GmbH, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.itsc2008p1272.

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Abstract The demand of industry for metallic thermal sprayed coatings with controlled porosity until now is fulfilled by the spraying of metallic powders mixed with additives (organic element in many cases) which play the role of pores. The new technology of cold spray can lead to the formation of innovate coatings of controlled porosity by using pure metallic (or alloy) powder without any further addition. A fine Al-12Si powder (<45 µm) was sprayed with a cold spray system (CGT Kinetic 3000-M) on stainless steel substrate under different spraying conditions. In the present study, the new polymeric nozzle PBI-33 of CGT was used for the formation of al-based coatings. The microstructure, the porosity, the Vickers microhardness and the superficial Rockwell hardness (R15Y) of the produced coatings are examined.
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Reports on the topic "Polymeric Powders"

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Bajric, Sendin. Characterizing Polymer Powders used in Additive Manufacturing. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), November 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1409744.

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Bajric, Sendin. Developing Characterization Procedures for Qualifying both Novel Selective Laser Sintering Polymer Powders and Recycled Powders. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), September 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1392825.

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Braegelmann, Peter. Developing New Polymeric Powder Feedstocks for Selective Laser Sintering: Emphasizing Particle Size and Shape. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), June 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1871451.

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Kennedy, Alan, Mark Ballentine, Andrew McQueen, Christopher Griggs, Arit Das, and Michael Bortner. Environmental applications of 3D printing polymer composites for dredging operations. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), January 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/39341.

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This Dredging Operations Environmental Research (DOER) technical note disseminates novel methods to monitor and reduce contaminant mobility and bioavailability in water, sediments, and soils. These method advancements are enabled by additive manufacturing (i.e., three-dimensional [3D] printing) to deploy and retrieve materials that adsorb contaminants that are traditionally applied as unbound powders. Examples of sorbents added as amendments for remediation of contaminated sediments include activated carbon, biochar, biopolymers, zeolite, and sand caps. Figure 1 provides examples of sorbent and photocatalytic particles successfully compounded and 3D printed using polylactic acid as a binder. Additional adsorptive materials may be applicable and photocatalytic materials (Friedmann et al. 2019) may be applied to degrade contaminants of concern into less hazardous forms. This technical note further describes opportunities for U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) project managers and the water and sediment resource management community to apply 3D printing of polymers containing adsorptive filler materials as a prototyping tool and as an on-site, on-demand manufacturing capability to remediate and monitor contaminants in the environment. This research was funded by DOER project 19-13, titled “3D Printed Design for Remediation and Monitoring of Dredged Material.”
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Ovalle, Samuel, E. Viamontes, and Tony Thomas. Optimization of DLP 3D Printed Ceramic Parts. Florida International University, October 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.25148/mmeurs.009776.

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Digital Light Processing (DLP) 3D printing allows for the creation of parts with advanced engineering materials and geometries difficult to produce through conventional manufacturing techniques. Photosensitive resin monomers are activated with a UV-producing LCD screen to polymerize, layer by layer, forming the desired part. With the right mixture of photosensitive resin and advanced engineering powder material, useful engineering-grade parts can be produced. The Bison 1000 is a research-grade DLP printer that permits the user to change many parameters, in order to discover an optimal method for producing 3D parts of any material of interest. In this presentation, the process parameter optimization and their influence on the 3D printed parts through DLP technique will be discussed. The presentation is focused on developing 3D printable slurry, printing of complex ceramic lattice structures, as well as post heat treatment of these DLP-produced parts.
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Gerstl, Zev, Thomas L. Potter, David Bosch, Timothy Strickland, Clint Truman, Theodore Webster, Shmuel Assouline, Baruch Rubin, Shlomo Nir, and Yael Mishael. Novel Herbicide Formulations for Conservation-Tillage. United States Department of Agriculture, June 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.32747/2009.7591736.bard.

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The overall objective of this study was to develop, optimize and evaluate novel formulations, which reduce herbicide leaching and enhance agronomic efficacy. Numerous studies have demonstrated that CsT promotes environmental quality and enhances sustainable crop production, yet continued use of CsT-practices appears threatened unless cost effective alternative weed control practices can be found. The problem is pressing in the southern portion of the Atlantic Coastal Plain region of the eastern USA where cotton and peanut are produced extensively. This research addressed needs of the region’s farmers for more effective weed control practices for CsT systems. HUJI: CRFs for sulfentrazone and metolachlor were developed and tested based on their solubilizion in cationic micelles and adsorption of the mixed micelles on montmorillonite. A better understanding of solubilizing anionic and nonionic organic molecules in cationic micelles was reached. Both CRFs demonstrated controlled release compared to the commercial formulations. A bioassay in soil columns determined that the new sulfentrazone and metolachlor CRFs significantly improve weed control and reduced leaching (for the latter) in comparison with the commercial formulations. ARO: Two types of CRFs were developed: polymer-clay beads and powdered formulations. Sand filter experiments were conducted to determine the release of the herbicide from the CRFs. The concentration of metolachlor in the initial fractions of the effluent from the commercial formulation reached rather high values, whereas from the alginate-clay formulations and some of the powdered formulations, metolachlor concentrations were low and fairly constant. The movement of metolachlor through a sandy soil from commercial and alginate-clay formulations showed that the CRFs developed significantly reduced the leaching of metolachlor in comparison to the commercial formulation. Mini-flume and simulated rainfall studies indicated that all the CRFs tested increased runoff losses and decreased the amount of metolachlor found in the leachate. ARS: Field and laboratory investigations were conducted on the environmental fate and weed control efficacy of a commercially available, and two CRFs (organo-clay and alginate-encapsulated) of the soil-residual herbicide metolachlor. The environmental fate characteristics and weed control efficacy of these products were compared in rainfall simulations, soil dissipations, greenhouse efficacy trials, and a leaching study. Comparisons were made on the basis of tillage, CsT, and conventional, i.e no surface crop residue at planting (CT). Strip-tillage (ST), a commonly used form of CsT, was practiced. The organo-clay and commercial metolachlor formulations behaved similarly in terms of wash off, runoff, soil dissipation and weed control efficacy. No advantage of the organo-clay over the commercial metolachlor was observed. Alginate encapsulated metolachlor was more promising. The dissipation rate for metolachlor when applied in the alginate formulation was 10 times slower than when the commercial product was used inferring that its use may enhance weed management in cotton and peanut fields in the region. In addition, comparison of alginate and commercial formulations showed that ST can effectively reduce the runoff threat that is commonly associated with granular herbicide application. Studies also showed that use of the alginate CRF has the potential to reduce metolachlor leaching. Overall study findings have indicated that use of granular herbicide formulations may have substantial benefit for ST-system weed management for cotton and peanut production under Atlantic Coastal Plain conditions in the southeastern USA. Commercial development and evaluation at the farm scale appears warranted. Products will likely enhance and maintain CsT use in this and other regions by improving weed control options.
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