Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Polymères biocompatibles'
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Flesch, Christophe. "Synthèse de nanocomposites magnétiques à base d'oxyde de fer et de polymères biocompatibles." Mulhouse, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005MULH0804.
Full textMagnetic hybrid materials offer promising opportunities for biomedical applications, like cells magnetic separation, MRI contras!enhancement or cancer treatment via magnetic hyperthermia. A lot of efforts are made for tailoring the size, magnetic properties, biocompatibility or colloïdal stability of these particles. We decided to graf! two different biocompatible polymers onto maghemite nanoparticles (y Fe203). The first one is poly(s-caprolactone) (PCL), a hydrophobie and biodegradable polyester and the second one is poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO), a hydrophilic polyether which has the skill to prevent protein adsorption, increasing the plasma half-life of the particles after intravenous injection. Ln order to obtain a strong cohesion between the magnetic core and the polymerie,corona, severa! grafting routes have beer explored and optimized. We were thus able to obtain hydrophobie nanocomposites with high PCL amounts, up to 0. 8 g/g of maghemite, with hydrodynamic diameter equal to 60 or 200 nm depending on the grafting procedure. PEO coated hydrophilic nanocomposites, hydroxyl functionalized, with a hydrodynamic diameter of 50 nm and stable over the whole range of pH were aIso obtained in a one ste procedure. Such materials couId have potential in vivo applications after derivatization of the hydroxyl groups with molecules of biomedical interest. Inverse emulsion copolymerization of a PEO macromonomer and surface immobilized methacrylate groups was aIso shown to be an efficient way to coat magnetic particles with a hydroxyl-functionalized polymer. The amount of polymer in the material reached 8_glg of maghemite and the particles have an average diameter of 100 nm
Lakard, Sophie. "Culture et étude de neurones olfactifs sur des surfaces fonctionnalisées par des polymères aminés biocompatibles électrodéposés." Besançon, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005BESA2031.
Full textDuring this study, we have first synthesized biocompatible polymers using electrochemistry in order to improve the adhesion and proliferation of neuronal cells. Thus, we have optimized the culture of mature olfactory neurons first on standard substrates, then on the electrodeposited polymers. We have also characterized these cells and study their structure and morphology. This study is original since extracellular matrix, such as collagen or laminin, are the most common used substrates contrary to electrodeposited polymers which are rarely used as culture substrate. The second part of this work combining electrochemistry and neurosciences consists in the elaboration of a biosensors destinated to recognize difrferent odours. Indeed, we want to elaborate a 'bio-nose' using a microsystem on which the polymer and the neurons can be fixed. Then, the neurons can grow on this microsystem and react to an olfactory stimulus by emitting an electronic and an ionic signal charasteristic of a particular odour
Hu, Ling. "Etude de nouveaux procédés de greffage de polymères biocompatibles sur des nanoparticules d'oxyde de fer : intérêt de la voie micro-onde." Dijon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009DIJOS062.
Full textMagnetic nanohybrids based on inorganic cores encapsulated by a biocompatible and/or biodegradable polymeric corona have been widely used in medical and pharmaceutical applications in aqueous medium. Generally, the magnetic nanoparticles are firstly obtained in aqueous medium and the grafting of polymer on the nanoparticles is then realized in an organic solvent. This work focuses on exploring a new approach to synthesis of core-corona structured nanohybrids in order to avoid the negative effects of classical synthesis techniques such as the significant loss of particles during washing procedures, the irreversible aggregation of particles and the danger of nano-powder materials after drying. This innovative approach was applied to obtain core-corona structured nanohybrids, based on maghemite nanoparticles and a water soluble, biocompatible polymer, polyethylene glycol methyl ether (mPEG), in aqueous medium (compatible with medical applications without further solvent exchange). Two synthesis methods, two-steps and one-step respectively, under classical heating, are developed. Their improvement by one-step microwave-assisted refluxing is also studied. In all cases, the grafting of mPEG, previously functionalized by introduction of silane ethoxy groups, on the surface of maghemite nanoparticle by forming a Fe-O-Si covalent bond is evidenced by different characterization methods. Grafted and isolated maghemite particles of 20 nm are obtained. It is obvious that one-step procedures give the same mPEG grafting amount (15% (w/w)) by using less reaction time. In particular, the one-step microwave procedure allows a time saving of 82% than the two-steps procedure. Moreover, Raman and FTIR spectroscopies reveal that microwave treatment tends to result in better crystallized particles. The experimental conditions developed are then reproduced to study a biodegradable nanohybrid by grafting a new biodegradable copolymer: polyethylene glycol methyl ether-co-poly(ethyl glyoxylate) (mPEG-co-PGEt) on the maghemite nanoparticle. A grafting amount of about 5% (w/w) is obtained after one hour reaction. This is the first investigation on the synthesis and the utilization of functionalized mPEG-co-PGEt as a new material. The new approach developed during this thesis allows to simplify the classical procedures and improve the product quality. It is applicable to other types of core-corona structured nanohybrids
Duffau, Emilie. "Systèmes injectables à libération prolongée de principe actif à partir de matériaux biocompatibles." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0368.
Full textControlled release systems are a therapeutic challenge in the pharmaceutical and veterinary. These systems give advantages such as reduced frequency of administration for better observance and an optimized intake of the therapeutic dose. Systems based on hydrophobic active ingredient, polymer and water soluble compound, have been developed by various methods and have been characterized. The structure / functionality have been put into evidence through various techniques such as Raman spectroscopy. The structures, mechanisms and the release time depending on the type of polymer, formulation and shaping technique. This work provides elements of understanding and useful methodological tools for the development of new formulations based on polymeric matrix system, flexible in terms of size, time of liberation and therapeutic target
Hachet, Emilie. "Systèmes biocompatibles et biodégradables par modification chimique contrôlée de polysaccharides pour le traitement de patients diabétiques." Thesis, Grenoble, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013GRENV083.
Full textThis PhD thesis belongs to the area of stimuli-responsive materials, which have attracted a growing interest since several years. Its aim is to design biocompatible and biodegradable stimuli-responsive nanogels obtained from chemically modified polysaccharides to treat diabetic patients. These systems may be used to release insulin in a self-regulated manner. This common disorder of blood glucose regulation due to a lack of insulin is a major public health problem affecting about 250 millions of people in the world today, as compared to 30 millions twenty years ago. Patients diagnosed with insulin-dependent diabetes must take insulin by injecting themselves with a needle at least twice a day. The nanogels targeted in this work are thus expected to release insulin as a function of blood glucose concentration.This project will thus consist in the controlled synthesis of polysaccharides bearing cross-linkable groups and a sugar sensor. These biopolymers will be then used to prepare hydrogels and nanogels (using liposomes as nanoreactors)
Akpalo, Amivi Edéfia. "Création de nouveaux biomatériaux Réseaux interpénétrés de Polymères Réseau POE-Réseau Fibrine." Cergy-Pontoise, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008CERG0389.
Full textThis PhD project realized in close collaboration between a biochemistry team (ERRMECe - Equipe de Recherche sur les Relations Matrice Extracellulaire-Cellules), and a polymer laboratory (LPPI - Laboratoire de Physicochimie des Polymères et des Interfaces) was to create new biocompatible and handling materials based on fibrin gels for potential applications in tissue engineering. First, fibrin gels were cross-linked with an enzyme, transglutaminase, but it did not improve viscoelastic properties enough. A poly (ethylene glycol) network (POE network) was thus associated to the fibrin network into an interpenetrating polymer network architecture (IPN). The fibrin network is formed through a sol-gel transition induced by a fibrinogen enzymatic hydrolysis catalysed by thrombin. The POE network is synthesized by poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDM) oligomer cross-linking reaction initialized by Irgacure 2959 under UV radiations. A first IPN (named IPN 550-5) was elaborated from a pH 7. 4 Tris buffer solution containing 100 mg/mL PEGDM (molar mass of 550 g/mol) and 5 mg/mL fibrinogen. Different complementary analyses (IR, DSC, electrophoresis, …) showed that the two networks are generated one in presence of the other. In addition, the storage modulus is increased from one hundred Pascal for fibrin gel to one megapascal for IPN 550-5 both in a wet state. The improvement of fibrin network viscoelatic properties was thus achieved. In addition, the material is handling and shows good (re)hydration properties. Thus, the process was extended to other conditions. Varying the quantity of each polymer, the molecular mass of the synthetic polymer and controlling the concerted or antagonistic action of the used enzymes (thrombin and transglutaminase) result in the obtaining of different materials. This work represents a new approach in both biomaterials and enzyme fields
Zouari, Riadh. "Propriétés mécaniques de films de polyélectrolytes biocompatibles et de systèmes stimulables à base de cristaux liquides." Strasbourg, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009STRA6002.
Full textThe work presented in this thesis has two distinct parts relating to the mechanical properties of polymer systems, namely polyelectrolytes multilayer (PEM) films and liquid crystal elastomers (LCE) in the dry state and in the swollen state, with a low molecular weight liquid crystal (LMWLC) as solvent. The experiments were carried out using an original piezorheology device developed in our laboratory, which imposes very low shear and compression strains to materials, in a wide frequency range (20 mHz – 104 Hz). All measurements were done in the linear response regime. The first part focuses on the mechanical properties of polyelectrolyte films called multilayers with exponential growth. It presents the first experimental evidence showing that these films are neither gels nor layered systems as was thought until now, but liquids consisting of polyelectrolyte complexes in solution. The cross-linked films are soft gels (~ 104 Pa) whose formation kinetic is governed by a single mechanism. In the second part, we investigate the mechanical properties of nematic monodomain (or uniaxial) side chain LCE, when they are dry, and then swollen with a LMWLC. The main results can be summarized as follows: a) the mechanical behavior can be simply described by the de Gennes model and not by the concept of soft or semi-soft elasticity, b) a progressive swelling transforms the supercritical elastomer into a gel exhibiting a first-order nematic to paranematic transition, and then into a supercritical gel when the swelling is total, c) chains are not Gaussian, d) the fully swollen gel is characterized by a “dip” in the curve giving the thermal variation of the real part of the shear modulus. This dip does not depend neither on the shear direction, perpendicular or parallel to the director, nor on the polydomain or monodomain structure of the elastomer. The supercritical state is confirmed by NMR measurements
Bodin, Noémi. "Formation d'émulsions multiples stables, stimulables et biocompatibles; application à l'encapsulation et au relargage contrôlé de principes actifs." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SACLX060/document.
Full textIn this work, we studied different kinds of emulsions stabilized by biocompatible diblock copolymers polydimethylsiloxane-b-poly(dimethylaminoethyle methacrylate) (PDMS-b-PDMAEMA). PDMAEMA is sensitive to pH and ionic strength thanks to the amine groups carried by the chain. Varying the latter parameters, we obtained direct, inverse and W/O/W double emulsions in only one emulsification step, by shearing an aqueous phase and a biocompatible oil (Miglyol® 812 or isopropyle myristate). For a copolymer having hydrophilic and hydrophobic blocks of similar lengths, PDMS60-b-PDMAEMA50, very stable multiple emulsions (more than two years) were obtained, for pH close to pKa of PDMAMEA and in a large range of salt concentrations. Cytotoxicity measurements were performed on intestinal human cells, proving the possibility of using the emulsions stabilized with these copolymers to develop applications for health care.pH lowering allows to turn direct emulsions to multiple ones, leading to the controlled release of encapsulated species in the inner water drops. Encapsulation tests have been carried out with a model molecule, sucrose, and with an antioxidant extracted from green tea, catechin. Both molecules could be released from our emulsions by reducing the pH, despite the formation of hydrogen bonds between the encapsulated compounds and the copolymer which prevented complete deliverance. We demonstrated the ability of our multiple emulsions to protect the fragile catechin molecule during storage and preserve its antioxidant capacity.Additionally, we achieved the formation of PDMS-b-PDMAEMA stabilized emulsions by microfluidics. An innovative method was developed to allow the formation of double emulsions on PDMS microchips in an easy way. W/O/W emulsions were obtained for precise pH and salt concentrations, and catechin could also be successfully encapsulated in the internal water droplets by this method
Cázares, Cortés Esther Del Carmen. "Synthèse de nanogels biocompatibles et multi-stimulables pour la libération contrôlée d'une molécule modèle par hyperthermie magnétique et photothermie." Thesis, Paris 6, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017PA066290/document.
Full textHybrid nanogels, composed of thermoresponsive polymers and inorganic responsive nanoparticles, such as magnetic nanoparticles (NPMs) and gold nanorods (AuNRs) are highly interesting for biomedical applications. Their polymeric matrix makes them able to uptake and release high quantities of drugs, whereas nanoparticles can generate heat when exposed to an alternating magnetic field (AMF) for NPMs, and to a near-infrared light for AuNRs. This thesis manuscript focuses on the synthesis and the characterization of biocompatible, pH- and thermoresponsive nanogels, based on oligo(ethylene glycol) monomers (OEGMAs), methacrylic acid (MAA) and encapsulating NPMs and/or AuNR for remotely triggered doxorubicin (DOX, anticancer drug) release, by magnetic hyperthermia or phothothermia. Hybrid magnetic, plasmonic and magneto-plasmonic nanogels were synthesized. Theses nanogels have a hydrodynamic diameter between 200 and 500 nm and a volume phase transition temperature (VPTT) from 30 to 54°C. The nanogels’ swelling-deswelling behavior can be induced by several stimuli (temperature, pH, AMF, NIR-L). These results demonstrate that MagNanoGels are excellent nanocarriers for enhancing cellular internalization enhancing DOX cytotoxicity and that DOX release was significantly enhanced upon exposure to AMF in athermic conditions. In addition, PlasMagNanoGels can efficiently generate heat by photothermy for thermotherapy. Therefore, the intrinsic properties of NPMs for magnetic targeting and as contrast agents for Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), make these nanogels ideal candidates for a new therapeutic approach (diagnosis and treatment) against cancer
Bokov, Plamen. "Description expérimentale et numérique de l'interaction entre un stent biodégradable et la paroi artérielle." Paris 7, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011PA077109.
Full textWe have addressed the interaction between a biodegradable coronary stent and the arterial wall using experimental methods and a 3D numerical simplified model based on an equivalent pressure hypothesis. Two types of stents are investigated numerically: a PLLA-PTT stent (poly-L-lactic acid and polytrimethylene terephtalate copolymer) and a stainless steel stent. Three dimensional finite element simulations of the opening mechanics permitted to establish that a post-angioplastic dilatation of 7% is possible by using biodegradable stents. On the other hand, we show experimentally that the radial strength of biodegradable stents in PLLA is comparable to that of stainless steel stents. An important part of this work is devoted to the characterization of hemodynamical incidence of the stent and the pressure pulse reflection when a two dimensional axisymmetric geometrical configuration of the stent-artery System is considered. The stent is either represented as a local hardening of the arterial wall or as a geometrical protrusion in the arterial lumen. The impact on the spatial and temporal distribution of the shear rate at the wall is examined in detail and it is shown that the presence of the stent significantly disturbs the constraints near the site of stenting. This effect is extended a few centimeters upstream and downstream of the stented area. The detailed analysis of perturbations of the parietal viscous stress is a critical factor predicting the major risks of restenosis
Wei, Tianyue. "Modification of terpenoid molecules to enhance antibacterial properties of polymer surfaces." Electronic Thesis or Diss., université Paris-Saclay, 2024. http://www.theses.fr/2024UPASF065.
Full textEssential oils are potential biosourced candidates to be grafted on polymer surfaces to fight against bacterial infections by either restricting the growth of bacteria (bacteriostatic effect) or killing bacterial cells (bactericidal effect). This thesis deals with the modification of terpenoid molecules intended to be grafted on polymer-activated surfaces. We eager to graft modified EO molecules onto polymer surface through strong covalent bonding, facilitated by plasma treatment technology. Citronellol (CT) and geraniol (GR) were chosen for their antimicrobial activity and were successfully modified to obtain better reactive function towards polymer grafting. They were transformed into CT-oxide and GR-oxide through an accessible and green chemo enzymatic oxidation method. Microbiological tests were undertaken to estimate the antibacterial effects of CT and GR before and after modification. Three bacterial species have been used: Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Corynebacterium glutamicum. The results showed that antibacterial effects remained after epoxidation, tested molecules exhibited antibacterial activities by targeting bacterial cell envelopes, disrupting membrane integrity, and altering hydrophobicity. These actions led to the inhibition of bacterial growth or death of the bacteria, as evidenced by Zeta Potential measurements, Scanning Electron Microscopy imaging, and surface energy assessments. Our study conclusively confirmed the antibacterial effectiveness of CT-ox and GR-ox against three bacterial strains. Furthermore, those modified terpenoid molecules have potential to graft on the polymer surface and provide polymer antimicrobial property
Hertault, Adrien. "Conception et évaluation d’un stent actif pro-cicatrisant basé sur la polydopamine, un polymère biocompatible et bioinspiré." Thesis, Lille 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LIL2S031.
Full textIntroduction: In-stent restenosis (ISR) is induced by an uncontrolled smooth muscular cells (SMC) proliferation after bare metal stent (BMS) implantation. It is associated with recurrence of symptoms and additional health costs. Drug-eluting stents have demonstrated efficiency on ISR but induce a high risk of late acute thrombosis due to a delayed struts reendothelialization. Polydopamine (PDA), a biocompatible polymer inspired from mussels byssus, has been reported to promote endothelial cells (EC) and inhibit SMC proliferation in-vitro, thus suggesting a potential pro-healing effect on the vascular wall. Furthermore, polydopamine expresses amine, catechol and quinone functions on its surface and can be used as an anchor for another therapeutic agent. This study aimed at 1) evaluating the impact of a PDA-coated stent on in-stent restenosis (ISR), 2) designing a vascular stent with a potential additional pro-healing drug, hemin, immobilized via the PDA layer.Methods: In the first part of this study, PDA coatings were obtained by dip coating of cobalt-chromium disks or stents in a dopamine solution. Disk samples were used to evaluate biocompatibility and hemocompatibility. The pro-healing potential was investigated in-vitro by seeding human EC and SMC on the different samples. In-vivo experimentations were conducted to assess the pro-healing effect in a rat model. ISR was evaluated in optic microscopy with quantification of the neointima/media (n/m) ratio after eosin/hematoxillin coloration. Quality of the struts reendothelialization was assessed with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Molecular pathways involved in a potential pro-healing effect were investigated with western blot analyses.In the second part of this work, PDA-coated surfaces were modified with polyethylenimine (PEI) to enhance the expression of amine functions. This modified coating was characterized and cytocompatibility was assessed in-vitro. This modified surface was used to immobilized hemin, a therapeutic agent, on the sample surfaces. Functionalized surfaces were characterized, and presence of the therapeutic agent was assessed and quantified. The potential healing effect of the hemin-stent was evaluated in-vitro and in-vivo.Results: PDA surfaces demonstrated a pro-healing effect in-vitro compared to bare chromium-cobalt. PDA stents demonstrated a significant reduction in ISR compared to bare metal stents (ratio n/m = 0.48 (+/- 0.26) versus 0.83 (+/- 0.42), p<0.001) in the rat model. TEM analyses confirmed the presence of neointima surrounding the struts in each group and revealed a thinner neointima layer in the PDA-stent group compared to BMS, with similar ultrastructures of the cells facing the arterial lumen. Western blot analyses identified a trend to an increased activation of p38 MAPK phosphorylation and its anti-proliferative effects on vascular SMC which could explain the results observed in the histomorphometric analyses.Immobilization of PEI was achieved through Michael addition and Shift base reaction on PDA coatings, and successfully enriched the surfaces with amino groups without decreasing cytocompatibility. Hemin was successfully grafted on the PDA-PEI surfaces via amide bounds (approximately 10ng of hemin per cm²). Hemin-coated surfaces demonstrated no superiority in-vitro or in-vivo to PDA alone.Conclusion: The expected pro-healing effect of PDA-coating on the arterial wall seems to be confirmed in this in-vivo model. This biocompatible polymer could intrinsically limit in-stent restenosis. Additionally, it also offers the possibility to immobilize many relevant drugs on its surface through amine functions providing potential synergistic effects
Rieger, Jutta. "Synthesis, characterization and biomedical interest of amphiphilic biocompatible and bioeliminable (glyco)copolymers of various architectures." Université Joseph Fourier (Grenoble), 2006. http://www.theses.fr/2006GRE10038.
Full textThis work mainly aims at modifying the surface of polymer nanoparticles (NP) by novel biocompatible amphiphilic copolymers, composed of hydrophilic ethylene oxide (EO) units and hydrophobic ε-caprolactone (CL) units. Copolymers of different architectures have been considered, i. E. , diblock copolymers, graft copolymers and star-shaped copolymers. Poly(ethylene oxide) chains α-terminated by an ε-caprolactone group and ω-end-capped by a methoxy group (γPEO. CL) were synthesized and used, (i) as PEO macromonomers that were copolymerized by ring-opening polymerization (ROP) with ε-caprolactone (ε-CL) to give PCL-g-PEO graft copolymers, and (ii) as precursors for a AB-double headed PEO chain, that were used to initiate selectively the polymerization of two different monomers to form an ABC mikto-arm star copolymer. The amphiphilic PEO/PCL diblock and graft copolymers were used as stabilizers and surface modifiers of polymer nanoparticles (NP). The effect of the copolymer structural features (architecture, composition and amount) on the formation and structure of the NP was investigated. The complement activation, i. E. , the stealthiness of the nanoparticles, as a function of the composition and architecture of the copolymer used as a stabilizer was studied. Another challenge of this work was to decorate the surface of such NP by mannose moieties, which are suitable targeting probes for dendritic, mannose-receptor expressing cells. Therefore, mannose derivatives were covalently attached as α-end-group to poly(ε-caprolactone) and PEO-b-PCL diblock copolymers. It was found that the NPs' surface properties were strongly related to the glyco(co)polymers used for their preparation
Ginsac, Nathalie. "Caractérisation de matériaux composite polyacide lactique-bioverre pour application dans la réparation osseuse." Phd thesis, INSA de Lyon, 2011. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00668698.
Full textMettra, Bastien. "Ingénierie, photophysique et fonctionnalisation de chromophores pour la bio-photonique non linéaire in-vivo." Thesis, Lyon, École normale supérieure, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015ENSL1038/document.
Full textThe use of two-photon absorbing (TPA) chromophore for applications in photodynamic therapy (PDT) and fluorescence imaging provides many advantages. The non-linear properties make it possible to increase both observation depth in animals and 3D resolution. Nevertheless, for in-vivo applications, improving bio-compatibility of these inherently lipophilic chromophore is a challenge. The development of new chromophores for PDT-TPA using a molecular engineering approach using bromide substituents as singlet oxygen generators is described. Parameters like position and number of bromide, the conjugated length and chromophore symmetry are studied. The study shows the importance of bromide atom position and of the symmetry on the inter system crossing efficiency. During the engineering study, spectroscopic observation and rationalization permit to envision the design of new chromophores for two photon laser scanning fluorescent microscopy. Bio-compatibility of these chromophores is provided by (hydroxyethyl)acrylate polymer, which provides a covalent water-soluble shell. These chromophores are used to make high resolution image of cerebral vascularization. One of these chromophores shows intravital specific interaction with endothelial cells in blood vessels. Some applications of the chromophore are described. Strategies to increase the intravital selectivity of polymer/chromophores units towards cancer cells and tumor are presented. A modification of hydroxyl function by imidazolium group is described. This new chromophore is evaluated towards its complexation properties with DNA and in cellulo spectroscopic studies
Jutta, Rieger. "Synthèse, caractérisation et intérêt biomédical de (glyco)copolymères amphiphiles, biocompatibles et bioéliminables, de différentes architectures." Phd thesis, 2006. http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00076829.
Full textA partir d'un POE coiffé par une unité ε-caprolactone et par un groupement méthoxy à ses extrémités α et ω, respectivement, (γPOE.CL), des copolymères amphiphiles greffés, PCL-g-POE, et un copolymère ternaire possédant une architecture en étoile ont été synthétisés. Des copolymères diblocs, POE-b-PCL, ont également été préparés.
Les copolymères diblocs et greffés de POE et PCL, tensioactifs, ont été utilisés pour stabiliser et modifier la surface de nanoparticles polymères (NP), vecteurs potentiels pour la délivrance de principes actifs. L'effet des propriétés des copolymères (architecture, composition et quantité) sur la formation et la structure des nanoparticules, a été examiné. De plus, l'activation du complément, c.-à.-d. la furtivité des nanoparticules, en fonction de la composition et de l'architecture du copolymère utilisé a été étudiée.
Un autre défi relevé dans ce travail est la fonctionnalisation de la surface de nanoparticules pas des motifs mannose afin de cibler des cellules dendritiques. A cet effet, des dérivés du mannose ont été fixés de manière covalente à l'extrémité de la poly(ε-caprolactone) et de copolymères diblocs POE-b-PCL. Ces derniers ont été utilisés avec succès pour modifier la surface de nanoparticules de polylactide.
Cheung, Vincent W. "Biocompatible polymer coatings for implants in the peripheral nervous system : in vivo study of polymer-coated microbeads in the rat sciatic model." Thesis, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25183.
Full textBackground: Implants in the peripheral nervous system (PNS) can potentially restore sensory feedback, improve motor control and alleviate phantom-limb pain in upper-limb amputees. However, nervous system implants have poor long-term function and biocompatibility when implanted into the body due to foreign body reaction. Dendrimer (DND) and Poly-D-Lysine (PDL) are two synthetic polymers with properties that could improve the performance of these interfaces. In my masters’ research, my objective is to determine whether these synthetic polymers could promote the formation of presynaptic elements on artificial surfaces in vivo making intraneural implants more biocompatible and long-lasting. Methods: In the coated microsphere in vivo experiment, a nerve crush injury model in the rat was used for the study. PDL-coated, DND-coated and uncoated beads were injected into the rat sciatic nerve at the crush site and 5 mm distal to the crush site. The nerves were then harvested after 4, 6 and 8 weeks and stained for neurofilament and synaptophysin. Synaptophysin puncta were then counted on the bead surface for each group. Additionally, in a proof-of-concept experiment, two uncoated electrodes were implanted into the rat sciatic nerve. Nerve recordings were then performed every week, and the threshold nerve potential in the sciatic nerve was measured by only varying the pulse duration of the stimulation. Results: The coated microsphere in vivo experiment demonstrated that DND-coated microspheres had a significantly higher number of synaptophysin puncta around their surface from 4 to 8 weeks compared to uncoated beads. At 4 weeks, the DND condition also showed a significantly higher number of synaptophysin puncta around its microbeads vs. the PDL condition for the distal site. In the uncoated electrode in vivo experiment, the results showed that the two implants could stimulate and record threshold nerve potentials in the rat sciatic nerve for one week and two weeks respectively before being non-functional. Conclusion: Our study showed for the first time that DND has a stable synapse-promoting property that is superior to PDL in vivo and that our electrode design can be used to assess the long-term signal stability of peripheral nerve implants.
Cunningham, Alexander J. "Drug and gene delivery systems based on polymers derived from bile acids." Thesis, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/25559.
Full textRecent scientific breakthroughs have fostered the identification of key mediators of various diseased states while permitting the development of novel therapeutic compounds to address them. Although very potent, these compounds often possess physico-chemical properties that are incompatible with those of the human body and are becoming increasingly difficult to formulate. In the recent decades, drug delivery systems have been studied as a potential solution in the formulation of these therapeutic compounds promising improved accumulation at the site of action while mitigating issues of stability and solubility. Most notably, polymers have shown tremendous success as starting material in the design of these drug formulations. However, one major hurdle curtailing their clinical translatability is their low drug loading levels. In an effort to address this limitation, the work presented in this thesis focused on the use of cholic acid-based star-shaped block copolymers for the encapsulation of active pharmaceutical ingredients with varying physico-chemical properties thereby demonstrating their successful application to a broad range of compounds. First, the physico-chemical properties of our proposed system were studied. The block copolymers are composed of a cholic acid (CA) core onto which poly(allyl glycidyl ether) (PAGE) and poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) are polymerized sequentially to afford an amphiphilic CA-(PAGE-b-PEG)4 with four branches. The PAGE block was further functionalized to bear pendant amine groups. The effects of PEG length and of the amine groups on the thermoresponsive behavior of the polymers in water at various salt concentrations were examined. It was discovered that increasing the length of PEG increases the cloud point temperature. Similarly, functionalizing the PAGE blocks to bear pendant amine groups increased the cloud point in the absence of salt, but significantly decreased the cloud point in the presence of salt. This observation was attributed to the salting-out of the polymers. Acting as a model hydrophobic drug, doxorubicin (Dox) was first encapsulated using our proposed CA-(PAGE-b-PEG)4 block copolymers. In this case, the polymer-drug interactions driving the loading of Dox was studied. Specifically, hydrophobic and electrostatic interactions were compared for their influence on the drug loading inside the block copolymers. A high loading of Dox was achieved vis electrostatic interactions compared to hydrophobic interactions with or without the presence of oleic acid as a cosurfactant. Also, the electrostatic interactions conferred a pH responsiveness to the system where the Dox remained encapsulated at physiological pH but was released in acidic pH. The block copolymers displayed good biocompatibility in vitro. The new functionalized star block copolymers based on cholic acid showed great potential as drug delivery carriers for the loading of Dox. To demonstrate the widespread application of our proposed system, small interfering RNA (siRNA) was loading using the CA-(PAGE-b-PEG)4 block copolymers where PAGE was functionalized with amine. siRNA is a hydrophilic, negatively charged therapeutic compound necessitating a different loading methodology than that used for Dox. The allyl groups of PAGE were functionalized to bear primary or tertiary amines and folic acid was grafted onto the PEG chain end to increase cell uptake. (CA-PAGE-b-PEG)4 functionalized with either primary or tertiary amines show high siRNA complexation. Uniform micellar aggregates were obtained. Lipids were added as co-surfactants to help stabilize the nanoparticles in the cell culture media. The mixed micelles had high siRNA loading and improved cell uptake with a concomitant increase in siRNA transfection in HeLa and HeLa-GFP model cells, respectively. The results presented in this thesis, demonstrate the feasibility of using cholic acid-based star-shaped block copolymers in the design of drug delivery systems and offers insights into key parameters controlling their efficacy which can be translated to other polymer-based systems. The strategies developed herein will greatly aid in the development of drug delivery systems and potentially accelerate their progress into the clinic.