Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polymères – Environnement'
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Lorenzini, Cédric. "Elaboration de matériaux polymères issus de ressources renouvelables." Thesis, Paris Est, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014PEST1121.
Full textThe progressive exhaustion of the fossil resources has entrainé these last years a transfer of interest of the synthetic materials towards materials stemming from renewable resources. The latter can be developed from polymers and/or from synthons presents in the biomass. In this context, the synthesis of new biomaterials with poly (3-hydroxyalcanoate ( PHAs) and of isosorbide was realized. The obtaining of linear architectures and réticulées allowed to obtain diversified properties. At first, we prepared fonctionnalisées units, called elementary reactive bricks, with PHAs and with isosorbide. Oligomères of PHAs téléchéliques fonctionnalisés diols, dihydroxy-acid, diallyls, di-triethoxysilanes or still diepoxys was produced
Poisat, Julien. "Modèle d’accrochage de polymères en environnement aléatoire faiblement corrélé." Thesis, Lyon 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012LYO10056/document.
Full textIn this dissertation we study the pinning model with weakly correlated disorder.The pinning model applies to various situations such as localization of a polymernear a one-dimensional interface, wetting transition and DNA denaturation, whichall display a transition between a localized phase and a delocalized phase.We start by giving a survey of the available results concerning critical pointsand exponents, first for the homogeneous setup and then for the inhomogeneousone, in the case when disorder is given by a sequence of independent and identicallydistributed (i.i.d.) random variables. In the latter case, we also provide a hightemperaturebound on the quenched critical curve in a case of relevant disorder.We then study the random pinning model when disorder is gaussian and hascorrelations with finite range, using the theory of Markov renewal processes. Weexpress the annealed critical curve in terms of the largest eigenvalue of a transfermatrix and we give the annealed critical exponent. We then generalize the criteriafor disorder relevance/irrelevance that were proved for the i.i.d. case.Next we are interested in disorder sequences with infinite range correlations.At first we generalize the method used to deal with finite range correlations andobtain the annealed critical behaviour in the case of gaussian disorder assumingfast decay of correlations. We use to this end the spectral properties of transferoperators for shifts on integer sequences and potentials with summable variations.Secondly we provide some results when disorder is a Markov chain
Loriot, Marion. "Synthèse de co-polymères biodégradables pour peintures marines anti-salissures." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lorient, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORIS366.
Full textAntifouling paints are currently the most used hulls protection system. New antifouling coatings need to be developed with less environmental impact than organostannic paints. Copolyester of -caprolactone and -valerolactone with controlled molar mass and composition are synthesized by ring opening polymerization with stannous octanoate and octanol. Crystallinity of copolyester are measured. The evolution of water uptake, hydrophobicity properties and hydrolytic degradation of the binders surfaces have been investigated during the immersion in controlled medium. Copolymers are incorporated in an antifouling paint formulation and then immersed in natural conditions. Efficiency was validated during eight months of time immersion in the Kernevel harbour
Moreno, Flores Gregorio. "Modèles de polymères dirigés en milieux aléatoires." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2010. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00489557.
Full textMéjane, Olivier. "Equations aux différences aléatoires : des fonctionnelles exponentielles de Lévy aux polymères dirigés en environnement aléatoire." Toulouse 3, 2003. http://www.theses.fr/2003TOU30173.
Full textVargas, Vincent. "Polymères dirigés en milieu aléatoire et champs multifractaux." Phd thesis, Université Paris-Diderot - Paris VII, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00116641.
Full textFannir, Adelyne. "Actionneur à base de polymères conducteurs présentant une déformation linéaire à l’air et compatible avec un environnement spatial." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CERG0857/document.
Full textThis PhD work deals with the conception and shaping of actuators based on electronic conductive polymers for a linear actuation in open air with an application in space field. Currently, while some recurrent problems of lightness, flexibility and robustness can be resolved by these actuators, limitations still restrict their use in a spatial field providing a linear motion.First, our materials composed of interpenetrating polymer networks (IPN) poly (ethylene oxide) (PEO), nitrile butadiene rubber (NBR) and electronically conductive polymer (ECP) (poly (3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)) (PEDOT) are described and several mechanical, microscopic and electrochemical characterizations are explained. More particular characterizations have been developed for linear actuators.A study about PEO/NBR/PEDOT based actuator compatibility with space environment have been carried out in partnership with CNES. Samples have been exposed to high temperature variations, a strong vacuum, and gamma radiations to simulate space conditions. This study has been carried out on usual actuator, whose synthesis and characterization technics are mastered.Afterward, the conception of an actuator based on the same compounds as a usual actuator but with linear motion has been studied. To do so, an electromechanical model has been developed with the collaboration of Pr. J. Madden (Vancouver, Canada). This model allows us to determine an adapted geometry for linear motion and to optimize the actuator’s performances. Thus, a prototype of linear actuator has been synthesized based on this model.The last part was dedicated to the improvement of the actuator performances by changing the synthesis of the ECP. Electropolymerization allows us to control what type of ECP is deposited, the morphology or the amount. Several actuators with a usual geometry have been synthesized with electrochemical PEDOT and then they have been characterized. Afterward, those actuators have been used in the model to be part of the potential candidate for the making of a linear actuator
Grangeat, Romain. "Durabilité des assemblages collés en environnement humide : instrumentation par capteurs à fibre optique." Thesis, Nantes, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019NANT4066.
Full textA bonded assemblies are increasingly used in the industrial world, it is important to study their long term behavior. This manuscript consists of four chapters. The first one makes it possible to place this research work in an industrial and academic context in order to highlight the different scientific locks reached. In the second chapter, the process of manufacturing an epoxy structural adhesive is studied. This process is then controlled using a fiber optic sensor based on Fresnel reflection. The third chapter focuses on the study of water diffusion and the measurement of local water content in the adhesive. The different results obtained on the manufactured process and on the ageing allow to introduce the last chapter. This one is exclusively interested in bonded assemblies. First of all, the interphases are highlighted during their creations during the crosslinking reaction. Their diffusive properties in relation to water are then characterized. Finally, a hygroelastic model is determined, in order to simulate the water uptake and hygroscopic stresses within a bonded assembly
Cosco, Clément. "Polymères dirigés et équation KPZ." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019USPCC037.
Full textThis thesis is dedicated to the study of the links between directed polymers in random environment, the stochastic heat equation with multiplicative noise (SHE) and the Kardar-Parisi-Zhang equation (KPZ), under different space dimensions. In dimension d= 1, the KPZ equation and the SHE equation belong to a particular class of models which feature non-standard scaling coefficients and non-standard scaling limits. This class is called the KPZ universality class. It is possible to prove that some specific polymer models, which are called exactly solvable models, belong to this class, but one of the open problems in this field is to show that this result should be universal, that is that polymer models should belong to the KPZ universality class for very general types of environment. Nevertheless, one can prove that under a scaling limit, the point-to-point partition function of general polymer models converges towards the solution of the SHE equation, which can be seen as a weak universality result for the polymer models. In higher space dimension, it is not clear whether the KPZ and SHE equations should be well-posed. In order to study these equations in higher dimension, we will consider them with a noise that is be regularized in space (in this case, the solutions of the equations are well-defined) and try to look at the limiting behaviour of the solutions when the regularization is removed. It turns out that for a certain choice of parameters, the solutions of the regularized equations are linked to the partition functions of a directed polymer model, and one can use standard polymer techniques to study the asymptotic behaviour of the solutions
Courbon, Frédéric. "Dosimétrie par gel de polymères : évaluation de la précision dans un environnement clinique et mise au point d'un modèle expérimental pour la dosimétrie de sources non scellées d'iode 131." Toulouse 3, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004TOU30065.
Full textMagnetic resonance imaging (MRI) allows to measure in the 3 dimensions the dose delivered to irradiated polymer gels. This information would be very useful to improve either the accuracy of non-sealed sources dosimetry (NSSD) or quantitative scintigraphy. To our knowledge MRI gel dosimetry is mainly carried out by research units and its usefulness for NSSD has to be established. The aim of our study is to assess the accuracy of gel dosimetry in a clinical environment (imported gel, restricted access to a clinical MRI, data analysis without dedicated software) and to find a way to use this kind of gel for NSSD. For this purpose we analyse the reproducibility of R2 measurements depending on the size of the voxel, the position of the gel inside the coil and the methods used to calculate relaxation times. The accuracy of our measurement is in good acceptance with literature except in cases of low relaxation times (i. E. High doses) and high dose gradient deposition. .
Goffette, Benjamin. "Couleurs de polymères chargés pour un environnement lumineux : Application à la recherche par le design de matériau à changement chromatique." Phd thesis, Ecole Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris, 2013. http://pastel.archives-ouvertes.fr/pastel-00874665.
Full textHo, Nhat-Quang. "Endommagements de composites carbone-époxy induits par la thermo-oxydation de la matrice en présence de contraintes mécaniques." Poitiers, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006POIT2294.
Full textThis study contributes to the understanding of the damage mechanisms of CFRP laminates subjected to thermo-mechanical stresses in oxidative environment. When these materials are submitted to thermo-mechanical loadings at high temperatures (100°C - 150°C), the presence of oxygen enhances the initiation of surface matrix cracks and accelerates their propagation towards the laminate core, thus leading to a catastrophic damage state. An experimental procedure has been performed in order to dissociate the different damage mechanisms. The analysis of the experimental results, associated with a finite element calculation of the free edge stresses, has led us to propose a damage scenario taking into account coupling between stresses and oxidation for a cross-ply laminated structure subjected to thermal cycling in oxygen environment. In a second part, we study more precisely the changes induced by oxidation in the material properties of neat epoxy matrix. We have shown that oxidation, via an internal anti-plasticization effect, leads to an increase in the indentation elastic modulus, a decrease in the damping capacity and in the glass transition temperature. In addition, it was found that there exists a correlation between the values of the elastic modulus of oxidized material and the concentration of the oxidation products predicted by a kinetic model of oxidation (diffusion - reaction). This phenomenological correlation enables to carry out a coupled "oxido-elastic" calculation in order to determine the stress field generated by the presence of an oxidized layer in a resin structure
Diouf-Lewis, Audrey. "Elaboration et évaluation d'additifs verts pour polymères et composites respectueux de l'environnement." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC028.
Full textThis thesis work falls within the identified context of the need to develop new polymers that are more environmentally friendly. We are convinced that the development of these "green" materials requires the use of "green" additives during formulation. To develop environmentally friendly additives capable of stabilizing the polymer, with respect to the life cycle, and paying special attention to biomass valorization, three approaches have been studied. The first is an innovative way of using a mixture of polyphenols from winery by-products and tea industry. The second way is the valorisation of a molecule from the major by-product of the wheat industry. The third is a recent route of innovation, which proposes the use of layered double hydroxides nanocomposites (LDH) functionalized with bio based stabilizers. The evaluation of their stabilizing properties is carried out in polyolefins, against thermo- and photo-oxidation processes. The very promising results of the project highlight the strong potential of bio based molecules and composites to maintain polymers properties under conditions of use
Merlatti, Céline. "Etude de la dégradation de matrices organiques et des interfaces dans des systèmes de peinture : contribution à la maîtrise de leur durabilité en environnement humain." Toulon, 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006TOUL0011.
Full textIn the French Navy, organic coating systems are used to protect ships from corrosion. The service life requirements for protection are a long-term durability of 15 years. Today, the protection is insufficiently durable to meet the requirements, involving important maintenance cost. Thus, coating weatherability testing must be carried out to predict coating failures. The goal of this work is to, first, evaluate whether artificial test is reliable and representative of weathering, secondly, define a new reliable artificial test and finally, understand and identify loss of protection controlling factor. Three anticorrosive systems are studied. Each system presents three layers: topcoat – basecoat – primer. The total width is comprised between 200 and 250 μm. All samples are exposed to four different standard artificial weathering tests: a neutral salt spray test (NSS ISO 9227) and three cycles (QUV ASTM G53, ASTM D5894 and ISO 20340. Besides, the same samples are exposed to a natural weathering during four years in three different locations: Bandol, (83, France) classified as a C3 site, Pipady (83, France) and Kure Beach (North Caroline, USA), classified as C5M sites. Both Kure Beach and Pipady permit to expose coatings to high intensity sunlight in a marine atmosphere. After ageing, the rate of chemical and physico-chemical changes in each layer is followed using different characterisation methods (FTIR Microscopy, Pyrolysis – GC/MS, Dynamical Mechanical Analysis, Vickers Microhardness and SEM). Substrate/primer interface properties are studied by destructive method (the corroded area measurement in the scribing area beneath the coating) and non –destructive methods (Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS), Local EIS, surface potential measure). By comparing the kinds of chemical and physico-chemical changes in the different tests, it is possible to assess the validity of the accelerated tests. QUV ASTM G53, ASTM D5894 and ISO 20340 artificial cycles involve chemical processes which differ from those obtained after natural exposure. Here, the temperature is believed to be a key factor to explain such differences. On the bases of these results, a new cycle has been defined, more reliable. The variety of different weathering conditions permits to determine the more severe conditions in terms of degradation. Coating durability is not directly linked to physicochemical evolution that occurs in the coating. In fact, internal stresses developed during both temperature and moisture cycles control the coating performance
Breilly, Damien. "Synthèse d'adjuvant pour l'industrie du béton via la fonctionnalisation de lignines industrielles et la conception de nouveaux polymères biosourcés." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Paris, AgroParisTech, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022AGPT0010.
Full textThe concrete industry is one of the most important, but also the most polluting industries of the 21st century due to the cement manufacturing. Many solutions exist in order to reduce its environmental impact, unfortunately they result in a significant drop of the properties of concrete in terms of fluidity, workability during time and mechanical resistance. The use of organic adjuvants allows recovering these properties, but these are petro-sourced and their synthesis is not currently sustainable. Here in, we have proposed prospects for replacing the petrochemical superplasticizers by biosourced (macro)molecules.These (macro)molecules must, at the same time, adsorb themselves on the cement but also possess a repulsive effect leading to the lowering of the critical stresses of the cement paste for the same quantity of water. To reach these performances, we presented here two strategies: (1) the chemical and enzymatic modification of an industrial lignin (i.e., sodium lignosulfonate), as well as (2) chemo-enzymatic synthesis routes for new bio-sourced monomers from vanillin, as well as their polymerization by the ADMET route, making it possible to obtain post-functionalizable polymers.The macromolecules resulting from these two strategies were then tested on cement slurry to determine their adsorption property as well as their fluidizing power. Although a non-negligible effect of these molecules on the rheology has been demonstrated, the preliminary results have not revealed properties comparable to those of the currently used superplasticizers. Nevertheless, the great flexibility of the developed synthetic routes and the structural design of the monomers should allow to modulate the properties of these new macromolecules, thus opening the way to future developments of adjuvants
Camanes, Alain. "Polymères Dirigés et Réseaux Conducteurs de Chaleur - Systèmes de mécanique statistique à l'équilibre et hors équilibre." Phd thesis, Université de Nantes, 2008. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00344652.
Full textLes réseaux conducteurs de chaleur sont étudiés hors équilibre. Lorsque les potentiels d'interaction sont harmoniques, nous donnons une interprétation géométrique de la condition d'existence et d'unicité de la mesure invariante via un théorème de complétude. Dans le cas où cette condition fait défaut, nous explicitons une quantité invariante par le flot hamiltonien. Nous généralisons ensuite les résultats d'unicité à des potentiels analytiques. Nous montrons que la condition de Hörmander est suffisante pour avoir l'unicité de la mesure invariante via la contrôlabilité. Le principe de Lasalle est ensuite utilisé pour montrer l'unicité sans la condition d'Hörmander. Nous évoquons également le problème de l'existence de telles mesures.
Kebe, Seydina Ibrahima. "Synthèse de matériaux monolithiques pour la séparation et la catalyse en phase liquide : problématiques environnementales et du développement durable." Thesis, Paris Est, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016PESC1127/document.
Full textPolymeric materials have gained immense popularity with the golden age of petroleum and they still today meet with great success through Green polymer chemistry approaches and numerous high added value dedicated application in scientific domains such as analytical chemistry, medicine, space investigations, where one of the key for success is the design of miniaturized objects. In this contribution, micro-sized monolithic materials have been designed though either in microchannel immobilization (I.D. = 75 µm) or surface attachment on glass substrates (hundredths of microns in thickness). Polymers exhibiting monolithic morphology were considered to benefit of high permeability, mechanical and thermal resistances which are mandatory to flow chemistry applications. With the aim to control the interfacial interaction ability, a generic monolith having N-hydroxysuccinimide ester groups was used and on purpose functionalized. Molecular segments acting as selector – for electrochromatographic applications – of metal nanoparticles ligands – for supported catalysis applications – have been immobilized on the monolith surface via classical (nucleophilic substitution) or original (photo-induced thiol-ene click) grafting reactions.The so-designed materials were characterized through spectroscopic, microscopic, diffraction, thermogravimetric methods providing insight into correlation between the observed separation and catalytic abilities and the interfacial structure of the monolith. As representative examples of application, one may cite the electrochromatographic separation of toxic molecules such as organic pollutants (phenols, anilines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, polychlorobiphenyls), preservatives in cosmetics (parabens) and biomarkers (polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, pyrimidic bases). The analyses were conducted on model solutions and complex matrices (cosmetics, extraterrestrial analog samples). Flow catalytic reaction meant for the reduction of nitroarenes, the oxidation of aromatic alcohol, the carbon-carbon coupling and the sensitive detection of pesticides and synthesis intermediates (para-nitrophenol) have been achieved
Laubé, Florian. "Compréhension des phénomènes physicochimiques régissant l’adhésion et la formulation de vernis à ongles à base de résines biosourcées : approches in silico et in vitro." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Université de Lille (2018-2021), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LILUR014.
Full textSeveral billion nail polishes are sold every year throughout the world, and the market is still fast-growing. Despite a tightening of regulations over the past twenty years, the composition of varnishes remains problematic from an environmental point of view. The main obstacle to reach a 100% bio-based varnish is the secondary film-forming agent, or resin, which provides the additional adhesion, the gloss and the stability that nitrocellulose lacks. In this context, we have focused on understanding the physicochemistry of these complex systems in order to assist the design of new compatible biosourced resins through the establishment of structures-properties relationships. First, complete physicochemical characterizations (surface aspect and surface energy, composition, permeability) were carried out on native nails and two semi-synthetic models. An adhesion test was developed to evaluate the adhesion of formulations onto substrates. Correlated to physicochemical characterizations, these results allowed to identify the best model of the native nail and highlighted the adhesion mechanisms at the varnish-nail interface. In parallel, the "benchmarks" resins were characterized in order to define precise specifications according to their application performances. Thanks to the adaptation of prediction tools to polymers, we managed to link structural modifications to solubility and was validated using synthesized model oligoesters. The impact of some structural features on the gloss or the hardness of resins has been highlighted and the identified structures-properties relationships were confirmed through the evaluation of the performances of new bio-based polyester resins
Deroiné, Morgan. "Étude du vieillissement de biopolymères en milieu marin." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Lorient, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORIS354.
Full textPollution of nature by plastics is a major environmental problem and better management of the lifetime of polymers is a major challenge for the future. In recent years, bio-based and biodegradable polymers, such as polylactide (PLA), or polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) have appeared as an alternative solution in order to solve these problems. One of the limits remains the relative lack of knowledge of their lifetime and degradation behaviour in aqueous environments, and more specifically in the marine environment. In this study natural and accelerated ageing tests were performed under several conditions, distilled water, filtered and renewed seawater and natural seawater, at different temperatures, in order to decouple enzymatic and hydrolytic mechanisms. The aim of this study is to establish a baseline on degradation mechanisms and kinetics, in order to make lifetime predictions of biopolymer behaviour in seawater.Degradation phenomena have been identified. Biodegradation tests were also performed in a marine environment by following the release of CO2. Then, lifetime predictions of the properties of these biopolymers at seawater temperature were made using two different approaches
Ecochard, Yvan. "Élaboration de polymères 100 % biosourcés pour matériaux composites à impact environnemental réduit." Thesis, Montpellier, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019MONTS070.
Full textDIAM Bouchage develops composites from cork flour and binder in order to produce technological cork-stoppers carried out by a molding process. To get rid of the use of isocyanates for polyurethanes synthesis, new pathways for 100% biobased polymers without the use of CMR substances are considered. As the most promising route for Non-Isocyanate PolyUrethanes (NIPUs) synthesis, Polyhydroxyurethanes (PHUs) have been chosen. The presented study concerns the synthesis, the characterization and the formulation of a new PHU binder from cyclocarbonates and amines.Among available biobased reactants and synthetic pathways, few monomers have been selected in accordance with specifications. This has led to PHUs materials and cork-stoppers development to identify the best formulations. New hybrids routes have finally been developed to overcome PHUs limitations such as reactivity and conversion. Acrylates have been used as reactive additives or cross-linkers for PHU-amino telechelic prepolymers. New cyclic carbonates monomers of low viscosity and high functionality have also been synthesized to solve process issues
Gammoudi, Ibtissem. "Biocapteur à base de bactéries pour le contrôle environnemental." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Bordeaux 1, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012BOR14535.
Full textOur works aim the study of an ultra-sensitive bacteria-based biosensor for the detection of heavy metals (environmental control). They include the development of impedimetric and of Love acoustic wave devices, both associated with a microfluidic chip and functionalized with Escherichia coli immobilized on a polyelectrolyte multilayer deposited by the method "Layer by Layer." The theoretical study of physico-chemical interactions and biological phenomena involved during the steps of functionalization of the sensor surface, and during its application to the detection of cadmium and mercury, is also addressed through the real-time monitoring by the acoustic sensor and by atomic force microscopy in air or liquid medium. Detection threshold better than10-12M within only a few minutes have been observed
Marchyk, Nataliya. "Molecularly imprinted polymers as synthetic receptors for glucuronates, and their use for biochemical sensing." Compiègne, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012COMP2053.
Full textMolecular recognition is a fundamental process in biological systems. The creation of synthetic receptors mimicking the biological processes is of high importance in practical application due to their higher stability to harsh environments, long on-shelf life and application flexibility comparing to natural counterparts. Molecularly imprinted polymers (MIP) readily meet these conditions. MIPs are tailor-made synthetic receptors that are able to specifically recognize a certain target molecule. Their synthesis is based on the presence of a molecular template that directs the self-assembly of functional monomers around. In an excess of cross-linking agent the monomers copolymerize, and subsequent removal of the template molecule generates three-dimensional binding sites in the material that are complementary to the template in size, shape and position of the functional groups. Due to complexity of composition and various influencing factors, the rational design should be employed in order to improve the performance of MIP systems. Core-shell nanoparticles provide a unique possibility to incorporate agents with optical or magnetic properties into the core, providing broader possibilities for MIPs application, such as in bioimaging and monitoring. The work of the thesis is focused on development of MIPs for the specific recognition of glucuronates in aqueous environment with outlook for applicability in biological systems. The rational design framework included molecular modelling, spectroscopic analysis and the design of experiments. Molecular modelling simulated intermolecular interactions and allowed to discover the most promising analyte-monomer combinations which could be verified in situ via spectroscopic (NMR) method. The design of experiments with multi-objective optimization allowed finding the composition of MIP with the best performance to glucuronate as well as to understand the effects of influencing factors, compounds concentrations in particular, onto the MIP performance. Förster resonance energy transfer (FRET) was applied in order to evaluate the recognition event of the target analyte in the MIP system. Bearing in mind the application in biological systems, a new approach for the synthesis of core-shell nanoparticles was proposed. The principle is based on one-pot synthesis by conventional emulsion polymerization of iniferter seeds which serve as cores for final particles. The up-converting particles (UCPs) possess unique optical properties to absorb the light at higher wavelength and emit it at lower wavelength. That makes them very promising in bioimaging, since the autofluorescence of biological samples can be decreased significantly. A novel strategy was proposed to synthesize composite core-shell nanoparticles where UCPs were employed as the second local light source to initiate the polymerization from the particles’ surface
Dentzer, Laetitia. "Compréhension du suivi de polymérisation d’un système réactif phénolique fortement dilué en présence d’une phase latex pour l'élaboration d’un adhésif sans formaldéhyde." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI043.
Full textA new phenolic-type reactive system more environment friendly, namely phenol-, resorcinol- or formaldehyde-free, was characterized during this Ph.D. This system consists in the copolymerization of Phloroglucinol and Terephthalaldehyde (TPA) in highly diluted water solution conditions. First, a literature study allowed a selection of relevant experimental technics in order to follow the advancement of these complex systems in solution. The combination of chromatographic and spectroscopic analyses is required to characterize the soluble part of the Phloroglucinol-TPA based system. A mechanism of reaction to synthesize linear oligomers was proposed for short reaction times. The increase of the non-soluble part during the reaction in the analyses made after a solubilization step leaded to the conclusion of another type of mechanism where the oligomers are involved. A monitoring method to follow the state of the system by rheological measurement was also developed for the production process. Secondly, this system was used in the preparation of an adhesive based on Phloroglucinol, TPA and Latex. This adhesive was studied in a liquid state during it ‘maturation’ and in a solid state after curing resulting in films from several model systems. The stability of the system during maturation was checked even if condensation reactions of the Phloroglucinol-TPA still took place. After curing, a two-phase morphology of the films was observed which was found to be specific to the nature of the latex phase. It was concluded that the new Phloroglucinol-TPA system has a similar behavior to the one of Resorcinol-Formaldehyde in terms of mechanism and use in presence of latex. It showed the capability to replace the initial system in the preparation of a new adhesive more environment friendly
Julienne, Fanon. "Fragmentation des plastiques : effet de l’environnement et de la nature du polymère sur la taille et la forme des fragments générés." Thesis, Le Mans, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LEMA1033.
Full textPlastic wastes have been accumulating for several decades in the oceans where they break up into particles called microplastics when their size is less than 5 mm. These microplastics are found in all earth’s waters, in sediments and in many marine organisms. Their long-term physico-chemical fate and their possible fragmentation into nanoplastics are complex, still poorly documented and require laboratory studies.In order to understand the processes related to photodegradation and fragmentation of polymers, but also in order to understand the evolution of these fragments during irradiation, an accelerated aging protocol in abiotic conditions has been set up. The oxidation and fragmentation of two model polymers, low density polyethylene and polypropylene, were monitored using spectroscopic techniques (InfraRed, Raman), DSC, contact angles and microscopic technics (light microscopy, polarized light, SEM, AFM ...).This work has demonstrated a significant influence of the environment and the initial morphology of the polymers on their kinetics of aging and cracking mechanisms. This lead to significantly different distributions in numbers, sizes and shapes of the generated fragments. Moreover, after a long time of irradiaiton, other degradation products could be detected but the significant production of nanoplastics has not been demonstrated. The possibility of a size limit below which the fragmentation rate of plastics would strongly decrease should be considered
Grima, Sophie. "Biodégradation de matériaux polymères à usage agricole : étude et mise au point d'une nouvelle méthode de test, analyse des produits de dégradation et impact environnemental." Toulouse, INPT, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002INPT028G.
Full textDenis, Maxinne. "Synthèse d'additifs retardateurs de flamme biosourcés phosphorés pour l'élaboration de nouveaux polymères pour peinture bois à faible impact environnemental." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Montpellier, Ecole nationale supérieure de chimie, 2022. http://www.theses.fr/2022ENCM0021.
Full textSynthesis of new difunctional reactive phosphorus flame retardants monomers and study of their introduction into the polymer matrix by copolymerization. Tests of post-functionalization on conventional polymeric resins and evaluation of the flame retardant properties of the coating. Synthesis of new reactive phosphorus flame retardants from renewable resources to integrate in a partially biosourced polymer formulation
Loriot, Marion. "Synthèse de co-polymères biodégradables pour peintures marines anti-salissures." Thesis, Lorient, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015LORIS366.
Full textAntifouling paints are currently the most used hulls protection system. New antifouling coatings need to be developed with less environmental impact than organostannic paints. Copolyester of -caprolactone and -valerolactone with controlled molar mass and composition are synthesized by ring opening polymerization with stannous octanoate and octanol. Crystallinity of copolyester are measured. The evolution of water uptake, hydrophobicity properties and hydrolytic degradation of the binders surfaces have been investigated during the immersion in controlled medium. Copolymers are incorporated in an antifouling paint formulation and then immersed in natural conditions. Efficiency was validated during eight months of time immersion in the Kernevel harbour
Arnault, Joris. "Formulation de nouvelles mousses d'extinction d'incendie avec impact réduit sur environnement." Thesis, Lyon, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018LYSE1313.
Full textFirefighting foams are used on class B fires (flammable solvents). The efficiency of currently used foams containing fluorinated foaming agents is ensured by the formation of an aqueous thin film on top of the burning solvent. The formation of such film requires the use of fluorinated surfactants that specifically adsorb at the water-air interface. Companies currently develop fluorine-free products for firefighting foams because this kind of surfactants is harmful for the environment and health. Very stable foams are necessary to the formation of a thick layer of foam that resists high temperatures and defoaming by the solvent, preventing fire re-ignition.In this work, improved foam stability was achieved by using thickeners in the foaming fluid together with the non-fluorinated surfactants. Polysaccharides such as xanthan gum were used and their interactions with surfactants were investigated. Complex species formed by such interactions were used in order to improve foam stability and resistance against flames. This causes a lower foamability but higher stability of foams. Small scale fires extinguishing experiments performed following the standard EN1568 showed the efficiency of xanthan gum addition. These innovative formulations combining polysaccharides and foaming agents are suitable alternatives to those containing fluorinated surfactants. The action mechanism of hydrotropes improving foamability has also been studied
Andrianary, Juliana. "Etude de la contamination des denrées alimentaires par le relargage de produits organovolatils issus de l'emballage." Toulouse 3, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995TOU30173.
Full textBarreteau, Donatien. "Le développement d'un modèle de simulation prédictif des émissions des matériaux dans l'habitacle pour optimiser le bien-être à bord." Thesis, Pau, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PAUU3033.
Full textThe thesis is the result of a partnership between the C2MA (IMT Mines Alès) laboratory and Renault, a car manufacturer, as part of a Cifre contract. The awareness of air quality pollution spread among all indoor or outdoor environments. In Asia, strict regulations about vehicle interior air quality have been released to answer this social realisation. The car manufacturers must fulfil these requirements to be able to market their products in these countries (mainly in China). In these circumstances, Renault decided to improve the way they consider the vehicle interior air quality during the design of the vehicles. The thesis work concerns the modelling of vehicle interior air quality because of the technical obligations and the digitalisation. Different research question came up to follow this objective. First of all, the emission of passenger compartment’s materials has been characterised to understand what Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC) are responsible of the degradation of air quality inside a car and what are the sources. Then, a new characterisation approach of emission has been developed allowing to get a better toughness and representativeness of the results. These studies showed the significance of environmental conditions on the emission ofmaterials that had been studied in the scientific literature. The study of the impact of these environmental factors on the material’s emission was the next step and two different research axes has been explored: the study and development of the modelling available in the literature and the establishment of experimental factors leading to a mastered extrapolation of the characterisation of material’s emission to vehicle interior air quality. Finally, a first methodology has been proposed and applied to simplified systems showing the consistency of the developed process
Anton, Rukshala. "Etude et compréhension des mécanismes d’interaction de Composés Organiques Volatils (COV) par des couches polymères : application à la microdétection des polluants des environnements intérieurs." Thesis, Cergy-Pontoise, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013CERG0644.
Full textConducting polymers can be used as active materials of sensing devices that find application in different areas, such as quality control of products in industries such as food and beverage, cosmetics and solvents, in the monitoring of air quality for environmental and safety purposes, and as an auxiliary tool in the diagnosis of diseases. In spite of this, as a general rule, the details of the prevailing interactions of the volatile compounds and the polymer are not well understood. For this reason, we have focused the work of this thesis on the characterization of the interactions between vapors of volatile organic compounds and thin films of conducting polymers. These films, that were the active components of the sensors, were prepared atop of different geometry of interdigitated electrodes via electropolymerization, where several preparation parameters (such as doping agents nature and concentrations, monomer nature, thermal annealing) were observed to assure an homogeneous growth of the polymeric film. Several characterizations such as electrochemical studies, AFM observations and UV-VIS-NIR spectra studies were used to obtain detailed information about the interaction mechanisms between VOC and conducting polymers. We have also measured the contact angle of water, formamide and diiodomethane deposited on the surface of the polymeric films to evaluate surface free energy (and its acid-base and dispersive components). The selectivity and sensitivity of the polymeric sensors when exposed to different volatile organic compounds (VOCs) have shown to be dependent not only of the properties of the analyzed VOC but also on the nature of the counter-ion used to dope the polypyrrole film. As a final conclusion, we can say that as a result of this work it becomes possible to optimize the design of an arrangement of sensors such that both a better sensitivity and a better selectivity sensitivity to a given chemical environment can be achieved
Villavicencio, Rojas Maria Daniela. "Predictive modelling of the tribological behaviour of self-lubricating composite materials." Thesis, Lyon, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LYSEI040.
Full textIn self-lubricating composite materials, the generation of a stable third body layer is necessary to ensure contact lubrication. This is specially true for the contact in which these materials are directly involved, and also in other contacts implicating its counterface. Such type of lubrication is possible in self-lubricating bearings thanks to its cage material, which is made of the self-lubricating composite, while the rest of the bearing is usually made of AISI 440C. For space applications, RT/Duroid 5813 is a recognized self-lubricating composite cage material for this kind of bearings. This material has been widely used not only because of the space heritage, but also because it has satisfied the needs of space dry lubrication. However, the production of this material has been stopped in the 90’s, and it has placed the latter out of the market. This situation has led to the search for an equivalent material, that meets both the needs of the space market and the "tribological needs." Today, the main inconvenient related to these materials is the lack of predictability of their tribological behaviour. In this work, the "making of" a coupled numerical-experimental approach has been proposed in order to carry out the understanding of these materials. The goal of this numerical approach is to let to "complement" the limitations of a fully experimental or a fully numerical approach (the confined nature of the contact does not allow in situ observation). Such numerical approach has been informed with experimental test (as X-ray tomography for the creation of the numerical morphology, or atomic force microscopy to inform the value of adhesion between the components). Among all the self-lubricating materials, PGM-HT has been selected in this study because its coarse morphology let to build a numerical version of the material (with the resolution of the X-ray tomograph used in this work). Nevertheless, the approach that has been proposed here to build the numerical model, can be extended to other self-lubricating composite materials. The numerical model developed in this work opens new perspectives in terms of material design, as it makes it possible to directly study the scenarios of damage and wear of self-lubricating composite materials. From a general point of view, from this work it can be highlighted that numerical tribology is a tool that offers multiple possibilities in the understanding of self-lubricating materials, and that helps in the predictionof the tribological behaviour of self-lubricating materials. This work has then let to advance in the understanding of these materials
Issoupov, Vitali. "Proposition d'une procédure pour la simulation de l'effet d'un environnement spatial d'orbite basse sur des matériaux composites." Toulouse 3, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002TOU30074.
Full textRival, Guilhem. "Vieillissement sous irradiation électronique du PolyEtherEtherKetone : optimisation des propriétés électriques pour applications en environnement spatial." Thesis, Toulouse 3, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020TOU30073.
Full textThis thesis is part of a research concerning the behaviour of polymers in space environment. It has two goals: to study the ageing of PolyEtherEtherKetone (PEEK) under electronic irradiation and to optimise its electrical properties in order to limit surface charge phenomena. For this purpose, PEEK/Short Carbon Fibre composites have been developed. The electrical percolation threshold of the fibres was determined at a volume content of 9 %. As space applications of PEEK require an electrical insulating behaviour, a filler content of 3 %vol was selected. The presence of the fibres improves electronic conductivity at room temperature, even below the electrical percolation threshold. Samples were then subjected to a high-energy electron beam to simulate their ageing in a space environment. Analysis of the irradiated samples revealed two simultaneous ageing phenomena: cross-linking of the amorphous phase and amorphisation of the crystalline phase. Irradiation near the glass transition (165 °C) leads to a higher cross-linking density due to a higher recombination rate of radicals. In composites, fibres limit amorphisation and stabilise the mechanical behaviour evolution. With regard to the electrical properties, ageing induces a decrease in ionic conductivity above Tg. In composites, this decrease is amplified. At room temperature, irradiation at 25 °C and at 165 °C leads to opposite evolutions in electronic transport which are associated with competition between cross-linking and amorphisation. In composites, fibres stabilize the evolution of potential relaxation and always allow a faster flow of electrons
Diouf-Lewis, Audrey. "Elaboration et évaluation d'additifs verts pour polymères et composites respectueux de l'environnement." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017CLFAC028/document.
Full textThis thesis work falls within the identified context of the need to develop new polymers that are more environmentally friendly. We are convinced that the development of these "green" materials requires the use of "green" additives during formulation. To develop environmentally friendly additives capable of stabilizing the polymer, with respect to the life cycle, and paying special attention to biomass valorization, three approaches have been studied. The first is an innovative way of using a mixture of polyphenols from winery by-products and tea industry. The second way is the valorisation of a molecule from the major by-product of the wheat industry. The third is a recent route of innovation, which proposes the use of layered double hydroxides nanocomposites (LDH) functionalized with bio based stabilizers. The evaluation of their stabilizing properties is carried out in polyolefins, against thermo- and photo-oxidation processes. The very promising results of the project highlight the strong potential of bio based molecules and composites to maintain polymers properties under conditions of use
Gammoudi, Ibtissem. "Biocapteur à base de bactéries pour le contrôle environnemental." Phd thesis, Université Sciences et Technologies - Bordeaux I, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00985827.
Full textRivera, Zambrano Juan Francisco. "Développement d'un procédé d'élimination de l'Arsenic en milieu aqueux, associant électrocatalyse et filtration." Thesis, Grenoble, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012GRENV073/document.
Full textThis work deals with the electrochemical synthesis and structural characterisation of composite nano-structured functionalized polymer electrodes containing a homogeneous dispersion of ruthenium oxide or iridium oxide nanoparticles, and the study of their electrocatalytic properties towards arsenic (III) oxidation to arsenic (V) in aqueous medium. The combination of electrocatalytic oxidation of arsenic (III) with the ultrafiltration technique LPR (Liquid Phase Polymer-assisted Retention) allowed us to confirm the usefulness of this combined approach for arsenic removal. In this process, the nanocomposite materials based on iridium oxide showed the most interesting properties because they are capable of catalyzing the oxidation of arsenite in neutral and slightly positive potential. Finally, the iridium oxide nanostructured electrodes are also effective for the catalytic water oxidation of 4-electrons in oxygen and thus have the potential to be used in the context of the dissociation reaction of water. Keywords: ruthenium oxide, iridium oxide, nanocomposite, electrocatalysis, arsenic, ultrafiltration, water oxidation
Rivera, zambrano Juan francisco. "Développement d'un procédé d'élimination de l'Arsenic en milieu aqueux, associant électrocatalyse et filtration." Phd thesis, Université de Grenoble, 2012. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00863977.
Full textBoughanmi, Walid. "Eco-conception des motorisations électriques : Application à la machine asynchrone." Electronic Thesis or Diss., Artois, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ARTO0207.
Full textApproximately 300 million of electric motors, with average power range from 0.75 kW to 300 kW, are used in industry, infrastructure and large buildings. In addition, 30 millions are renewed each year. In France, the electrical power consumed by these motors is about two-third of the electrical energy consumed in the industry. Thus, an improvement, even small, of the environmental performance of each motor would provide substantial environmental benefits. Contrary to the conventional approaches, the eco-design of an electrical machine can introduce environmental aspects during the design of the machine, taking into account all phases of the life cycle from the extraction of raw materials to the decommissioning and the recycling. This approach has been applied in this study to design an electrical motor, which has a better global energetic eco-balance. Therefore, a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) tool is used; it takes into account several impact criteria to avoid pollution transfers from one criterion to another. A first "Green" prototype motor made with a high energetic eco-efficiency was fabricated and tested. The study was dictated by the need to minimize its global environmental impact by using materials more environmentally friendly, but also in order to increase its energy efficiency. The prototype is made with a grain oriented steel sheets, an enameled wire polymerized by UV and without solvents, some plastic based on biopolymers and with eco-energetic bearings. The eco-designed motor has a high energetic eco-efficiency; its performance is increased by about 3 % compared to the standard motor and without increasing its mass
Diaz, Mendoza Alvaro. "Conception of a fibrous composite material for the retention of heavy metals." Thesis, Lyon, 2020. http://www.theses.fr/2020LYSEI125.
Full textHeavy metal contamination is a current problem which affects the ecosystems and their constituent organisms. This problem has been worldwide recognized as one of the biggest challenges of our time. Since the middle of the last century, innovations in the material science field have developed new methods to confront this risk, with techniques such as chemical precipitation or flotation. However, there is still significant room for improvement in this line. Furthermore, recent research has explored how to combine biomolecules such as proteins with materials like polymers to create more active solutions. This thesis work seeks to create a prototype hybrid biosorbent material capable to capture specifically the divalent metal ions Ni(II), Cd(II) and Pb(II) thanks to the presence of a synthetic metalloprotein in its structure. To address this objective, the thesis work focuses on the development of a synthetic metalloprotein capable to specifically capture the three target metal ions, from the in silico conception to its in vivo synthesis. On the other hand, the biosorbent material support is processed with the electrospinning technique that consists of a fibrous membrane material, being optimized to host the synthetic metalloprotein in its structure. Additionally, a method to integrate the metalloprotein into the polymeric support is researched. This is achieved by means of a grafting route through surface modified silica nanoparticles. At the end, the integration of both components creates the expected prototype synthetic biosorbent material. This material has been characterized to evaluate its capacity to adsorb the three metal ions of interest, providing some trends of the future perspectives for further development to create more efficient materials for the industry
Deroiné, Morgan. "Étude du vieillissement de biopolymères en milieu marin." Thesis, Lorient, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014LORIS354/document.
Full textPollution of nature by plastics is a major environmental problem and better management of the lifetime of polymers is a major challenge for the future. In recent years, bio-based and biodegradable polymers, such as polylactide (PLA), or polyhydroxyalkanoates (PHA) have appeared as an alternative solution in order to solve these problems. One of the limits remains the relative lack of knowledge of their lifetime and degradation behaviour in aqueous environments, and more specifically in the marine environment. In this study natural and accelerated ageing tests were performed under several conditions, distilled water, filtered and renewed seawater and natural seawater, at different temperatures, in order to decouple enzymatic and hydrolytic mechanisms. The aim of this study is to establish a baseline on degradation mechanisms and kinetics, in order to make lifetime predictions of biopolymer behaviour in seawater.Degradation phenomena have been identified. Biodegradation tests were also performed in a marine environment by following the release of CO2. Then, lifetime predictions of the properties of these biopolymers at seawater temperature were made using two different approaches
Laubé, Florian. "Compréhension des phénomènes physicochimiques régissant l’adhésion et la formulation de vernis à ongles à base de résines biosourcées : approches in silico et in vitro." Thesis, Lille 1, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL1R014.
Full textSeveral billion nail polishes are sold every year throughout the world, and the market is still fast-growing. Despite a tightening of regulations over the past twenty years, the composition of varnishes remains problematic from an environmental point of view. The main obstacle to reach a 100% bio-based varnish is the secondary film-forming agent, or resin, which provides the additional adhesion, the gloss and the stability that nitrocellulose lacks. In this context, we have focused on understanding the physicochemistry of these complex systems in order to assist the design of new compatible biosourced resins through the establishment of structures-properties relationships. First, complete physicochemical characterizations (surface aspect and surface energy, composition, permeability) were carried out on native nails and two semi-synthetic models. An adhesion test was developed to evaluate the adhesion of formulations onto substrates. Correlated to physicochemical characterizations, these results allowed to identify the best model of the native nail and highlighted the adhesion mechanisms at the varnish-nail interface. In parallel, the "benchmarks" resins were characterized in order to define precise specifications according to their application performances. Thanks to the adaptation of prediction tools to polymers, we managed to link structural modifications to solubility and was validated using synthesized model oligoesters. The impact of some structural features on the gloss or the hardness of resins has been highlighted and the identified structures-properties relationships were confirmed through the evaluation of the performances of new bio-based polyester resins
Boughanmi, Walid. "Eco-conception des motorisations électriques : Application à la machine asynchrone." Thesis, Artois, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012ARTO0207/document.
Full textApproximately 300 million of electric motors, with average power range from 0.75 kW to 300 kW, are used in industry, infrastructure and large buildings. In addition, 30 millions are renewed each year. In France, the electrical power consumed by these motors is about two-third of the electrical energy consumed in the industry. Thus, an improvement, even small, of the environmental performance of each motor would provide substantial environmental benefits. Contrary to the conventional approaches, the eco-design of an electrical machine can introduce environmental aspects during the design of the machine, taking into account all phases of the life cycle from the extraction of raw materials to the decommissioning and the recycling. This approach has been applied in this study to design an electrical motor, which has a better global energetic eco-balance. Therefore, a Life Cycle Analysis (LCA) tool is used; it takes into account several impact criteria to avoid pollution transfers from one criterion to another. A first "Green" prototype motor made with a high energetic eco-efficiency was fabricated and tested. The study was dictated by the need to minimize its global environmental impact by using materials more environmentally friendly, but also in order to increase its energy efficiency. The prototype is made with a grain oriented steel sheets, an enameled wire polymerized by UV and without solvents, some plastic based on biopolymers and with eco-energetic bearings. The eco-designed motor has a high energetic eco-efficiency; its performance is increased by about 3 % compared to the standard motor and without increasing its mass
Makdessi, Maawad. "Modélisation, vieillissement et surveillance de l'état de santé des condensateurs films utilisés dans des applications avioniques." Phd thesis, Université Claude Bernard - Lyon I, 2014. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01058227.
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